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Fritillary Butterflies of Dartmoor

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Fritillary Butterflies of Dartmoor RHÔS PASTURE HABITAT IDEAL RHÔS PASTURE HABITAT FRITILLARIES AS INDICATORS OF A DARTMOOR IN LATE SUMMER IN LATE SUMMER HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT Butterflies are very sensitive and react rapidly to changes in their environment. Aim for a range in height between 10-30cm Healthy populations of specialist (4-12”) high at the end of the summer butterflies, like the Fritillaries on Scrub is important for species such as Reed Dartmoor, are associated with the Bunting and Dormouse; scrub species should occurrence of other specialist species, cover a maximum of 5-10% of the total area Rush patches can be a natural component of the areas of high biodiversity and habitat habitat, but if they start to dominate they can be quality. Habitat management for the controlled through cutting, preferably in September Devil’s-bit Scabious is an important nectar Fritillary butterflies therefore benefits to avoid disturbance to ground-nesting birds source for many insects in late summer a wide range of other species Fritillary Butterflies associated with Rhôs pastures Ideal uneven structured sward with and Bracken habitats, and thriving tussocks and with abundant host plants populations of the Fritillaries indicate Devil’s-bit Scabious and Marsh Violet a healthy natural environment. of Dartmoor RESTORATION OF SITES Light grazing in the period May- September with hardy Many sites where Fritillaries breeds such as South Devon cattle or Dartmoor ponies used to occur have declined due to lack of management. Coarse grasses in Rhôs pastures Unmanaged Rhôs pastures suffer and dense Bracken in Bracken habitats Green Hairstreak from encroachment of coarse grasses tend to dominate and out compete the and scrub, leaving the habitat unsuitable. Marsh Fritillary caterpillar web host plants that are so important for the However, these areas can be restored on Devil’s-bit Scabious butterflies. Scrub encroachment, left SCRUB WORKS FURTHER HELP through burning, grazing and cutting to continue, will result in the loss of Regular scrub management AND ADVICE An uneven tussocky structured sward (height range Marsh Violet, the host plant of the Small grassland to scrub and woodland. is often necessary in Fritillary For further information and 10-30cm-4-12”) with frequent flowering plants Pearl-bordered Fritillary in wet grassland habitats. However, scrub is advice, please contact Butterfly such as Devil’s-bit Scabious and Marsh Violet If you are planning to restore important for many species, Conservation below. management to a site, contact such as Green Hairstreak, one of the organisations listed under Yellowhammer, Dormouse, Financial support may be available further help and advice. In general, Reed Bunting and other insects. through Environmental Stewardship re-introduce grazing management gradually and when cutting or burning Scrub should therefore never be to enable sympathetic management WET GRASSLANDS WHAT YOU CAN DO TO HELP areas, avoid tackling more than 1/3 eradicated; levels of 5-10% across of environmental features on your holding. This grant scheme is The unimproved, wet valley On Dartmoor the Marsh Fritillary To manage your Rhôs pasture I Occasional cutting or burning in of the habitat in any one year. This the site are desirable. When carrying bottoms and poorly draining, can be found on this type of wet to benefit a wide range of late winter (January-early March) is especially important if populations out scrub control, avoid damage to administered by Natural England. shallow slopes away from the grassland. The butterfly flies during characteristic species, including might be useful in areas of the site of important species like the the habitat by heavy machinery. open moor on Dartmoor are May and June and lays its eggs on the Marsh Fritillary and Small that are ignored by the livestock Fritillaries are still present. Visit www.naturalengland.org.uk known as Rhôs pasture or Purple the underside of large leaves of the Pearl-bordered Fritillary, aim for: and if a litter layer has built up; Always remove cut materials from or contact your local office for Moor-grass and Rush pasture. host plant, Devil’s-bit Scabious. avoid burning or cutting more the site, or burn cut materials in more information. Another characteristic butterfly is I An uneven, tussocky, structured than 1/3 of the site in any year. a few designated areas, preferably on galvanised iron sheets so that They are rich in wildlife with the Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary. sward at the end of the grazing Dartmoor National Park Authority upper Emsworthy Mire the nutrient-rich ash can be easily characteristic plants such as Adults fly from May until the end of season (normally end of September) Please avoid: also has management agreements lower Pearl-bordered Fritillary I Extensive poaching or over-grazing removed from the site. Treat stumps Meadow Thistle, Heath Spotted July and the female lays her eggs between 10-30 cm high (4-12”). on some Fritillary areas and can Orchid, Saw-wort and Devil’s-bit singly on or near the host plant Marsh Other typical species include where the sward is grazed tightly; with an appropriate herbicide provide advice on management. Scabious usually growing amongst Violet. This butterfly can also be found Dormouse, Snipe, Reed Bunting I Frequent flowering plants present this leaves the habitat unsuitable to prevent re-growth immediately vegetation dominated by Purple in Bracken habitat, where other and Grasshopper Warbler. The such as Devil’s-Bit Scabious, Marsh for species that are dependent on the Marsh Fritillary caterpillar web on after cutting. contact 01626 832093 Moor-grass and Sharp-flowered species of violet are used as host plant. habitat is also used by Barn Owls Violet and Heath Spotted Orchid. Also shelter provided by a tussocky sward. the host plant Devil’s-bit Scabious. Rush. The habitat typically occurs and Short-eared Owls for hunting. dwarf shrubs like Cross-leaved Heath. as part of a patchwork with wet A typical moth species associated with I Under-grazing that leads to heath, drier grassland, wet Rhôs pastures is the Narrow-bordered Many species associated with I Scrub species covering a maximum encroachment of coarse grasses; woodland and scrub habitats. Bee Hawk-moth. This beautiful day Rhôs pasture have declined rapidly. of 5-10% of the total area. a dead litter layer will build up This leaflet has been part-funded by Natural England and has been produced as part of the Two Moors Threatened Butterfly Project funded by: flying moth, that resembles a large The primary cause has been loss of their smothering the flowering plants Butterfly Conservation, Dartmoor National Park Authority, Environment Agency, Exmoor National Park Authority, Natural England, bumblebee, has undergone a habitat; damp grasslands have been This is best achieved by: and scrubby species will rapidly Dartmoor Sustainable Development Fund, Exmoor Sustainable Development Fund, Esmée Fairbairn Foundation and the Exmoor Trust. substantial decline. Dartmoor Rhôs drained, fertilised and stocked more I Light grazing in the period May- invade the site. pastures are one of the remaining heavily. More recently, populations are September with cattle (eg. Galloway, strongholds for this species. being lost because these agriculturally South Devon) and/or hardy ponies Because of natural variation in site A practical guide to marginal areas are no longer grazed. (eg. Dartmoor). conditions and grazing preferences This results in encroachment of coarse of stock it might not be feasible grasses and scrub, leaving the habitat I Check the site regularly; a rough to achieve ideal habitat conditions HEAD OFFICE t 0870 774 4309 managing Bracken and unsuitable for the butterflies and many guideline is 1 cow or pony per across the whole site all of the time. Manor Yard, East Lulworth, e [email protected] of the other associated species. hectare (2.5 acres) for 3 months, However, aim to maximise the amount Wareham, Dorset BH20 5QP www.butterfly-conservation.org Devil’s-bit Scabious but stocking rates may need to of ideal habitat by adjusting stocking vary according to site conditions; levels and the grazing period to Rhôs pasture habitats it may be necessary to move the the site conditions during that year. Meadow Thistle in Rhôs pasture Butterfly Conservation is a registered charity and a non-profit making company, limited by guarantee. Registered in England No. 2206468 - Registered Charity No. 254937. stock off early in a dry year, or If necessary, encourage grazing Photographs by: Jim Asher, Norman Baldock, Alan Barnes, Anja Borsje, Caroline Bulman, Peter Burgess, Sam Ellis, Martin Warren and Robert Wolton. to stock later in a wet year of under-grazed areas by burning Illustrations by Mike Langman. Written by Anja Borsje and Caroline Bulman. Designed and produced by cellcreative 01942 681648. for Fritillaries on Dartmoor (September-November) to or cutting. Narrow-bordered Bee Hawk-moth achieve suitable habitat conditions. THE DARTMOOR LANDSCAPE This leaflet describes HIGH BROWN FRITILLARY PEARL-BORDERED MARSH FRITILLARY BRACKEN HABITAT IDEAL BRACKEN HABITAT the habitats in which these This butterfly is one of the FRITILLARY The Marsh Fritillary flies from threatened butterfly species most rapidly declining species This is the earliest Fritillary to be mid-May until the end of June. DARTMOOR IN SPRING IN SPRING The beautiful Dartmoor landscape occur and explains how in the UK and there is huge seen flying and can be found from Eggs are laid in large batches on potential for conserving this April until the end of May, although the host plant Devil’s-bit Scabious. your land can be managed species on Dartmoor. occasionally second broods occur, The caterpillars spin a protective that we see today is the product to safeguard these species. The butterfly flies from mid June web over their host plant. The Animal movement has resulted in tracks with adults flying in August.
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