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Zur Lebensweise Des Wachtelweizen-Scheckenfalters Melitaea Athalia (Rottemburg, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

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Zur Lebensweise Des Wachtelweizen-Scheckenfalters Melitaea Athalia (Rottemburg, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Sächsische Entomologische Zeitschrift 4 (2009) 33 Zur Lebensweise des Wachtelweizen-Scheckenfalters Melitaea athalia (Rottemburg, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Susanne Kurze & Bernd-Jürgen Kurze Bühlauer Str. 44, 01328 Dresden; E-Mail: [email protected] Zusammenfassung. Die Auswahl der Pflanzenarten für die Eiablage und Larvennahrung durch Melitaea athalia aus fünf verschiedenen Herkünften in Ostdeutschland wurde untersucht. In Auswahlversuchen akzeptierten die Weibchen zur Eiablage sowie die Larven zum Fressen überwiegend Arten der Lamiales, die durch das Vorhandensein der Iridoide Aucubin und Catalpol, bestimmter Flavonoide und Esterglykoside sowie das Trisaccharid Planteose gekennzeichnet sind. Der Erfolg dieser Auswahl wurde anhand der Entwicklung der Individuen vom Ei bis zum Falter an der ausgewählten Pflanze gemessen. Vertreter der Dipsacales und Asterales wurden ebenfalls angenommen, doch haben wir bislang nicht überprüft, ob sich die Individuen an diesen Pflanzen vom Ei bis zum Falter entwickeln. Das Auswahlverhalten der Tiere war unabhängig vom Herkunftsort der Falter. Larven eines Geleges entwickelten sich unterschiedlich schnell. Dieser Umstand, zusammen mit der Variation des Zeitpunktes der Eiablage und der Entwicklung nach der Überwinterung resultiert in einer langen Flugzeit innerhalb einer Population. Eine zweite Generation konnte nicht festgestellt werden, wohl aber eine teilweise zweimalige Überwinterung der Larven, was als Risikoverteilung in der Populationsentwicklung interpretiert wird. In unseren Untersuchungen stellten wir außerdem fest, dass einzeln überwinternde Larven eine deutlich höhere Mortalität haben als die in Gruppen überwinternden. Unsere Freilandbeobachtungen bestätigten, dass intensive Wiesennutzung eine Hauptursache für den Rückgang der Wiesenpopulationen und damit den lokalen starken Rückgang der Art darstellt, da in denen von einer vergleichbaren Bewirtschaftung verschonten Kiefernwäldern noch Populationen mit hohen Populationsdichten anzutreffen sind. Abstract. On the life-history of the Heath Fritillary Melitaea athalia (Rottemburg, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). – Selection of plant species for oviposition and larval food by Melitaea athalia from five different origins of the eastern part of Germany was investigated. Given a choice, females selected for oviposition and larvae for feeding predominantly species of Lamiales, which are characterised by the presence of the iridoid glycosides aucubin and catalpol, further certain flavonoids and ester glycosides as well as the trisaccharide planteose. The success of a certain selection was verified by the development of individuals from egg to adult on the selected plant. Representatives of Dipsacales and Asterales were also chosen, but so far we did 34 Susanne Kurze & Bernd-Jürgen Kurze: Wachtelweizen-Scheckenfalter not verify the development of individuals from egg to adult on those plants. Selection of certain plant species was independent from the origin of the butterflies. Larvae from one egg batch developed unequally fast. That fact together with the date of oviposition as well as the speed of development after hibernation results in a long flight period of a given population. A second generation could not be verified, but some of the larvae hibernate a second time, which is interpreted as risk spreading in the development of a population. We also found in our investigations that individually hibernating larvae have a significant higher mortality than gregariously hibernating larvae. Our observations in nature confirm that intensive management of meadows is a main threat for the decline of meadow populations and thus for the local heavy decline of the Heath Fritillary, because populations in pine forests, where a similar management is absent, still show high population densities. 1. Einleitung Melitaea athalia wurde von Möbius (1905) für Sachsen noch als „überall gemein“ vorkommend angegeben. Sie galt lange Zeit als die häufigste Scheckenfalterart. Doch schon Lenz (1917) prognostizierte einen absehbaren Rückgang aller Melitaea- Arten in unseren Regionen. Er schrieb: „Die kleinen Räupchen leben bei allen Arten von Juli ab zu mehreren Hundert gelegeweise in einem gemeinsamen Gespinst, das gegen den Winter besonders nach oben zu ziemlich fest hergerichtet wird. (...) Mit dieser Lebensweise hängt es zusammen, dass die Melitaea-Arten sich auf gemähten Wiesen auf die Dauer nicht halten können. Durch das Mähen werden eben die Gespinste im Sommer zum großen Teil zerstört und die Räupchen kommen einzeln nicht durch den Winter. (…) Alle Arten sind deshalb bei uns im Zurückgehen und Aussterben, so zahlreich sie zur Zeit auch noch sein mögen. Zuerst werden die lokalen Arten betroffen (gemeint ist hier z. B. M. aurelia – Anm. d. Verfasser); athalia und dictynna (jetzt M. diamina – Anm. der Verfasser) dürften sich relativ am längsten halten. Urbahn (1952) bestätigt diese Beobachtungen für M. athalia, M. aurelia und M. britomartis. Er berichtet: „Es waren zarte, turmartig nach oben reichende Nester mit Hunderten von Raupen, die wir im Freien beließen und markierten, um im nächsten Frühling dort nach den Raupen zu suchen. Leider war dieses Gebiet inzwischen zur Schafweide geworden und von den Futterpflanzen und Raupen nichts mehr erhalten.“ Leider ist die Voraussage von Lenz (1917) mittlerweile wahr geworden, denn in den Roten Listen der Tagfalter Sachsens (Reinhardt 1998, 2007) ist M. athalia in der Kategorie 2 zu finden, das heißt, sie zählt in Sachsen zu den stark gefährdeten Arten und es wird sowohl lang- als auch kurzfristig ein weiterer Rückgang prognostiziert. Dass dieser Trend in ganz Deutschland zu verzeichnen ist, zeigt die Einstufung von M. athalia in die Kategorie 3 (gefährdet) in der aktuellen Roten Liste der BRD (Pretscher 1998), während sie in der Roten Liste von 1984 (Blab et al. 1984) noch gar nicht verzeichnet war. Vor diesem Hintergrund scheint es gerechtfertigt, sich eingehender mit der Lebensweise von M. athalia zu beschäftigen, Sächsische Entomologische Zeitschrift 4 (2009) 35 denn daraus gewonnene Kenntnisse können eine wichtige Voraussetzung für den Artenschutz darstellen. In dieser Arbeit stellen wir den Aspekt der Larvenfutterpflanzen in den Mittelpunkt. Für die Planung unserer Versuche und die spätere richtige Einordnung und Wertung der Ergebnisse war ein Studium der uns zur Verfügung stehenden Literatur Voraussetzung. Die wichtigsten unsere Arbeit betreffenden Textstellen sind im Folgenden aufgeführt. So konnten wir Koch (1984) folgende Informationen zu M. athalia entnehmen: „Fluggebiet: sonnige, halbfeuchte Waldwiesen, Schneisen, Schonungen, Heidegebiete, überall im Hügelland; Häufigkeit: häufig-gemein; Futter der Raupe: Spitzwegerich (Plantago lanceolata), Wachtelweizen (Melampyrum), Ehrenpreis (Veronica); R überwintert.“ Weidemann (1988) schreibt: „…Bewohner frischer Mähwiesen und Waldlichtungen, (…). an den Vorkommensorten meist zahlreich. (…) Die Raupe befrißt (…) Wegericharten (Plantago) und Scrophulariaceae: Wachtelweizen (Melampyrum), und einige Ehrenpreisarten (Veronica). Jung gesellig lebend. (…) Überwinterung: als junge Raupe (…) unter dürren Blättern angesponnen.“ Bei Ebert (1991) ist zu lesen: „Über die Eiablage- und Raupennahrungspflanzen der Arten der Gattung Mellicta (gemeint sind: M. athalia, M. aurelia, M. britomartis und M. parthenoides) besteht noch keineswegs endgültige Klarheit. Zum einen liegt das an der oftmals schwierigen Bestimmung von Falter und Raupe, zum anderen aber auch ganz einfach daran, daß die Sitzwarten der Raupen auch für deren Fraßpflanzen gehalten werden, was aber in vielen Fällen nicht zutrifft. Erschwerend kommt hinzu, daß schon in der Zucht nicht alle Raupen alle «Futterpflanzen» der Art fressen, daß es also wahrscheinlich eine Anpassung verschiedener Populationen an jeweils bestimmte Nahrungspflanzen gibt.“ Als gesicherte Nahrungspflanzen der Raupe in Baden-Württemberg werden drei Arten angegeben: Melampryum pratense, Plantago lanceolata und Euphrasia (rostkoviana?). Tolman & Lewington (in der dt. Übersetzung von M. Nuss, 1998) führen folgende Larvenfutterpflanzen auf: Plantago lanceolata, P. alpina, Veronica chamaedrys, V. monta, V. officinalis, Melampryum pratense, M. sylvaticum; Digitalis purpurea, D. ferruginea, D. lutea; Linaria vulgaris. „Raupen fressen und überwintern in Seidengeweben. (…) manchmal zu alternativen Futterpflanzen wechselnd.“ Belin (1999) nennt folgende Futterpflanzen der Larven: Plantago spp., Veronica spp., Digitalis spp., Linaria spp., Melampryum spp., die Angaben Colymbada spp., Acosta spp., Calcitrapa spp., Jacea spp., Cyanus spp., beziehen sich auf die Gattung Centaurea mit den Arten C. jacea, C. cyanus und C. calcitrapa. Settele et al. (1999) schreiben zu den Larven: „… Fraßpflanzen Wachtelweizen (Melampyrum pratense), Spitzwegerich (Plantago lanceolata) und Gamander- Ehrenpreis (Veronica chamaedrys). Raupen anfangs gesellig, überwintern in dünnen Gespinsten an den Blättern.“ 36 Susanne Kurze & Bernd-Jürgen Kurze: Wachtelweizen-Scheckenfalter Abb. 1 Abb. 2 Abb. 3 Abb. 4 Abb. 1–5: Biotope von M.athalia. 1: Medingen bei Dresden am 01.07.2008. 2: Fichtelberggebiet am 07.07.2007 (Foto: Dr. H. Voigt) 3: Umgebung Neustadt/Spree am 03.07.2008. 4: Südbrandenburg am 25.08.2008 (Foto: J. Jacobasch). 5: Altwarp in Mecklenburg- Vorpommern (Foto: V. Wachlin). Abb. 5 Sächsische Entomologische Zeitschrift 4 (2009) 37 Anhand der zitierten Literatur ist erkennbar, dass verschiedene Angaben zu den Futterpflanzen der Larven existieren. Deshalb stellten wir uns
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