Meniace Sa Postavenie Hongkongu V Otázke Sino-Vatikánskych Vzťahov Prípadová Štúdia Hongkonských Katolíckych Veriacich

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Meniace Sa Postavenie Hongkongu V Otázke Sino-Vatikánskych Vzťahov Prípadová Štúdia Hongkonských Katolíckych Veriacich Masarykova Univerzita Filozofická fakulta Seminár čínskych štúdií Lucia Mydliarová Meniace sa postavenie Hongkongu v otázke sino-vatikánskych vzťahov Prípadová štúdia hongkonských katolíckych veriacich Magisterská diplomová práca Vedúci práce: Mgr. Bc. Magdaléna Rychetská, M.A. 2020 Prehlásenie o autorstve práce Prehlasujem, že som magisterskú diplomovú prácu vypracovala sama s využitím uvedených zdrojov a literatúry. ________________________ Bc. Lucia Mydliarová POĎAKOVANIE Na tomto mieste by som chcela vyjadriť úprimné poďakovanie v prvom rade vedúcej práce Mgr. Bc. Magdaléne Rychetskej, M.A.. Odbornosť, ktorá sa neprejavuje len rozsahom jej vedomostí, ale aj vlastnosťami ako precíznosť, cieľavedomosť a zmysel pre detail môže byť inšpiráciou pre mnohých akademikov a pedagógov. Neodmysliteľnou súčasťou procesu písania práce je i obdobie nespokojnosti, či bezvýchodiskovosti situácie a v tomto ohľade mimoriadne oceňujem školiteľkin ľudský prístup, v ktorom sa zrkadlila trpezlivosť, motivácia a pochopenie pre individuálnu situáciu študenta. Z celého srdca za ne ďakujem! Následne by som chcela vyjadriť poďakovanie Tomášovi, ktorý mi okrem štylisticko- gramatických korektúr pomohol najmä neformálnymi diskusiami o problematike prostredníctvom ktorých sa otvárali nové perspektívy možného nahliadania na tému. Ďakujem i Danielovi a všetkým respondentom jednak za ochotu spolupracovať a taktiež za ich otvorenosť a dôveru, ktorú voči mne prejavili. Veľmi si ju cením! V neposlednom rade patrí vďaka mojej rodine – najmä manželovi, bez ktorých podpory by som toto náročné obdobie nezvládla. ANOTÁCIA Predkladaná magisterská diplomová práca sa zaoberá meniacim sa postavením Hongkongu (HK) v otázke sino-vatikánskych vzťahov. Konflikt medzi hongkonským emeritným biskupom Josephom Zenom (Chén Rìjūn 陳日君) a Vatikánom eskaloval výraznejšie od roku 2018, kedy bola podpísaná dočasná dohoda o menovaní biskupov medzi Vatikánom a Čínskou ľudovou republikou (ČĽR). Napriek tomu, že kardinál Zen ako jeden z najvýraznejších reprezentantov katolíckej cirkvi v Hongkongu pôvodne úzko spolupracoval s Vatikánom a bol dôležitým poradným orgánom v otázkach sino-vatikánskych vzťahov, postup zbližovania a kompromisov rímskej kúrie voči ČĽR sa stal predmetom ostrej kritiky kardinála Zena. Ten zastáva postoj zdržanlivosti v oblasti utužovania vzťahov s ČĽR, pozíciu udržovania prodemokratických hodnôt a sympatiu k podzemnej vetve katolíckej cirkvi. Pápež František na druhej strane prízvukuje potrebu zjednotenia oficiálnej a podzemnej línie katolíckej cirkvi v Číne s všeobecnou cirkvou a nutnosť riešenia citlivých otázok medzi dvomi suverénnymi štátmi – Vatikánom a ČĽR. Práca upriamuje pozornosť na rolu mladých HK katolíkov, ktorí stoja na pozadí tohoto rozkolu. Výskum hľadá odpovede na to, aký diškurz o súčasnom stave HK katolíckej cirkvi v kontexte sino-vatikánskych vzťahov vytvárajú a zdieľajú HK katolícky veriaci a aký je tento diškurz v kontraste k perspektíve kardinála Josepha Zena a Vatikánu. Pomocou analýzy dokumentov a audio-vizuálnych materiálov odkrýva naratív kardinála Zena a oficiálny diškurz reprezentovaný Vatikánom. Za využitia kvalitatívnych metód pološtrukturovaných rozhovorov približuje postoje bežných mladých HK veriacich, ktorí sú reprezentantmi „žitej religiozity“ a následnou komparáciou poukazuje na spoločné a odlišné prvky v spôsobe, akým si zvolené subjekty konštruujú a interpretujú realitu a aký jej prikladajú význam. Štúdia ako jedna z mála v európskom priestore reaguje na aktuálne dianie katolíckej cirkvi v HK a ponúka novú perspektívu nahliadania na otázku sino-vatikánskych vzťahov. Kľúčové slová: mladí HK katolícky veriaci, kardinál Zen, Vatikán, sino-vatikánske jednania, súčasné dianie v HK ABSTRACT The submitted diploma thesis examines the changing position of Hong Kong (HK) in the context of Sino-Vatican relations. The conflict between Hong Kong (HK) Bishop Emeritus Joseph Zen (Chén Rìjūn 陳日君) and the Vatican has escalated significantly since 2018 when a Provisional Agreement on the Appointment of Bishops between the Vatican and the People's Republic of China (PRC) was signed. Cardinal Zen, one of the most prominent representatives of the HK Catholic Church, initially worked closely with the Vatican and at that time he was an important advisory body on Sino-Vatican relations. However, in recent years, Cardinal Zen has sharply criticized the Sino-Vatican relations due to the process of rapprochement and compromise of the Roman Curia towards PRC. He takes a restraint position in strengthening relations with the PRC, maintaining pro-democracy values and sympathy for Catholic Church's underground branch.On the other hand, Pope Francis emphasizes the need to unite the official and underground lines of the Catholic Church in China with the universal church and the urgency to resolve sensitive issues between the two sovereign states – the Vatican and the PRC. The thesis draws attention to the role of young HK Catholics who are in the back seat of this schism. The research seeks answer to what kind of discourse concerning the current state of the HK Catholic Church in the context of Sino-Vatican relations is created and shared by HK Catholic believers and how it contrasts with the perspective of Cardinal Joseph Zen and the Vatican. The thesis reveals the narrative of Cardinal Zen and the official discourse represented by the Vatican through the analysis of documents and audio-visual materials. Using qualitative methods of semi-structured interviews, it elucidates the attitudes of ordinary young HK believers who are representatives of "lived religiosity" and then compares similar and different elements in the construction and interpretation of reality and the attachment of meanings among selected subjects. The study, as one of the few in the European area, responds to the current events of the Catholic Church in HK and offers a new perspective on insights into the issue of Sino-Vatican relations. Keywords: young HK Catholic believers, Cardinal Zen, Vatican, Sino-Vatican negotiations, current events in HK OBSAH Zoznam použitých skratiek ...................................................................................................... 10 Edičná poznámka ..................................................................................................................... 11 Úvod ......................................................................................................................................... 12 1 Metodológia ..................................................................................................................... 16 1.1 Diškurz Vatikánu a kardinála Zena ........................................................................... 16 1.1.1 Analyzované materiály ....................................................................................... 17 1.1.2 Analýza dát ......................................................................................................... 18 1.2 Diškurz katolíkov z HK ............................................................................................. 19 1.2.1 Respondenti ........................................................................................................ 19 1.2.2 Rozhovory .......................................................................................................... 21 1.2.3 Analýza dát ......................................................................................................... 21 2 Teoretické východiská ...................................................................................................... 23 2.1 Koncept sociálnych reprezentácii .............................................................................. 23 2.2 Definícia sociálnych reprezentácii ............................................................................. 24 2.3 Proces utvárania sociálnych reprezentácii ................................................................. 24 2.4 Prednosti a limity teórie sociálnych reprezentácii ..................................................... 26 2.5 Využitie teórie pre účely predkladaného výskumu ................................................... 26 3 Katolícka cirkev v Hongkongu ........................................................................................ 28 3.1 Historický vývoj katolíckej komunity v HK ............................................................. 30 3.1.1 Britská správa (apoštolská prefektúra, apoštolský vikariát a diecéza) ............... 30 3.1.2 Prechodné politické obdobie 1984 – 1997 ......................................................... 32 3.1.3 Čínska správa 1997–súčasnosť .......................................................................... 33 4 Sino-vatikánske vzťahy a úloha Hongkongu ................................................................... 38 4.1 Hongkonský faktor v sino-vatikánskych vzťahoch ................................................... 38 4.2 Eskalácia napätia v Hongkongu ................................................................................ 42 4.2.1 Rok 2018 ............................................................................................................ 42 4.2.2 Rok 2019 ............................................................................................................ 44 4.2.3 Rok 2020 ............................................................................................................ 45 5 Diškurz Vatikánu .............................................................................................................
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