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Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Technologies
CHAPTER21 Chapter Goals • Identify and discuss different types of digital subscriber line (DSL) technologies. • Discuss the benefits of using xDSL technologies. • Explain how ASDL works. • Explain the basic concepts of signaling and modulation. • Discuss additional DSL technologies (SDSL, HDSL, HDSL-2, G.SHDSL, IDSL, and VDSL). Digital Subscriber Line Introduction Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technology is a modem technology that uses existing twisted-pair telephone lines to transport high-bandwidth data, such as multimedia and video, to service subscribers. The term xDSL covers a number of similar yet competing forms of DSL technologies, including ADSL, SDSL, HDSL, HDSL-2, G.SHDL, IDSL, and VDSL. xDSL is drawing significant attention from implementers and service providers because it promises to deliver high-bandwidth data rates to dispersed locations with relatively small changes to the existing telco infrastructure. xDSL services are dedicated, point-to-point, public network access over twisted-pair copper wire on the local loop (last mile) between a network service provider’s (NSP) central office and the customer site, or on local loops created either intrabuilding or intracampus. Currently, most DSL deployments are ADSL, mainly delivered to residential customers. This chapter focus mainly on defining ADSL. Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) technology is asymmetric. It allows more bandwidth downstream—from an NSP’s central office to the customer site—than upstream from the subscriber to the central office. This asymmetry, combined with always-on access (which eliminates call setup), makes ADSL ideal for Internet/intranet surfing, video-on-demand, and remote LAN access. Users of these applications typically download much more information than they send. -
25 Years of Bluetooth Technology
future internet Article 25 Years of Bluetooth Technology Sherali Zeadally 1,*, Farhan Siddiqui 2 and Zubair Baig 3 1 College of Communication and Information, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA 2 Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Dickinson College, Carlisle, PA 17013, USA 3 School of Information Technology, Deakin University, Geelong 3216, Victoria, Australia * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 12 August 2019; Accepted: 2 September 2019; Published: 9 September 2019 Abstract: Bluetooth technology started off as a wireless, short-range cable replacement technology but it has undergone significant developments over the last two decades. Bluetooth radios are currently embedded in almost all computing devices including personal computers, smart phones, smart watches, and even micro-controllers. For many of us, Bluetooth is an essential technology that we use every day. We provide an insight into the history of Bluetooth and its significant design developments over the last 25 years. We also discuss related issues (including security) and Bluetooth as a driving technology for the Internet of Things (IoT). Finally, we also present recent research results obtained with Bluetooth technology in various application areas. Keywords: bluetooth; internet of things; low-energy; mesh; networking; protocol; security 1. Introduction The Bluetooth radio technology was developed by L. M. Ericsson in 1994. The standard is named after the King of Denmark, Harald Blaatand (“Bluetooth”). Major mobile phone manufacturers and technology providers comprising IBM, Nokia, Intel, Ericsson, and Toshiba created the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). The aim of the group was to invent an open specification for wireless technologies of short range. Bluetooth SIG continues to oversee the Bluetooth technology today. -
Glossary of Terminology
Glossary of Broadband Terminology This glossary was compiled by Ray Elseth of Broadband Development 3 (http://www.bbd3.com) and Thomas Asp of Virchow Krause (http://virchowkrause.com), and is a supplement to “Broadband Access: The Local Government Role” by Thomas Asp, Harvey L. Reiter, Jerry Schulz, and Ronald L. Vaden (IQ Report 36, no. 2 [Washington, D.C.: ICMA, 2004]). 802.11 A family of specifications covering wireless connectivity between devices normally located within 100’ to 300’ of each other. Often referred to as Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN). Most common implementation is 802.11b (see Wi- Fi), but 802.11a and 802.11g are also in active use. 802.15 A family of specifications covering wireless connectivity between devices normally located within 10’ to 30’ of each other. Often referred to as Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN). Implemented as “Bluetooth.” 802.16 A family of specifications covering wireless connectivity between devices normally located within 1 to 30 miles of each other. Often referred to as Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN). Access Point (AP) A hardware device that acts as a connectivity hub to permit users of a wireless device to connect to a wired local area network. Provides a bridge between Ethernet wired LANs (local area networks) and the wireless network. Access points are the connectivity point between Ethernet wired networks and devices equipped with a wireless LAN adapter card. Antenna The equipment that allows the transmission or reception of radio frequency energy. Asynchronous Digital A technology that allows high-speed data to be sent over a Subscriber Line single pair of existing copper telephone lines, with data rates (ADSL) for receiving data differing from data rates for sending data. -
QUESTION 20-1/2 Examination of Access Technologies for Broadband Communications
International Telecommunication Union QUESTION 20-1/2 Examination of access technologies for broadband communications ITU-D STUDY GROUP 2 3rd STUDY PERIOD (2002-2006) Report on broadband access technologies eport on broadband access technologies QUESTION 20-1/2 R International Telecommunication Union ITU-D THE STUDY GROUPS OF ITU-D The ITU-D Study Groups were set up in accordance with Resolutions 2 of the World Tele- communication Development Conference (WTDC) held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1994. For the period 2002-2006, Study Group 1 is entrusted with the study of seven Questions in the field of telecommunication development strategies and policies. Study Group 2 is entrusted with the study of eleven Questions in the field of development and management of telecommunication services and networks. For this period, in order to respond as quickly as possible to the concerns of developing countries, instead of being approved during the WTDC, the output of each Question is published as and when it is ready. For further information: Please contact Ms Alessandra PILERI Telecommunication Development Bureau (BDT) ITU Place des Nations CH-1211 GENEVA 20 Switzerland Telephone: +41 22 730 6698 Fax: +41 22 730 5484 E-mail: [email protected] Free download: www.itu.int/ITU-D/study_groups/index.html Electronic Bookshop of ITU: www.itu.int/publications © ITU 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. International Telecommunication Union QUESTION 20-1/2 Examination of access technologies for broadband communications ITU-D STUDY GROUP 2 3rd STUDY PERIOD (2002-2006) Report on broadband access technologies DISCLAIMER This report has been prepared by many volunteers from different Administrations and companies. -
Iot Systems Overview
IoT systems overview CoE Training on Traffic engineering and advanced wireless network planning Sami TABBANE 30 September -03 October 2019 Bangkok, Thailand 1 Objectives •Present the different IoT systems and their classifications 2 Summary I. Introduction II. IoT Technologies A. Fixed & Short Range B. Long Range technologies 1. Non 3GPP Standards (LPWAN) 2. 3GPP Standards IoT Specificities versus Cellular IoT communications are or should be: Low cost , Low power , Long battery duration , High number of connections , Low bitrate , Long range , Low processing capacity , Low storage capacity , Small size devices , Relaxed latency , Simple network architecture and protocols . IoT Main Characteristics Low power , Low cost (network and end devices), Short range (first type of technologies) or Long range (second type of technologies), Low bit rate (≠ broadband!), Long battery duration (years), Located in any area (deep indoor, desert, urban areas, moving vehicles …) Low cost 3GPP Rel.8 Cost 75% 3GPP Rel.8 CAT-4 20% 3GPP Rel.13 CAT-1 10% 3GPP Rel.13 CAT-M1 NB IoT Complexity Extended coverage +20dB +15 dB GPRS CAT-M1 NB-IoT IoT Specificities IoT Specificities and Impacts on Network planning and design Characteristics Impact • High sensitivity (Gateways and end-devices with a typical sensitivity around -150 dBm/-125 dBm with Bluetooth/-95 dBm in 2G/3G/4G) Low power and • Low frequencies strong signal penetration Wide Range • Narrow band carriers far greater range of reception • +14 dBm (ETSI in Europe) with the exception of the G3 band with +27 dBm, +30 dBm but for most devices +20 dBm is sufficient (USA) • Low gateways cost Low deployment • Wide range Extended coverage + strong signal penetration and Operational (deep indoor, Rural) Costs • Low numbers of gateways Link budget: UL: 155 dB (or better), DL: Link budget: 153 dB (or better) • Low Power Long Battery life • Idle mode most of the time. -
Cable Versus Dsl
53-10-60 DATA COMMUNICATIONS MANAGEMENT CABLE VERSUS DSL John R. Vacca INSIDE DSL; Cable Modems; ADSL; CDSL; G.Lite; HDSL; IDSL; RADSL; SDSL; VDSL; POTS; DSL and Cable Modem Rollouts; High-Speed Data Entry; Buying DSL Service; Installing DSL; Security Problems, Residential Users, Telecommuters, DSL System Components; DSL Network; DSL Hubs INTRODUCTION Internet access via cable modem has become available in many residen- tial areas over the past few years. Cable has the capacity to transmit data at speeds as fast as Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) when configured prop- erly and under optimal conditions. Due to the fact that cable lines are not available in the vast majority of commercial districts, cable does not com- pete with DSL in the enterprise market at all, in most cases. Cable was designed for residential use, and in some cases may be a cost-effective solution for residential high-bandwidth Internet access. Therefore, the challenge of cable versus DSL is primarily in the residential and telecom- muter markets. With that in mind, and before continuing with the theme of this article (cable vs. DSL), one can take a look at the technology issues first, and then some basic terminology. TECHNOLOGY ISSUES What is DSL? How does it work? What are the types of DSL? These are some of the questions this article will surely answer; as well as some of the pros and cons of the use of cable modems versus DSL. PAYOFF IDEA The article discusses the current state of cable DSL: What Is It? modem access versus DSL. It also examines how In essence, by using the existing tele- prevalent cable modem and DSL services are in major U.S. -
Bluetooth® Low Energy Tree Structure Network
Application Report SWRA648–May 2019 Bluetooth® Low Energy Tree Structure Network Stanford Li, Yan Zhang, and Marie Hernes ABSTRACT This application report presents the concept of the wireless tree structure using Bluetooth Low Energy technology. The important steps when designing a Bluetooth Low Energy tree structure are elaborated on a detailed level throughout the document. With the use of the TI SimpleLink™ Bluetooth low energy software Stack, the tree structure can be done in a simple and intuitive way. The accompanying software example can be found on github. Contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 2 2 Bluetooth Low Energy Basic Knowledge ................................................................................. 2 3 Three Kinds of Bluetooth Low Energy Network Structure.............................................................. 2 4 Bluetooth Low Energy Tree Structure Network Analysis ............................................................... 4 5 Bluetooth Low Energy Tree Structure Network Realization............................................................ 6 6 Bluetooth Low Energy tree Structure Network Test ................................................................... 10 7 References .................................................................................................................. 11 List of Figures 1 Star Network................................................................................................................. -
Digital Subscriber Lines and Cable Modems Digital Subscriber Lines and Cable Modems
Digital Subscriber Lines and Cable Modems Digital Subscriber Lines and Cable Modems Paul Sabatino, [email protected] This paper details the impact of new advances in residential broadband networking, including ADSL, HDSL, VDSL, RADSL, cable modems. History as well as future trends of these technologies are also addressed. OtherReports on Recent Advances in Networking Back to Raj Jain's Home Page Table of Contents ● 1. Introduction ● 2. DSL Technologies ❍ 2.1 ADSL ■ 2.1.1 Competing Standards ■ 2.1.2 Trends ❍ 2.2 HDSL ❍ 2.3 SDSL ❍ 2.4 VDSL ❍ 2.5 RADSL ❍ 2.6 DSL Comparison Chart ● 3. Cable Modems ❍ 3.1 IEEE 802.14 ❍ 3.2 Model of Operation ● 4. Future Trends ❍ 4.1 Current Trials ● 5. Summary ● 6. Glossary ● 7. References http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~jain/cis788-97/rbb/index.htm (1 of 14) [2/7/2000 10:59:54 AM] Digital Subscriber Lines and Cable Modems 1. Introduction The widespread use of the Internet and especially the World Wide Web have opened up a need for high bandwidth network services that can be brought directly to subscriber's homes. These services would provide the needed bandwidth to surf the web at lightning fast speeds and allow new technologies such as video conferencing and video on demand. Currently, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and Cable modem technologies look to be the most cost effective and practical methods of delivering broadband network services to the masses. <-- Back to Table of Contents 2. DSL Technologies Digital Subscriber Line A Digital Subscriber Line makes use of the current copper infrastructure to supply broadband services. -
Car Access Bluetooth®+ CAN Satellite Module Reference Design
Design Guide: TIDA-020032 Car Access Bluetooth®+ CAN Satellite Module Reference Design Description Features This satellite module reference design is intended for • CAN, CAN-FD communications Bluetooth® Low Energy passive entry passive start • CAN auto-addressing (PEPS) and phone as a key (PaaK) Digital key car • 25-µA system sleep state (typical) access systems. The design demonstrates how control area network flexible data rate (CAN-FD) • Capable of measuring Bluetooth AoA and RSSI communication capabilities can be implemented with • Small 47.625-mm × 76.2-mm (1.875 in × 3 in) PCB our Bluetooth wireless MCUs for systems that require • Improved system performance with Bluetooth higher bandwidth in-vehicle network communications. connection monitoring capabilities Further benefits include reduced power consumption in the sleep state, CAN auto-addressing method for Applications improved manufacturing, connection monitor capabilities for improved Bluetooth localization • Phone as a key (PaaK), Digital key accuracy, and a compact printed-circuit board (PCB) • Passive entry passive start (PEPS) capable of measuring Bluetooth angle of arrival (AoA) and received signal strength index (RSSI). Resources TIDA-020032 Design Folder CC2642R-Q1 Product Folder TCAN4550-Q1 Product Folder TLV713P-Q1 Product Folder Search Our E2E™ support forums Phone as a key Module Rest of the Vehicle (may be integrated in BLE Satellite Modules Outside of the Vehicle the BCM) TLV713-Q1 Car Battery 5 V Power Supply TCAN4550-Q1 3.3 V Phone as a key 2 x 2.4 GHz (SBC) Communication Antennas Interface + Wide Input Voltage LDO Body Control CAN PaaK Module Module (BCM) CAN CC2642R-Q1 Back-up key MCU An IMPORTANT NOTICE at the end of this TI reference design addresses authorized use, intellectual property matters and other important disclaimers and information. -
Migration to 3G Wireless Broadband Internet and Real Options: the Case of an Operator in India
ARTICLE IN PRESS Telecommunications Policy 30 (2006) 400–419 www.elsevierbusinessandmanagement.com/locate/telpol Migration to 3G wireless broadband internet and real options: The case of an operator in India Venkata Praveen TanguturiÃ, Fotios C. Harmantzis Telecommunications Management, School of Technology Management, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA Abstract The paper focuses on third generation wireless technologies and on alternative technologies for wireless local area networks. The authors present the evolutionary migration path from second to third generation systems. Technological, economic and behavioral factors related to decision-making towards the migration are proposed. As an example, the paper studies the case of the national incumbent operator of India. It analyzes qualitatively the migration problem from the perspective of the operator, the equipment manufacturer and the users. For the quantitative analysis, real options are used to value the investment decisions. The analysis suggests that the initial (sunk) investment cost, the average revenue per user, the growth of the subscriber base and the volatility of the markets are the key factors in the investment process. r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: 3G; GSM; CDMA; Wireless; Broadband; India; UMTS; India; Wi-Fi; Real options 1. Introduction The evolution of the internet has led to the convergence of telecommunications networks and computers. Benefits associated with the World Wide Web (WWW) are of great importance nowadays: people are able to communicate via e-mail, perform data transfers, online shopping, online auctions, etc. Traditionally, internet services have been provided by internet service providers (ISPs) using modems, with data rates limited to 56.6 kbp. -
Advantages and Limitations of Li- Fi Over Wi-Fi and Ibeacon Technologies By
ISSN (Online) 2321 – 2004 IJIREEICE ISSN (Print) 2321 – 5526 International Journal of Innovative Research in Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentation and Control Engineering ISO 3297:2007 Certified Vol. 4, Issue 11, November 2016 Review Paper: Advantages and Limitations of Li- Fi over Wi-Fi and iBeacon Technologies By Deepika D Pai Asst. Professor, (Sel Grade), Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering. Vemana Institute of Technology Abstract: Li-Fi can be thought of as a light-based Wi-Fi. That is, it uses light instead of radio waves to transmit information. And instead of Wi-Fi modems, Li-Fi would use transceiver-fitted LED lamps that can light a room as well as transmit and receive information. Light is inherently safe and can be used in places where radio frequency communication is often deemed problematic, such as in aircraft cabins or hospitals. So visible light communication not only has the potential to solve the problem of lack of spectrum space, but can also enable novel application. The visible light spectrum is unused; it's not regulated, and can be used for communication at very high speeds. This paper compares the Li-Fi technology with Wi-Fi and iBeacon technologies. Keywords: Li-fi, Wi-Fi, iBeacon, visible light communication, BLE communication I. INTRODUCTION In recent trends, wireless communication Wi-Fi is gaining government licence. This new Ethernet standard was tremendous importance. CISCO reported that the compatible with devices and technology working on radio compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of mobile data waves and came to be known as ―Wi-Fi‖ only in 1999. usage per month is around 80% which has led to the saturation of the network spectrum consequently bringing iBeacon: The technology was first introduced by Apple at down its efficiency. -
Xdsl: the Solution for Today’S Bandwidth Demands?
New Telecom Quarterly xDSL: The Solution for Today’s Bandwidth Demands? David Smith hen asked about the challenges primary focus will be on Asymmetrical facing the information-intensive Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL). W society we live in, Bill Gates said, “Bandwidth bottleneck. No question, that’s xDSL Technologies 1 the biggest obstacle.” The Internet users cry POTS lines had previously been deemed more, more, more. Small businesses want unsuitable for broadband communications, digital access. Large firms are demanding yet these ordinary twisted copper pairs, more and faster access, and service provid- when equipped with xDSL modems, can ers are searching for ways to meet these Mr. David Smith is Vice transmit movies, television signals, graphics, President of Consulting, needs without having to replace the existing and high-speed data. xDSL is being pro- Alliances, and Education network infrastructure. posed in several versions that vary in both at Technology Futures, Inc. His background is in Digital subscriber line (xDSL) is one bandwidth and reach, as illustrated in Table such emerging technology under evaluation the management, design, 1. The most popular version, ADSL, offers a and implementation of that, while not a panacea to bandwidth 200-fold increase in throughput over today’s information-based problems, can provide a very timely and fastest analog modems. Some versions are operations in both the public and private beneficial short- to medium-term solution. asymmetrical with differing data rates xDSL provides an alternative to the existing sectors. He has held running in each direction, i.e., in the down- positions in management POTS or ISDN line between the subscriber stream and upstream directions.