Xdsl: the Solution for Today’S Bandwidth Demands?
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Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Technologies
CHAPTER21 Chapter Goals • Identify and discuss different types of digital subscriber line (DSL) technologies. • Discuss the benefits of using xDSL technologies. • Explain how ASDL works. • Explain the basic concepts of signaling and modulation. • Discuss additional DSL technologies (SDSL, HDSL, HDSL-2, G.SHDSL, IDSL, and VDSL). Digital Subscriber Line Introduction Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technology is a modem technology that uses existing twisted-pair telephone lines to transport high-bandwidth data, such as multimedia and video, to service subscribers. The term xDSL covers a number of similar yet competing forms of DSL technologies, including ADSL, SDSL, HDSL, HDSL-2, G.SHDL, IDSL, and VDSL. xDSL is drawing significant attention from implementers and service providers because it promises to deliver high-bandwidth data rates to dispersed locations with relatively small changes to the existing telco infrastructure. xDSL services are dedicated, point-to-point, public network access over twisted-pair copper wire on the local loop (last mile) between a network service provider’s (NSP) central office and the customer site, or on local loops created either intrabuilding or intracampus. Currently, most DSL deployments are ADSL, mainly delivered to residential customers. This chapter focus mainly on defining ADSL. Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) technology is asymmetric. It allows more bandwidth downstream—from an NSP’s central office to the customer site—than upstream from the subscriber to the central office. This asymmetry, combined with always-on access (which eliminates call setup), makes ADSL ideal for Internet/intranet surfing, video-on-demand, and remote LAN access. Users of these applications typically download much more information than they send. -
Glossary of Terminology
Glossary of Broadband Terminology This glossary was compiled by Ray Elseth of Broadband Development 3 (http://www.bbd3.com) and Thomas Asp of Virchow Krause (http://virchowkrause.com), and is a supplement to “Broadband Access: The Local Government Role” by Thomas Asp, Harvey L. Reiter, Jerry Schulz, and Ronald L. Vaden (IQ Report 36, no. 2 [Washington, D.C.: ICMA, 2004]). 802.11 A family of specifications covering wireless connectivity between devices normally located within 100’ to 300’ of each other. Often referred to as Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN). Most common implementation is 802.11b (see Wi- Fi), but 802.11a and 802.11g are also in active use. 802.15 A family of specifications covering wireless connectivity between devices normally located within 10’ to 30’ of each other. Often referred to as Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN). Implemented as “Bluetooth.” 802.16 A family of specifications covering wireless connectivity between devices normally located within 1 to 30 miles of each other. Often referred to as Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN). Access Point (AP) A hardware device that acts as a connectivity hub to permit users of a wireless device to connect to a wired local area network. Provides a bridge between Ethernet wired LANs (local area networks) and the wireless network. Access points are the connectivity point between Ethernet wired networks and devices equipped with a wireless LAN adapter card. Antenna The equipment that allows the transmission or reception of radio frequency energy. Asynchronous Digital A technology that allows high-speed data to be sent over a Subscriber Line single pair of existing copper telephone lines, with data rates (ADSL) for receiving data differing from data rates for sending data. -
QUESTION 20-1/2 Examination of Access Technologies for Broadband Communications
International Telecommunication Union QUESTION 20-1/2 Examination of access technologies for broadband communications ITU-D STUDY GROUP 2 3rd STUDY PERIOD (2002-2006) Report on broadband access technologies eport on broadband access technologies QUESTION 20-1/2 R International Telecommunication Union ITU-D THE STUDY GROUPS OF ITU-D The ITU-D Study Groups were set up in accordance with Resolutions 2 of the World Tele- communication Development Conference (WTDC) held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1994. For the period 2002-2006, Study Group 1 is entrusted with the study of seven Questions in the field of telecommunication development strategies and policies. Study Group 2 is entrusted with the study of eleven Questions in the field of development and management of telecommunication services and networks. For this period, in order to respond as quickly as possible to the concerns of developing countries, instead of being approved during the WTDC, the output of each Question is published as and when it is ready. For further information: Please contact Ms Alessandra PILERI Telecommunication Development Bureau (BDT) ITU Place des Nations CH-1211 GENEVA 20 Switzerland Telephone: +41 22 730 6698 Fax: +41 22 730 5484 E-mail: [email protected] Free download: www.itu.int/ITU-D/study_groups/index.html Electronic Bookshop of ITU: www.itu.int/publications © ITU 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. International Telecommunication Union QUESTION 20-1/2 Examination of access technologies for broadband communications ITU-D STUDY GROUP 2 3rd STUDY PERIOD (2002-2006) Report on broadband access technologies DISCLAIMER This report has been prepared by many volunteers from different Administrations and companies. -
Cable Versus Dsl
53-10-60 DATA COMMUNICATIONS MANAGEMENT CABLE VERSUS DSL John R. Vacca INSIDE DSL; Cable Modems; ADSL; CDSL; G.Lite; HDSL; IDSL; RADSL; SDSL; VDSL; POTS; DSL and Cable Modem Rollouts; High-Speed Data Entry; Buying DSL Service; Installing DSL; Security Problems, Residential Users, Telecommuters, DSL System Components; DSL Network; DSL Hubs INTRODUCTION Internet access via cable modem has become available in many residen- tial areas over the past few years. Cable has the capacity to transmit data at speeds as fast as Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) when configured prop- erly and under optimal conditions. Due to the fact that cable lines are not available in the vast majority of commercial districts, cable does not com- pete with DSL in the enterprise market at all, in most cases. Cable was designed for residential use, and in some cases may be a cost-effective solution for residential high-bandwidth Internet access. Therefore, the challenge of cable versus DSL is primarily in the residential and telecom- muter markets. With that in mind, and before continuing with the theme of this article (cable vs. DSL), one can take a look at the technology issues first, and then some basic terminology. TECHNOLOGY ISSUES What is DSL? How does it work? What are the types of DSL? These are some of the questions this article will surely answer; as well as some of the pros and cons of the use of cable modems versus DSL. PAYOFF IDEA The article discusses the current state of cable DSL: What Is It? modem access versus DSL. It also examines how In essence, by using the existing tele- prevalent cable modem and DSL services are in major U.S. -
Digital Subscriber Lines and Cable Modems Digital Subscriber Lines and Cable Modems
Digital Subscriber Lines and Cable Modems Digital Subscriber Lines and Cable Modems Paul Sabatino, [email protected] This paper details the impact of new advances in residential broadband networking, including ADSL, HDSL, VDSL, RADSL, cable modems. History as well as future trends of these technologies are also addressed. OtherReports on Recent Advances in Networking Back to Raj Jain's Home Page Table of Contents ● 1. Introduction ● 2. DSL Technologies ❍ 2.1 ADSL ■ 2.1.1 Competing Standards ■ 2.1.2 Trends ❍ 2.2 HDSL ❍ 2.3 SDSL ❍ 2.4 VDSL ❍ 2.5 RADSL ❍ 2.6 DSL Comparison Chart ● 3. Cable Modems ❍ 3.1 IEEE 802.14 ❍ 3.2 Model of Operation ● 4. Future Trends ❍ 4.1 Current Trials ● 5. Summary ● 6. Glossary ● 7. References http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~jain/cis788-97/rbb/index.htm (1 of 14) [2/7/2000 10:59:54 AM] Digital Subscriber Lines and Cable Modems 1. Introduction The widespread use of the Internet and especially the World Wide Web have opened up a need for high bandwidth network services that can be brought directly to subscriber's homes. These services would provide the needed bandwidth to surf the web at lightning fast speeds and allow new technologies such as video conferencing and video on demand. Currently, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and Cable modem technologies look to be the most cost effective and practical methods of delivering broadband network services to the masses. <-- Back to Table of Contents 2. DSL Technologies Digital Subscriber Line A Digital Subscriber Line makes use of the current copper infrastructure to supply broadband services. -
Migration to 3G Wireless Broadband Internet and Real Options: the Case of an Operator in India
ARTICLE IN PRESS Telecommunications Policy 30 (2006) 400–419 www.elsevierbusinessandmanagement.com/locate/telpol Migration to 3G wireless broadband internet and real options: The case of an operator in India Venkata Praveen TanguturiÃ, Fotios C. Harmantzis Telecommunications Management, School of Technology Management, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA Abstract The paper focuses on third generation wireless technologies and on alternative technologies for wireless local area networks. The authors present the evolutionary migration path from second to third generation systems. Technological, economic and behavioral factors related to decision-making towards the migration are proposed. As an example, the paper studies the case of the national incumbent operator of India. It analyzes qualitatively the migration problem from the perspective of the operator, the equipment manufacturer and the users. For the quantitative analysis, real options are used to value the investment decisions. The analysis suggests that the initial (sunk) investment cost, the average revenue per user, the growth of the subscriber base and the volatility of the markets are the key factors in the investment process. r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: 3G; GSM; CDMA; Wireless; Broadband; India; UMTS; India; Wi-Fi; Real options 1. Introduction The evolution of the internet has led to the convergence of telecommunications networks and computers. Benefits associated with the World Wide Web (WWW) are of great importance nowadays: people are able to communicate via e-mail, perform data transfers, online shopping, online auctions, etc. Traditionally, internet services have been provided by internet service providers (ISPs) using modems, with data rates limited to 56.6 kbp. -
Broadband and Digital Divide Glossary
Broadband and Digital Divide Glossary 5G The fifth generation of mobile connectivity. This technology enables speeds that are projected to be at least 10 times faster than current 4G speeds with lower latency, lower battery power consumption, and capacity to handle many more connections from a single radio. BIT The smallest unit of information data is measured as a bit or binary digit. BIT RATE The speed of internet is measured by how fast data is transferred over a period of time. This is also known as the bit rate or the number of bits that are processed over a period of time, usually one second. BROADBAND The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) defines broadband as internet service with a download speed of at least 25 megabits per second (Mbps) and an upload speed of 3 megabits per second (Mbps). Broadband provides internet access via a variety of wired and wireless networks. BROADBAND NETWORK The broadband network is made up of first, middle, and last mile: • The first mile consists of a very high-capacity fiber optic backbone that transmits large amounts of data over long distances; • The middle mile links the backbone to the internet service providers (last mile) access network; • The last mile brings the connection to a home or business. The last mile can be provided using different transmission media such as Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), Cable, Fiber, Wireless, and Satellite. CABLE Provides broadband connection over the same coaxial cables that deliver cable television service. This is the most prominent broadband technology in densely populated areas. CALIFORNIA PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION (CPUC) The CPUC regulates privately owned public utilities in the state of California including electric power, telecommunications, natural gas, and water companies. -
Smart City Network Solution Guide This
Smart City solution guide Solution guide Smart City solution guide Table of contents 1 About this document . 4 1 .1 Purpose . 4 1 .2 Scope . 4 1 .3 Acronyms . 4 1 .4 Related documents . 5 2 Introduction and use cases . 6 3 Solution overview . 8 4 Reference architecture . .10 5 City net . 11 5 .1 Introduction . 11 5 .3 L2/L3 VPNs and IoT containers . 13 5 .4 Intelligent Fabric in city nets . 14 5 .5 Solution highlights . 14 5 .6 Why use ALE’s Intelligent Fabric for smart city nets? . 16 6 Municipal cloud . 17 6 .1 Introduction . 17 6 .2 Business drivers and technical requirements . 17 6 .3 The virtualized data center . 18 6 .4 End-to-end virtualized hybrid multi-tenant cloud . 19 6 .5 Solution highlights . 20 6 .6 Why use ALE’s Intelligent Fabric for smart municipal clouds? . 20 7 Municipal Wi-Fi . 21 7 .1 Introduction . 21 7 .2 Business drivers and technical requirements . 21 7 .3 Solution overview . 22 7 .4 Solution highlights . 23 7 .5 . Why ALE’s OmniAccess Stellar for smart municipal Wi-Fi? . 23 Solution guide Smart City Solution Guide 2 8 Smart transit . 24 8 .1 Introduction . 24 8 .2 Business drivers and technical requirements . 24 8 .3 Solution overview . 25 8 .4 Solution highlights . 26 8 .5 Why ALE’s H2-Automotive+ for smart transit . 26 9 Smart civic venue . .27 9 .1 Introduction . 27 9 .2 Business drivers and technical requirements . 27 9 .3 Solution overview . 28 9 .4 Solution highlights . 29 9 .5 Why ALE’s OmniAccess Stellar LBS for smart civic venues . -
Select an ISP Connection Type Connection Technologies
Select an ISP Connection Type Connection Technologies In the 1990s, the Internet was typically used for data transfer. Transmission speeds were slow compared to the high-speed connections that are available today. The additional bandwidth allows for transmission of voice and video as well as data. Today there are many ways to connect to the Internet. Phone, cable, satellite, and private telecommunications companies offer broadband Internet connections for businesses and home use. Analog Telephone Analog telephone, also called plain old telephone service (POTS), transmits over standard voice telephone lines. This type of service uses an analog modem to place a telephone call to another modem at a remote site, such as an Internet service provider. The modem uses the telephone line to transmit and receive data. This method of connection is known as dialup. Integrated Services Digital Network ISDN uses multiple channels and can carry different types of services; therefore, it is considered a type of broadband. ISDN is a standard for sending voice, video, and data over normal telephone wires. ISDN technology uses the telephone wires as an analog telephone service. Broadband Broadband is a technology that is used to transmit and receive multiple signals using different frequencies over one cable. For example, the cable used to bring cable television to your home can carry computer network transmissions at the same time. Because the two transmission types use different frequencies, they do not interfere with each other. Broadband uses a wide range of frequencies that can be further divided into channels. In networking, the term broadband describes communication methods that transmit two or more signals at the same time. -
Quick Start Guide TL92220/TL92270/TL92320/ TL92370/TL92420/TL92470 DECT 6.0 Cordless Telephone/ Answering System with BLUETOOTH® Wireless Technology Installation
Quick start guide TL92220/TL92270/TL92320/ TL92370/TL92420/TL92470 DECT 6.0 cordless telephone/ answering system with BLUETOOTH® wireless technology Installation You must install and charge See pages 4-5 for easy the handset battery before instructions. using the cordless handset. Install the telephone base close to a telephone jack and a power outlet not controlled by a wall switch. The telephone base can be placed on a flat surface or vertically mounted on the wall. For optimum range and better reception, place the telephone base in a central and open location. You may hear interference if your cellular phone is too close to the telephone base during a CELLULAR call. Make sure that your Bluetooth enabled cellular phone is within 5 feet of the telephone base in order to maintain a clear and consistent connection between your Bluetooth cell phone, telephone base and cell tower. If you subscribe to high-speed Internet service (digital subscriber line - DSL) through your telephone line, you must install a DSL filter between the telephone line cord and the telephone wall jack (page 2). The filter prevents noise and caller ID problems caused by DSL interference. Please contact your DSL service provider for more information about DSL filters. Your product may be shipped with a protective sticker covering the handset or telephone base display - remove it before use. For customer service or product information, visit our website at www.telephones.att.com or call 1 (800) 222-3111. In Canada, dial 1 (866) 288-4268. Avoid placing the telephone base too close to: • Communication devices such as: television sets, VCRs, or other cordless telephones. -
Potential Solutions to Rural Broadband Internet Deployment J
Western Kentucky University TopSCHOLAR® CIS Faculty Publications Computer Information Systems May 2007 Potential Solutions to Rural Broadband Internet Deployment J. Kirk Atkinson Western Kentucky University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/cis_fac_pub Recommended Repository Citation Atkinson, J. Kirk, "Potential Solutions to Rural Broadband Internet Deployment" (2007). CIS Faculty Publications. Paper 1. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/cis_fac_pub/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by TopSCHOLAR®. It has been accepted for inclusion in CIS Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of TopSCHOLAR®. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Potential Solutions to Broadband Internet Deployment Kirk Atkinson, Assistant Professor Western Kentucky University Abstract Broadband availability in rural areas continues to be a major topic of concern in many areas of the country but especially in our rural communities. Several grassroots organizations including the Wireless Communication Association International, and the Rural Broadband Coalition were created for the sole purpose of closing the “Digital Divide” for underserved Americans. Government should support efforts to offer broadband to the masses, but in some cases special legislation is required to pave the way. In Kentucky, the Supreme Court rendered an August 2005 decision that may have severely hindered broadband deployment by restricting rural electric cooperatives from providing any service other than that of electricity. It is unclear whether this decision adversely affected rural cooperative’s plans to pursue providing high- speed Internet to their constituents but it certainly caused them to their entrance into a less than competitive market for rural areas. -
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) Definition Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) is a new modem technology that converts existing twisted-pair telephone lines into access paths for high-speed communications of various sorts. Overview ADSL can transmit more than 6 Mbps to a subscriber—enough to provide Internet access, video-on-demand, and LAN access. In interactive mode it can transmit more than 640 kbps in both directions. This increases the existing access capacity by more than fifty-fold enabling the transformation of the existing public network. No longer is it limited to voice, text, and low-resolution graphics. It promises to be nothing less than an ubiquitous system that can provide multimedia (including full-motion video) to the entire country. ADSL can perform as indicated in Table 1. Table 1. ADSL Data Rates As a Function of Wire and Distance Data Rate Wire Gauge Distance Wire Size Distance (Mbps) (AWG) (ft) (mm) (km) 1.5−2.0 24 18,000 0.5 5.5 1.5−2.0 26 15,000 0.4 4.6 6.1 24 12,000 0.5 3.7 6.1 26 9,000 0.4 2.7 Topics 1. Short History of Analog Modems Web ProForum Tutorials Copyright © 1/14 http://www.iec.org The International Engineering Consortium 2. Analog Modem Market 3. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) 4. xDSL 5. Modem Market 6. ATM versus IP 7. CAP versus DMT 8. Future Self-Test Correct Answers Acronym Guide 1. A Short History of Analog Modems The term modem is actually an acronym which stands for MOdulation/DEModulation.