MARINE AQUACULTURE IN TURKEY Edited by Akın CANDAN Süheyla KARATAŞ Hüseyin KÜÇÜKTAŞ İbrahim OKUMUŞ MARINE AQUACULTURE IN TURKEY 2007 İstanbul-Turkey Edited by Akın CANDAN Süheyla KARATAŞ Hüseyin KÜÇÜKTAŞ İbrahim OKUMUŞ All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission from the Turkish Marine Research Foundation (TÜDAV) The finding, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this publication are entirely those of authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the Turkish Marine Research Foundation (TÜDAV). Texts are as originally submitted. Citation: CANDAN, A., KARATAŞ, S., KÜÇÜKTAŞ, H., OKUMUŞ, İ. (Eds.), 2007. “Marine Aquaculture in Turkey” Turkish Marine Research Foundation. Istanbul TURKEY. Publication Number: 27 A. CANDAN Fisheries Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, TURKEY S. KARATAŞ Fisheries Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, TURKEY H. KÜÇÜKTAŞ Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Auburn University, Auburn, USA İ. OKUMUŞ Fisheries Faculty, Rize University, TURKEY Copyright: Türk Deniz Araştırmaları Vakfı (Turkish Marine Research Foundation) ISBN: 978-975-8825-18-9 Avaible from: Türk Deniz Araştırmaları Vakfı-Turkish Marine Research Foundation (TÜDAV) P.O. Box 10 Beykoz/ISTANBUL-TURKEY Tel: +90 216 424 07 72 Fax: + 90 216 424 07 71 Web: www.tudav.org e-mail: [email protected] Cover picture: FEZA TONAY Oceanus and Thetis Roman mosaic (400 A.C.) Antakya Museum, Antakya, Hatay, Turkey Printed by: Aktif Print Center Tel: +90 212 509 24 87 CONTENTS Preface……………………………………………………………………………………...I Past, Present and Future of the Marine Aquaculture İbrahim OKUMUŞ, Hayri DENİZ…………………………………………………………1 Culture of European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) and Other Mediterranean Species Şahin SAKA, Haluk TUNCER, Kürşat FIRAT, Oğuz UÇAL…………………………………….11 Trout Farming Yılmaz EMRE, İbrahim OKUMUŞ, Özerdem MALTAŞ…………………………………………21 Developments in Turbot Farming Atilla ÖZDEMİR…………………………………………………………………………………..33 Sturgeon Aquaculture Devrim MEMİŞ……………………………………………………………………………………49 Fishing and Farming of the Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus thynnus L.) F. Saadet KARAKULAK………………………………………………………………………….61 Crustacean and Shellfish Production Metin KUMLU, Aynur LÖK………………………………………………………………………….71 Aquafeed Industry Ahmet Adem TEKİNAY, Derya GÜROY, Nazan ÇEVİK……………………………………….81 Marine Fish Feed and Feeding Erdal ŞENER, Mustafa YILDIZ…………………………………………………………………...89 Important Bacterial, Viral Diseases and Treatment in Marine Aquaculture Süheyla KARATAŞ, Akın CANDAN……………………………………………………………..99 Marketing and Economic Perspective Hakan ÖZGÜLER………………………………………………………………………………….117 Aquaculture Legislation Erkan GÖZGÖZOĞLU…………………………………………………………………………….127 PREFACE This book, containing up-to-date information about marine aquaculture in Turkey was prepared to provide a projection about Turkish marine aquaculture, to the world literature and the aquaculture sector and prepared with a collective effort from scientists from different institutions, experts from related government agencies and representatives of the aquaculture sector. Marine aquaculture is developing rapidly not only in Turkey but also in the entire world. While each individual chapter of this book presents the current status and the future projections of marine aquaculture from the beginning of the scientific and sectoral milestones of aquaculture, the general assessment of the overall subject is left to the reader. I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Bayram Öztürk and all others involved in preparing this book for bringing us together with the hope that this book will help everybody to understand the importance and the impact of marine aquaculture as a whole, not just as a matter of increasing aquaculture production output in Turkey. I am very grateful for support and contributions of Kılıç Groups, Akuadan, Turbotsan, Agromarin. Prof.Dr. Akın CANDAN Board Member Turkish Marine Research Fundation. PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF THE MARINE AQUACULTURE İbrahim OKUMUŞ1 Hayri DENİZ2 1Rize University, Faculty of Fisheries, Fener Mah., 53100 Rize, TURKEY 2 MARA, DG for Agricultural Production and Development, Department of Fisheries, Ankara, TURKEY 1. INTRODUCTION Turkey is a large country with a size of about 779,452 square kilometres and has a relatively young population approaching 70 million, which is increasing at around 1.5 percent a year. The country has rich and diverse aquatic resources ranging from fresh to brackish and marine: 8,333 km of coast line, 151,080 square kilometres of economic coastal zone, 177,714 km total river length, around 900,000 ha natural lakes, and 500,000 ha of dam reservoirs (ÇELIKKALE et al., 1999, Table 1). Despite of these large resources, Turkish fisheries has stagnated at an annual production of around 600,000 tons and depends mainly on small-scale and largely small pelagic species. Therefore, marine aquaculture has been seen as an alternative source for marine capture fisheries, potentially relieving the pressure on the capture fishery sector. Table 1. Data on Turkish coastline Marine Resource Areas Coastline (km) Aquaculture/fishing Area (ha) Black Sea, Aegean Sea and Mediterranean 6,892 23,475,000 Sea of Marmara, Bosporus and Dardanelles 1,441 1,132,200 Total 8,333 24,607,200 Aquaculture is an important economic activity in the coastal and rural areas of many countries. It offers opportunities to alleviate poverty, creates employment, helps community development, reduces overexploitation of natural aquatic resources, and contributes enhancing food security. Due to the increasing worldwide demand for aquatic products, aquaculture is one of the most important and fastest growing sectors - not only within fisheries and but also within the food production sector. Turkey’s coastal resources for aquaculture are exceptional. A wide diversity of aquatic species can be farmed in brackish or salt water using a variety of production systems. Today marine aquaculture plays an increasingly important role in the production of fishery products. In 2005, its share of total aquaculture and fishery production were around 59% and 13% by volume respectively and it was much higher in value terms. The sector can be characterized by limited species (primarily three species: rainbow trout, sea bass and sea bream) and system diversity (cages), small farms, a production oriented approach and export dependent (EU) market. Current per capita fish consumption in Turkey is very low (around 7 kg) comparing to many European countries, but it is expected that the recent developments will lead to increases in domestic fish consumption. In fact there are some indicators that this is happening already. On the other hand, wild fish stocks are already under pressure from over- fishing, environmental degradation and pollution. About 41% of total marine fish production is from one species – anchovy. The country therefore needs aquaculture development for a number of reasons: • to support increased per capita fish consumption and service export market demand; • rational natural resource utilization and to develop recreational and ornamental fisheries; • restocking and ranching; • stabilize the domestic market. 2. HISTORY OF MARINE AQUACULTURE IN TURKEY Various forms of aquaculture have a long history around Mediterranean; however, although some form of extensive aquaculture has been practised in Mediterranean lagoons in Turkey, called “dalyan fisheries”, it was not a wide-spread traditional activity. Therefore, aquaculture in Turkey is a relatively young industry; it started with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) culture in 1970 and little happened in terms of marine aquaculture until 1985 when first sea bream (Sparus auratus) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) hatchery was established by Pinar Sea Products and on- 1 growing started in the Aegean Sea in 1985. First official aquaculture statistics were published in 1986 and marine fish culture was about 35 tons. It was not until “anchovy crisis” in late 1980s that aquaculture gained big attention as a potential. A sharp drop in production of Black Sea small pelagics has led to seeking new alternatives to traditional fisheries. During early 1990s Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout mariculture in the Black Sea has attracted considerable attention and efforts, but trials for salmon farming have to be terminated due to high water temperatures during summer. There were some attempts for kuruma shrimp (Penaeus japonicus) on the Mediterranean coast (OKUMUŞ et al., 2000) during mid- 1990s. Another major development was a joint project supported by Government of Japan on developing hatchery technology for Black Sea turbot (Psetta maxima) in Central Fisheries Research Institute in Trabzon. Hatchery technology has been developed for the turbot after 7 years project, but in spite of some trials, there is no commercial production yet. Initiation of bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) farming or “fattening” in the Mediterranean and Aegean Sea was the main development at the beginning of the new millennium. Lack of shellfish production has been a limiting issue for diversity of Turkish aquaculture. Only recently mussel farming has started in the Aegean Sea. The EU import ban in 1998 due to difficulties implying Council Directive 91/491/EEC laying down the health conditions for the production and placing on the market of fishery products caused great economic difficulty for sea bass and