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Visualizar/Abrir UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS ECONÔMICAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ESTUDOS ESTRATÉGICOS INTERNACIONAIS GUSTAVO HENRIQUE FEDDERSEN AS ESTRATÉGIAS CHINESAS PARA TAIWAN E SEUS IMPACTOS SECURITÁRIOS NO PÓS-GUERRA FRIA Porto Alegre 2020 GUSTAVO HENRIQUE FEDDERSEN AS ESTRATÉGIAS CHINESAS PARA TAIWAN E SEUS IMPACTOS SECURITÁRIOS NO PÓS-GUERRA FRIA Tese submetida ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais da Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas da UFRGS, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais. Orientador: Prof. Dr. José Miguel Quedi Martins Porto Alegre 2020 GUSTAVO HENRIQUE FEDDERSEN AS ESTRATÉGIAS CHINESAS PARA TAIWAN E SEUS IMPACTOS SECURITÁRIOS NO PÓS-GUERRA FRIA Tese submetida ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais da Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas da UFRGS, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais. Aprovada em: Porto Alegre. 31 de agosto de 2020. BANCA EXAMINADORA: Prof. Dr. José Miguel Quedi Martins – Orientador UFRGS-PPGEEI Profª. Drª Jacqueline Angélica Hernández Haffner– Professora UFRGS-PPGEEI Prof. Dr. Nilo André Piana de Castro – Professor Colégio de Aplicação Prof. Dr. Lucas Kerr de Oliveira – Professor UNILA À Bianca Stone, Pelo brilhantismo e senso de humanidade, que iluminam meus dias e fazem de mim uma pessoa melhor. AGRADECIMENTOS O autor do presente estudo gostaria de agradecer às diversas pessoas que contribuíram para o desenvolvimento do presente trabalho. Ao meu orientador, Prof. Dr. José Miguel Quedi Martins, agradeço pelos ensinamentos de toda última década, principalmente pelo que considero o mais valioso de todos: a importância da autonomia intelectual e da rejeição ao dogmatismo, com consciência social. Aos colegas e amigos do Instituto Sul-Americano de Política e Estratégia (ISAPE) e de seu Grupo de Estudos sobre Ásia, meu agradecimento por toda a parceria desses últimos anos que permitiu o surgimento de diversas ideias trabalhadas aqui. Impossibilitado de mencionar todos, destaco especialmente: Bruno Magno, Júlio Spido, João Chiarelli, Rômulo Pitt, Athos Munhoz, Betina Sauter, Erik Ribeiro e João Gabriel Burmann. Aos professores do PPGEEI, por um ambiente incrível de aprendizagem. Pelos ensinamentos essenciais para a pesquisa desenvolvida, agradeço especialmente a Profª. Drª. Jacqueline Hernández Haffner, o Prof. Dr. Paulo Fagundes Visentini e o Prof. Dr. Marco Aurélio Cepik. Também a todos os demais professores com os quais tive a oportunidade de aprender durante a minha formação, dos quais destaco o Prof. Dr. Lucas Kerr de Oliveria, o Prof. Dr. Nilo Piana de Castro, e o Prof. Dr. Strobe Driver. Aos colegas professores do curso de Relações Internacionais da Universidade La Salle, Profª. Drª. Tatiana Vargas Maia, Prof. Dr. Fabrício Pontin e Prof. Dr. José Antunes de Miranda, pelo companheirismo que incentiva a sempre buscar o melhor, pelo exemplo de docência e pelo ambiente sensacional de trabalho, que mostraram como a carreira acadêmica pode ser gratificante. À CAPES e aos organizadores da Taiwan Fellowship, que financiaram e tornaram possível partes importantes dessa pesquisa. Ao meu irmão e à minha mãe, Eric e Rogéria, pelo carinho e apoio eternos. À minha companheira de vida, Bianca Stone, dizer que o presente trabalho seria impossível sem você não contempla todo o significado que eu gostaria expressar. Por dar sentido a todos os esforços, além de tudo que fez para que essa tese pudesse existir, minha eterna gratidão. LISTA DE FIGURAS Quadro 1 - Esquematização e resumo do modelo teórico utilizado na pesquisa ..................... 22 Figura 1 - Primeira fase da Guerra da Coreia, junho a setembro de 1950................................ 37 Figura 2 - Segunda fase da Guerra da Coreia, setembro e outubro de 1950 ............................ 38 Figura 3 - Primeira Guerra Sino-Japonesa ................................................................................ 41 Figura 4 - Avanço japonês sobre a China, 1931 a 1938 ........................................................... 42 Figura 5 - Terceira e quarta fases da Guerra da Coreia, novembro de 1950 a julho de 1950 .. 44 Figura 6 - Alcance do sistema MGM-1 Matador a partir de Taiwan ....................................... 45 Figura 7 - Mapa do Estreito de Taiwan .................................................................................... 46 Gráfico 1 - Exportações Intrarregionais, em bilhões de dólares............................................... 77 Gráfico 2 - Importações Intrarregionais, em bilhões de dólares............................................... 78 Figura 8 - Alcance de mísseis chineses no Pacífico, 1996-2017 .............................................. 85 Figura 9 - Primeira e Segunda Cadeias de Ilhas ....................................................................... 86 Quadro 2 - Hipótese Auxiliar do estudo ................................................................................. 111 Quadro 3 - Esquematização e resumo das variáveis da conclusão ......................................... 113 LISTA DE SIGLAS A2/AD Anti-Acesso e de Negação de Área ASEAN Associação de Nações do Sudeste Asiático BRI Iniciativa Cinturão e Rota (Belt and Road Initiative) C2 Comando e Controle CC Grupo do Clube Central CENTO Organização do Tratado Central CSG Carrier Strike Groups ECFA Acordo-quadro para Cooperação Econômica ELP Exército de Libertação do Povo Chinês EUA Estados Unidos da América GMD Partido Nacionalista da China (Guomindang) GSJ Guerras Sino-Japonesas IED Investimento Externo Direto LMC Linhas Marítimas de Comunicação OTAN Organização do Tratado do Atlântico Norte OTASE Organização do Tratado do Sudeste Asiático P&D Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento PCCh Partido Comunista da China PCM Preparação para o Combate Militar PDP Partido Democrático Progressista PIB Produto Interno Bruto PPP Partido Primeiro o Povo RPC República Popular da China URSS União das Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas ZEE Zonas Econômicas Especiais RESUMO O presente trabalho propõe a tese de que a abordagem estratégica da República Popular da China (RPC) para lidar com Taiwan no pós-Guerra Fria pode ser explicada pelo seu modelo de Revolução Nacional e Inserção Internacional. O modelo proposto por hipótese deste estudo busca salientar o papel de condicionantes históricos e estratégicos da China: os imperativos relacionados de fortalecimento nacional frente às estruturas internacionais. A metodologia de pesquisa consiste em averiguar a adequação do modelo proposto, em três passos consecutivos: análise dos condicionantes históricos anteriores, descrição do contexto estratégico atual do Leste Asiático, e consideração sobre os padrões de relacionamento Pequim-Taipei. Dessa forma, o trabalho está dividido em uma introdução, três capítulos e considerações finais. A introdução contextualiza a pesquisa e busca apresentar seus elementos constitutivos: tema, objeto, delimitações, justificativa, problema de pesquisa, hipótese e referenciais (epistemológico, teórico e metodológico), para enfim descrever sumariamente os capítulos. O capítulo subsequente busca fazer um levantamento dos elementos estruturantes da estratégia chinesa através da análise do contexto histórico precedente ao objeto do estudo, isto é, episódios e processos da época da Guerra Fria que condicionaram a posterior formulação estratégica envolvendo Taiwan. O capítulo seguinte analisa a relação entre as estratégias chinesas adotadas durante o pós-Guerra Fria e sua interação com a segurança regional. O capítulo final de desenvolvimento, por sua vez, faz um levantamento dos diferentes momentos da relação Pequim-Taipei no pós-Guerra Fria e analisa a estratégia chinesa envolvida em cada ocasião. O trabalho se encerra com as considerações finais, em que se sintetizam percepções decorrentes dos estudos realizados e apontam-se temas para pesquisas futuras. A compreensão que surge das observações feitas no decorrer das análises é de que houve uma mudança qualitativa na abordagem chinesa para Taiwan durante a última década: da paciência e cooperação econômica à intransigência e aumento da possibilidade de guerra. Palavras-chave: República Popular da China. Taiwan. Revolução Nacional. Leste Asiático. Segurança Internacional. ABSTRACT This paper proposes the thesis that the China’s strategic approach to deal with Taiwan in the post-Cold War era can be explained by its model of National Revolution and International Placing. The model proposed by this study's hypothesis seeks to highlight the role of China's historical and strategic constraints: the national strengthening imperatives regarding international structures. The research methodology consists of verifying the adequacy of the proposed model, in three consecutive steps: analysis of the previous historical conditions, description of the current strategic context in East Asia, and consideration of the Beijing- Taipei relationship patterns. Thus, the work is divided into an introduction, three chapters and final considerations. The introduction contextualizes the research and seeks to present its constitutive elements, namely theme, object, delimitations, justification, research problem, hypothesis and references (epistemological, theoretical and methodological); and to briefly describe the chapters. The subsequent chapter seeks to survey the structuring elements of Chinese strategy by analyzing the historical context preceding the object of the study, that is,
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