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Laboratorio Dei Diritti Fondamentali LABORATORIO DEI DIRITTI FONDAMENTALI Comitato scientifico Pasquale De Sena, Marie-Claire Foblets, Bianca Gardella Tedeschi, Michele Graziadei, Giorgio Malinverni, Paul Tavernier Direttore Vladimiro Zagrebelsky Il Laboratorio dei Diritti Fondamentali – LDF – ha iniziato la sua attività in Torino nel 2011. Il Laboratorio svolge ricerche sui diritti fondamentali, con principale attenzione alla concretezza della loro protezione nei diversi momenti, luoghi e occasioni della vita delle persone. Il Laboratorio, secondo l’insegnamento della Corte europea dei diritti umani, si cura di «diritti concreti ed effettivi e non teorici e illusori». Con le sue ricerche il Laboratorio cerca le soluzioni idonee e praticabili offerte dall’esperienza o suggerite dallo studio interdisciplinare dei diritti umani. opera all’interno del Collegio Carlo Alberto, Università degli Studi di Torino. La presente ricerca è stata condotta in collaborazione con LDF – Laboratorio dei Diritti Fondamentali – www.labdf.eu Collegio Carlo Alberto, piazza Arbarello 8, 10122 Torino; e-mail: [email protected] LABORATORIO DEI DIRITTI FONDAMENTALI NUOVE FORME DI FILIAZIONE E GENITORIALITÀ PRINCIPI E PRASSI NELLE REALTÀ MUSULMANE Federica Sona Fondazione Collegio Carlo Alberto Editore Traduzione dall’originale in lingua inglese di Lydia Corbelli e Federica Sona I lettori che desiderano informarsi sui libri e sull’insieme delle attività della Collegio Carlo Alberto possono consultare il sito Internet: https://www.carloalberto.org ISBN 9788894527810 Copyright © 2020 by Fondazione Collegio Carlo Alberto Editore, corso Vittorio Emanuele II, 75, 10128, Torino. Tutti i diritti sono riservati. Nessuna parte di questa pubblicazione può essere fotocopiata, riprodotta, archiviata, memorizzata o trasmessa in qualsiasi forma o mezzo – elettronico, meccanico, reprografico, digitale – se non nei termini previsti dalla legge che tutela il Diritto d’Autore. Indice Prefazione di V. Zagrebelsky e M.C. Foblets ............................................................................ 7 CAPITOLO PRIMO Il contesto d'indagine ............................................................................................................... 11 1. La ragione dello studio ..................................................................................................... 11 2. Alcune precisazioni terminologiche: RMA, PMA e TRA ............................................... 13 3. Perché PMA, RMA e TRA? ............................................................................................ 14 4. Il bacino d'utenza dei trattamenti di fertilità: i «nuovi» Italiani ....................................... 20 5. Perché i musulmani (italiani)? ......................................................................................... 25 6. Soggetti e metodi d’indagine ........................................................................................... 30 6.1. Centri medici e cliniche locali eroganti procedure di PMA ...................................... 31 6.2. Mediatori culturali locali ........................................................................................... 34 6.3. Pazienti sottopostisi a trattamenti di fertilità............................................................. 34 6.4. Figure religiose e associazioni islamiche .................................................................. 36 7. Il piano dello studio.......................................................................................................... 37 CAPITOLO SECONDO La procreazione medicalmente assistita in Italia ..................................................................... 39 1. Sistema giuridico italiano e trattamenti di fertilità consentiti .......................................... 39 2. Prestatori di assistenza sanitaria che offrono servizi di PMA .......................................... 41 3. Registro dei centri per la fertilità accertati e autorizzati .................................................. 43 4. La legge sulla PMA e la giurisprudenza .......................................................................... 45 5. Centri e tecniche di procreazione medicalmente assistita ................................................ 49 6. Centri per la procreazione medicalmente assistita a Torino ............................................ 55 CAPITOLO TERZO PMA conforme alla sharīʿah e rimedi all'assenza di prole ...................................................... 61 1. Mondo musulmano e famiglie ḥalāl ................................................................................ 61 2. TRA, PMA e islām........................................................................................................... 62 3. L'importanza della procreazione ...................................................................................... 67 4. Rimedi tradizionali all'assenza di prole conformi alla sharīʿah ...................................... 69 4.1. Atti di culto e accettazione di infertilità e sterilità .................................................... 70 4.2. Cambiamenti nelle famiglie nucleari dei genitori intenzionali ................................. 73 4.3. Adozione, affidamento e tutela dei minori ................................................................ 79 5. Concepimento e riproduzione medicalmente assistiti ...................................................... 84 6. Formule procreative moderne conformi alla sharīʿah ..................................................... 88 6.1. TRA e PMA secondo i musulmani sunniti ............................................................... 89 6.2. TRA e PMA secondo i musulmani sciiti .................................................................. 93 7. Aspetti (potenzialmente) problematici di TRA e PMA conformi alla sharīʿah .............. 98 7.1. Esclusivamente pazienti musulmani coniugati ......................................................... 98 7.2. Professioniste medico-sanitarie musulmane ........................................................... 101 7.3. Procedure mediche connesse alla PMA e pazienti musulmani ............................... 105 CAPITOLO QUARTO Pazienti musulmani e prestatori di assistenza sanitaria italiani ............................................. 115 1. Etnografia nelle cliniche della fertilità locali ................................................................. 115 2. Le impressioni del personale medico-sanitario .............................................................. 116 2.1. I pazienti musulmani ............................................................................................... 116 2.2. Le coppie musulmane ............................................................................................. 119 2.3. Le madri intenzionali musulmane ........................................................................... 122 3. Offerta di TRA e PMA conformi alla sharīʿah .............................................................. 126 3.1. Rapporto medico-paziente ...................................................................................... 127 3.2. Richieste specifiche durante il ramadhān ............................................................... 131 3.3. Crioconservazione di embrioni, eugenetica e diagnosi prenatale ........................... 133 4. Bisogni e problematiche emergenti ................................................................................ 137 4.1. Difficoltà nella comunicazione ............................................................................... 137 4.2. Costumi e tradizioni ................................................................................................ 144 4.3. Progetti migratori dei pazienti ................................................................................. 148 5. Segreti taciuti ................................................................................................................. 152 5.1. Limitazioni nel rivelare il ricorso alla PMA ........................................................... 152 5.2. Adozione e affidamento (non) conformi alla sharīʿah ........................................... 158 6. Comprendere gli aspiranti genitori musulmani .............................................................. 161 CAPITOLO QUINTO Pazienti musulmani locali ...................................................................................................... 167 1. Accesso e utilizzo delle cliniche della fertilità locali ..................................................... 167 2. Quantificazione dei pazienti musulmani ........................................................................ 167 3. Individuazione dei pazienti musulmani ......................................................................... 172 4. Quadro clinico dei pazienti musulmani ......................................................................... 178 5. Procedure ed esiti della RMA ........................................................................................ 183 6. Trattamenti eterologhi (non) conformi alla sharīʿah ..................................................... 186 7. Cicli di fertilità: costi e benefici ..................................................................................... 190 8. Trattamenti di fertilità e liste d'attesa dei pazienti ......................................................... 194 CAPITOLO SESTO Osservazioni conclusive ......................................................................................................... 203 1. Nuove forme di genitorialità
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