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Psychological Impact of 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-Ncov) Outbreak in Health Workers in China

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Psychological Impact of 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-Ncov) Outbreak in Health Workers in China Epidemiology and Infection Psychological impact of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak in health cambridge.org/hyg workers in China 1 2 1 1 1 Original Paper Dandan Sun , Dongliang Yang , Yafen Li , Jie Zhou , Wenqing Wang , Quanliang Wang1, Nan Lin1, Ailin Cao1, Haichen Wang3 and Qingyun Zhang1 Cite this article: Sun D et al (2020). Psychological impact of 2019 novel 1Department of Cardiology of Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, 89# Guhuai Road, Rencheng district, coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak in health Jining City 272000, Shandong Province, China; 2Cangzhou Medical College, Cangzhou, Hebei, China and 3Party workers in China. Epidemiology and Infection 148, e96, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1017/ Committee Office of Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, 89# Guhuai Road, Rencheng district, Jining S0950268820001090 City 272000, Shandong Province, China Received: 6 February 2020 Abstract Revised: 14 April 2020 Accepted: 28 April 2020 The first case of 2019-nCoV pneumonia infection occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, South China Seafood Market in December 2019. As a group with a high probability of infection, Key words: health workers are faced with a certain degree of psychological challenges in the process of 2019 Novel coronavirus; COVID-19; health workers; psychological facing the epidemic. This study attempts to evaluate the impact of 2019-nCoV outbreak on the psychological state of Chinese health workers and to explore the influencing factors. Author for correspondence: During the period from 31 January 2020 to 4 February 2020, the ‘Questionnaire Star’ elec- Qingyun Zhang, tronic questionnaire system was used to collect data. The 2019-nCoV impact questionnaire E-mail: [email protected] and The Impact of Event Scale (IES) were used to check the psychological status of health workers in China. A total of 442 valid data were collected in this study. Seventy-four (16.7%) male and 368 (83.3%) female individuals participated in this study. The average score of high arousal dimension was 5.15 (S.D. = 4.71), and the median score was 4.0 (IQR 2.0, 7.0). The average score of IES was 15.26 (S.D. = 11.23), and the median score was 13.5 (IQR 7.0, 21.0). Multiple regression analysis showed that there were critical statistical differ- ences in high arousal scores among different gender groups (male 3.0 vs. female 5.0, P = 0.075). Whether being quarantined had significant statistical differences of IES scores (being quarantined 16.0 vs. not being quarantined 13.0, P = 0.021). The overall impact of the 2019-nCoV outbreak on health workers is at a mild level. Chinese health workers have good psychological coping ability in the face of public health emergencies. Introduction The first case of 2019-nCoV pneumonia infection occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, South China Seafood Market in December 2019 [1]. Due to the large-scale population movement during the Spring Festival, the pneumonia began to spread in various provinces and regions of China [2–5]. As of 4 February 2020, China had 20 471 confirmed cases, 23 214 suspected cases, 2788 critically ill cases, 425 deaths and 637 cured cases. According to the data, the num- ber of 2019-nCoV pneumonia patients has far exceeded the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 [6]. As front-line workers in this battle, some doctors and nurses have been infected while taking care of patients infected with 2019-nCoV pneumonia. However, a large number of health workers from various provinces in China have taken the initiative to sign up for support in Hubei Province. As a group with a high probability of infection, health workers are faced with a certain degree of psychological challenges in the process of facing the epidemic [7]. Freeman MP wrote that the health workers are having an extraordinarily difficult time and the healthcare systems become increasingly overloaded [8]. Also, during the MERS outbreak, healthcare workers who performed MERS-related tasks scored significantly higher on the total IES-R and its subscales [9]. However, currently, there are few research studies on the mental health status of health workers during this novel coronavirus outbreak, so © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press. This is an Open this study attempts to evaluate the impact of 2019-nCoV outbreak on the psychological Access article, distributed under the terms of state of Chinese health workers and to explore the influencing factors. the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, Methods distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Study population and data collection This study is a cross-sectional study. During the period from 31 January 2020 to 4 February 2020, the ‘Questionnaire Star’ electronic questionnaire system was used to collect data. ‘Questionnaire Star’ is an application dedicated to send electronic questionnaires. Researchers can design different options for each question for respondents to choose, and Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.202.8, on 02 Oct 2021 at 23:55:15, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268820001090 2 Dandan Sun et al. respondents can use Wechat or web page to answer. The results of The score range of IES scale was 0–8 as subclinical, 9–25 as mild, the survey can eventually form an Excel data table. The question- 26–43 as moderate and 44–88 as severe. naire was filled out anonymously. The inclusion criteria of the ⩾ subjects were as follows: age 18 years old; working in hospital, Statistical analysis including medical treatment, nursing, medical technology, administration, logistics; working in mainland China. A total of The counting data in this study are described by frequency and 450 questionnaires were collected, of which 442 were valid. percentage. The measurement data are first tested for normality, Eight invalid questionnaires were excluded because of incomplete and it is found that the measurement data in this study do not data (three questionnaires), response time of less than 90 s (three conform to the normal distribution, so the median and quartile questionnaires) and those who have inconsistent answers to the are used to describe them. W−H method was used to compare same questions set in this questionnaire (two questionnaires). the IES score and high arousal score between groups. Then the This study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the IES score and high arousal score were used as dependent variables Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University (NO: 2020C011). to analyse the multiple regression model. The statistical software uses R software (version 3.6.1). Study instruments Results General information questionnaire Characteristics of respondents The general data and indicators of the subjects collected in this study include hospital level (Grade 3A hospital, tertiary hospital, A total of 442 valid data were collected in this study. Seventy-four secondary hospital, primary hospital, etc.), type of medical insti- (16.7%) male and 368 (83.3%) female individuals participated in tution (public hospital, non-public hospital), hospital type (gen- this study. A total of 53 doctors, 348 nurses, 18 administrative and eral hospital, traditional Chinese medicine hospital, integrated logistics staff and 23 other types of health workers participated in traditional Chinese and western medicine hospital, specialist hos- this study. In all, 337 subjects lived with their families, 27 subjects pital, etc.), age (⩽25 years old, 26–35 years old, 36–45 years old, lived in dormitories and 38 subjects lived alone (Table 1). 46–55 years old, ⩾56 years old), gender, job title (doctors, nursing staff, administrative and logistics staff, etc.), working years Results of 2019-nCoV impact questionnaire (⩽3 years, 3–5 years, 6–8 years, ⩾9 years), marital status (unmar- ried, married, divorced), number of children, living conditions After the outbreak of 2019-nCoV, 395 (89.4%) of the 442 subjects (living with family members, dormitory, living alone), whether thought that medical work was very risky. There were 381(86.2%) contact with 2019-nCoV confirmed patients, whether contact health workers who think they have more work pressure than with suspected 2019-nCoV patients, whether being quarantined, before. There were 361(81.7%) health workers who thought that whether participated in SARS treatment in 2003. they can accept the risk of exposure to or care for patients with 2019-nCoV. Only 52 (11.8%) health workers felt the urge to resign. Other details are shown in Table 2. 2019-nCoV impact questionnaire This questionnaire is compiled by the researchers and consists of nine items, each of which should be answered with Yes or No. Results of high arousal score and its influencing factors The nine items of the questionnaire include:(1) My work puts The average score of high arousal dimension was 5.15 (S.D. = 4.71), me at great risk. (2) I feel more pressure at work than before. and the median score was 4.0 (IQR 2.0, 7.0). Univariate analysis (3) I can accept the risk of exposure to or care for patients with showed that there were significant differences in high arousal the 2019-nCoV. (4) I am afraid of being infected with the scores among different age groups of health workers. Health 2019-nCoV. (5) I can ensure that my protective measures are workers aged 46–55 showed the highest score, while health work- effective enough. (6) If I am infected with the 2019-nCoV, I am ers aged less than 25 showed the lowest score. There were critical confident that I can recover. (7) The 2019-nCoV outbreak statistical differences in high arousal scores of genders (male 3.0 makes me feel the urge to resign.
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