DOCSLIB.ORG

Intriguing World of Weeds Iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Intriguing World of Weeds Iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Intriguing World of Weeds iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Poison-Ivy/Poison-Oak/Poison-Sumac-The Virulent Weeds 1 LARRY W. MITICH2 I I; INTRODUCTION I, ii The word poison entered the English language in 1387 as 'poysoun" (18), and in Memoirs ofAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences, v. 1, 1785, the word poison-ivy was used for the first time: "Poison ivy ... produces the same kind of inflammation and eruptions . as poison wood tree" (18). · The first known reference to poison-ivy, Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Ktze., dates from the 7th century in China and the 10th century in Japan. Since Toxicodendron species do not grow in Europe, the plants re­ mained unknown to Western civiliza­ tion until explorers visited the New World seven centuries later (7). Capt. John Smith (1579-1631) wrote the first description of poison-ivy and origi­ nated its common name; he noted a similarity in the climbing habit of They used that name for a shrub of the Southern States, North American poison-ivy to English with crenately-lobed, very pubescent leaflets (1). ivy (Hedera helix L.) (7). Toxicodendron, a pre-Linnaean name, was not accepted Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656-1708) established at the generic level by Linnaeus. Tournefort limited the the genus for poison-ivy in lnstitutiones rei herbariae, v. genus to ternate-leaved plants, thus omitting such close 1, p. 610, 1700 (7). The name is from the Latin for poison­ relatives of poison-ivy as poison-sumac and the oriental ous tree (9). lacquer tree (7). The lacquer tree has been known for In 1635 Jacques Philippe Cornut ( 1601-1651) wrote the first book on Canadian botany (Canadensium Plantarum thousands of years, and descriptions of the inflammations aliarumque nondum editarum historia, Parisiis [Paris]). produced by lacquer made from its sap go back to before This work is also the first one to illustrate poison-ivy Christ (17). (reproduced in this article), which he listed under the name Poison-ivy is also used figuratively for an unpleasant "Edera [Hedera] trifolia canadensis" (17). person. For example, B. Gray wrote in Miss Dynamite Linnaeus described poison-ivy in Hortus Ciffortianus (1939): "So this is the charming little prairie flower that ( 1737) as Rhus radicans; he later edited his description of Norman's fallen in love with! ... Primrose, my foot! Her the plant to include the climbing habit and added a descrip­ name's Poison Ivy" (18). tion of poison-oak, R. toxicarium (Salisb.) Gillis, when he In the U.S. there are· about 2 million cases of skin wrote Species Plantarum, 1753 (7). While Linnaeus re­ poisoning each year. Poison-ivy and its allies are the great­ corded 13 species of Rhus, 14 more had been assigned to est single cause of workers' compensation claims, and they the genus by the end of the 18th century, including species are a leading cause of field injuries among workers of the of Rhus, Toxicodendron, and others (7). Britton and Brown U.S. Forest Service (12). refer to R. toxicodendron as being "of American authors." During a single year in California, the working hours lost as a result of dermatitis and the discomfort experienced 1No. 50 of the series "Intriguing World of Weeds." by sensitive individuals make poison-oak the most hazard­ 2Ext. Weed Sci. Emeritus, Dep. Vegetable Crops, Univ. California, Davis, CA 95616. ous of all the poisonous plants in the state (5). 653 Weed Technology. 1995. Volume 9:653-656 J INTRIGUING WORLD OF WEEDS CLASSIFICATION, fruit. The cashew nut is obtained from Anacardium occi­ Poison-ivy and poison-oak are neither ivy nor oak spe­ dentale; an oil obtained from its shell is valuable in resin cies. These plants, as well as poison-sumac, belong to the manufacture and, of course, the meat of the nut is a world­ cashew family, Anacardiaceae, and are known by several wide favorite. During the U.S. occupation of Japan follow­ local names. The leaf shape and growth habits of poison­ ing World War II, sensitized American soldiers ivy and poison-oak plants vary greatly throughout the U.S. unexpectedly suffered dermatitis when they inevitably Their common features are their poisonous nature and their came in contact with toilet seats and bars beautifully fin­ compound leaves, which consist of three leaflets. The old ished with Japanese lacquer (11). saying "Leaflets three, let it be" confirms the plant's nearly consistent leaf aspect (12). POISON-IVY Depending on area, poison-ivy, poison-oak, and poison- . Poison-ivy is one of two New Worl9 species; it also sumac are all generally known under the same name. The occurs in Eastern Asia. It is the most common and most proper classification of Toxicodendron has long been a widespread species in the Anacardiaceae. It is distributed bone of contention among botanists (11). Some classify from southern Canada to western Guatemala, the eastern poison-ivy and poison-oak, and infrequently poison-su­ third of the U.S. and throughout Mexico, on Bermuda, in mac, as varieties of one species, pointing out that all three the western Bahamas, Japan, western and central China have leaves divided into three ovate leaflets, variously and Taiwan, the Kurile Islands, and Sakhalin of Russia indented and lobed and downy beneath. And in June they (II). all bear slender clusters or panicles of inconspicuous Poison-ivy distribution in the U.S. is below the 44th greenish-white flowers in the axils of the leaves, followed parallel, extending from Maine to Florida and westward by clusters of small globular, greyish-white, waxy, berry­ into Nebraska, Kansas;Oklahoma, and Texas, It also grows like fruits (13). in a small area in southern Arizona and New Mexico (12). This very plasticity has given the "splitters" a chance to It is a low straggling shrub, sometimes occurring as a stout create more than 30 species! But the more conservative weedy vine climbing over trees. maintain that poison-ivy is a single variable species, with The compound leaves of poison-ivy are alternate on the several taxonomic varieties and forms (11, 14). Immu­ stem. Each leaflet is 5 to 10 cm long and is pointed at the nologically all species behave the same (17). tip. The supporting stem of the terminal leaflet is much In 1859, Darlington mentions both the erect and climb­ longer than the stems of the two lateral leaflets. Leaflets ing varieties of poison-ivy. Wrote he: "This species ... may be glossy or dull green and usually have smooth should not only be known to the farmer, but diligently surfaces. The edges of the leaflets vary considerably; some expelled from his premises" (4). George offered this ad­ are toothed or even lobed but most are not (12). vise: "Some fortunate persons are quite immune to the bad effects of the plant, and one of these might be hired to grub POISON-OAK it out and bum it" (6). The Anacardiaceae includes many widely distributed The Toumefort name Toxicodendron, a generic segre­ species which are both noxious and useful. The baleful gate of· Rhus, was chosen by Linnaeus as the specific species have in common the capacity to induce a severe epithet for poison-oak, R. toxicarium Salish. (7). Now contact dermatitis. All the dermatitogenic Anacardiaceae classified as T. toxicarium (Salish.) Gillis, this North are members of an immunologic cross reacting group American native shrub grows in dry woodland from New owing to biochemical similarities of their antigens. Sensi­ Jersey to Georgia and Texas, and the West Coast (13). tization to one carries with it the verdict of allergic reac­ Hickman uses T. diversilobum (Torrey & A. Gray) E. tivity to the rest (11). Greene for Western poison-oak, a shrub which can some­ Some dermatitis-producing Anacardiaceae possess time become tree-like (8). The common name is related to amiable or economically useful properties. The Orientals the typical leaflet shape, which resembles a white oak leaf prepare a rich furniture lacquer from R; verniciflua, the (7). ' lacquer tree; the marking nut or Indian ink tree, Semecar­ Poison-oak is very common in California, western Ore­ pus anacardium, is used to stain clothing, often as a laundry gon, and western Washington. It becomes a dense leafy mark. The mango, Mangifera indica, produces a delectable shrub when growing in the open or in filtered sun, but in 654 Volume 9. Issue 3 (July-September) 1995 WEED TECHNOLOGY shaded areas, as in coast redwoods, it becomes a tall-climb­ Both poison-ivy and poison-oak may cause severe der­ ing vine. Foliage turns a striking bright orange or scarlet matitis on contact; even breathing smoke from burning in the fall (3). plants is harmful (3). Transmission from smoke is by droplets on particles of dust and ash in the smoke, rather POISON-SUMAC than from gas. Smoke from burning poison-ivy plants or contaminated articles can carry the poison in a dispersed The generic name for sumac is Rhus; it is from the Greek form (13). rhous and the Latin rhus, both being names for sumac. The With time, sensitivity to poisoning can change. Gener­ Greek rhous is from rhodos, red, which gave rise to the ally, persons repeatedly exposed to poison-ivy and poison­ Celtic rhudd, red, the prevailing color of the sumac fruit oak become more sensitive because they react to lower (4, 9). concentrations of the oily toxicant. And people usually There are approximately 150 species of Rhus which are become less sensitive as they get older. But this rule does native to the temperate and subtropical regions of North not always hold true. Persons who have waded through and South America. It is a rather baffling genus, consisting patches of poison-oak numerous times without effect can of deciduous and evergreen trees, shrubs, sub-shrubs, and suddenly develop a severe rash after such contact.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Plants: Understanding The
    Document downloaded from http://http://www.actasdermo.org, day 06/09/2012. This copy is for personal use. Any transmission of this document by any media or format is strictly prohibited. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2012;103(6):456---477 REVIEW Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Plants: Understanding the ଝ Chemistry will Help our Diagnostic Approach a,∗ b a a E. Rozas-Munoz,˜ J.P. Lepoittevin, R.M. Pujol, A. Giménez-Arnau a Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar. Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain b Dermatochemistry Laboratory, Institut of Chemistry, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France Received 12 April 2011; accepted 29 July 2011 Available online 10 August 2012 KEYWORDS Abstract Allergic contact dermatitis due to plants is common. Potentially allergenic plants and plant products are found in many everyday environments, such as the home, the garden, Contact dermatitis; Plants; the workplace, and recreational settings. By improving our knowledge of allergenic plant- ␣-Methylene-␥- derived chemical compounds, we will be better positioned to identify novel allergens. We butyrolactone; review the most relevant chemical allergens that contribute to plant allergic contact dermatitis Quinones; and propose a clinical classification system based on 5 major families of chemical sensitiz- ␣ ␥ Terpenes; ers: -methylene- -butyrolactones, quinones, phenol derivatives, terpenes, and miscellaneous Phenols structures (disulfides, isothiocyanates, and polyacetylenic derivates). We also describe the dif- ferent clinical pictures of plant allergic contact dermatitis and review currently available patch test materials. A better understanding of the specific allergens involved in plant allergic contact dermatitis will help to predict cross-reactivity between different plant species or families. © 2011 Elsevier España, S.L. and AEDV.
    [Show full text]
  • Poison Prevention Packaging: a Guide for Healthcare Professionals
    PPooiissoonn PPrreevveennttiioonn PPaacckkaaggiinngg:: AA GGuuiiddee FFoorr HHeeaalltthhccaarree PPrrooffeessssiioonnaallss REVISED 2005 CPSC 384 US. CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION, WASHINGTON, D.C. 20207 THIS BROCHURE BROUGHT TO YOU BY: U.S. CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION Washington, DC 20207 Web site: www.cpsc.gov Toll-free hotline: 1-800-638-2772 The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) is a federal agency that helps keep families and children safe in and around their homes. For more information, call the CPSC’s toll-free hotline at 1-800-638-2772 or visit its website at http://www.cpsc.gov. Poison Prevention Packaging: A Guide For Healthcare Professionals (revised 2005) Preface The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) administers the Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970 (PPPA), 15 U.S.C. §§ 1471-1476. The PPPA requires special (child-resistant and adult-friendly) packaging of a wide range of hazardous household products including most oral prescription drugs. Healthcare professionals are more directly involved with the regulations dealing with drug products than household chemical products. Over the years that the regulations have been in effect, there have been remarkable declines in reported deaths from ingestions by children of toxic household substances including medications. Despite this reduction in deaths, many children are poisoned or have "near-misses" with medicines and household chemicals each year. Annually, there are about 30 deaths of children under 5 years of age who are unintentionally poisoned. Data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (a CPSC database of emergency room visits) indicate that in 2003, an estimated 78,000 children under 5 years of age were treated for poisonings in hospital emergency rooms in the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Approach to the Poisoned Patient
    PED-1407 Chocolate to Crystal Methamphetamine to the Cinnamon Challenge - Emergency Approach to the Intoxicated Child BLS 08 / ALS 75 / 1.5 CEU Target Audience: All Pediatric and adolescent ingestions are common reasons for 911 dispatches and emergency department visits. With greater availability of medications and drugs, healthcare professionals need to stay sharp on current trends in medical toxicology. This lecture examines mind altering substances, initial prehospital approach to toxicology and stabilization for transport, poison control center resources, and ultimate emergency department and intensive care management. Pediatric Toxicology Dr. James Burhop Pediatric Emergency Medicine Children’s Hospital of the Kings Daughters Objectives • Epidemiology • History of Poisoning • Review initial assessment of the child with a possible ingestion • General management principles for toxic exposures • Case Based (12 common pediatric cases) • Emerging drugs of abuse • Cathinones, Synthetics, Salvia, Maxy/MCAT, 25I, Kratom Epidemiology • 55 Poison Centers serving 295 million people • 2.3 million exposures in 2011 – 39% are children younger than 3 years – 52% in children younger than 6 years • 1-800-222-1222 2011 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System Introduction • 95% decline in the number of pediatric poisoning deaths since 1960 – child resistant packaging – heightened parental awareness – more sophisticated interventions – poison control centers Epidemiology • Unintentional (1-2
    [Show full text]
  • Toxicodendron Diversilobum (Torr
    A WEED REPORT from the book Weed Control in Natural Areas in the Western United States This WEED REPORT does not constitute a formal recommendation. When using herbicides always read the label, and when in doubt consult your farm advisor or county agent. This WEED REPORT is an excerpt from the book Weed Control in Natural Areas in the Western United States and is available wholesale through the UC Weed Research & Information Center (wric.ucdavis.edu) or retail through the Western Society of Weed Science (wsweedscience.org) or the California Invasive Species Council (cal-ipc.org). Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & A. Gray) E. Greene Pacific poison-oak Family: Anacardiaceae Range: Baja California to British Columbia. West of the Cascade Range in Washington and Oregon; ubiquitous in California west of the Sierra Nevada. Also along the western side of Nevada. Habitat: Mixed evergreen forests, woodlands, chaparral, coastal sage scrub, and riparian zones. It is one of the most widespread shrubs in California. It generally occurs on acid soils, but is not limited to any particular soil type, texture or drainage pattern. Pacific poison-oak is typically found at less than 5,000 ft elevation and grows on all aspects. It can tolerate drought, fire, and low temperatures. Origin: Native to the Pacific Coast of the western United States from British Columbia to Baja California. Impacts: One of the most hazardous native plants in the western states. It can be problematic wherever people are likely to contact the plant such as along trails or during brush removal around homes, along rights-of-way, fire breaks, construction sites, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Murder by Poison in Scotland During the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
    Merry, Karen Jane (2010) Murder by poison in Scotland during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2225/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] Murder by Poison in Scotland During the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries Karen Jane Merry Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Law Department of Forensic Medicine Faculty of Law, Business and Social Science Faculty of Medicine © Karen Jane Merry July 2010 ABSTRACT This thesis examines the history of murder by poison in Scotland during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, in the context of the development of the law in relation to the sale and regulation of poisons, and the growth of medical jurisprudence and chemical testing for poisons. The enquiry focuses on six commonly used poisons. Each chapter is followed by a table of cases and appendices on the relative scientific tests and post-mortem appearances. The various difficulties in testing for these poisons in murder and attempted murder cases during the period are discussed and the verdicts reached by juries in poisoning trials considered.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal Editorial Staff: Rachel Cobb, David Pfaff, Patricia Riley Hammer, Henri Nier, Suzanne Pierot, Sabina Sulgrove, Russell Windle
    Spring 2010 Volume 36 IVY J OURNAL IVY OF THE YEAR 2011 Hedera helix ‘Ivalace’ General Information Press Information American Ivy Society [email protected] P. O. Box 163 Deerfield, NJ 08313 Ivy Identification, Registration Membership Russell A. Windle The American Ivy Society Membership American Ivy Society Laurie Perper P.O. Box 461 512 Waterford Road Lionville, PA 19353-0461 Silver Spring, MD, 20901 [email protected] Officers and Directors President—Suzanne Warner Pierot Treasurer—Susan Hendley Membership—Laurie Perper Registrar, Ivy Research Center Director—Russell Windle Taxonomist—Dr. Sabina Mueller Sulgrove Rosa Capps, Rachel Cobb, Susan Cummings, Barbara Furlong, Patricia Riley Hammer, Constance L. Meck, Dorothy Rouse, Daphne Pfaff, Pearl Wong Ivy Journal Editorial Staff: Rachel Cobb, David Pfaff, Patricia Riley Hammer, Henri Nier, Suzanne Pierot, Sabina Sulgrove, Russell Windle The Ivy Journal is published once per year by the American Ivy Society, a nonprofit educational organization. Membership includes a new ivy plant each year, subscription to the Ivy Journal and Between the Vines, the newsletter of The American Ivy Society. Editorial submissions are welcome. Mail typed, double-spaced manuscript to the Ivy Journal Editor, The American Ivy Society. Enclose a self-addressed, stamped envelope if you wish manuscript and/ or artwork to be returned. Manuscripts will be handled with reasonable care. However, AIS assumes no responsibility for safety of artwork, photographs, or manuscripts. Every precaution is taken to ensure accuracy but AIS cannot accept responsibility for the corrections or accuracy of the information supplied herein or for any opinion expressed. The American Ivy Society P. O. Box 163, Deerfield Street, NJ 08313 www.ivy.org Remember to send AIS your new address.
    [Show full text]
  • Toxicology in Antiquity
    TOXICOLOGY IN ANTIQUITY Other published books in the History of Toxicology and Environmental Health series Wexler, History of Toxicology and Environmental Health: Toxicology in Antiquity, Volume I, May 2014, 978-0-12-800045-8 Wexler, History of Toxicology and Environmental Health: Toxicology in Antiquity, Volume II, September 2014, 978-0-12-801506-3 Wexler, Toxicology in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, March 2017, 978-0-12-809554-6 Bobst, History of Risk Assessment in Toxicology, October 2017, 978-0-12-809532-4 Balls, et al., The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology, October 2018, 978-0-12-813697-3 TOXICOLOGY IN ANTIQUITY SECOND EDITION Edited by PHILIP WEXLER Retired, National Library of Medicine’s (NLM) Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Program, Bethesda, MD, USA Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom 525 B Street, Suite 1650, San Diego, CA 92101, United States 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom Copyright r 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
    [Show full text]
  • Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron Radicans) DESCRIPTION
    Weed Identification and Control Sheet: www.goodoak.com/weeds Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) DESCRIPTION: Poison ivy is a native woody vine and member of the sumac family. It can be found in shady and sunny sites rambling along the ground, forming a small shrub, or climbing up trees. The vines attach to surfaces by means of thin aerial roots which grow along the length of the stem. The plant always has three leaflets which are often serrated. Usually these leaflets have one dominant lobe, giving the outer two leaves the appearance of mittens with the central leaf resembling a mitten with two thumbs. Young leaves are often dark green or maroonish, and the attractive fall foliage can range from brick to fire- engine red. Poison ivy is generally not considered a threat to native plant communities, in fact, the white berries provide winter food for birds and deer relish the foliage. Though harmless to most animals, many humans are allergic to the urushiol (yoo-roo-shee-ol) oil produced by the plant which results in itching, inflammation and blisters. This oil is found in all parts of the plant during all times of the year. This oil can also be spread by contact with clothing, shoes, pets or equipment that have touched poison ivy weeks or months after initial contact. It can even be transmitted in the air when poison ivy is burned, which presents a severe risk if inhaled and has been known to result in hospitalization and death. Though some people are not alleargic to the oil, its important to wear pants, long sleeves and gloves when working around poison ivy since the allergy can develop af- ter repeated exposures to urushiol.
    [Show full text]
  • PACKAGE LEAFLET Package Leaflet: Information for the Patient
    PACKAGE LEAFLET Package leaflet: Information for the patient Pulmocap Hedera, stroop Dry extract of ivy leaf Read all of this leaflet carefully before you start taking this medicine because it contains important information for you. Always take this medicine exactly as described in this leaflet or as your doctor or pharmacist have told you. - Keep this leaflet. You may need to read it again. - Ask your pharmacist if you need more information or advice. - If you get any side effects, talk to your doctor or pharmacist. This includes any possible side effects not listed in this leaflet. See section 4. - You must talk to a doctor if you do not feel better or if you feel worse after 5 days. What is in this leaflet 1. What Pulmocap Hedera is and what it is used for 2. What you need to know before you take Pulmocap Hedera 3. How to take Pulmocap Hedera 4. Possible side effects 5. How to store Pulmocap Hedera 6. Contents of the pack and other information 1. What Pulmocap Hedera is and what it is used for Pulmocap Hedera is a herbal medicinal product used as an expectorant in case of productive cough. It contains the dry extract of ivy leaf (Hedera helix L., folium). Pulmocap Hedera is indicated in adults, adolescents and children older than 2 years. You must talk to a doctor if you do not feel better or if you feel worse after 5 days. 2. What you need to know before you take Pulmocap Hedera Do not use this medicine: - if you are allergic to ivy, other members of the Araliaceae family or any other ingredients of this medicine (listed in section 6).
    [Show full text]
  • Proper Listing of Scientific and Common Plant Names In
    PROPER USAGE OF PLANT NAMES IN PUBLICATIONS A Guide for Writers and Editors Kathy Musial, Huntington Botanical Gardens, August 2017 Scientific names (also known as “Latin names”, “botanical names”) A unit of biological classification is called a “taxon” (plural, “taxa”). This is defined as a taxonomic group of any rank, e.g. genus, species, subspecies, variety. To allow scientists and others to clearly communicate with each other, taxa have names consisting of Latin words. These words may be derived from languages other than Latin, in which case they are referred to as “latinized”. A species name consists of two words: the genus name followed by a second name (called the specific epithet) unique to that species; e.g. Hedera helix. Once the name has been mentioned in text, the genus name may be abbreviated in any immediately subsequent listings of the same species, or other species of the same genus, e.g. Hedera helix, H. canariensis. The first letter of the genus name is always upper case and the first letter of the specific epithet is always lower case. Latin genus and species names should always be italicized when they appear in text that is in roman type; conversely, these Latin names should be in roman type when they appear in italicized text. Names of suprageneric taxa (above the genus level, e.g. families, Asteraceae, etc.), are never italicized when they appear in roman text. The first letter of these names is always upper case. Subspecific taxa (subspecies, variety, forma) have a third epithet that is always separated from the specific epithet by the rank designation “var.”, “ssp.” or “subsp.”, or “forma” (sometimes abbreviated as “f.”); e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing Restoration Potential of Fragmented and Degraded Fagaceae Forests in Meghalaya, North-East India
    Article Assessing Restoration Potential of Fragmented and Degraded Fagaceae Forests in Meghalaya, North-East India Prem Prakash Singh 1,2,* , Tamalika Chakraborty 3, Anna Dermann 4 , Florian Dermann 4, Dibyendu Adhikari 1, Purna B. Gurung 1, Saroj Kanta Barik 1,2, Jürgen Bauhus 4 , Fabian Ewald Fassnacht 5, Daniel C. Dey 6, Christine Rösch 7 and Somidh Saha 4,7,* 1 Department of Botany, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India; [email protected] (D.A.); [email protected] (P.B.G.); [email protected] (S.K.B.) 2 CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India 3 Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Thünen Institute, Alfred-Möller-Str. 1, House number 41/42, D-16225 Eberswalde, Germany; [email protected] 4 Chair of Silviculture, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacherstr. 4, D-79085 Freiburg, Germany; anna-fl[email protected] (A.D.); fl[email protected] (F.D.); [email protected] (J.B.) 5 Institute for Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstr. 12, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; [email protected] 6 Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 202 Natural Resources Building, Columbia, MO 65211-7260, USA; [email protected] 7 Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlstr. 11, D-76133 Karlsruhe, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: prem12fl[email protected] (P.P.S.); [email protected] (S.S.) Received: 5 August 2020; Accepted: 16 September 2020; Published: 19 September 2020 Abstract: The montane subtropical broad-leaved humid forests of Meghalaya (Northeast India) are highly diverse and situated at the transition zone between the Eastern Himalayas and Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspots.
    [Show full text]
  • Hedera Helix Information Guide
    New York City EcoFlora Hedera helix L. English Ivy Araliaceae (Aralia family) Description: Evergreen woody vine, young shoots and inflorescences covered with stellate hairs or peltate scales; juvenile stems creeping and forming extensive mats, the mature stems up to 25 centimeters diameter, climbing by abundant, adventitious roots with adhesive pads. Leaves simple, alternate, dimorphic, 4–10 cm long; juvenile leaves palmately lobed with 3 or 5 triangular lobes, glabrous, the base cordate, the apex acute or acuminate, the upper surface shining and dark green with whitened veins, sometimes tinged purple in winter, the lower surface pale green; mature leaves ovate or rhombic, entire, otherwise like juveniles. Flowers in axillary umbels; sepals 5, very short; petals 5, fleshy, green; stamens 5; ovary inferior. Fruit a drupe with 2–3 pyrennes, turning black at maturity. Where Found: Hedera helix is native to Europe from Ireland and Norway to the Caucasus. In New York City, the species is most abundant near home sites and gardens where there is a history of cultivation, especially in suburban areas. Natural History: In its native Europe, bees and other insects obtain nectar from the flowers and birds disperse the fruit. The adventitious climbing roots secrete an adhesive polymer composed of nanoparticles. Root hairs shrink and curl as they dry, pulling the stem closer to the surface. These forces enable the plant to climb very high and accumulate great mass. When a tree is so encumbered, its photosynthetic potential is diminished and the tree is vulnerable to breakage in wind and ice storms. The ground covering impedes absorption from rainfall and creates desert-like conditions dominated by one species.
    [Show full text]