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Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Plants: Understanding The Document downloaded from http://http://www.actasdermo.org, day 06/09/2012. This copy is for personal use. Any transmission of this document by any media or format is strictly prohibited. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2012;103(6):456---477 REVIEW Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Plants: Understanding the ଝ Chemistry will Help our Diagnostic Approach a,∗ b a a E. Rozas-Munoz,˜ J.P. Lepoittevin, R.M. Pujol, A. Giménez-Arnau a Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar. Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain b Dermatochemistry Laboratory, Institut of Chemistry, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France Received 12 April 2011; accepted 29 July 2011 Available online 10 August 2012 KEYWORDS Abstract Allergic contact dermatitis due to plants is common. Potentially allergenic plants and plant products are found in many everyday environments, such as the home, the garden, Contact dermatitis; Plants; the workplace, and recreational settings. By improving our knowledge of allergenic plant- ␣-Methylene-␥- derived chemical compounds, we will be better positioned to identify novel allergens. We butyrolactone; review the most relevant chemical allergens that contribute to plant allergic contact dermatitis Quinones; and propose a clinical classification system based on 5 major families of chemical sensitiz- ␣ ␥ Terpenes; ers: -methylene- -butyrolactones, quinones, phenol derivatives, terpenes, and miscellaneous Phenols structures (disulfides, isothiocyanates, and polyacetylenic derivates). We also describe the dif- ferent clinical pictures of plant allergic contact dermatitis and review currently available patch test materials. A better understanding of the specific allergens involved in plant allergic contact dermatitis will help to predict cross-reactivity between different plant species or families. © 2011 Elsevier España, S.L. and AEDV. All rights reserved. PALABRAS CLAVE Dermatitis alérgica por contacto con plantas. Entender las bases químicas ayudará al enfoque diagnóstico Dermatitis de contacto; Resumen La dermatitis alérgica por contacto debida a plantas es común. Se pueden encontrar Plantas; plantas y productos vegetales potencialmente alergénicos en muchos entornos habituales como ␣-Metilen-␥- el hogar, el jardín, el lugar de trabajo y ambientes recreativos. Mejorando nuestro conocimiento butirolactonas; de los compuestos químicos alergénicos derivados de plantas estaremos en una mejor posición Quinonas; para identificar alérgenos nuevos. Revisamos los alérgenos químicos que contribuyen de manera Terpenos; más relevante a la dermatitis alérgica por contacto por plantas y proponemos un sistema de Fenoles clasificación clínica basado en 5 principales familias de sensibilizadores químicos: ␣−metilen-␥- butirolactonas, quinonas, derivados fenólicos, terpenos y estructuras misceláneas (disulfuros, isotiocianatos y derivados poliacetilénicos). Describimos también los diferentes cuadros clíni- cos de dermatitis alérgica por contacto por plantas y revisamos los materiales de pruebas ଝ Please cite this article as: E. Rozas-Munoz,˜ J.P. Lepoittevin, R.M. Pujol, A. Giménez-Arnau. Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Plants: Understanding the Chemistry will Help our Diagnostic Approach. Actas Dermosifiliogr.2012;103:456-477. ∗ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (E. Rozas-Munoz).˜ 1578-2190/$ – see front matter © 2011 Elsevier España, S.L. and AEDV. All rights reserved. Document downloaded from http://http://www.actasdermo.org, day 06/09/2012. This copy is for personal use. Any transmission of this document by any media or format is strictly prohibited. Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Plants: Understanding the Chemistry will Help our Diagnostic Approach 457 epicutáneas actualmente disponibles. Un mejor entendimiento de los alérgenos específicos involucrados en la dermatitis alérgica por contacto por plantas ayudará a predecir reacciones cruzadas entre diferentes especies o familias de plantas. © 2011 Elsevier España, S.L. y AEDV. Todos los derechos reservados. Introduction xanthonolide, ermophilanolide, eudesmanolide, and germa- cranolide (Fig. 1). They are the predominant allergens in the Compositae family as well as in other related plant fam- Plants are living organisms belonging to the kingdom of ilies such as Jubulaceae, Magnoliaceae, Winteraceae, and Plantae, which includes at least 300 000 species of trees, 1 Lauraceae. The ␣-methylene-␥-butyrolactones can also be herbs, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns, mosses and green algae. found as more simple structures in the Liliaceae (tulipaline Although most plants are harmless on contact with the skin A) and Alstroemeraceae families. or ingestion, the possibility of mild to serious adverse events is well recognized. Several cutaneous adverse reactions to plants such as nonimmunological contact urticaria, irritant Asteraceae or Compositae Family contact dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, phototoxic contact dermatitis and photoallergic contact dermatitis The Asteraceae/Compositae family----also referred to as the have been reported. aster, daisy, or sunflower family----comprises the second Allergic contact dermatitis is one of the most frequent largest family of flowering plants in the world. It includes cutaneous side effects in individuals exposed to plants. more than 22 750 currently accepted species, spread across Study of the pathogenic mechanisms implicated in the devel- 1620 genera and 12 subfamilies. Over 200 species are opment of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) to plants may 2,3 important causes of contact dermatitis worldwide. This be challenging because of the large number of species, the family presents a variety of edible plants, such as lettuce, diversity of chemical compounds that they contain, and the chicory, dandelion, salsify, sunflower, scorzonera, artichoke simultaneous contact with more than one allergen. and yacon. Many members are decorative flowers, such A wide range of plants and plant allergens responsible for as chrysanthemums, gerbera, calendula, dendranthema, ACD have been identified and the different contact dermati- dahlias, and heleniums while many others are considered tis triggers have often been classified according botanical as common weeds. Species such as arnica, chamomile or criteria. These classifications are useful but do not allow feverfew are also used medicinally. Asteraceae/Compositae prediction of cross-reactivity among different species or can be recognized by its inflorescence, consisting of many families and require a botanical knowledge often cumber- tiny flowers clustered to form a flower head and subtended some to physicians, dermatologists, and allergologists. A by an involucre. possible classification of plant contact dermatitis according SQLs are the predominant allergens although other com- to the main chemical structures acting as allergens could be pounds such as epoxythymol-diesters and polyacetylenes useful and may help prevent future exposures to the respon- 4 may also be involved. SQLs are usually lipophilic, and are sible agent or its cross-reacting compounds present in other often located in the liquid-soluble part (oleoresin fraction) species or families. 2,4,5 of the leaf, stem flower, and possibly in polen. Although Our main objective is to review ACD to plants from a the mechanism of sensitization is unknown, several possi- chemical point of view. The responsible plants are classi- bilities have been proposed: pollen or dry debris airborne fied according their chemical allergens. Several families of transportation, direct and/or indirect contact with parts of chemical sensitizers causing different types of contact and 4,6 the plant, and allergen inhalation or ingestion. photocontact allergic dermatitis are reviewed (Table 1). Some peculiar cutaneous eruptions caused by the Asteraceae/Compositae family have been described. The Plant Contact Dermatitis Classified by its pseudophotodermatitis pattern occurs almost exclusively in Responsible Chemical Allergenic Structure middle-aged men with a history of outdoor exposure but is rare in children and women, although some studies have ␣ ␥ 6,7 -Methylene- -Butyrolactones suggested an equal sex distribution. Exposed areas of the face, V of the neck, hands, and forearms are typically The ␣-methylene-␥-butyrolactones are part of a large and involved. In addition, areas not clearly exposed to sunlight varied group of bioactive natural products widely present such as retroauricular regions (Wilkinson triangle), eyelids, in plants. Their high chemical reactivity arises because nasolabial folds, and the area beneath the chin are also of an ␣,␤-unsaturated carbonyl system which allows the involved, allowing its differentiation from a true photo- 7 formation of covalent adducts with nucleophilic residues related dermatitis. In hot regions, during summer months on diverse biomolecules. Most of these chemicals are of dry dead plant material contributes to this airborne pattern the sesquiterpene type (15-carbon-atom molecule) with an of dermatitis. In the US, many Compositae weeds, includ- ␣ -methylene group directed exocyclically to the ␥-lactone ing ragweed (Ambrosia species), induce this clinical pattern 8 ring. They are classified into 6 main groups of sesquiterpene often called ragweed dermatitis or weed dermatitis in lactone (SQL) structures: guaianolide, pseudoguaianolide, regions where other composite weeds predominate, such as Document downloaded from http://http://www.actasdermo.org, day 06/09/2012. This copy is for personal use. Any transmission of this document by any media or format is strictly
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