DOCSLIB.ORG

A Study of the Morphological Structure of Chironomidae (Diptera)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Study of the Morphological Structure of Chironomidae (Diptera) A Study of the Morphological Structure of Chironomidae (Diptera) in a Tropical Urban Polluted Water System Ajeagah Gideon Aghaindum1, Enah Dickson Achuo1, Foto Menbohan Samuel1 1Laboratory of General Biology, University of Yaounde,I, Faculty of Science, Cameroon ABSTRACT: In this study, theOlezoa stream in Yaounde was assessed todetermine the morphological structure of Chironomid genera that are present in the aquatic ecosystem. The biological analysis revealed a lowdiversity of larva andpupalexuviae. The tribe of Chironomini revealed 03 genera which are: Chironomus, Goeldichironomus and Nilothauma. The chironomidae developmental stages exhibit a variety of adaptations in polluted areas which could be: morphological, physiological and behavioral all of them occurring simultaneously within each developmental form and the different genera. Gelatinous egg masses which were found floating on the surface of water or attached to the aquatic vegetation of Obili Lake have an elongated- ribbon like shape. Each mass possesses an average of 50 ± 7 egg rows arranged linearly; with each egg row containing an average of 16.8 ± 1 eggs. Each egg has an oval shape with a characteristic brown colour. It measures between 4.32-4.96mm in length with an average length of 4.73±0.25mm in the samples assessed. Keywords: Chironomid, Olezoa Stream, Larva Instars, Pupal Exuviae I. INTRODUCTION emergent objects (Williams &Feltmate, 1992). Their Dipterans also known as true flies are the most larvae and pupae can be found excavating or digging abundant insect group that are found in an aquatic mud, colonizing rocks or attached to aquatic milieu and also the most diversified aquatic vegetation and substrates. Their adults are mostly macroinvertebrates collected in many fresh water terrestrial and are characterized by highly specialized habitats.Dipterans commonly known as true flies are mouth pads for sucking fluids which can either be holometabolous insects which are undergoing nectar or blood, a pair of anterior wings, while the complete metamorphoses with four distinct posterior wings are reduced to pegs or halterers developmental forms which are: egg, larva, pupa and (Elouard, 1980). adult (Pinder, 1995). They can be predators, parasite or filterers, with the parasitic dipterans causing and These organisms are identified and classified based transmitting certain diseases to their host such as on the morphology of their larvae. These larvae are humans in the course of a blood meal (Bouchard, maggot like or worm like, and their body lengths 2009). Dipterans are the most diversified and varies from 2-60mm longas described by Bouchard abundant macro- invertebrates collected in many (2009). Some possess an obvious head capsule which fresh water habitats ranging from mashes, pools, is either reduced or obscured. Their larvae generally ponds, lakes, streams and rivers with either a slow or lack segmented legs and wing pads on the thorax. fast moving water current in an aquatic milieu. They Their common diagnostic character includesthe are highly represented by their larvae and pupae number and location of prolegs, the shape of the whose sizes vary from small to large (Williams terminal processes and the head condition (e.g., well &Feltmate, 1992). Egg-laying behavior is diverse in defined and reduced head capsule).Based on these the aquatic members of this holometabolous order. descriptive characteristics by (Williams & Feltmate, Some lay eggs just below the surface of plants or on 1992) we will distinguish two groups or sub orders of mineral substrates; others deposit eggs in gelatinous Diptera which are; the nematocera, havinga well masses below, or above the water surface on distinguished or differentiated head capsule. For This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article. Publication rights with Alkhaer Publications. Published at: http://www.ijsciences.com/pub/issue/2017-05/ DOI: 10.18483/ijSci.1226; Online ISSN: 2305-3925; Print ISSN: 2410-4477 Ajeagah Gideon Aghaindum (Correspondence) [email protected] + A Study of the Morphological Structure of Chironomidae (Diptera) in a Tropical Urban Polluted Water System instance we have: Culicidae (mosquito), Chironomida vegetations or fallen trees downstream that are in (non-biting midges) among others and Brachycera contact with the water surface. with a reduced or retracted/withdrawn head capsule into the thorax. Some examples are: the Muscidae I. MATERIAL AND METHODS (house fly), Dolichopodidae (long-legged flies) Sampling period and Site description among others. This research work was realised over a period of seven months beginning from the month of Chironomids like other Dipterans are November 2013 to May 2014 with biostatistical holometabolous. They are the most abundant aquatic assessment in 2016. It all started with the prospection dipterans inhabiting all types of fresh water. They of the site during the month of November which spend most of their lives in the larval stage permitted for the selection of the different sampling (Wiederholm, 1983 and 1986). They are commonly points based on a number of factors. A total of three known as non-biting midges whose wide distribution points were chosen along the stream denoted as in combination with the widely varying species – upstream (Ol1), lake(Ol2) and downstream(Ol3) as specific ranges of tolerance make them a highly seen on figure 1 below. From December 2013 to May valuable tool for surveying and monitoring polluted 2014 the sampling proper for both the habitats (Armitage et al., 1995) physicochemical and biological parameters were carried out once each month. The sampling point, Their life cycle comprises of four distinct stages, upstream (Ol1)has as geographical coordinate’s whereby, the immature stages of most of the species latitude 3º51´33” N and longitude 11º30´8” E with an develop in an aquatic habitat or ecosystem. Their altitude of about 747m, situated about 500m after the adults lay eggs on water surfaces in the form of source precisely below the school of post and gelatinous egg massesthat slowly sink when dropped telecommunications. The station is characterized by onto the surface of water bodies with their gelatinous the presence of farmlands, homes, vegetations of bodies taking up water.Egg masses can be found which we can cite Panicum, Pennisetum attached or fixed to objects at the time of ovi-position purpureum(commonly known as elephant grass), (Langton, 1995). Thienemann (1954) stated that, the Sidarhom bifolia, Echinocloa pyramidalis. Water time taken for each egg to develop till the point of crosses latrines, poultry farms, piggery and garbage. hatching lies between 2.5–6days, this is strongly The second point is the Lake (Ol2) situated some 1km influenced bytemperature.These eggs hatch into a from the source with geographical coordinates miniature adult known as the first larva instars,which 3º51´23”N and 11º29´43” E and has an altitude of under goes three successive moults to give the fourth about 731m. This lake measures about 60m large, larva instars.Most morphological and taxonomical 100m long and about 1.5m deep, it is use for fish observations are made on the final instars, with most culture such as, Oreochromis, Hemichromis, of the structures appearing to be present in the earlier Heterotis and Clarias around the lake is a huge instars (Olafsson, 1992). These fourth larva instars, garbage pit, farmlands, homes and a pisciculture attaches themselves with a silken secretion to the centre. This lake suffers a great deal of surroundingsubstrate and pupation occurs giving rise eutrophication. Downstream (Ol3) has an altitude of to the pupa. Once the developing adult is mature, the about 720m, with geographical coordinates of pupa frees itself from the silken chamber and swims 3º51´52” N and 11º29´45” E. The station is situated to the surface of the water where the adult can about some 3km from the source below the lake emerge from the pupa skin or exuviae (Armitageet around the bridge at ENSPT. We observe the al., 1995). This exuviae floats on water surface and presence of suck-away pipes from latrines that empty tends to accumulate in areas rocks, riparian themselves directly into the stream, and scattered distribution patterns of houses and hostels. http://www.ijSciences.com Volume 6 – June 2017 (06) 2 A Study of the Morphological Structure of Chironomidae (Diptera) in a Tropical Urban Polluted Water System Figure 1: Map of Yaounde showing the different sampling points (Source: Plan guide of Yaounde, INC, 2014. Measuring of physico-chemical parameters: this andpupalexuviaewas based on their lengths from their was achieved following the recommendation of anterior to their posterior extremes (Olafsson, 1992). APHA, 1998; Rodie et al. (2009). Hence, on the field, parameters like temperature (oC), pH (CU), III: RESSULTS AND DISCUSSION electrical conductivity (µS/cm), turbidity (FTU) III.1. Spatio-temporal evaluation of where measured using appropriate instruments. physicochemical parameters: Oxygen was fixed with a Winkler reagent. Back in Table 1 below shows the mean, minimum and the laboratory, other parameters such as maximum values for physic-chemical parameters colour(Pt.Co), alkalinity (mg/L), oxydabelity (mg/L), during the study period. We notice that, water nitrate (mg/L), orthophosphates (mg/L), oxygen temperature of the stream varies between 20.5 ºC and (mg/L), Carbondioxide (mg/L) where measured. 26.8 ºC. The highest temperature value of 26.8 ºC was recorded at Ol1 in the month of May, while the II.1Collection of larvae and pupalexuviae lowest value of 20.5 ºC was recorded at Ol2 still in On the field with the help of a hand net with very fine the month of May. Turbidity values fluctuate between mesh about 300µm the aquatic vegetation of the 119 and 461 FTU. The lowest value of 119 FTU was stream was swept across upstreamand downstream. recorded at Ol1 and Ol2 in the month of February At lake, the hand net was submerged until it touched while the highest value of 461 FTU was recorded at the benthic zone, a mixture of the specimens and mud Ol3 in the month of January.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chironominae 8.1
    CHIRONOMINAE 8.1 SUBFAMILY CHIRONOMINAE 8 DIAGNOSIS: Antennae 4-8 segmented, rarely reduced. Labrum with S I simple, palmate or plumose; S II simple, apically fringed or plumose; S III simple; S IV normal or sometimes on pedicel. Labral lamellae usually well developed, but reduced or absent in some taxa. Mentum usually with 8-16 well sclerotized teeth; sometimes central teeth or entire mentum pale or poorly sclerotized; rarely teeth fewer than 8 or modified as seta-like projections. Ventromental plates well developed and usually striate, but striae reduced or vestigial in some taxa; beard absent. Prementum without dense brushes of setae. Body usually with anterior and posterior parapods and procerci well developed; setal fringe not present, but sometimes with bifurcate pectinate setae. Penultimate segment sometimes with 1-2 pairs of ventral tubules; antepenultimate segment sometimes with lateral tubules. Anal tubules usually present, reduced in brackish water and marine taxa. NOTESTES: Usually the most abundant subfamily (in terms of individuals and taxa) found on the Coastal Plain of the Southeast. Found in fresh, brackish and salt water (at least one truly marine genus). Most larvae build silken tubes in or on substrate; some mine in plants, dead wood or sediments; some are free- living; some build transportable cases. Many larvae feed by spinning silk catch-nets, allowing them to fill with detritus, etc., and then ingesting the net; some taxa are grazers; some are predacious. Larvae of several taxa (especially Chironomus) have haemoglobin that gives them a red color and the ability to live in low oxygen conditions. With only one exception (Skutzia), at the generic level the larvae of all described (as adults) southeastern Chironominae are known.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents 2
    Southwest Association of Freshwater Invertebrate Taxonomists (SAFIT) List of Freshwater Macroinvertebrate Taxa from California and Adjacent States including Standard Taxonomic Effort Levels 1 March 2011 Austin Brady Richards and D. Christopher Rogers Table of Contents 2 1.0 Introduction 4 1.1 Acknowledgments 5 2.0 Standard Taxonomic Effort 5 2.1 Rules for Developing a Standard Taxonomic Effort Document 5 2.2 Changes from the Previous Version 6 2.3 The SAFIT Standard Taxonomic List 6 3.0 Methods and Materials 7 3.1 Habitat information 7 3.2 Geographic Scope 7 3.3 Abbreviations used in the STE List 8 3.4 Life Stage Terminology 8 4.0 Rare, Threatened and Endangered Species 8 5.0 Literature Cited 9 Appendix I. The SAFIT Standard Taxonomic Effort List 10 Phylum Silicea 11 Phylum Cnidaria 12 Phylum Platyhelminthes 14 Phylum Nemertea 15 Phylum Nemata 16 Phylum Nematomorpha 17 Phylum Entoprocta 18 Phylum Ectoprocta 19 Phylum Mollusca 20 Phylum Annelida 32 Class Hirudinea Class Branchiobdella Class Polychaeta Class Oligochaeta Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Chelicerata, Subclass Acari 35 Subphylum Crustacea 47 Subphylum Hexapoda Class Collembola 69 Class Insecta Order Ephemeroptera 71 Order Odonata 95 Order Plecoptera 112 Order Hemiptera 126 Order Megaloptera 139 Order Neuroptera 141 Order Trichoptera 143 Order Lepidoptera 165 2 Order Coleoptera 167 Order Diptera 219 3 1.0 Introduction The Southwest Association of Freshwater Invertebrate Taxonomists (SAFIT) is charged through its charter to develop standardized levels for the taxonomic identification of aquatic macroinvertebrates in support of bioassessment. This document defines the standard levels of taxonomic effort (STE) for bioassessment data compatible with the Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP) bioassessment protocols (Ode, 2007) or similar procedures.
    [Show full text]
  • Northern Italy) As Reconstructed by Fossil Chironomid Assemblages in Lago Di Lavarone (1100 M A.S.L.)
    Studi Trent. Sci. Nat., Acta Geol., 82 (2005): 299-308 ISSN 0392-0534 © Museo Tridentino di Scienze Naturali, Trento 2007 Lateglacial summer temperature in the Trentino area (Northern Italy) as reconstructed by fossil chironomid assemblages in Lago di Lavarone (1100 m a.s.l.) Oliver HEIRI1*, Maria-Letizia FILIPPI2 & André F. LOTTER1 1 Palaeoecology, Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 4, CD 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands 2 Sezione di Geologia, Museo Tridentino di Scienze Naturali, Via Calepina 14, 38100 Trento, Italy * Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] SUMMARY - Lateglacial summer temperature in the Trentino area (Northern Italy) as reconstructed by fossil chironomid assemblages in Lago di Lavarone (1100 m a.s.l.) - Fossil chironomid assemblages and other aquatic invertebrate remains in the sediments of Lago di Lavarone were studied in order to reconstruct the summer temperature development from ca. 15,000 to 11,000 calibrated radiocarbon years BP. Analyses indicate assemblages adapted to low oxygen conditions during the entire sequence. Major changes in the chironomid fauna were inferred (1) at the beginning of the Lateglacial Interstadial, when taxa adapted to oligo-mesotrophic northern and mountain lakes disappeared from the record, (2) at the beginning of the Younger Dryas cold phase when chironomid concentrations declined, suggesting increased anoxia in the lake, and many taxa typical for temperate lowland lakes disappeared from the record, and (3) at the end of the Younger Dryas when most taxa adapted to temperate conditions returned. A chironomid-July air temperature transfer function from Central Europe was applied to the record and reconstructed July air temperatures of 10.5-10.8 °C before the Lateglacial Interstadial, 13.8-13.9 °C during most of the Interstadial with a slight increase to 15.3 °C just before the Younger Dryas, variable temperatures of 11.7-14.5 °C during the Younger Dryas and temperatures of 15.8-16.4 °C during the earliest Holocene.
    [Show full text]
  • Invertebrate Prey Selectivity of Channel Catfish (Ictalurus Punctatus) in Western South Dakota Prairie Streams Erin D
    South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2017 Invertebrate Prey Selectivity of Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in Western South Dakota Prairie Streams Erin D. Peterson South Dakota State University Follow this and additional works at: https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd Part of the Aquaculture and Fisheries Commons, and the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons Recommended Citation Peterson, Erin D., "Invertebrate Prey Selectivity of Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in Western South Dakota Prairie Streams" (2017). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1677. https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/1677 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INVERTEBRATE PREY SELECTIVITY OF CHANNEL CATFISH (ICTALURUS PUNCTATUS) IN WESTERN SOUTH DAKOTA PRAIRIE STREAMS BY ERIN D. PETERSON A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the degree for the Master of Science Major in Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences South Dakota State University 2017 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS South Dakota Game, Fish & Parks provided funding for this project. Oak Lake Field Station and the Department of Natural Resource Management at South Dakota State University provided lab space. My sincerest thanks to my advisor, Dr. Nels H. Troelstrup, Jr., for all of the guidance and support he has provided over the past three years and for taking a chance on me.
    [Show full text]
  • This Table Contains a Taxonomic List of Benthic Invertebrates Collected from Streams in the Upper Mississippi River Basin Study
    This table contains a taxonomic list of benthic invertebrates collected from streams in the Upper Mississippi River Basin study unit as part of the USGS National Water Quality Assessemnt (NAWQA) Program. Invertebrates were collected from woody snags in selected streams from 1996-2004. Data Retreival occurred 26-JAN-06 11.10.25 AM from the USGS data warehouse (Taxonomic List Invert http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/data). The data warehouse currently contains invertebrate data through 09/30/2002. Invertebrate taxa can include provisional and conditional identifications. For more information about invertebrate sample processing and taxonomic standards see, "Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory -- Processing, taxonomy, and quality control of benthic macroinvertebrate samples", at << http://nwql.usgs.gov/Public/pubs/OFR00-212.html >>. Data Retrieval Precaution: Extreme caution must be exercised when comparing taxonomic lists generated using different search criteria. This is because the number of samples represented by each taxa list will vary depending on the geographic criteria selected for the retrievals. In addition, species lists retrieved at different times using the same criteria may differ because: (1) the taxonomic nomenclature (names) were updated, and/or (2) new samples containing new taxa may Phylum Class Order Family Subfamily Tribe Genus Species Taxon Porifera Porifera Cnidaria Hydrozoa Hydroida Hydridae Hydridae Cnidaria Hydrozoa Hydroida Hydridae Hydra Hydra sp. Platyhelminthes Turbellaria Turbellaria Nematoda Nematoda Bryozoa Bryozoa Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Mollusca Gastropoda Mesogastropoda Mesogastropoda Mollusca Gastropoda Mesogastropoda Viviparidae Campeloma Campeloma sp. Mollusca Gastropoda Mesogastropoda Viviparidae Viviparus Viviparus sp. Mollusca Gastropoda Mesogastropoda Hydrobiidae Hydrobiidae Mollusca Gastropoda Basommatophora Ancylidae Ancylidae Mollusca Gastropoda Basommatophora Ancylidae Ferrissia Ferrissia sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Diptera), an Emerging Global Problem Arshadali
    260 JouRul oF THEArrlpnrclN Mosquno CoNrRor,AssocrarroN Vor..7, No.2 PERSPECTIVESON MANAGEMENT OF PESTIFEROUS CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA), AN EMERGING GLOBAL PROBLEM ARSHADALI Uniuersity of Florida, IFAS, Central Florida Researchand Education Center,2700 East CeleryAuenue. Sanford,FL 32771-9608 ABSTRACT. In recent years, adult Chironomidae emerging from some urban natural or man-made habllats have increasingly posed a variety of nuisance and economic problems, and in some situations medical problems to humans in different parts of the world. Although there are an estimated 4,000 or more speciesof chironomid midgesworldwide, lessthan 100species have been reported to be pesti'ferous. Among midge control methods, numerous laboratory and field studies have been conducted on the use of o^rqanochlorines,organophosphates (OPs), pyrethroids and insect growth regulators (IGRs). Field use of OP insecticides such as chlorpyrifos, temephos and others in the USA ind Japan hai generally resulted in larval control for 2-5 wk or longeiwith application rates below 0.56 kg AI/ha (U=S.q)ani 51-5 ppln (Japan).Frequent use of some OP insecticidesin the USA and Japan has caused.their increasedtolerance in severalmidge species.The IGRs, diflubenzuron and methoprene,provide alternate means for midge control. These IGRs in some situations suppressedadult midge eme.ge.tceby >g\Vo at rates (0.3 t<gll/_hqr A number ofparasites and pathogenshave been reported from mldgesin different parts of the woid'. Bacillus thuringiensis serovar. israelensisis effective igainst some mid-gespecies, but at rates at least 10x or higher established for mosquito larvicidal aciiuity. The flatriorm, Dugesia doro.tocephala,and some fish speciesoffer a goodpotential for midge control in somesituations.
    [Show full text]
  • Fly Times 59
    FLY TIMES ISSUE 59, October, 2017 Stephen D. Gaimari, editor Plant Pest Diagnostics Branch California Department of Food & Agriculture 3294 Meadowview Road Sacramento, California 95832, USA Tel: (916) 262-1131 FAX: (916) 262-1190 Email: [email protected] Welcome to the latest issue of Fly Times! As usual, I thank everyone for sending in such interesting articles. I hope you all enjoy reading it as much as I enjoyed putting it together. Please let me encourage all of you to consider contributing articles that may be of interest to the Diptera community for the next issue. Fly Times offers a great forum to report on your research activities and to make requests for taxa being studied, as well as to report interesting observations about flies, to discuss new and improved methods, to advertise opportunities for dipterists, to report on or announce meetings relevant to the community, etc., with all the associated digital images you wish to provide. This is also a great placeto report on your interesting (and hopefully fruitful) collecting activities! Really anything fly-related is considered. And of course, thanks very much to Chris Borkent for again assembling the list of Diptera citations since the last Fly Times! The electronic version of the Fly Times continues to be hosted on the North American Dipterists Society website at http://www.nadsdiptera.org/News/FlyTimes/Flyhome.htm. For this issue, I want to again thank all the contributors for sending me such great articles! Feel free to share your opinions or provide ideas on how to improve the newsletter.
    [Show full text]
  • Diptera) in Delineating Ecological Classifications of Missouri Streams at Different Environmental Scales
    Congruence between nutrient water quality parameters and Chironomidae (Diptera) in delineating ecological classifications of Missouri streams at different environmental scales. Kansas Biological Survey Report No. 159 Dec. 2009 by Barbara Hayford*, Donald Huggins†, Debra Baker†, and Michael Johnson‡ †Central Plains Center for BioAssessment Kansas Biological Survey University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, U.S.A. *Department of Life Sciences Wayne State College, Wayne, NE, U.S.A. ‡Aquatic Ecosystems Analysis Laboratory John Muir Institute of the Environment University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A. 1 SUMMARY 1. Large scale classifications such as nutrient ecoregions have been established in the United States to help regulate surface water resources. These classifications and their constituent classes are hypotheses which may be tested by establishing the strength of the classes to differentiate within class and between class variation. The purpose of our study was to test the strength of three different classification schemes at three different scales: landscape (nutrient ecoregion), watershed (hydrologic unit), and microhabitat (substrate) using Chironomidae community assemblage and metric data and nutrient water quality data. Furthermore, we tested for congruence of classes using nutrient water quality and chironomid community data for the three classification schemes in an attempt to link the biota to nutrient concentrations. 2. Historical data on chironomid communities were compiled from the 20 stream sites in Missouri over multiple years and seasons. Nutrient water quality data were also collected at these sites but under a different study. An analysis of variance was used to determine whether chironomid metrics and nutrient water quality parameters varied significantly between classes for each of the classification schemes.
    [Show full text]
  • Microsoft Outlook
    Joey Steil From: Leslie Jordan <[email protected]> Sent: Tuesday, September 25, 2018 1:13 PM To: Angela Ruberto Subject: Potential Environmental Beneficial Users of Surface Water in Your GSA Attachments: Paso Basin - County of San Luis Obispo Groundwater Sustainabilit_detail.xls; Field_Descriptions.xlsx; Freshwater_Species_Data_Sources.xls; FW_Paper_PLOSONE.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S1.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S2.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S3.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S4.pdf CALIFORNIA WATER | GROUNDWATER To: GSAs We write to provide a starting point for addressing environmental beneficial users of surface water, as required under the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA). SGMA seeks to achieve sustainability, which is defined as the absence of several undesirable results, including “depletions of interconnected surface water that have significant and unreasonable adverse impacts on beneficial users of surface water” (Water Code §10721). The Nature Conservancy (TNC) is a science-based, nonprofit organization with a mission to conserve the lands and waters on which all life depends. Like humans, plants and animals often rely on groundwater for survival, which is why TNC helped develop, and is now helping to implement, SGMA. Earlier this year, we launched the Groundwater Resource Hub, which is an online resource intended to help make it easier and cheaper to address environmental requirements under SGMA. As a first step in addressing when depletions might have an adverse impact, The Nature Conservancy recommends identifying the beneficial users of surface water, which include environmental users. This is a critical step, as it is impossible to define “significant and unreasonable adverse impacts” without knowing what is being impacted. To make this easy, we are providing this letter and the accompanying documents as the best available science on the freshwater species within the boundary of your groundwater sustainability agency (GSA).
    [Show full text]
  • THE CHIRONOMIDAE of OTSEGO LAKE with KEYS to the IMMATURE STAGES of the SUBFAMILIES TANYPODINAE and DIAMESINAE (DIPTERA) Joseph
    THE CHIRONOMIDAE OF OTSEGO LAKE WITH KEYS TO THE IMMATURE STAGES OF THE SUBFAMILIES TANYPODINAE AND DIAMESINAE (DIPTERA) Joseph P. Fagnani Willard N. Harman BIOLOGICAL FIELD STATION COOPERSTOWN, NEW YORK OCCASIONAL PAPER NO. 20 AUGUST, 1987 BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE AT ONEONTA THIS MANUSCRIPT IS NOT A FORMAL PUBLICATION. The information contained herein may not be cited or reproduced without permission of the author or the S.U.N.Y. Oneonta Biology Department ABSTRACT The species of Chironomidae inhabiting Otsego Lake, New York, were studied from 1979 through 1982. This report presents the results of a variety of collecting methods used in a diversity of habitats over a considerable temporal period. The principle emphasis was on sound taxonomy and rearing to associate immatures and adults. Over 4,000 individual rearings have provided the basis for description of general morphological stages that occur during the life cycles of these species. Keys to the larvae and pupae of the 4 subfamilies and 10 tribes of Chironomidae collected in Otsego Lake were compiled. Keys are also presented for the immature stages of 12 Tanypodinae and 2 Diamesinae species found in Otsego Lake. Labeled line drawings of the majority of structures and measurements used to identify the immature stages of most species of chironomids were adapted from the literature. Extensive photomicrographs are presented along with larval and pupal characteristics, taxonomic notes, synonymies, recent literature accounts and collection records for 17 species. These include: Chironominae­ Paratendipes albimanus (Meigen) (Chironomini); Ortl10cladiinae ­ Psectrocladius (Psectrocladius) simulans (Johannsen) and I!ydrobaenus johannseni (Sublette); Diamesinae - Protanypus ramosus Saether (Protanypodini) and Potthastia longimana Kieffer (Diamesini); and Tanypodinae - Clinotanypus (Clinotanypus) pinguis (Loew) (Coelotanypodini), Tanypu~ (Tanypus) punctipennis Meigen (Tanypodini), Procladius (Psilotanypus) bellus (Loew); Var.
    [Show full text]
  • Diptera: Chironomidae) of Everglades National Park, Florida
    A Key to the Pupal Exuviae of the Midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) of Everglades National Park, Florida By Richard E. Jacobsen Version 1.0 Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5082 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark D. Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2008 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS--the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. Suggested citation: Jacobsen, R.E., 2008, A Key to the Pupal Exuviae of the Midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) of Everglades National Park, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5082, 119 p. iii Contents Abstract ...........................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • Chironomidae of the Southeastern United States: a Checklist of Species and Notes on Biology, Distribution, and Habitat
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln US Fish & Wildlife Publications US Fish & Wildlife Service 1990 Chironomidae of the Southeastern United States: A Checklist of Species and Notes on Biology, Distribution, and Habitat Patrick L. Hudson U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service David R. Lenat North Carolina Department of Natural Resources Broughton A. Caldwell David Smith U.S. Evironmental Protection Agency Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usfwspubs Part of the Aquaculture and Fisheries Commons Hudson, Patrick L.; Lenat, David R.; Caldwell, Broughton A.; and Smith, David, "Chironomidae of the Southeastern United States: A Checklist of Species and Notes on Biology, Distribution, and Habitat" (1990). US Fish & Wildlife Publications. 173. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usfwspubs/173 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the US Fish & Wildlife Service at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in US Fish & Wildlife Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Fish and Wildlife Research 7 Chironomidae of the Southeastern United States: A Checklist of Species and Notes on Biology, Distribution, and Habitat NWRC Library I7 49.99:- -------------UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE Fish and Wildlife Research This series comprises scientific and technical reports based on original scholarly research, interpretive reviews, or theoretical presentations. Publications in this series generally relate to fish or wildlife and their ecology. The Service distributes these publications to natural resource agencies, libraries and bibliographic collection facilities, scientists, and resource managers. Copies of this publication may be obtained from the Publications Unit, U.S.
    [Show full text]