DOCSLIB.ORG

THE PASSIONS of a MERCHANT PRINCE 1654–1657 Challenging

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
THE PASSIONS of a MERCHANT PRINCE 1654–1657 Challenging 165 CHAPTER ELEVEN THE PASSIONS OF A MERCHANT PRINCE 1654–1657 Challenging all limitations 1654–1656 At the beginning of 1650s, firmly in command of his newly recruited pri- vate soldiers and by exploiting the rich Taiwan trade Coxinga managed to supplant the Macau trade. His unremitting exertions also enabled him to incorporate the Ming garrison in Amoy into his private army. By choos- ing the Ming Yung-li Emperor as the symbol to legitimate his local lead- ership, he ensured the consolidation of his combined army corps by throwing it into several battles against the Manchus in the Chang-chou region in 1652 and 1653. By the time the Manchu Emperor Shun-chih sent delegates to negotiate with him, his status as the leader of the An-hai merchants and Amoy troops was uncontested. On the other hand, changes in China’s foreign trade were already on the horizon. Ming resist- ance in Chekiang collapsed in 1651 and the Manchus were besieging Canton and Macau. Hence, when the bans on foreign trade were imple- mented along most of the Manchu coast, Amoy remained the only active overseas trading port and silk exports were concentrated there. Table 11.1 The concentration of Chinese raw silk exports during 1651–1654 ____________________________________________________________________ Year Total Exported from Coxinga’s areas Percentage ____________________________________________________________________(catties) (catties) 1651 66,717 5,950 (An-hai+Chang-chou) 8 1652.11–1653.11 88,150 49,150 (An-hai+Chang-chou) 55 58,150 (An-hai+Chang-chou+ 65 Foochow) 1653.10–1654.9.25 71,900 44,050 (An-hai+Ch’üan-chou) 61 56,500 (An-hai+Ch’üan-chou+ 78 ____________________________________________________________________Foochow) Source: Nagazumi, T¯osen yushutsuny¯uhin s¯ury¯o ichiran, 336-7; 48-50; 52-8; 58-61. The total amount is cited directly from the report in the VOC account. The numbers for the separate areas are the sums of the single inventories of each junk, but do not cover every junk arriving in Japan. Therefore, the amounts from the different areas are the lower esti- mates. The raw silk and white silk in the different inventories are all counted as raw silk. The largest shift in the export-volume happened in 1652, when Coxinga and the Manchus were fighting in the vicinity of Chang-chou and Hai- ch’eng. The proximity of these battlefields distracted the Manchu troops from supervising the main overland trading route that led from An-hai to 166 CHAPTER ELEVEN Foochow. Freed from this burden, An-hai merchants armed with passes issued by Iquan in Foochow continued to enjoy free access to raw silk and silk goods throughout an area reaching as far as Nanking (including all of the Kiangnan region, the centre of silk production in China).1 When the terms of the truce came into force after September 1653, the An-hai mer- chants stepped up their activities and Coxinga’s tax collectors scattered all over the coastal areas, covering all the districts and villages in the Chang- chou, Ch’üan-chou, and Hsing-hua prefectures. Limited garrisons of Manchu soldiers closed themselves up behind the walls of the main cities so Coxinga’s officials could post placards wherever they arrived and har- vested rice from the fields as tax in kind.2 In this fashion, the Sino– Japanese silk trade fell like a ripe plum into the hands of the An-hai merchants, as the table shows. Frustrated and dissatisfied, the Manchu delegates left An-hai on 3 November 1654.3 Coxinga steadfastly refused to give the Shun-chih Emperor any official reply, but he did write to his father Iquan and had the letter delivered in Peking by his private servant. Iquan passed on his message to the Shun-chih Emperor on 22 December. Five days later, the emperor and his court concluded that the empire could no longer permit Coxinga’s merchants to range over any more of the coast, but this is as far as he went.4 He had not yet developed a more comprehensive plan for a new campaign. In the south, Coxinga did his best to carry out the usual rice-collecting operations and to keep the rice trade going in the Ch’ao-chou area. He sent his troops into the Ch’ao-chou region as the Cheng clan used to do in the 1630s and, on 30 November 1654, he dispatched troops overland to the Chieh-yang and Ch’ao-yang regions to purchase or levy rice.5 These troops ran the risk of naval attack from a local fleet of 150 junks that had surrendered to the Manchus and was operating in the area. The fleet was under the command of Su Li (Soulacq [D.]) who resided in Chieh-shih.6 This Su Li had originally been the leader of an independent, native group that had organized itself in the wake of the collapse of the Ming admin- istration. The governor of Taiwan Cornelis Caesar reported to the Batavian authorities that ‘He used to be a friend of both the Manchus and of Coxinga, but recently he has surrendered to the Manchus.’7 The Ping- nan viceroy and Ching-nan viceroy stated in their letter to the Manchu court: ‘Su Li is from a family with its roots in Chieh-shih. His soldiers or self-defence corps are all natives and most of them have private junks at their disposal. They earn their livelihood by fishing and exporting salt.’8 After the Manchu troops had invaded Canton city in 1651 and expelled the defeated Ming troops to Hai-nan Island, Su Li put his junks at the disposal of the Manchus.9 In May of 1654, the Manchu authorities in Kwangtung petitioned the Shun-chih Emperor for permission to.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Stony Brook University
    SSStttooonnnyyy BBBrrrooooookkk UUUnnniiivvveeerrrsssiiitttyyy The official electronic file of this thesis or dissertation is maintained by the University Libraries on behalf of The Graduate School at Stony Brook University. ©©© AAAllllll RRRiiiggghhhtttsss RRReeessseeerrrvvveeeddd bbbyyy AAAuuuttthhhooorrr... Invasions, Insurgency and Interventions: Sweden’s Wars in Poland, Prussia and Denmark 1654 - 1658. A Dissertation Presented by Christopher Adam Gennari to The Graduate School in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Stony Brook University May 2010 Copyright by Christopher Adam Gennari 2010 Stony Brook University The Graduate School Christopher Adam Gennari We, the dissertation committee for the above candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree, hereby recommend acceptance of this dissertation. Ian Roxborough – Dissertation Advisor, Professor, Department of Sociology. Michael Barnhart - Chairperson of Defense, Distinguished Teaching Professor, Department of History. Gary Marker, Professor, Department of History. Alix Cooper, Associate Professor, Department of History. Daniel Levy, Department of Sociology, SUNY Stony Brook. This dissertation is accepted by the Graduate School """"""""" """"""""""Lawrence Martin "" """""""Dean of the Graduate School ii Abstract of the Dissertation Invasions, Insurgency and Intervention: Sweden’s Wars in Poland, Prussia and Denmark. by Christopher Adam Gennari Doctor of Philosophy in History Stony Brook University 2010 "In 1655 Sweden was the premier military power in northern Europe. When Sweden invaded Poland, in June 1655, it went to war with an army which reflected not only the state’s military and cultural strengths but also its fiscal weaknesses. During 1655 the Swedes won great successes in Poland and captured most of the country. But a series of military decisions transformed the Swedish army from a concentrated, combined-arms force into a mobile but widely dispersed force.
    [Show full text]
  • London and Middlesex in the 1660S Introduction: the Early Modern
    London and Middlesex in the 1660s Introduction: The early modern metropolis first comes into sharp visual focus in the middle of the seventeenth century, for a number of reasons. Most obviously this is the period when Wenceslas Hollar was depicting the capital and its inhabitants, with views of Covent Garden, the Royal Exchange, London women, his great panoramic view from Milbank to Greenwich, and his vignettes of palaces and country-houses in the environs. His oblique birds-eye map- view of Drury Lane and Covent Garden around 1660 offers an extraordinary level of detail of the streetscape and architectural texture of the area, from great mansions to modest cottages, while the map of the burnt city he issued shortly after the Fire of 1666 preserves a record of the medieval street-plan, dotted with churches and public buildings, as well as giving a glimpse of the unburned areas.1 Although the Fire destroyed most of the historic core of London, the need to rebuild the burnt city generated numerous surveys, plans, and written accounts of individual properties, and stimulated the production of a new and large-scale map of the city in 1676.2 Late-seventeenth-century maps of London included more of the spreading suburbs, east and west, while outer Middlesex was covered in rather less detail by county maps such as that of 1667, published by Richard Blome [Fig. 5]. In addition to the visual representations of mid-seventeenth-century London, a wider range of documentary sources for the city and its people becomes available to the historian.
    [Show full text]
  • The 1693 Census of the Swedes on the Delaware
    THE 1693 CENSUS OF THE SWEDES ON THE DELAWARE Family Histories of the Swedish Lutheran Church Members Residing in Pennsylvania, Delaware, West New Jersey & Cecil County, Md. 1638-1693 PETER STEBBINS CRAIG, J.D. Fellow, American Society of Genealogists Cartography by Sheila Waters Foreword by C. A. Weslager Studies in Swedish American Genealogy 3 SAG Publications Winter Park, Florida 1993 Copyright 0 1993 by Peter Stebbins Craig, 3406 Macomb Steet, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20016 Published by SAG Publications, P.O. Box 2186, Winter Park, Florida 32790 Produced with the support of the Swedish Colonial Society, Philadelphia, Pa., and the Delaware Swedish Colonial Society, Wilmington, Del. Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 92-82858 ISBN Number: 0-9616105-1-4 CONTENTS Foreword by Dr. C. A. Weslager vii Introduction 1 Chapter 1: The 1693 Census 15 Chapter 2: The Wicaco Congregation 25 Chapter 3: The Wicaco Congregation - Continued 45 Chapter 4: The Wicaco Congregation - Concluded 65 Chapter 5: The Crane Hook Congregation 89 Chapter 6: The Crane Hook Congregation - Continued 109 Chapter 7: The Crane Hook Congregation - Concluded 135 Appendix: Letters to Sweden, 1693 159 Abbreviations for Commonly Used References 165 Bibliography 167 Index of Place Names 175 Index of Personal Names 18 1 MAPS 1693 Service Area of the Swedish Log Church at Wicaco 1693 Service Area of the Swedish Log Church at Crane Hook Foreword Peter Craig did not make his living, or support his four children, during a career of teaching, preparing classroom lectures, or burning the midnight oil to grade examination papers.
    [Show full text]
  • The Protectorate Playhouse: William Davenant's Cockpit in the 1650S
    The protectorate playhouse: William Davenant's cockpit in the 1650s Item Type Article Authors Watkins, Stephen Citation Watkins, S. (2019) 'The protectorate playhouse: William Davenant's cockpit in the 1650s', Shakespeare Bulletin, 37(1), pp.89-109. DOI: 10.1353/shb.2019.0004. DOI 10.1353/shb.2019.0004 Publisher John Hopkins University Press Journal Shakespeare Bulletin Download date 30/09/2021 15:44:41 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10545/624483 1 The Protectorate Playhouse: William Davenant’s Cockpit in the 1650s STEPHEN WATKINS University of Southampton Recent work on the history of the theater during the decade of republican experiment in England (1649–59) has revealed a modest but sophisticated performance culture, centering on the entrepreneurial and politically wily figure of Sir William Davenant. Despite the ban on stage plays enforced in various forms from 1642, by the mid-1650s Davenant, poet laureate to Charles I and Royalist aid during the civil wars, succeeded in gaining the Protectorate’s approval to produce a series of “Heroick Representations” (Davenant, Proposition 2) for public audiences, first at his private residence of Rutland House and later at the Cockpit theater in Drury Lane. These “Representations” embody a unique corpus in the history of English theater. They were radically innovative productions, introducing the proscenium arch, painted, perspectival scenery, and recitative music to London audiences. The Siege of Rhodes even boasted the first English female performer to appear on a professional public stage. Davenant’s 1650s works were not strictly plays in the usual sense—what John Dryden would later term “just drama” (sig.
    [Show full text]
  • Photographs Written Historical and Descriptive Data Reduced Copies of Measured Drawings Field Records Habs Hi-547 Hawaiian Pinea
    HAWAIIAN PINEAPPLE COMPANY (HAPCO) LTD. HOUSE HABS HI-547 644 Lanai Avenue HABS HI-547 Lanai City Maui County Hawaii PHOTOGRAPHS WRITTEN HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE DATA REDUCED COPIES OF MEASURED DRAWINGS FIELD RECORDS HISTORIC AMERICAN BUILDINGS SURVEY National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior 1849 C Street NW Washington, DC 20240-0001 HISTORIC AMERICAN BUILDINGS SURVEY HAWAIIAN PINEAPPLE COMPANY (HAPCO) LTD. HOUSE HABS HI-547 Location: 644 Lāna‘i Avenue Lāna‘i City, Maui County, Hawai‘i The house is located at latitude: 20.826755, longitude: - 156.918696. This coordinate was obtained on 24 June 2012, using Google Earth. The coordinate's datum is WGS1984. The house's location has no restriction on its release to the public. Present Owner: First Hawaiian Bank 999 Bishop Street Honolulu, Hawai’i 96813 Present Occupants: None Present Use: Vacant State of Significance: The Hawaiian Pineapple Company (HAPCo) Ltd. House at 644 Lāna‘i Avenue in Lāna‘i City, Hawai‘i is a one-story, plank frame, plantation vernacular style building. Initially constructed as a dwelling for the bank manager in 1924 by carpenters under the direction of Maui contractor Masaru Takaki, it was intended to serve as the residence for the bank manager but instead was used as a storage building for bank records. Located 150 feet northeast of the intersection of Seventh Street and Lāna‘i Avenue, the building was one of two buildings that were erected for the Bank of Bishop & Company, Ltd. to handle the financial needs of pineapple workers of Lāna‘i City. The dwelling was continuously occupied as the bank manager’s home and also used as a storage building for bank records from its construction in 1924 through 2011.
    [Show full text]
  • SCS News Fall-Winter 2006, Volume 3, Number 5
    Swedish Colonial News Volume 3, Number 5 Fall/Winter 2006 Preserving the legacy of the Royal New Sweden Colony in America House of Sweden Opens New Embassy of Sweden is a Washington Landmark Ola Salo, lead singer of the Swedish rock band “The Ark,” performs during the opening of the House of Sweden. A large crowd was on hand to inaugurate of Sweden and many other dignitaries were In this issue... Sweden’s new home in America, the House on hand for the opening ceremonies. With of Sweden. “House of Sweden is much more a K Street location on Washington Harbor, FOREFATHERS 2 than an embassy. It is a place for Sweden and Sweden has one of the best addresses in DIPLOMACY 5 Europe to meet America to exchange ideas Washington, DC. House of Sweden emanates and promote dialogue. This gives us a great a warm Nordic glow from its backlit glass MARITIMES 6 opportunity to carry on public diplomacy and facade with patterns of pressed wood. It is a project our modern and dynamic Sweden,” YORKTOWN 12 beacon of openness, transparency and hope said Gunnar Lund, Sweden’s Ambassador to the future. EMBASSY 16 to the United States. The King and Queen (More on page16) FOREFATHERS Dr. Peter S. Craig Catharina, Nils, Olle, Margaretta, Brigitta, Anders and Nils Andersson and Ambora. (See “Anders Svensson Bonde and His Boon Family,” Swedish Colonial News, Vol. 1, No. 14, Fall 1996). His Lykins Descendants 2. Christina Nilsdotter, born in Nya Kopparberget c. The freeman Nils Andersson, his wife and at 1639, married Otto Ernest Cock [originally spelled Koch], least four children were aboard the Eagle when that a Holsteiner, c.
    [Show full text]
  • Drawing from Mughal India in the Age of Rembrandt
    Drawing from Mughal India in the Age of Rembrandt The J. Paul Getty Museum April 8, 2018 Drawing from Mughal India in the Age of Rembrandt To elucidate the importance of India for the Dutch artist Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn (1606–1669) and other Europeans of his time, this symposium traces historical, political, economic, and artistic points of contact between Europe and the Mughal Indian Empire in the early modern period. Using the Getty’s exhibition Rembrandt and the Inspiration of India as their starting point, scholars will demonstrate how Mughal paintings and drawings were brought to Europe not as merely exotic curiosities, but also carried with them specific associations of political authority and exceptional artifice. April 8, 2018 10:00–10:15 a.m. Welcome: Richard Rand, Associate Director for Collections, J. Paul Getty Museum 10:15–11:45 a.m. How Rembrandt Mediated Mughal Painting: Papering Over Global Art Benjamin Schmidt, Giovanni & Amne Costigan Endowed Professor, Department of History, University of Washington, Seattle Rembrandt through Mughal Eyes Navina Haidar, Curator, Islamic Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art 11:45 a.m.–12:15 p.m. Discussion Moderator: Catherine Glynn, Independent Scholar 12:15–1:45 p.m. Lunch (on your own) 1:45–3:15 p.m. Indo–Dutch Entanglements in the Age of Rembrandt Jos Gommans, Professor of Colonial and Global History, Institute for History, Leiden University Philip Angel’s Indian Travels and their Literary and Artistic Echoes, 1650s–1670s Carolien Stolte, Assistant Professor, Institute for History, Leiden University 3:15–3:45 p.m. Discussion Moderator: Stephanie Schrader, Curator of Drawings, J.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender in Colonial America
    Gender roles in Colonial America Hartman 1 During the late seventeenth & early eighteenth century in Colonial & English America, the roles men expected of women followed a strict guideline. Those guidelines kept women in certain boundaries. Women had no defined legal identity as an individual. Women grew to resent being repressed socially and legally with the constant law changes restricting the liberties permitted to their gender. Their only outlet was gossip, allowing them to have a degree of control over their own lives and the lives of others. The fine nuances found within idealistic womanhood could contribute to the tensions generating suspicions among the female gender.1 Freedoms of speech permitted to women could be considered a catalyst of the Salem Witch trials in 1692. The results of the Salem trials proved the greatest preventive of any future outbreaks in the court system.2 After Salem, the law realized the errors made during Salem, and pardoned the victims of the afflicted girls’ cruelty. Evidence from various trials and writings of the time period during the late seventeenth century show a gender bias, due to the records being kept by men, and the legal proceedings being led by men. The authorities, judges, and jury were made up of males. It could be considered that that were very few writings which display the experiences of Colonial-era women. Evidence from the writings of Samuel Sewall, Robert Calef, Thomas Hutchinson, and Deodat Lawson suggest that many writings in the seventeenth century, such as trial records, diaries, and testimonial transcripts have a gender bias. Most of the documents are written from the male point of view during the Salem trials3.
    [Show full text]
  • Change and Continuity in Quaker Rhetoric After 1660 †
    religions Article Change and Continuity in Quaker Rhetoric after 1660 † Judith Roads Formerly Department of English, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; [email protected] † Spellings of original extracts are preserved. Key language items in the original extracts are highlighted in bold, and phrases or “clusters“ of linguistic interest are shown underlined. Abstract: This study explores what happens to the radical aspects of the Quaker movement from the restoration of the Monarchy in 1660 to 1700. How much of a change or indeed continuity was there in Quaker practices and missionary activity? Using several machine-readable corpora, eschatological prophecy material is interrogated to uncover potential changes of focus and rhetoric. Findings from exhortatory discursive discourses in the 1650s and 1660s are compared to a range of Quaker texts published in the later years of the century, specifically through the lens of “repent” language and other speech acts of warning and persuading. Diachronic comparisons of key lexis are analysed to uncover elements of change and continuity. The article concludes that after the 1660s, far from withering away, Quaker writing continued to include eschatological tracts and pamphlets, but these genre types sit alongside both the burgeoning collection of fierce doctrinal dispute material and more restrained treatises defending important principles and practices of Quaker faith. Keywords: Quakerism; principles and practice; post-restoration changes; corpora; speech acts; distinctive language; eschatology 1. Introduction Citation: Roads, Judith. 2021. Change and Continuity in Quaker “It is fact”, writes Moore(2018, p. 169), “that [seventeenth-century] Quakerism Rhetoric after 1660 . Religions 12: 168. changed over the years”.
    [Show full text]
  • Rembrandt's 1654 Life of Christ Prints
    REMBRANDT’S 1654 LIFE OF CHRIST PRINTS: GRAPHIC CHIAROSCURO, THE NORTHERN PRINT TRADITION, AND THE QUESTION OF SERIES by CATHERINE BAILEY WATKINS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Adviser: Dr. Catherine B. Scallen Department of Art History CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY May, 2011 ii This dissertation is dedicated with love to my children, Peter and Beatrice. iii Table of Contents List of Images v Acknowledgements xii Abstract xv Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Historiography 13 Chapter 2: Rembrandt’s Graphic Chiaroscuro and the Northern Print Tradition 65 Chapter 3: Rembrandt’s Graphic Chiaroscuro and Seventeenth-Century Dutch Interest in Tone 92 Chapter 4: The Presentation in the Temple, Descent from the Cross by Torchlight, Entombment, and Christ at Emmaus and Rembrandt’s Techniques for Producing Chiaroscuro 115 Chapter 5: Technique and Meaning in the Presentation in the Temple, Descent from the Cross by Torchlight, Entombment, and Christ at Emmaus 140 Chapter 6: The Question of Series 155 Conclusion 170 Appendix: Images 177 Bibliography 288 iv List of Images Figure 1 Rembrandt, The Presentation in the Temple, c. 1654 178 Chicago, The Art Institute of Chicago, 1950.1508 Figure 2 Rembrandt, Descent from the Cross by Torchlight, 1654 179 Boston, Museum of Fine Arts, P474 Figure 3 Rembrandt, Entombment, c. 1654 180 The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1992.5 Figure 4 Rembrandt, Christ at Emmaus, 1654 181 The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1922.280 Figure 5 Rembrandt, Entombment, c. 1654 182 The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1992.4 Figure 6 Rembrandt, Christ at Emmaus, 1654 183 London, The British Museum, 1973,U.1088 Figure 7 Albrecht Dürer, St.
    [Show full text]
  • April Newsletter 2014 from the Director’S Desk
    Seaford Public Library Your Doorway to the Past, the Present, and the Future April Newsletter 2014 From the Director’s Desk Now that it is officially springtime and folks are able to freely go out and about, your library is a must stop for everyone. Whether you are looking for the newest bestseller, need help with learning to download ebooks to your reading device, having your child attend many of our wonderful children’s programs, see the latest movie releases, attend many of our fascinating speaker/author talks, book discussions, teen programs, or attend a Friend’s meeting and so much more, there is always something of interest for you at YOUR library. Look forward to seeing you! Frank McKenna Author Visit: Brian Kilmeade Thursday, May 8th 7:00-9:00pm Free The Seaford Public Library is thrilled to welcome Fox News Channel television personality Brian Kilmeade, to discuss and sign copies of his Bestseller historical novel George Washington’s Secret Six: the Spy Ring that Saved the American Revolution. Brian Kilmeade is a weekday cohost of the show Fox & Friends along with Steve Doocy and Elisabeth Hasselbeck, which is the number one rated morning program on cable television for the past nine years. Brian, a Massapequa High School graduate, shares his unique perspective on the daily news and has interviewed the biggest names in politics, sports and entertainment, often securing exclusive content. Also, he hosts the Fox News Radio program Kilmeade and Friends. In addition to his career in journalism, he also has 10 years of experience as a stand-up comedian.
    [Show full text]
  • Resurrecting a Neglected Wreck
    Niklas Eriksson 4. Riksäpplet (1676): resurrecting a neglected wreck Introduction Shipwrights, were also recruited from the Republic. The The 84-gun ship Riksäpplet was one of the first to be situation changed dramatically by the mid-century. When built by the newly recruited English Master Shipwrights in Sweden grew in power and threatened to extinguish Sweden. It was launched in 1661 and taken into service Denmark as a nation, the Dutch joined the enemy. In this in 1663. On 5 June 1676, the ship came adrift from its situation Sweden turned to England in order to recruit moorings in Dalarö in the Stockholm archipelago. The hull military expertise which included shipbuilding. Through struck a rock and sank in water that was 10–12 m deep. negotiations with Oliver Cromwell it was decided that The majority of the guns and the rig were salvaged in the three English Master Shipwrights would move to Sweden following years. During the nineteenth and early twentieth (Anderson, 1957: p. 101; Lundgren, 2000: p. 10). centuries, dynamite was used to blast the hull in order to The most well-known among these was Francis recover black oak for producing furniture. As a result, the Sheldon (1612–1692), who was sent to the shipyard in site is now regarded as totally ruined. Göteborg. Before moving to Sweden he was involved in the As part of the interdisciplinary project Ships at War: construction of the ships Naseby, launched at the Woolwich early modern maritime battlefields in the Baltic Sea, at shipyard in 1655, and the London, launched at the Chatham Södertörn University in Sweden, it has been possible to shipyard in 1656 (Stackell, 1929; Eriksson, 2015; 2017a; take a closer look at the wreck.
    [Show full text]