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Rembrandt's 1654 Life of Christ Prints

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Rembrandt's 1654 Life of Christ Prints REMBRANDT’S 1654 LIFE OF CHRIST PRINTS: GRAPHIC CHIAROSCURO, THE NORTHERN PRINT TRADITION, AND THE QUESTION OF SERIES by CATHERINE BAILEY WATKINS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Adviser: Dr. Catherine B. Scallen Department of Art History CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY May, 2011 ii This dissertation is dedicated with love to my children, Peter and Beatrice. iii Table of Contents List of Images v Acknowledgements xii Abstract xv Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Historiography 13 Chapter 2: Rembrandt’s Graphic Chiaroscuro and the Northern Print Tradition 65 Chapter 3: Rembrandt’s Graphic Chiaroscuro and Seventeenth-Century Dutch Interest in Tone 92 Chapter 4: The Presentation in the Temple, Descent from the Cross by Torchlight, Entombment, and Christ at Emmaus and Rembrandt’s Techniques for Producing Chiaroscuro 115 Chapter 5: Technique and Meaning in the Presentation in the Temple, Descent from the Cross by Torchlight, Entombment, and Christ at Emmaus 140 Chapter 6: The Question of Series 155 Conclusion 170 Appendix: Images 177 Bibliography 288 iv List of Images Figure 1 Rembrandt, The Presentation in the Temple, c. 1654 178 Chicago, The Art Institute of Chicago, 1950.1508 Figure 2 Rembrandt, Descent from the Cross by Torchlight, 1654 179 Boston, Museum of Fine Arts, P474 Figure 3 Rembrandt, Entombment, c. 1654 180 The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1992.5 Figure 4 Rembrandt, Christ at Emmaus, 1654 181 The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1922.280 Figure 5 Rembrandt, Entombment, c. 1654 182 The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1992.4 Figure 6 Rembrandt, Christ at Emmaus, 1654 183 London, The British Museum, 1973,U.1088 Figure 7 Albrecht Dürer, St. Jerome Seated Near a Pollard Willow, 1512 184 London, The British Museum, 1857,0411.16 Figure 8 Lucas van Leyden, David Playing the Harp Before Saul, c. 1508 185 Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, RP-P-OB-1601 Figure 9 Lucas van Leyden, The Man with the Torch and a Woman 186 Followed by a Fool, c. 1508 London, The British Museum, 1849,1027.76 Figure 10 Rembrandt, Christ Presented to the People, 1655 187 Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2006.155 Figure 11 Rembrandt, The Three Crosses,1653 188 Chicago, The Art Institute of Chicago, 1954.9 Figure 12 Rembrandt, Saint Jerome Beside a Pollard Willow, 1648 189 London, The British Museum, 1973,U.996 Figure 13 Rembrandt, Saint Jerome Reading in an Italian Landscape, 190 c. 1653 Washington, D.C., National Gallery of Art, 1943.37168, p. Figure 14 Rembrandt, The Angel Appearing to the Shepherds, 1634 191 Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1949.115 Figure 15 Rembrandt, The Flight into Egypt: A Night Piece,1651 192 London, The British Museum, 1973,U.1052 Figure 16 Rembrandt, Christ Appearing to Mary Magdalene 193 Royal Collection, Buckingham Palace, London Figure 17 Rembrandt, Portrait of Gerard de Lairesse, mid-1660s 193 New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1975.1.140 Figure 18 Rembrandt, Jan Cornelis Sylvius, Preacher, 1646 193 Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1942.756 Figure 19 Leonardo da Vinci, Last Supper, 1495-98 193 Milan, Santa Maria delle Grazie Figure 20 Albrecht Dürer, Last Supper (Small Passion), 1508-9 194 London, The British Museum, E,2.229 Figure 21 Rembrandt, Entombment, c. 1654 195 London, The British Museum, 1843,0513.249 v Figure 22 Albrecht Dürer, Man of Sorrows with Hands Bound, 1512 196 London, The British Museum, E,4.173 Figure 23 Albrecht Dürer, The Ravisher, or a Young Woman Attacked 196 by Death, c. 1495 Chicago, The Art Institute of Chicago, 1952.1109 Figure 24 Martin Schongauer, Death of the Virgin, c. 1480-81 197 London, The British Museum, 1868,0822.153 Figure 25 Albrecht Dürer, Saint Eustace, c. 1501 198 London, The British Museum, E,4.113 Figure 26 Albrecht Dürer, Carrying of the Cross (Engraved Passion), 1512 199 London, The British Museum, E,2.52 Figure 27 Martin Schongauer, Christ Carrying the Cross, c. 1470-82 200 London, The British Museum, 1895,0915.247 Figure 28 Albrecht Dürer, Deposition of Christ (Entombment) 201 (Engraved Passion), 1512 London, The British Museum, E,4 Figure 29 Albrecht Dürer, Ecce Homo, 1512 202 Boston, Museum of Fine Arts, M8842 Figure 30 Rembrandt, Presentation in the Temple in the Dark Manner, 203 c. 1654 Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, RP-P-1962-27 Figure 31 Albrecht Altdorfer, Resurrection, 1512 204 London, The British Museum, 1895,0122.357 Figure 32 Albrecht Altdorfer, Presentation of Christ in the Temple 205 (Fall and Redemption of Man), 1513 London, The British Museum,1895,0122.319 Figure 33 Albrecht Altdorfer, Descent from the Cross 205 (Fall and Redemption of Man), 1513 London, The British Museum, 1837,0616.231 Figure 34 Albrecht Altdorfer, Entombment 206 (Fall and Redemption of Man), 1513 London, The British Museum, 1845,0809.1197 Figure 35 Rembrandt, Saul and David, c. 1630 206 Frankfurt am Main, Städelsches Kunstinstitut Figure 36 Lucas van Leyden, The Raising of Lazarus, c. 1508 207 Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, RP-P-OB-1619 Figure 37 Lucas van Leyden, Adoration of the Magi, 1513 208 Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, RP-P-OB-1612 Figure 38 Lucas van Leyden, Esther before Ahasuerus, 1518 208 Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, RP-P-OB-1605 Figure 39 Lucas van Leyden, The Passion: Agony in the Garden, 1521 209 London, The British Museum, BM 1849,1027.21 Figure 40 Lucas van Leyden, Portrait of Maximilian, 1520 210 London, The British Museum, 1868,0822.606 Figure 41 Hendrick Goltzius, Standard Bearer, 1587 211 Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1996.364 vi Figure 42 Hendrick Goltzius, Venus and Mars Surprised by Vulcan, 1585 212 London, The British Museum, 1857,0613.456 Figure 43 Hendrick Goltzius, Cupid and Psyche, 1587 213 London, The British Museum 1852,211.63 (left), 1852,1211.64 (center), 1852, 1211.65 (right) Figure 44 Hendrick Goltzius, Adoration of the Shepherds, 1598-1600 214 London, The British Museum, 1851,1213.4 Figure 45 Titian, Adoration of the Shepherds, 1532-33 214 Florence, Palazzo Pitti Figure 46 Gerrit van Honthorst, Christ Crowned with Thorns, c. 1622 215 Los Angeles, The J. Paul Getty Museum, 90.PA.26 Figure 47 Geertgen tot Sint Jans, Nativity at Night 216 London, National Gallery, NG4081 Figure 48 Peter Paul Rubens, Landscape with Gallows, c. 1637-39 217 Berlin, Gemäldegalerie Figure 49 Schelte Adamsz Bolswert after Rubens, Landscape with Moon 217 and Stars (Small Landscapes), c. 1638 London, The British Museum, 1891,0414.1284 Figure 50 Pieter Bruegel, Rabbit Hunt, 1560 218 London, The British Museum, 1878,0713.131 Figure 51 David Vinckboons, Bagpiper and Child under a Tree, 1606 218 Vienna, Graphische Sammlung Albertina Figure 52 David Vinckboons, Annunciation to the Shepherds, 1604 219 London, The British Museum, 1983,U.456 Figure 53 Jacob Saverij, Six Landscapes: Path Between Swamp and 220 Wooded Bank, (about 1595) Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1988.153 Figure 54 Willem Buytewech, Ruins of the Huis te Kleef, c. 1616 221 Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1988.22 Figure 55 Hendrick Goudt, The Mocking of Ceres, 1610 222 Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1981.23 Figure 56 Hendrick Goudt, The Flight into Egypt, 1613 223 London, The British Museum, F,3.92 Figure 57 Jan van de Velde, Nox, c. 1622 224 London, The British Museum S,5959 Figure 58 Jan van de Velde, Ignis, c. 1622 224 London, The British Museum, S,5896 Figure 59 Hercules Segers, Large Tree, c. 1615-30 225 Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, RP-P-OB-849 Figure 60 Hercules Segers, Rocky Landscape, a Church Tower 225 in the Distance, c. 1630 Boston, Museum of Fine Arts, 1973.208 Figure 61 Rembrandt, Small Grey Landscape, c. 1640 226 London, The British Museum, 1973,U.920 Figure 62 Rembrandt, Pancake Woman, 1635 227 London, The British Museum, 1848,0911.62 vii Figure 63 Jan van de Velde, Pancake Woman, 1626 227 London, The British Museum, S.5839 Figure 64 Hendrick Goudt, Jupiter and Mercury in the House of 228 Philemon and Baucis, 1612 London, The British Museum, F,3.105 Figure 65 Rembrandt, The Circumcision, c. 1626 229 London, The British Museum, 1848,0911.28 Figure 66 Rembrandt, “The Schoolmaster,”1641 230 London, The British Museum, 1973,U.950 Figure 67 Rembrandt, Man Drawing from a Cast, c. 1641 230 London, The British Museum, 1843,0607.86 Figure 68 Rembrandt, Student at a Table by Candlelight, c. 1642 231 London, The British Museum, 1973,U.963 Figure 69 Rembrandt, The rest on the Flight into Egypt: A Night Piece, 232 c. 1644 London, The British Museum, 1973,U.970 Figure 70 Johannes van Vliet and Rembrandt, The Descent from the 233 Cross, 1633 London, The British Museum, 1973,U.934 Figure 71 Rembrandt, Jan Lutma, Goldsmith, 1656 234 Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1963.85 Figure 72 Rembrandt, Minerva in her Study, 1652 235 Amsterdam, Six Collection Figure 73 Rembrandt, Portrait of Jan Six, 1647 236 London, The British Museum, 1973,U.987 Figure 74 Albrecht Dürer, Saint Jerome in his Study, 1514 237 London, The British Museum, E,4.109 Figure 75 Rembrandt, Raising of the Cross, 1657-8 238 Berlin, Kupferstichkabinett Figure 76 Rembrandt, Nude Woman Seated on a Stool, 1654-56 239 Chicago, The Art Institute of Chicago, 1953.38 Figure 77 Arent de Gelder, Seated Female Nude, c. 1660-62 240 Rotterdam, Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen Figure 78 Rembrandt, Angel Appearing to the Shepherds, 1634 241 London, The British Museum, 1973,U.850 Figure 79 Rembrandt, Jan Six, 1654 242 Amsterdam, Six Collection Figure 80 Rembrandt, Jewish Bride, c. 1665 242 Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, SK-C-216 Figure 81 Rembrandt, Landscape with a View Toward Haarlem 243 (“The Goldweigher’s Field),
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