DOCSLIB.ORG

Mobile Broadband Explosion, Rysavy Research/4G Americas, August 2013 Page 2 Advanced Receivers

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mobile Broadband Explosion, Rysavy Research/4G Americas, August 2013 Page 2 Advanced Receivers Table of Contents INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 4 DATA EXPLOSION ..................................................................................................... 7 Data Consumption ................................................................................................... 7 Cloud Computing ................................................................................................... 10 Technology Drives Demand ..................................................................................... 11 Wireless Vs. Wireline .............................................................................................. 11 Bandwidth Management ......................................................................................... 14 Market and Deployment .......................................................................................... 16 SPECTRUM DEVELOPMENTS .................................................................................... 18 Incentive Auctions ................................................................................................. 20 NTIA-Managed Spectrum ........................................................................................ 20 3550 to 3650 MHz “Small-Cell” Band ........................................................................ 20 Harmonization ....................................................................................................... 21 Unlicensed Spectrum .............................................................................................. 24 Spectrum Sharing .................................................................................................. 24 WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY EVOLUTION .................................................................... 26 Transition to 4G ..................................................................................................... 26 3GPP Evolutionary Approach ................................................................................... 29 Architecture Evolution and Heterogeneous Networks .................................................. 35 Wi-Fi Integration and Data Offload ........................................................................... 37 Service Evolution ................................................................................................... 38 Rich Communications Suite ..................................................................................... 39 Multicast and Broadcast .......................................................................................... 39 Voice Support ........................................................................................................ 40 Backhaul............................................................................................................... 40 Network Deployment .............................................................................................. 41 OTHER WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES ......................................................................... 43 CDMA2000 ............................................................................................................ 43 WiMAX ................................................................................................................. 44 COMPARISON OF WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES ......................................................... 47 Data Throughput ................................................................................................... 47 HSPA+ Throughput ................................................................................................ 53 LTE Throughput ..................................................................................................... 55 Latency ................................................................................................................ 58 Spectral Efficiency.................................................................................................. 58 Market Comparison ................................................................................................ 66 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................... 68 APPENDIX: TECHNOLOGY DETAILS ........................................................................ 70 Spectrum Bands .................................................................................................... 70 UMTS-HSPA .......................................................................................................... 74 UMTS Release 99 Data Capabilities ....................................................................... 75 HSDPA .............................................................................................................. 76 HSUPA .............................................................................................................. 79 Evolution of HSPA (HSPA+) ..................................................................................... 80 Mobile Broadband Explosion, Rysavy Research/4G Americas, August 2013 Page 2 Advanced Receivers ............................................................................................ 80 MIMO ................................................................................................................ 81 Continuous Packet Connectivity ............................................................................ 82 Higher Order Modulation ...................................................................................... 82 Multi-Carrier HSPA .............................................................................................. 82 Downlink Multiflow Transmission .......................................................................... 84 HSPA+ Throughput Rates .................................................................................... 85 Fast Dormancy ................................................................................................... 86 One-Tunnel Architecture ...................................................................................... 88 HS-FACH AND HS-RACH ...................................................................................... 89 HS-RACH and FE-FACH ........................................................................................ 90 UMTS-HSPA Voice .................................................................................................. 92 Improved Circuit-Switched Voice (WCDMA+) ......................................................... 92 Circuit-Switched (CS) Voice over HSPA .................................................................. 93 VoIP ................................................................................................................. 94 LTE ...................................................................................................................... 95 LTE Throughput Rates ......................................................................................... 96 OFDMA and Scheduling ....................................................................................... 96 LTE Smart Antennas ........................................................................................... 98 IPv4/IPv6 ........................................................................................................ 102 Voice Support .................................................................................................. 102 TDD Harmonization ........................................................................................... 104 SMS in LTE ...................................................................................................... 105 LTE-Advanced ..................................................................................................... 105 IMT-Advanced .................................................................................................. 106 Carrier Aggregation .......................................................................................... 107 LTE-Advanced Antenna Technologies .................................................................. 111 Coordinated Multipoint Processing (CoMP) ........................................................... 113 User Equipment Categories ................................................................................ 115 LTE-Advanced Relays ........................................................................................ 115 Machine-Type Communications .......................................................................... 116 LTE Direct (Device-to-Device) ............................................................................ 116 Heterogeneous Networks, Small Cells, and Self-Optimization .................................... 117 Evolved Packet Core (EPC) .................................................................................... 124 Wi-Fi Integration ................................................................................................. 127 IP Multimedia Service (IMS) .................................................................................. 130 Cloud Radio Access Network (RAN) and Network Virtualization .................................. 131 Broadcast/Multicast Services ................................................................................. 133 Backhaul............................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Energy Efficiency in Cellular Networks
    Energy Efficiency in Cellular Networks Radha Krishna Ganti Indian Institute of Technology Madras [email protected] Millions 1G 2G:100Kbps2G: ~100Kb/s 3G:~1 Mb/s 4G: ~10 Mb/s Cellular Network will connect the IOT Source:Cisco Case Study: Mobile Networks in India • India has over 400,000 cell towers today • 70%+ sites have grid outages in excess of 8 hours a day; 10% are completely off-grid • Huge dependency on diesel generator sets for power backups – India imports 3 billion liters of diesel annually to support Cell Tower, DG Set, Grid these cell sites – CO2 emission exceeds 6 million metric tons a year – Energy accounts for ~25% of network opex for telcos • As mobile services expand to remote rural areas, enormity of this problem grows 4 Power consumption breakup Core network Radio access network Mobile devices 0.1 W x 7 B = 0.7 GW 2 kW x 5M = 10 GW 10 kW x 10K = 0.1 GW *Reference: Mid-size thermal plant output 0.5 GW Source: Peng Mobicomm 2011 Base station energy consumption 1500 W 60 W Signal processing 150 W 1000 W 100 W Air conditioning Power amplifier (PA) 200 W (10-20% efficiency) Power conversion 150 W Transmit power Circuit power Efficiency of PA Spectral Efficiency: bps/Hz (Shannon) Transmit power Distance Bandwidth Cellular Standard Spectral efficiency Noise power 1G (AMPS) 0.46 Spectral density 2G (GSM) 1.3 3G (WCDMA) 2.6 4G (LTE) 4.26 Energy Efficiency: Bits per Joule 1 Km 2 Km EE versus SE for PA efficiency of 20% Current status Source: IEEE Wireless Comm.
    [Show full text]
  • Trade-Off Energy and Spectral Efficiency in 5G Massive MIMO System
    Trade-off Energy and Spectral Efficiency in 5G Massive MIMO System Adeb Salh 1*, Nor Shahida Mohd Shah2*, Lukman Audah1, Qazwan Abdullah1, Norsaliza Abdullah3, Shipun A. Hamzah1, Abdu Saif1 1Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia. 2Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Pagoh, Muar, Johor, Malaysia. 3Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Pagoh, Muar, Johor, Malaysia. *Corresponding authors’ e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] to multiple single active users (UEs) in same time-frequency resource. The EE and SE cannot be simultaneously optimized. ABSTRACT It is still quasi-concave due to noise amplifier, a large number of antennas, and cost of hardware, which decreases the radio A massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system is frequency chains (RF) [7]-[15]. A large number of antennas in very important to optimize the trade-off energy-efficiency both linear precoder and decoder are needed to select the (EE) and spectral-efficiency (SE) in fifth-generation cellular optimal antenna to limit the noise with uncorrelated networks (5G). The challenges for the next generation depend interference. In addition, deploying more antennas causes on increasing the high data traffic in the wireless higher circuit power consumption. From the perspective of communication system for both EE and SE. In this paper, the energy-efficiency, the increasing base stations in the cellular trade-off EE and SE based on the first derivative of transmit networks reported that the total consumed energy in the whole antennas and transmit power in downlink massive MIMO network approximately 60-80% [16]-[20].
    [Show full text]
  • 3GPP Wireless Broadband Evolution
    Wireless Broadband Evolution November 2007 Mikhail Krylov Director, QUALCOMM Mobile Services Are Becoming the Center of Life Mobile Communication Mobile Entertainment Mobile Enterprise Developing Markets Location Based Services Mobile Education Mobile Retail Mobile Healthcare 2 Wireless Broadband Evolution NetworkNetwork EvolutionEvolution MobileMobile DeviceDevice EvolutionEvolution ServiceService EvolutionEvolution • All-IP Network For Fixed-Mobile • Convergence of Communication, • User Behaviors Trend Convergence (VoIP & data) Computing & CE Platforms from Wired to Wireless • Co-existence of Different Access • Multi-mode Devices Connect • Same Rich IP Apps and Networks for Various Needs to Various Access Networks Services in all Environments –Coverage, Mobility, Capacity, –Service Requirements, –Ubiquitous & Consistent QoS, Data Rates … Availability, Cost … Experience Desired 3 Evolution of Wireless Technologies 1 – UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband) - Previously referred to as Rev C LBC DL: Up to 288 Mbps peak³ 2 – Peak rates scalable with number of carriers – standard supports up to 15 UL: Up to 75 Mbps peak³ carriers. Upper range highlights introduction of 64-QAM (1 RF carrier – 4.9 Mbps peak) • Highly optimized OFDMA 3 – Expected rates for 20 MHz, FDD, 4x4 MIMO solution 4 – 1.25 MHz option also included in the standard DL: 6.2-73.5 Mbps peak² • 5-20 MHz carrier bandwidth4 UL: 3.6-27 Mbps peak² 5 – TDD mode is under discussion • VoIP • FDD & TDD5 Modes • Multi-Carrier Rev A • MIMO & SDMA Support • Lower delays & higher data rates DL: 3.1
    [Show full text]
  • Spectral Efficiency in the Wideband Regime Sergio Verdú, Fellow, IEEE
    IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION THEORY, VOL. 48, NO. 6, JUNE 2002 1319 Spectral Efficiency in the Wideband Regime Sergio Verdú, Fellow, IEEE Invited Paper Abstract—The tradeoff of spectral efficiency (b/s/Hz) versus en- as a synonym of asymptotic optimality in the low-power ergy-per-information bit is the key measure of channel capacity in regime. Using this criterion, Golay [3] showed that (1) can the wideband power-limited regime. This paper finds the funda- be approached by on–off keying (pulse position modulation) mental bandwidth–power tradeoff of a general class of channels in the wideband regime characterized by low, but nonzero, spectral with very low duty cycle, a signaling strategy whose error efficiency and energy per bit close to the minimum value required probability was analyzed in [4]. for reliable communication. A new criterion for optimality of sig- Enter fading. Jacobs [5] and Pierce [6] noticed not only that naling in the wideband regime is proposed, which, in contrast to (1) is achieved if all the energy is concentrated in one message- the traditional criterion, is meaningful for finite-bandwidth com- dependent frequency slot, but also that the limiting rate in (1) munication. is unexpectedly robust: it is achievable even if the orthogonal Index Terms—Antenna arrays, channel capacity, fading chan- signaling undergoes fading which is unknown to the receiver (a nels, noisy channels, spectral efficiency, wideband regime. result popularized by Kennedy [7]). Since only one frequency (or time) slot carries energy, this type of orthogonal signaling I. INTRODUCTION not only is extremely “peaky” but requires that the number of slots grows exponentially with the number of information bits.
    [Show full text]
  • Spectral Efficiency and BER Analysis in 802.16E Standard
    Spectral Efficiency and BER Analysis In 802.16e Standard A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of MASTER of ENGINEERING in ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Submitted by: SHYAM PRATAP SINGH Roll No. 800861013 Under the guidance of: Dr. KULBIR SINGH Assistant Professor, ECED DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING THAPAR UNIVERSITY PATIALA-147004, Punjab, INDIA. June 2010 ABSTRACT Spectrum being nature’s gift; needs most wise use of it. OFDM system is an excellent way to utilize the spectrum. OFDM is a parallel data transmission system which promises the high data rate with minimum degradation of the quality of service relative to serial communication techniques. In OFDM, a single channel utilizes multiple sub-carriers on adjacent frequencies. In addition the sub- carriers in an OFDM system are overlapping to maximize spectral efficiency. Ordinarily, overlapping adjacent channels can interfere with one another. However, sub-carriers in an OFDM system are precisely orthogonal to one another. Thus, they are able to overlap without interfering. As a result, OFDM systems are able to maximize spectral efficiency without causing adjacent channel interference. In order to obtain the orthogonality the subcarrier frequencies must be spaced by a multiple of the inverse of symbol duration. Other than spectral efficiency OFDM has many advantages, as immunity to impulse interference, resilient to RF interference, robustness to channel fading, resistance to multipath, much lower computational complexity(collectively, they reduces bit error rate ). Also, WiMAX being one of the standards which is using OFDM, has excellent spectral efficiency but there are no limits for researcher’s, that is inspiration for “spectral-efficiency and BER analysis in 802.16e”.
    [Show full text]
  • Location Update Procedure
    Location Update Procedure In order to make a mobile terminated call, The GSM network should know the location of the MS (Mobile Station), despite of its movement. For this purpose the MS periodically reports its location to the network using the Location Update procedure. Location Area (LA) A GSM network is divided into cells. A group of cells is considered a location area. A mobile phone in motion keeps the network informed about changes in the location area. If the mobile moves from a cell in one location area to a cell in another location area, the mobile phone should perform a location area update to inform the network about the exact location of the mobile phone. The Location Update procedure is performed: When the MS has been switched off and wants to become active, or When it is active but not involved in a call, and it moves from one location area to another, or After a regular time interval. Location registration takes place when a mobile station is turned on. This is also known as IMSI Attach because as soon as the mobile station is switched on it informs the Visitor Location Register (VLR) that it is now back in service and is able to receive calls. As a result of a successful registration, the network sends the mobile station two numbers that are stored in the SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card of the mobile station. These two numbers are:- 1. Location Area Identity (LAI) 2. Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI). The network, via the control channels of the air interface, sends the LAI.
    [Show full text]
  • 5G Vision and Requirements of 5G Forum, Korea
    5G Vision and Requirements Of 5G Forum, Korea Prof. Yongwan Park [[email protected]] Feb. 2014 Service Subcommittee Chair 5G Forum, Korea 01 Mobile Communication Trend 02 5G Service Vision 03 5G System Requirement 04 5G Forum, Korea Mobile Communication Trend Smart Super-fast Cost Giga Welfare Infra Devices Hyper Effective Service Demand Explosion Connection Systems Demand x10 ~ x1000 Connecting all Need New Solution Driven by display National wide 5Billion devices derives new to resolve ARPU tech. & Giga knowledge based to business models reduction over networks service for all people 5Trillion CAPEX/OPEX (AR, Hologram, UHD) in need Service Trend • Multimedia Services will Require More and More Bandwidth • Mobile Cloud Services are Growing Rapidly • Augmented Reality/Virtual Reality Services will Become Common • Social Networking Services will be Expanded with Rich Contents • M2M Devices Proliferate & High Data Rate Media-Based M2M Service will Grow • Personalized Services will be Integrated into Daily Life (LBS, u-health) Device Trend Penetration of Smartphone Terminals Device Environmental Trend • The spread of smartphones will continue to rise • Slim & High Resolution, Flexible Display will be worldwide introduced - Traffic share : 44.2%(‘12) → 67.5%(‘17) • Smartphones generate tremendous traffic (compared with feature phones) - Smartphone : 24times ↑, Tablet : 122times ↑ Network Trend Traffic Explosion Status of Mobile Subscribers(Korea) Unit : person 54,514,397 60,000,000 50,000,000 38,160,077 SK 40,000,000 KT 23,993,469 30,000,000
    [Show full text]
  • CTIA Spectrum Efficiency
    Smarter and More Efficient: How America’s Wireless Industry Maximizes Its Spectrum 1 Executive Summary The wireless industry is always looking for more spectrum As 5G is deployed, the demands on wireless networks are to meet the growing demand for mobile data, power the only going to increase. 5G will enable a massive increase connectivity that creates jobs and grows the economy, in the number of wirelessly-connected devices, and and sustain the networks that hundreds of millions of the significant increase in 5G network speeds will drive Americans rely upon every day. further increases in data across wireless networks. But as the industry works with policymakers and federal Facing this explosion in mobile data traffic, wireless agencies to find new spectrum to bring to market, wireless providers have taken aggressive efforts to maximize providers are also investing heavily to make more efficient their limited spectrum resources. As Verizon CEO Hans use of the spectrum holdings they have today. Vestberg said, “[T]here are billions of dollars going into spectrum efficiency every day.”2 The reason is simple: Spectral efficiency is not an academic exercise for U.S. efficient use of industry’s spectrum resources is critical wireless providers. It’s essential. Facing a hockey stick to consumers’ mobile experience. increase of mobile data growth, wireless providers must look at all strategies to increase network capacity— Spectrum efficiency has also been a hallmark of the U.S. incorporating new, more efficient wireless technologies focus on flexible, exclusive-use licensing—a framework into their networks and deploying densified infrastructure. that has driven America’s wireless leadership.
    [Show full text]
  • Hybrid Adaptive Bias OFDM-Based IM/DD Visible Light Communication System
    hv photonics Article Hybrid Adaptive Bias OFDM-Based IM/DD Visible Light Communication System Huandong Hong † and Zhengquan Li *,† Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Computational Intelligence, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-138-6183-7081 † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Conventional optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) schemes, such as adaptively biased optical OFDM (ABO-OFDM) and hybrid asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM (HACO-OFDM), are unable to tap all the resources of the subcarriers and only achieve relatively high power efficiency. In this paper, a hybrid adaptive bias optical OFDM (HABO-OFDM) scheme for visible light communication (VLC) is proposed to improve spectral efficiency and power efficiency. In the proposed HABO-OFDM scheme, different optical OFDM components are combined for transmission at the same time, and the adaptive bias is designed to ensure the non-negativity, as well as obtaining significantly high power efficiency. Meanwhile, the implementation complexity of the HABO-OFDM receiver is notably lower than the conventional superimposed optical OFDM schemes. Simulation results show that the proposed HABO-OFDM scheme outperforms ABO-OFDM and HACO-OFDM in terms of both peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR) and power efficiency. The PAPR performance of HABO-OFDM is about 3.2 dB lower than that of HACO-OFDM and 1.7 dB lower than that of ABO-OFDM. Moreover, we can see that the Eb(elec)/N0 required for HABO-OFDM to reach the BER target is lower than the other two schemes at the Bit rate/Normalized bandwidth range of 3.5 to 8.75, which means that the power efficiency of HABO-OFDM is higher in this range.
    [Show full text]
  • Migration to 3G Wireless Broadband Internet and Real Options: the Case of an Operator in India
    ARTICLE IN PRESS Telecommunications Policy 30 (2006) 400–419 www.elsevierbusinessandmanagement.com/locate/telpol Migration to 3G wireless broadband internet and real options: The case of an operator in India Venkata Praveen TanguturiÃ, Fotios C. Harmantzis Telecommunications Management, School of Technology Management, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA Abstract The paper focuses on third generation wireless technologies and on alternative technologies for wireless local area networks. The authors present the evolutionary migration path from second to third generation systems. Technological, economic and behavioral factors related to decision-making towards the migration are proposed. As an example, the paper studies the case of the national incumbent operator of India. It analyzes qualitatively the migration problem from the perspective of the operator, the equipment manufacturer and the users. For the quantitative analysis, real options are used to value the investment decisions. The analysis suggests that the initial (sunk) investment cost, the average revenue per user, the growth of the subscriber base and the volatility of the markets are the key factors in the investment process. r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: 3G; GSM; CDMA; Wireless; Broadband; India; UMTS; India; Wi-Fi; Real options 1. Introduction The evolution of the internet has led to the convergence of telecommunications networks and computers. Benefits associated with the World Wide Web (WWW) are of great importance nowadays: people are able to communicate via e-mail, perform data transfers, online shopping, online auctions, etc. Traditionally, internet services have been provided by internet service providers (ISPs) using modems, with data rates limited to 56.6 kbp.
    [Show full text]
  • WIRELESS FIDELITY (Wi-Fi) BROADBAND NETWORK TECHNOLOGY: an OVERVIEW with OTHER BROADBAND WIRELESS NETWORKS
    WIRELESS FIDELITY (Wi-Fi) BROADBAND NETWORK TECHNOLOGY: AN OVERVIEW WITH OTHER BROADBAND WIRELESS NETWORKS by Chris A. Nwabueze, M. Eng., MNSE, MNIEEE, MIEE. Silas A. Akaneme, M. Eng., MNSE, MNIEEE, MIEEE Dept. of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Anambra State University, Uli. E-mail: [email protected]. ABSTRACT Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) broadband network technology has made tremendous impact in the growth of broadband wireless networks. There exists today several Wi-Fi access points that allow employees, partners and customers to access corporate data from almost anywhere and anytime. Wireless broadband networks are expected to grow in terms of broadband speed and coverage, while Wi-Fi can be integrated with WiMAX networks to provide Internet connectivity to mobile Wi-Fi users. This paper explores the Wi-Fi broadband wireless network technology, its uses, advantages and disadvantages, comparison with other broadband wireless networks and integration with WiMAX network. Key Words: Broadband, Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), World Wide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), IEEE 802.11 standards. 1.0 INTRODUCTION 802.11a [12]. Wi-Fi is owned by the Wi-Fi Wi-Fi stands for “Wireless Fidelity” and Alliance which is a consortium of separate was used to describe Wireless LAN and independent companies agreeing to a (WLAN) products that are based on the set common interoperable products based IEEE 802.11 standards. Wi-Fi uses both on the family of IEEE 802.11 standards single carrier direct-sequence spread [11]. spectrum radio technology and multi-carrier Wi-Fi certifies products via a set of OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division established test procedures to establish Multiplexing) radio technology.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Wifi and Wimax and Wireless Network Coexistence
    International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.6, No.6, November 2014 ANALYSIS OF WIFI AND WIMAX AND WIRELESS NETWORK COEXISTENCE Shuang Song and Biju Issac School of Computing, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK ABSTRACT Wireless networks are very popular nowadays. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) that uses the IEEE 802.11 standard and WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) that uses the IEEE 802.16 standard are networks that we want to explore. WiMAX has been developed over 10 years, but it is still unknown to most people. However compared to WLAN, it has many advantages in transmission speed and coverage area. This paper will introduce these two technologies and make comparisons between WiMAX and WiFi. In addition, wireless network coexistence of WLAN and WiMAX will be explored through simulation. Lastly we want to discuss the future of WiMAX in relation to WiFi. KEY WORDS WiMAX, WiFi, wireless network, wireless coexistence, network simulation 1. INTRODUCTION With the development of multimedia communication, people need wireless broadband access with higher speed, larger coverage and mobility. The emergence of WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) technology met the people's demand for wireless Internet to some extent. If wireless LAN technology (WLAN) solves the access problem of the "last one hundred meters", then WiMAX technology is the best access solution of the "last mile". Though WiMAX is an emerging and extremely competitive wireless broadband access technology, the development prospects of its market is still unknown. Hybrid networks as a supplement to cell based or IP packet based services, can fully reflect the characteristics of wide network coverage.
    [Show full text]