Table of Contents INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 4 DATA EXPLOSION ..................................................................................................... 7 Data Consumption ................................................................................................... 7 Cloud Computing ................................................................................................... 10 Technology Drives Demand ..................................................................................... 11 Wireless Vs. Wireline .............................................................................................. 11 Bandwidth Management ......................................................................................... 14 Market and Deployment .......................................................................................... 16 SPECTRUM DEVELOPMENTS .................................................................................... 18 Incentive Auctions ................................................................................................. 20 NTIA-Managed Spectrum ........................................................................................ 20 3550 to 3650 MHz “Small-Cell” Band ........................................................................ 20 Harmonization ....................................................................................................... 21 Unlicensed Spectrum .............................................................................................. 24 Spectrum Sharing .................................................................................................. 24 WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY EVOLUTION .................................................................... 26 Transition to 4G ..................................................................................................... 26 3GPP Evolutionary Approach ................................................................................... 29 Architecture Evolution and Heterogeneous Networks .................................................. 35 Wi-Fi Integration and Data Offload ........................................................................... 37 Service Evolution ................................................................................................... 38 Rich Communications Suite ..................................................................................... 39 Multicast and Broadcast .......................................................................................... 39 Voice Support ........................................................................................................ 40 Backhaul............................................................................................................... 40 Network Deployment .............................................................................................. 41 OTHER WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES ......................................................................... 43 CDMA2000 ............................................................................................................ 43 WiMAX ................................................................................................................. 44 COMPARISON OF WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES ......................................................... 47 Data Throughput ................................................................................................... 47 HSPA+ Throughput ................................................................................................ 53 LTE Throughput ..................................................................................................... 55 Latency ................................................................................................................ 58 Spectral Efficiency.................................................................................................. 58 Market Comparison ................................................................................................ 66 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................... 68 APPENDIX: TECHNOLOGY DETAILS ........................................................................ 70 Spectrum Bands .................................................................................................... 70 UMTS-HSPA .......................................................................................................... 74 UMTS Release 99 Data Capabilities ....................................................................... 75 HSDPA .............................................................................................................. 76 HSUPA .............................................................................................................. 79 Evolution of HSPA (HSPA+) ..................................................................................... 80 Mobile Broadband Explosion, Rysavy Research/4G Americas, August 2013 Page 2 Advanced Receivers ............................................................................................ 80 MIMO ................................................................................................................ 81 Continuous Packet Connectivity ............................................................................ 82 Higher Order Modulation ...................................................................................... 82 Multi-Carrier HSPA .............................................................................................. 82 Downlink Multiflow Transmission .......................................................................... 84 HSPA+ Throughput Rates .................................................................................... 85 Fast Dormancy ................................................................................................... 86 One-Tunnel Architecture ...................................................................................... 88 HS-FACH AND HS-RACH ...................................................................................... 89 HS-RACH and FE-FACH ........................................................................................ 90 UMTS-HSPA Voice .................................................................................................. 92 Improved Circuit-Switched Voice (WCDMA+) ......................................................... 92 Circuit-Switched (CS) Voice over HSPA .................................................................. 93 VoIP ................................................................................................................. 94 LTE ...................................................................................................................... 95 LTE Throughput Rates ......................................................................................... 96 OFDMA and Scheduling ....................................................................................... 96 LTE Smart Antennas ........................................................................................... 98 IPv4/IPv6 ........................................................................................................ 102 Voice Support .................................................................................................. 102 TDD Harmonization ........................................................................................... 104 SMS in LTE ...................................................................................................... 105 LTE-Advanced ..................................................................................................... 105 IMT-Advanced .................................................................................................. 106 Carrier Aggregation .......................................................................................... 107 LTE-Advanced Antenna Technologies .................................................................. 111 Coordinated Multipoint Processing (CoMP) ........................................................... 113 User Equipment Categories ................................................................................ 115 LTE-Advanced Relays ........................................................................................ 115 Machine-Type Communications .......................................................................... 116 LTE Direct (Device-to-Device) ............................................................................ 116 Heterogeneous Networks, Small Cells, and Self-Optimization .................................... 117 Evolved Packet Core (EPC) .................................................................................... 124 Wi-Fi Integration ................................................................................................. 127 IP Multimedia Service (IMS) .................................................................................. 130 Cloud Radio Access Network (RAN) and Network Virtualization .................................. 131 Broadcast/Multicast Services ................................................................................. 133 Backhaul............................................................................................................