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Right-Wing Extremism Analyzed. a Comparative Analysis of the Ideologies of Three Alleged Right- Wing Extremist Parties (NPD, NDP, CP'86) Cas Mudde, Depauw University

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Right-Wing Extremism Analyzed. a Comparative Analysis of the Ideologies of Three Alleged Right- Wing Extremist Parties (NPD, NDP, CP'86) Cas Mudde, Depauw University University of Georgia From the SelectedWorks of Cas Mudde 1995 Right-Wing Extremism Analyzed. A Comparative Analysis of the Ideologies of Three Alleged Right- Wing Extremist Parties (NPD, NDP, CP'86) Cas Mudde, DePauw University Available at: https://works.bepress.com/cas_mudde/19/ -.-F Ettropean Journal of Political Research27:203-221, 1995. 202 @ 1995 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. Thurstone, L.L. (1970). Attitudes can be measured, pp. 127-111, in: G.F. Summers (ed ). Auirude Measurement. Chicago: Rand McNally. Van Donselaar, J. (1991). Fout na de oorlog. Fascistischeen racistischeorganisaties in Nederland Right-wing extremism analyzed 19-i0-1990. Amsterdam: Uitg. Bert Bakker. analysisof the ideologiesof three allegedright-wing Van Holsteyn, J. (1990a).En wij dan? De kiezersvan de Centrumdemocraten.Socialisme en A comparative democratie6: 158-161. extremistparties (NPD, NDP. CP'86) Van Holsteyn, J. (1990b). Voorkettr of afkeer? De electorale aanhang tan extreem-rechtse partijen in Nederland. Lezing voor het symposium Rechtsextremisme: zeepbel of tijdbom?, 23 georganiseerd door de Nederlandse Vereniging voor Politieke Psychologie. Amsterdam, CASMUDDE November 1990. Llniversitl' o.f Leiden, The Netherlands Voerman, G. & Lucardie, P. (1992). The extreme right in the Netherlands:the centristsand their radical rivals, European Journal of Political Research22 (1): 35-5a Vos, L. (1993). De rechts-radicale traditie in het Vlaams-nationalisme, WetenschappelijkeTijd- 'third ingen 3:129-149. Abstract. The so-called rvave' of right-wing extremism has taken both society and social Westle, B. & Niedermayer, O. (1992).Contemporarv right-wing extremism in West Germanl: scienceby storm. [n contrast to the many studies that look for possibleexplanations for the 'Republicans' 'wave', the and their electorate, European Journal ttf Political Research 22 (1): 83- successof this this article focusseson right-wing extremism itself. In the first part, the 100. concept is defined on the basis of the existing literature, as a political ideology that consists of a combination of several features. In the second part, these features are first conceptualized Address for correspondence:J. Billiet, E. Van Evenstraat2C. Leuven 3000. Belgium and second used in a comparative analysisof the ideologies of three alleged right-wing extremist Phone: r32 16323 l5'7l' Fax: +32 16 323 365 parties (the Dutch CP'86, the German NPD and the Austrian NDP). This analysisshows a more differentratedpicture of the ideology of this'partv family', and is a warning againsttoo carelessgeneralisations. Introduction Articles in the press about the electoral successof right-wing extremist parties in Western Europe seem to be the order of the day, especiallysince the coming of the third wave of right-wing extremism at the beginning of the 1980s(Von Beyme 1988). As was to be expected, the academic world is following suit slowly but surely.l Following the electoral successesof parties like the Belgian Vlaams Blok, the French Front National, and the German Republikanel, there is growing unrest and fear in other European countries 'like-minded over the electoralsuccess of parties'. We see this in the Nether- lands. for instance. in the case of the Centrumdemocraten and, to a lesser extent, the Centrumpartij' 86. The question which then presents itself is: What makes parties such as these 'like-minded'? The answer seemsevident: right-wing extremism, If we examinethe meaningof the term right-wing extremism,however, this answer proves to be insufficient. The harmony and clarity that exist in both the scientific world and the media with regard to the labelling of certain parties as right-wing extremist does not appear in the definition of the concept, As we will see, there are a wide variety of definitions of right-wing extremism. Indeed, most of the authors involved define right-wing extremism as an ideology composed of a combination of several different, and intrinsically complex, featuresalthough they differ on the number, type, and combination of features. In this study we will first provide some insight into the history of the 204 205 concept of right-wing extremism and into the problems involved in defining ganizationsthat openly showed admiration for and/or continuity with pre- 'operalional it. Second, we will create an definition' of the concept right- war fascist and Nazi organizations, neo-Marxist authors kept using these wing extremism. This definition should be seenfirst and foremost as a means terms for all parties at the far right (see among others Berlin et al. 1978; of providing more insight into the complex nature of the right-wing extremist Winkler 1980).Since the mid-1970sthe term right-wing extremism has been ideology, not as the definitton of right-wing extremism. Third and last, we in vogue as the collective term for all these parties; it was originally used 'like-minded', will find out if alleged right-wing parties are by analysingthe alongsideright-wing radicalismand later replacedit. Todav, there is a broad 'right-wing literature of three of these parties. international consensusregarding the use of the term extremism' (Ueltzhoffer 1991).In German the term Rechtsextremlsrnashas been domin- ant, in French extr€me droite and in Dutch rechtsextremisme. The concept of right-wing extremism History of the term right-wing extremism Right-wing ertremism as a political ideologlt The origin of the concept, and study, of right-wing extremism is found in What is right-wing ertremism? This apparentlysimple question is difficult to the study of fascism. This field of research,which produced an enormous answer in practice. Though the term right-wing extremism is today quite number of publicationsjust after the SecondWorld War, has provided the current in the political and socialjargon, there is no unequivocaldefinition. theoreticalframework for researchon post-war right-wing extremist parties. As Kniitter (1991: 12) notes, this is due in part to the social relevanceof the 'fascism' Most of the authors involved used the concept as the collective concept: term for Italian fascismon the one hand, and German National Socialism (Nazism) on the other hand, the latter being considered a variant of the As many concepts,the definition right-wing extremism also has a double- former. function. When applied in a seriousscientific manner, it servesknowledge, 'homogeneity' In the 1960sseveral publications appeared in which this was as a slogan in the daily political struggle [it serves] the labelling of the challenged.The English expert on fascism,Trevor-Roper, wrote about this: politicalenemy.' 'Behind the one name lie a hundred forms' (Trevor-Roper 1969: 19) In 'hundred Mosse'sview, these forms' could be divided into two main groups. The term right-wing extremism has, in both societaland scientificdiscourse, 'socialism', which differed ideologically as well as geographicalll' (Mosse 1966). He a bearing on a large number of things. While conceptssuch as 'liberalism' 'communism' considered the main ideological difference between the two groups to be and have a long history and a more or less fixed 'right-wing racism and anti-Semitism, which played a far more important role in the description, this is not true of the concept of extremism'. Using 'fascist'movementsin Central and Eastern Europe than in similar movements an inventory of seventeendefinitions, Herz distinguishessix criteria by which in Western Europe (Mosse 1966: 24). right-wing extremism can be defined: party organization, political goals' Until the 1960s,the study of post-war nationalist movements was largell' means and tactics, social structure of the voters, personality of the voters, the domain of researcherson historical fascism.Bv using terms such as neo- and ideology (Herz 1975; 30-31). The most important criterium, and the fascism and neo-Nazism they sought and found historical continuitv. This one most often mentioned. is ideology. changed with the coming of parties like the l{ationaldemokratischePartei The question of how to define the right-wing extremist ideology can not Deutschlandsin the Federal Republic of Germany and the Union de Ddfense be answeredunequivocally either. To the extent that a consensusof opinion des Commereants et Artisans (better known as the Poujadists) in France' existsamong the scientistsconcerned with this field, it is confined to the view which emerged towards the end of the 1950sand mid-1960s. These new that right-wing extremism is an ideology that people are free to fill in as they parties had clear ties with the past at both the ideological and the personal see fit. level. thoush these ties were not, as was assumed.exclusively with fascist Some authors define right-wing extremism on the basis of one single fea- ) organrzatlons.- ture. Husbands (1981), for example, considersxenophobia to be the charac- The coming of thesenew parties was attended by the entry of severalnew teristic feature of Western European right-wing extremism, while Hartmann 'Right-wing 'progress- terms into the scientificworld. radicalism'became the collective et al. (1985:9) use right-wing extremism as a collectiveterm for all 'new term for both the right' parties and the (neo-)fascistand (neo-)Nazi hostile forces'. This approach has, at least, two major problems. First and parties; however, terms like neo-fascismand neo-Nazismnever disappeared foremost, when right-wing extremism is the same as xenophobia, the first completely. Although the latter were generally used for (mostly small) or- term
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