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FEDERAL SERVICE OF RUSSIA FOR HYDROMETEOROLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING Russian Federation State Research Center Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute Russian Antarctic Expedition

QUARTERLY BULLETIN №2 (27) April - June 2004

STATE OF ANTARCTIC ENVIRONMENT Operational data of Russian Antarctic stations

St. Petersburg 2004 FEDERAL SERVICE OF RUSSIA FOR HYDROMETEOROLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING Russian Federation State Research Center Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute Russian Antarctic Expedition

QUARTERLY BULLETIN №2 (27) April - June 2004

STATE OF ANTARCTIC ENVIRONMENT Operational data of Russian Antarctic stations

Edited by V.V. Lukin

St. Petersburg

2004

Authors and contributors

Editor-in-Chief - M.O. Krichak (Russian Antarctic Expedition (RAE) Department) Section 1 - M.O. Krichak (RAE), V.Ye. Lagun (Department of Sea-Air Interaction) Section 2 - Ye.I. Aleksandrov (Department of Meteorology) Section 3 - L.Yu. Ryzhakov, G.Ye. Ryabkov (Department of Long-Range Weather Forecasting) Section 4 - A.I. Korotkov (Department of Ice Regime and Forecasting) Section 5 - Ye.Ye. Sibir (Department of Meteorology) Section 6 - I.P. Yeditkina, I.V. Moskvin, A.V. Frank-Kamenetsky (Department of Geophysics) Section 7 - V.V. Lukin (RAE), Section 8 - V.A. Kuchin (RAE).

Translated by I.I. Solovieva http://south.aari.nw.ru, Russian Antarctic Expedition, Quarterly Bulletin.

Acknowledgements: Russian Antarctic Expedition is grateful to all AARI staff for help and assistance in preparing this Bulletin.

For more information about the contents of this publication, please, contact Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute of Roshydromet Russian Antarctic Expedition Bering St., 38, St. Petersburg 199397 Russia Phone: (812) 352 15 41 Fax: (812) 352 28 27 E-mail: [email protected] CONTENTS

PREFACE……………………….…………………………………….…………………………..1

1. DATA OF AEROMETEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AT THE RUSSIAN ANTARCTIC STATIONS…………………………………….………………………….3 2. METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN APRIL – JUNE 2004……………………….47 3. REVIEW OF THE ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES ABOVE THE ANTARCTIC IN APRIL – JUNE 2004……………..…………………………………….…………….53 4. BRIEF REVIEW OF ICE PROCESSES IN THE SOUTHERN OCEAN FROM DATA OF SATELLITE AND COASTAL OBSERVATIONS AT THE RUSSIAN ANTARCTIC STATIONS IN APRIL-JUNE 2004……………….…………………….54 5. RESULTS OF TOTAL OZONE MEASUREMENTS IN THE SECOND QUARTER OF 2004…………….……………………………………………………………………58 6. GEOPHYSICAL OBSERVATIONS AT RUSSIAN ANTARCTIC STATIONS IN APRIL – JUNE 2004…..….………………………………….…………….………..59 7. XXVII ANTARCTIC TREATY CONSULTATIVE MEETING………...…………….67 8. MAIN RAE EVENTS IN APRIL, MAY AND JUNE 2004……………………………70

PREFACE

The Bulletin is prepared on the basis of data reported from the Russian Antarctic stations in real time via the communication channels. The Bulletin is published from 1998 on a quarterly basis. Section I in this issue presents monthly averages of standard meteorological and solar radiation observations and upper-air sounding for the second quarter of 2004. Standard meteorological observations are carried out at present at Mirny, Novolazarevskaya, Bellingshausen, Progress (from February this year) and Vostok stations (at Vostok station after its reactivation, a complete set of meteorological observations was resumed from March 2004). The upper-air sounding is undertaken once a day at 00.00 UT at two stations - Mirny Observatory and Novolazarevskaya. More frequent sounding is conducted during the periods of the International Geophysical Interval (in accordance with the International Geophysical Calendar in 2004 – from 8 to 21 March, 14 to 27 June, 13 to 26 September and 13 to 26 December) at both stations at 00 h and 12 h UT. In the meteorological tables, the atmospheric pressure values for the coastal stations are referenced to sea level. Along with the monthly averages of meteorological parameters, the tables in Section 1 present their deviations from multiyear averages (anomalies), deviations in σf fractions (normalized anomalies - (f-favg)/ σf) and relative anomalies (f/favg) of the monthly sums of precipitation and total radiation. The statistical characteristics necessary for the calculation of anomalies were derived at the AARI Department of Meteorology for the period 1961-1990 recommended by the World Meteorological Organization. Section 1 also presents the diagrams of temporal variations of mean daily values of meteorological parameters at the stations for specific months allowing an assessment of fluctuations of these parameters during a month. The section also presents the upper-air-temporal temperature and wind speed sections in the free atmosphere obtained from the results of regular upper-air sounding at Mirny and Novolazarevskaya stations. The Bulletin contains brief overviews of the state of the Antarctic environment based on actual data. Sections 2 and 3 are devoted to the meteorological and synoptic conditions. The reviews of synoptic conditions (section 3) are prepared on the basis of the analysis of current aerological and synoptic information, which is performed by the weather forecaster at Novolazarevskaya station and also on the basis of more complete data of the Southern Hemisphere collected at the AARI. The analysis of ice conditions in the Southern Ocean (Section 4) is based on satellite data received at Bellingshausen, Novolazarevskaya and Mirny stations and on the observations conducted at the coastal Bellingshausen and Mirny stations. The anomalous character of ice conditions is evaluated against the multiyear averages of the drifting ice edge location and the onset of different ice phases in the coastal areas of the Southern Ocean adjoining the Antarctic stations. The multiyear averages were obtained at the AARI Department of Ice Regime and Forecasting over the period 1971-1995. Section 5 presents an overview of total ozone (TO) on the basis of measurements at the Russian stations. Data of geophysical observations published in Section 6 present the results of measurements under the geomagnetic and ionospheric programs (magnetic and riometer observations; vertical sounding of the ionosphere) in Mirny Observatory, at Novolazarevskaya and Vostok stations. At the beginning of 2004, practically the entire complex of geophysical observations was resumed at Vostok station, however the vertical sounding of the ionosphere was temporally stopped due to technical causes. This type of observations is carried out now only in Mirny Observatory. The geophysical information also includes the PC-index – indicator of magnetic activity, which is calculated from data of geomagnetic observations of Vostok station. Section 7 presents information about the XXVII Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting held in late May-early June in Cape Town (South Africa). The last Section (8) is traditionally devoted to the main directions of the logistics activities of RAE during the period under consideration.

Russian Antarctic stations in operation in April - June 2004

MIRNY OBSERVATORY STATION SYNOPTIC INDEX 89592 METEOROLOGICAL SITE HEIGHT ABOVE SEA LEVEL 39.9 m GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES ϕ = 66°33′ S; λ = 93°01′ E GEOMAGNETIC COORDINATES Φ = -76.8°; ∆ = 151.1° BEGINNING AND END OF POLAR DAY 7 December – 5 January BEGINNING AND END OF POLAR NIGHT No

NOVOLAZAREVSKAYA STATION STATION SYNOPTIC INDEX 89512 METEOROLOGICAL SITE HEIGHT ABOVE SEA LEVEL 119 m GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES ϕ = 70°46′ S; λ = 11°50′ E BEGINNING AND END OF POLAR DAY 15 November - 28 January BEGINNING AND END OF POLAR NIGHT 21 May - 23 July

BELLINGSHAUSEN STATION STATION SYNOPTIC INDEX 89050 METEOROLOGICAL SITE HEIGHT ABOVE SEA LEVEL 14.3 m GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES ϕ = 62°12′ S; λ = 58°56′ W BEGINNING AND END OF POLAR DAY BEGINNING AND END OF POLAR NIGHT No

PROGRESS STATION STATION SYNOPTIC INDEX 89574 METEOROLOGICAL SITE HEIGHT ABOVE SEA LEVEL 64 m GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES ϕ = 69°23′ S; λ = 76°23′ E BEGINNING AND END OF POLAR DAY 21 November – 22 January BEGINNING AND END OF POLAR NIGHT 28 May – 16 July

VOSTOK STATION STATION SYNOPTIC INDEX 89606 METEOROLOGICAL SITE HEIGHT ABOVE SEA LEVEL 3488 m GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES ϕ = 78°27′ S; λ = 106°52′ E GEOMAGNETIC COORDINATES Φ = -89.3°; ∆ = 139.5° BEGINNING AND END OF POLAR DAY 21 October - 21 February BEGINNING AND END OF POLAR NIGHT 23 April - 21 August

3 1. DATA OF AEROMETEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AT THE RUSSIAN ANTARCTIC STATIONS

APRIL 2004

MIRNY OBSERVATORY Table 1.1 Monthly averages of meteorological parameters (f) and their deviations from multiyear averages (favg) Mirny, April 2004 Normalized Anomaly Relative anomaly Parameter fmon.avg fmax fmin anomaly f-favg f/favg (f-favg)/σf Sea level pressure, hPa 982.1 1000.1 958.0 -6.1 -1.8 Air temperature, °C -13.6 -2.3 -24.0 0.3 0.2 Relative humidity, % 78 5.7 1.2 Total cloudiness (sky coverage), tenths 6.9 0.2 0.3 Lower cloudiness(sky coverage),tenths 1.4 -1.6 -1.3 Precipitation, mm 26.5 -13 -0.4 0.7 Mean wind speed, m/s 13.7 16.0 1.3 1.0 Prevailing wind direction, deg 158 Total radiation, MJ/m2 105.2 -1.8 -0.2 1.0 Total ozone content (TO), DU 278 317 239

A B -2

С 1000 0 -4

, E

a R -6 P TU

-8 , h 990 A E

-10 R U PER -12 S S 980 E TEM R -14 R I -16 L P 970 E E A -18 V C A LE F -20 A R 960 E U

-22 S S -24 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 950 APRIL 2004 5 1015202530 APRIL 2004 C D 100 40

s / m , S

% 90 , 30 Y DUL T I O D I M 80 D M U E 20 E H P E S V TI ND

70 I 10 ELA W R E C A

60 F R

5 1015202530 U 0 S APRIL 2004 5 1015202530 APRIL 2004 E F 6 170

m m s m ,

S, 165 S M E U N S

4 K N C I IO H 160 T T A R E IT V IP O C 2 C 155 E W R O P SN Y

IL 150 A

D 5 1015202530 0 APRIL 2004 5 1015202530 APRIL 2004 Fig. 1.1. Intra-monthly variation of daily mean values of surface temperature (A, bold line), maximal (А, thin line), minimal (A, dotted line) air temperature, sea level pressure (B), relative humidity (C), mean (D, black circles), maximal (D, crosses) values of surface wind speed, maximal gust of the wind (D, white circles), precipitation (E), snow cover thickness (F) in Mirny Observatory, April 2004.

Table 1.2 Results of aerological atmospheric sounding (from CLIMAT-TEMP messages) Mirny, April 2004 Number of Isobaric Resulting Number of Isobaric Dew point Resulting Wind days surface Temperature, wind days surface, deficit, wind speed, stability without height, T °C direction, without P, hPa D °C m/s parameter,% temperature H m deg wind data data

976 53 -13.9 2.9 925 458 -13.1 4.1 91 13 96 1 1 850 1098 -16.5 4.0 87 11 89 1 1 700 2548 -20.5 5.9 82 3 29 1 1 500 4968 -34.6 4.9 289 3 23 1 1 400 6495 -44.0 4.3 273 6 40 1 1 300 8377 -54.5 3.8 265 10 60 1 2 200 10980 -51.3 5.1 266 13 84 1 1 150 12854 -50.9 6.2 267 15 90 1 1 100 15477 -53.1 6.9 267 16 91 1 1 70 17776 -55.1 7.3 271 18 92 4 4 50 19918 -56.3 7.5 269 20 94 4 4 30 23155 -58.1 7.8 271 24 96 6 6 20 25711 -57.9 7.7 272 28 96 8 8

Table 1.3 Anomalies of standard isobaric surface heights and temperature Mirny, April 2004

P, hPa Н-Нavg, m (Н-Havg)/σН Т-Тavg, °С (Т-Тavg)/σТ 850 -46 -1.6 -0.3 -0.2 700 -49 -1.6 0.1 0.1 500 -55 -1.4 -0.3 -0.2 400 -57 -1.2 0.1 0.0 300 -50 -0.8 0.1 0.1 200 -54 -0.9 0.6 0.5 150 -47 -0.7 1.2 1.0 100 -30 -0.4 0.6 0.5 70 -23 -0.3 0.3 0.2 50 -20 -0.2 0.4 0.3 30 -27 -0.2 -0.3 -0.2 20 -17 -0.1 -0.3 -0.1

100

200

300 a P h , 400 E R U

S 500 ES

PR 600

700

800

900 5 1015202530

APRIL, 2004 B

100

200

300 a P h

, 400 E R U

S 500 ES

PR 600

700

800

900 5 1015202530

APRIL 2004 Fig.1.2. Intra-monthly variations of temperature (A, 0С) and wind speed (B, m/s) in the free atmosphere in Mirny Observatory, April 2004 (00 GMT.) 7

NOVOLAZAREVSKAYA STATION

Table 1.4 Monthly averages of meteorological parameters (f) and their deviations from multiyear averages (favg) Novolazarevskaya, April 2004 Normalized Anomaly Relative Parameter fmon.avg fmax fmin anomaly f-favg anomaly f/favg (f-favg)/σf Sea level pressure, hPa 984.5 1004.4 955.6 -3.1 -0.9 Air temperature, °C -14.8 -5.6 -26.4 -3 -1.7 Relative humidity, % 42 -6 -1.3 Total cloudiness (sky coverage), tenths 3.7 -1.8 -2.0 Lower cloudiness(sky coverage),tenths 1.1 -0.1 -0.1 Precipitation, mm 2.2 -13.3 -0.5 0.1 Mean wind speed, m/s 10.5 24.0 -0.4 -0.2 Prevailing wind direction, deg 180 Total radiation, MJ/m2 63.2 -7.8 -1.3 0.9 Total ozone content (TO), DU 262 330 225

A B -4 С

0 -6 1000

-8 a R hP U -10 T 990 A -12 -14 ESSURE, MPER -16 980 PR

TE L

R -18 E I -20 E A

C -22 970 A F

-24 SEA LEV R

U -26 S 960 -28 5 1015202530 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 APRIL 2004 APRIL 2004 C D 70 40

s / m

60 % LU

, 30 U D TY I O

D 50 M

MI 20 U H SPEED

40 E V ND I TI 10

30 E W ELA C R A RF

20 U 0 S 5 1015202530 5 1015202530 APRIL2004 APRIL 2004 E F 2 5

s m l l a m , b , M

U 4 S AGE R N E O I

T 1 A COV T I W IP O 3 C N E S R E P Y AC L IL P A 2 D 0 5 1015202530 5 1015202530 APRIL 2004 APRIL 2004 Fig.1.3. Intra-monthly variation of daily mean values of surface temperature (A, bold line), maximal (А, thin line), minimal (A, dotted line) air temperature, sea level pressure (B), relative humidity (C), mean (D, black circles), maximal (D, crosses) values of surface wind speed, maximal gust of the wind (D, white circles), precipitation (E), place snow coverage (F) at Novolazarevskaya station, April 2004.

Table 1.5 Results of aerological atmospheric sounding (from CLIMAT-TEMP messages) Novolazarevskaya, April 2004 Number of Isobaric Resulting Number of Isobaric Dew point Resulting Wind days surface Temperature, wind days surface, deficit, wind speed, stability without height, T °C direction, without P, hPa D °C m/s parameter,% temperature H m deg wind data data

969 122 -14.9 10.8 925 484 -13.0 13.0 124 11 89 1 2 850 1122 -17.1 11.8 106 9 90 1 1 700 2553 -24.7 9.6 140 4 43 1 1 500 4927 -39.3 8.8 216 6 54 1 1 400 6418 -49.0 7.6 229 9 67 1 1 300 8264 -56.5 7.0 240 9 71 1 1 200 10866 -51.0 9.5 247 8 81 1 1 150 12732 -52.0 11.0 253 9 86 1 1 100 15338 -55.0 11.9 256 10 89 1 1 70 17596 -57.7 12.4 263 12 93 1 2 50 19707 -60.1 12.7 267 15 94 2 2 30 22870 -62.2 12.5 273 19 94 5 5 20 25348 -63.4 12.5 275 23 95 7 7 10 29621 -62.3 13.1 278 32 95 11 9

Table 1.6 Anomalies of standard isobaric surface heights and temperature Novolazarevskaya, April 2004

P, hPa Н-Нavg, m (Н-Havg)/σН Т-Тavg, °С (Т-Тavg)/σТ 850 -26 -0.8 -1.0 -0.7 700 -37 -1.0 -2.1 -1.6 500 -70 -1.6 -3.3 -2.6 400 -96 -2.0 -3.1 -2.5 300 -120 -2.4 -0.6 -0.5 200 -104 -2.2 2.2 1.3 150 -91 -1.8 1.5 1.1 100 -82 -1.4 0.5 0.4 70 -89 -1.3 -0.1 0.0 50 -93 -1.2 -0.4 -0.3 30 -114 -1.3 -0.6 -0.4 20 -169 -1.4 -2.0 -0.9 10 -135 -0.7 -2.4 -0.7

100

200

300 a P h , 400 E R U

S 500 S E

PR 600

700

800

900 5 1015202530

APRIL 2004 B

100

200

300 a P h , 400 E R U

S 500 ES

PR 600

700

800

900 5 1015202530

APRIL 2004 Fig.1.4. Intra-monthly variations of air temperature (A, 0С) and wind speed (B, m/s) in the free atmosphere at Novolazarevskaya station, April 2004 (00 GMT).

BELLINGSHAUSEN STATION Table 1.7 Monthly averages of meteorological parameters (f) and their deviations from multiyear averages (favg) Bellingshausen, April 2004 Normalized Anomaly Relative Parameter fmon.avg fmax fmin anomaly f-favg anomaly f/favg (f-favg)/σf Sea level pressure, hPa 992.6 1013.0 971.8 1.6 0.4 Air temperature, °C -1.9 4.5 -11.9 0.1 0.1 Relative humidity, % 89 2.2 0.7 Total cloudiness (sky coverage), tenths 9.4 0.4 1.0 Lower cloudiness (sky coverage),tenths 8.7 0.9 0.9 Precipitation, mm 33.7 -33.5 -1.8 0.5 Mean wind speed, m/s 7.1 21.0 -0.5 -0.5 Prevailing wind direction, deg 158 Total radiation, MJ/m2 90.4 2.4 0.3 1.0

A B 6 1020 С 0

, 4 E

a R 1010 2 U , hP T E A

0 R 1000

-2 SSU MPER E R P

TE -4 990 L R I E

-6 V E E A L C

A 980 A -8 F SE R

U -10 S 970 -12 5 1015202530 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 APRIL 2004 APRIL 2004 C D 100 30

s / m , S U

L , % DU

TY 90 20 O I D I D M M E U E P H S E V

I 80 10 ND T I W

E ELA C R A RF

70 U 0 S 5 1015202530 5 1015202530 APRIL 2004 APRIL 2004 E F 8 5

m m s ,

, M 6 S U ES S N N K O I C I T 4 A TH IT R IP E C V E O R

2 C P

W Y O IL N A S D 0 0 5 1015202530 5 1015202530 APRIL 2004 APRIL 2004 Fig.1.5. Intra-monthly variation of daily mean values of surface temperature (A, bold line), maximal (А, thin line), minimal (A, dotted line) air temperature, sea level pressure (B), relative humidity (C), mean (D, black circles), maximal (D, crosses) values of surface wind speed, maximal gust of the wind (D, white circles), precipitation (E), snow cover thickness (F) at Bellingshausen station, April 2004.

PROGRESS STATION

Table 1.8

Monthly averages of meteorological parameters (f)

Progress, April 2004 Parameter fmon.avg fmax fmin Sea level pressure, hPa 984.3 1000.3 963.9 Air temperature, 0C -12.8 -3.7 -25.9 Relative humidity, % 64 Total cloudiness (sky coverage), tenths 6.6 Lower cloudiness(sky coverage),tenths 3.5 Precipitation, mm 22 Mean wind speed, m/s 6.1 15.0 Prevailing wind direction, deg 90 Total radiation, MJ/m2 72.4

A B -2 1000 С

0 -4

E, -6 R

U -8 hPa T

, A -10 E 990 R -12 SUR MPE

-14 ES R TE P

R -16 I -18 980 E A

C -20 A A LEVEL F -22 E R S U -24 S -26 970 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 5 1015202530 APRIL 2004 APRIL 2004 C D 90 30

s / m , US

80 %

, DUL Y 20 O T I

D 70 I D M E M E U P S

H 60 E 10 V ND I TI W E

50 C ELA A R F R

U 0

40 S 5 1015202530 5 1015202530 APRIL 2004 APRIL 2004 E F 6 40

m m m

s , 30 M SS, U E S 4 N N K C I IO T H 20 A T T R I E IP V C 2 O E C

10 R W P O Y SN IL A

D 0 0 5 1015202530 5 1015202530 APRIL 2004 APRIL 2004 Fig.1.6. Intra-monthly variation of daily mean values of surface temperature (A, bold line), maximal (А, thin line), minimal (A, dotted line) air temperature, sea level pressure (B), relative humidity (C), mean (D, black circles), maximal (D, crosses) values of surface wind speed, maximal gust of the wind (D, white circles), precipitation (E) and snow cover thickness (F) at Progress station, April 2004.

VOSTOK STATION Table 1.9 Monthly averages of meteorological parameters (f) and their deviations from multiyear averages (favg) Vostok, April 2004 Normalized Anomaly Relative Parameter fmon.avg fmax fmin anomaly f-favg anomaly f/favg (f-favg)/σf Station surface level pressure, hPa 620.4 634.6 610.1 -2.5 -0.8 Air temperature, °C -62.4 -45.1 -72.7 2.5 1.2 Relative humidity, % 60 -8.1 -1.7 Total cloudiness (sky coverage), tenths 2.5 -0.6 -0.8 Lower cloudiness(sky coverage),tenths 0 0 0.0 Precipitation, mm 12.1 9.4 5.5 4.5 Mean wind speed, m/s 4.1 10.0 -1.6 -1.5 Prevailing wind direction, deg 225 Total radiation, MJ/m2 20.3 2.3 0.7 1.1 Total ozone content (TO), DU ∗

∗ - the observations were interrupted due to the low Sun’s height

A B -44 635

С -46 0 -48 E,

R -50 630 a U P

T -52 , h A -54 R RE E -56 625 SU

MP -58 -60 ES TE PR R

-62 620 I E

-64 C E A A

C -66 A -68 RF 615 F U S R -70 U

S -72 -74 610 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 5 1015202530 APRIL 2004 APRIL 2004 C D 72 16

s / m

, S

68 U L %

, 12 Y DU T I O

D 64 I M D M E U 8 E H 60 P E S

V TI ND I 56 4 W ELA E R C A F

52 R

U 0

5 1015202530 S APRIL 2004 5 1015202530 APRIL 2004 E F 5 35

m m m s , 4 S, M S U E S

N N 3 K C I IO T H 30 T A

R IT

2 E IP V C O E C R W P

1 O Y SN IL A

D 25 0 5 1015202530 5 1015202530 APRIL 2004 APRIL 2004 Fig.1.7. Intra-monthly variation of daily mean values of surface temperature (A, bold line), maximal (А, thin line), minimal (A, dotted line) air temperature, sea level pressure (B), relative humidity (C), mean (D, black circles), maximal (D, crosses) values of surface wind speed, maximal gust of the wind (D, white circles), precipitation (E), snow cover thickness (F) at Vostok station, April 2004.

A P R I L 2 0 0 4

982.AtAtm1mospoMspeheherian984.ri csec ppra5r elevesssusul rpree992.r esat a sutse 6serae a,le hPvleeva984.l,e hPl, ha3Pa 900 (982Vostok.1 st.data -984 pres.5sure at sta992tion. 6surface level)984.3 982982..1 1 984.9845.5 992.6992.6 984.3 984.3 9001100 620.4 900900700 620.4 700700 700 500500 500 MiMirrnyny NovNoolazvolaz BellinBegsllingPsrogresPrs ogVreossstok Mirny Novolaz Bellings Progress

(f-favg)/σf -1.8 -0.9 0.4 -0.8

AirAir ttemempereraatture,ure, ° C°C 10 -10 0 0 Mirny Novolaz Bellings Progress Vostok -1.9 -1-30-500 -13.6 -14.8 -1.9 -12.8 -2--501000 -13.6 -14.8 -12.8-62.4 -70 MiMirrnyny NNovolazovolaz BellingsBellingsProgresProgs rVeosss tok

(f-favg)/σf 0.2 -1.7 0.1 1.2

ReRelatlatiive humhumidiidtyit,y %, %

78 89 89 10100 0 78 64 64 60 4242 5050 0 0 MMirirnnyy NovolazNovolaz BellingsBellingsProgressProgVreosstok

(f-favg)/σf 1.2 -1.3 0.7 -1.7

ToTotatal lc clloudoudiinesnesss, ,t etnentthshs 9.4 9.4 10 6.6.99 6.6 6.6 10 3.73.7 5 5 2.5 0 0 MiMirrnnyy NovNolazovolaz BellingBesllingsProgressProgrVesosstok

(f-favg)/σf 0.3 -2.0 1.0 -0.8

PrPrececipitipitaattioionn,, m mmm 33.7 40 33.7 40 2626.5.5 22 22 12.1 20 20 2.22.2 0 0 MiMirrnyny NoNvovolazolaz BellingBesllingsProgressProgVressostok

f/favg 0.7 0.1 0.5 4.5

MeMeanan windwind spspeeeedd,, m m/s/s 13.713.7 15 10.10.55 15 7.1 1010 7.1 6.1 6.1 4.1 5 5 0 0 MiMirrnnyy NovNoolazvolaz BellinBegsllingPsrogressProgrVeosss tok

(f-favg)/σf 1.0 -0.2 -0.5 -1.5 Fig.1.8. Comparison of monthly averages of meteorological parameters at the stations. April 2004. (Atmospheric pressure at Vostok staition is the surface pressure). 18

MAY 2004

MIRNY OBSERVATORY Table 1.10 Monthly averages of meteorological parameters (f) and their deviations from multiyear averages (favg) Mirny, May 2004 Normalized Anomaly Relative Parameter fmon.avg fmax fmin anomaly f-favg anomaly f/favg (f-favg)/σf Sea level pressure, hPa 988.3 1012.1 967.5 -1.1 -0.2 Air temperature, 0C -13.1 -2.3 -22.3 2.3 0.9 Relative humidity, % 78 3.8 0.6 Total cloudiness (sky coverage), tenths 8.1 1.5 1.7 Lower cloudiness(sky coverage),tenths 1.7 -1.5 -1.0 Precipitation, mm 31.4 -18.6 -0.4 0.6 Mean wind speed, m/s 12.8 14.0 -0.1 -0.1 Prevailing wind direction, deg 112 Total radiation, MJ/m2 17.2 -4.8 -1.5 0.8 Total ozone content (TO), DU 321 348 283

A B -2 С

0 -4

E 1000

R -6

U a

-8 P AT , h R -10 E 990 E R P U

-12 S M E ES

T -14 980 PR R

-16 L E AI V E -18 LE AC 970 A F -20 E R S

U -22 S -24 960 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 5 1015202530 MAY 2004 MAY 2004 C D 100 40

s / m

, US

% 90 30 , Y DUL T O I D M

I D M

80 E 20 U E P H E V ND S TI 70 I 10 W ELA E C R A F

60 R

U 0 S 5 1015202530 5 1015202530 MAY 2004 MAY 2004 E F 8 180

m m , 175 s ,

M 6 S U S ES

N N

K 170 IO C I T 4 A TH IT R

IP 165 E C V E O R

2 C

P Y W 160 O IL A SN D 0 155 5 1015202530 5 1015202530 MAY 2004 MAY 2004 Fig.1.9. Intra-monthly variation of daily mean values of surface temperature (A, bold line), maximal (А, thin line), minimal (A, dotted line) air temperature, sea level pressure (B), relative humidity (C), mean (D, black circles), maximal (D, crosses) values of surface wind speed, maximal gust of the wind (D, white circles), precipitation (E), snow cover thickness (F) in Mirny Observatory, May 2004.

Table 1.11 Results of aerological atmospheric sounding (from CLIMAT-TEMP messages) Mirny, May 2004 Number of Isobaric Resulting Number of Isobaric Dew point Resulting Wind days surface Temperature, wind days surface, deficit, wind speed, stability without height, T 0C direction, without P, hPa D 0C m/s parameter,% temperature H m deg wind data data

981 53 -13.5 2.9 925 502 -13.7 3.5 90 15 99 0 1 850 1142 -16.1 3.3 84 11 90 0 1 700 2592 -20.9 3.1 69 5 46 0 0 500 5011 -35.0 3.4 324 3 25 0 0 400 6533 -45.2 2.9 314 5 34 0 0 300 8402 -56.4 2.7 294 9 53 0 0 200 10955 -56.6 3.2 289 12 82 0 0 150 12780 -56.7 4.0 287 15 87 1 1 100 15335 -59.3 4.5 287 19 90 1 1 70 17551 -62.0 4.7 286 23 92 2 2 50 19617 -63.9 5.0 285 27 93 4 4 30 22756 -64.9 5.3 285 29 96 7 7 20 25193 -66.1 5.1 287 38 96 10 9 10 29682 -61.6 20

Table 1.12 Anomalies of standard isobaric surface heights and temperature Mirny, May 2004 P, hPa Н-Нavg, m (Н-Havg)/σН Т-Тavg, °С (Т-Тavg)/σТ 850 -4 -0.1 1.4 0.8 700 -2 0.0 0.6 0.4 500 4 0.1 0.5 0.2 400 2 0.0 0.1 0.1 300 4 0.0 0.0 0.0 200 1 0.0 1.0 0.5 150 11 0.1 1.0 0.6 100 24 0.2 1.0 0.5 70 36 0.3 0.7 0.3 50 27 0.2 0.9 0.3 30 78 0.4 2.0 0.7 20 47 0.2 1.2 0.4 10 256 0.8 4.1 1.2

100

200

300 a P h , 400 E R U

S 500 ES

PR 600

700

800

900 5 1015202530

MAY 2004 B

100

200

300 a P h , 400 E R U

S 500 ES

PR 600

700

800

900 5 1015202530

MAY 2004 Fig.1.10. Intra-monthly variations of air temperature (A, 0С) and wind speed modulus (B, m/s) in the free atmosphere in Mirny Observatory, May 2004 (00 GMT). 22

NOVOLAZAREVSKAYA STATION

Table 1.13 Monthly averages of meteorological parameters (f) and their deviations from multiyear averages (favg) Novolazarevskaya, May 2004 Normalized Anomaly Relative Parameter fmon.avg fmax fmin anomaly f-favg anomaly f/favg (f-favg)/σf Sea level pressure, hPa 986.6 1013.6 957.1 -3.2 -0.6 Air temperature, 0C -15.4 -6.9 -27.5 -2 -0.9 Relative humidity, % 36 -13.4 -2.4 Total cloudiness (sky coverage), tenths 4.8 -1.1 -0.9 Lower cloudiness(sky coverage),tenths 0.6 -0.8 -0.7 Precipitation, mm 0.4 -23.1 -0.8 0.0 Mean wind speed, m/s 10.7 25.0 -0.4 -0.2 Prevailing wind direction, deg 135 Total radiation, MJ/m2 4.9 -0.1 -0.1 1.0 Total ozone content (TO), DU ∗ ∗ - the observations were interrupted due to the low Sun’s height

A B -6 1020 С

0 -8 , E

R -10 hPa TU

-12 , A E 1000 R -14 PE -16 ESSUR

TEM -18 R I -20 980

E A -22 LEVEL PR C A

F -24 SEA R

U -26 S 960 -28 5 1015202530 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 MAY 2004 MAY 2004 C D 60 40

s / m

US %

, 50 Y DUL T O I D I D M M

40 E 20 U E P H E V ND S I TI 10

30 W

E ELA C R A F R

20 U 0 S 5 1015202530 5 1015202530 MAY2004 MAY 2004 E F 1 5

s m l l a m , b , 4 M GE U A S R N VE IO O T 3 C A

IT IP OW C N

E 2 S R E P C Y A L IL P

A 1 D 0 5 1015202530 5 1015202530 MAY 2004 MAY 2004 Fig.1.11. Intra-annual variation of daily mean values of surface temperature (A, bold line), maximal (А, thin line), minimal (A, dotted line) air temperature, sea level pressure (B), relative humidity (C), mean (D, black circles), maximal (D, crosses) values of surface wind speed, maximal gust of the wind (D, white circles), precipitation (E), place snow coverage (F) at Novolazarevskaya station, May 2004.

Table 1.14 Results of aerological atmospheric sounding (from CLIMAT-TEMP messages) Novolazarevskaya, May 2004 Number of Isobaric Resulting Number of Isobaric Dew point Resulting Wind days surface Temperature, wind days surface, deficit, wind speed, stability without height, T 0C direction, without P, hPa D 0C m/s parameter,% temperature H m deg wind data data

972 122 -15.3 12.2 925 502 -14.7 13.3 114 14 95 0 0 850 1135 -19.1 11.9 101 14 97 0 0 700 2558 -25.3 9.3 97 6 74 0 2 500 4933 -38.5 8.3 211 1 18 0 0 400 6430 -48.2 7.5 237 5 46 0 0 300 8272 -59.8 6.3 252 6 49 0 0 200 10769 -61.0 6.7 265 9 88 0 0 150 12556 -61.5 7.5 264 10 93 0 0 100 15043 -65.2 7.8 270 14 93 1 1 70 17186 -69.4 7.9 269 17 99 1 1 50 19184 -72.3 8.0 271 22 94 3 3 30 22137 -74.9 7.9 275 27 93 7 7 20 24396 -76.6 7.5 276 29 93 14 9

Table 1.15 Anomalies of standard isobaric surface heights and temperature Novolazarevskaya, May 2004

P, hPa Н-Нavg, m (Н-Havg)/σН Т-Тavg, °С (Т-Тavg)/σТ 850 -26 -0.5 -1.5 -0.9 700 -40 -0.8 -1.5 -0.8 500 -63 -0.9 -1.0 -0.5 400 -70 -0.9 -0.7 -0.4 300 -73 -0.9 -1.6 -1.2 200 -110 -1.2 -0.5 -0.3 150 -111 -1.2 -0.4 -0.2 100 -122 -1.3 -0.8 -0.5 70 -148 -1.5 -2.0 -1.1 50 -164 -1.5 -2.3 -1.1 30 -237 -1.7 -2.8 -1.1 20 -344 -1.6 -3.7 -1.5

100

200

300 a P h , 400 E R U

S 500 ES

PR 600

700

800

900 5 1015202530

MAY 2004 B

-100

-200

-300 a P h , -400 E R -500 SSU E R

P -600

-700

-800

-900 5 1015202530 MAY 2004 Fig.1.12. Intra-monthly variations of air temperature (A, 0С) and wind speed modulus (B, m/s) in the free atmosphere at Novolazarevskaya station, May 2004 (00 GMT).

BELLINGSHAUSEN STATION

Table 1.16 Monthly averages of meteorological parameters (f) and their deviations from multiyear averages (favg) Bellingshausen, May 2004 Normalized Anomaly Relative Parameter fmon.avg fmax fmin anomaly f-favg anomaly f/favg (f-favg)/σf Sea level pressure, hPa 994.4 1025.0 947.9 -0.6 -0.1 Air temperature, 0C -2.4 3.5 -11.5 1.8 0.9 Relative humidity, % 87 -0.1 0.0 Total cloudiness (sky coverage), tenths 8.8 0.1 0.2 Lower cloudiness(sky coverage),tenths 8.2 0.6 0.7 Precipitation, mm 35.1 -28 -1.8 0.6 Mean wind speed, m/s 7.3 19.0 -0.3 -0.2 Prevailing wind direction, deg 338 Total radiation, MJ/m2 30.1 -2.9 -0.6 0.9

A B 4 1040 С 0

, 2

a 1020 U 0 T , hP E RA -2 R E

U 1000 P S S M E

E -4 R

R T 980 I -6 L P E A V E

C -8 LE A

A 960 F E R

-10 S U S -12 940 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 5 1015202530 MAY 2004 MAY 2004 C D 100 40

s / m , US

% 30 , Y DUL

T 90 O I D M I D M

E 20 U E P H E

V 80 ND S TI I 10 W LA

E E C R A F

70 R

U 0 S 5 1015202530 5 1015202530 MAY 2004 MAY 2004 E F 10 10

m m

8 s M S, S U E S N N

6 K O C I I T

H 5 A T

IT 4 R IP E C V E O R C P 2 Y OW L I SN A D 0 0 5 1015202530 5 1015202530 MAY 2004 MAY 2004 Fig.1.13. Intra-monthly variation of daily mean values of surface temperature (A, bold line), maximal (А, thin line), minimal (A, dotted line) air temperature (А), sea level pressure (B), relative humidity (C), mean (D, black circles), maximal (D, crosses) values of surface wind speed, maximal gust of the wind (D, white circles), precipitation (E), snow cover thickness (F) at Bellingshausen station, May 2004.

PROGRESS STATION

Table 1.17

Monthly averages of meteorological parameters (f)

Progress, May 2004 Parameter fmon.avg fmax fmin Sea level pressure, hPa 989.8 1006.4 970.1 Air temperature, 0C -12.2 -3.9 -27.7 Relative humidity, % 59 Total cloudiness (sky coverage), tenths 6.8 Lower cloudiness(sky coverage),tenths 3.2 Precipitation, mm 17.5 Mean wind speed, m/s 7.1 16.0 Prevailing wind direction, deg 90 Total radiation, MJ/m2 7.7

A B -2 1010

С -4 0

E, -6 R

U -8 1000 hPa

T , A -10 E R

-12 U S S

MPER -14 E 990 R

-16 P TE

I -18 VEL

E A -20 980 C

-22 A LE A E F S

R -24 U

S -26 970 -28 5 1015202530 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 MAY 2004 MAY 2004 C D 100 24

s / m

, 20

US %

, DUL

TY 80

I 16 O D I M

M D U E 12 E H P E

V 60

TI 8 ND S I ELA W R E 4 C A

40 F R

5 1015202530 U 0 S MAY 2004 5 1015202530 MAY 2004 E F 8 16

m m s m

, ,

S 12 M

6 S U S

KNE N C I IO H T 4 8 A T T R I E IP V C O E

C 4 R 2 W P O Y N S IL A

D 0 0 5 1015202530 5 1015202530 MAY 2004 MAY 2004 Fig.1.14. Intra-monthly variation of daily mean values of surface temperature (A, bold line), maximal (А, thin line), minimal (A, dotted line) air temperature, sea level pressure (B), relative humidity (C), mean (D, black circles), maximal (D, crosses) values of surface wind speed, maximal gust of the wind (D, white circles), precipitation (E), snow cover thickness (F) at Progress station, May 2004. 30

VOSTOK STATION

Table 1.18 Monthly averages of meteorological parameters (f) and their deviations from multiyear averages (favg) Vostok, May 2004 Normalized Anomaly Relative Parameter fmon.avg fmax fmin anomaly f-favg anomaly f/favg (f-favg)/σf Station surface level pressure, hPa 621.4 635.6 604.0 -2.2 -0.4 Air temperature, °C -64.4 -47 -76 1.4 0.5 Relative humidity, % 56 -12.1 -2.4 Total cloudiness (sky coverage), tenths 1.7 -1.2 -1.0 Lower cloudiness(sky coverage),tenths 0 0 0.0 Precipitation, mm 9.1 6.1 2.3 3.0 Mean wind speed, m/s 3.8 10.0 -1.8 -1.8 Prevailing wind direction, deg 270 Polar Total radiation, MJ/m2 night Total ozone content (TO), DU ∗

∗ - the observations were interrupted due to the low Sun’s height

A B -46 640

С -48 0

, -50 E

-52 a U P 630 -54 , h AT -56 R RE

E -58 P SU

M -60 620 E -62 T PRES R

-64 E C

AI -66 E -68 610 RFA AC -70 U S F

R -72 U S -74 600 -76 5 1015202530 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 MAY 2004 MAY 2004 C D 68 16

s / m , S U

L 12 % 64 , DU Y O T I D I D M E

M 8

60 E U P S H E V ND I

TI 4 56 W E LA C E A R F R

U 0 S 52 5 1015202530 5 1015202530 MAY 2004 MAY 2004 E F 3 35

m m s ,

, M SS U E

S 2 N N K IO C I T

H 30 A T IT R IP E C 1 V E O R C P

W Y O IL A SN D 0 25 5 1015202530 5 1015202530 MAY 2004 MAY 2004 Fig.1.15. Intra-monthly variation of daily mean values of surface temperature (A, bold line), maximal (А, thin line), minimal (A, dotted line) air temperature, sea level pressure (B), relative humidity (C), mean (D, black circles), maximal (D, crosses) values of surface wind speed, maximal gust of the wind (D, white circles), precipitation (E), snow cover thickness (F) at Vostok station, May 2004. 32

M a y 2 0 0 4

AtmAtomosspMeanhepherric is cpea prre eslssuevelsurre epr atesa ts seeaure al,eh lvPaeevl,e hPal, hPa 9(88.Vos3tok st.data 9- 86.pres6 sure at stat9i94.on 4surface level9)89.8 9988.88.3 3 986.986.6 6 994.4994.4 989.8 989.8 9011000 909000 621.4 707000 700 505000 500 MiMirrnyny NovNovolazolaz BellingBesllingsProgressProgrVesosstok Mirny Novolaz Bellings Progress

(f-favg)/σf -0.2 -0.6 -0.1 -0.4

AirAi rtem temperperaturaturee,, °C °C

20 0 -30-25 -2.4 -2.4 -50 -1-133..11 -15.-145.4 -12.2 -12.2 -80-75 -64.4 MiMirrnnyy NovNolazovolaz BellingBesllingPsrogressProgVreossstok

(f-favg)/σf 0.9 -0.9 0.9 0.5

ReRelalatitvivee hhumididitiyty, ,% % 87 100 7878 87 59 59 56 100 3636 5050 0 0 MiMirrnyny NovolazNovolaz BellingsBellingsProgressProgVroesstok

(f-favg)/σf 0.6 -2.4 0.0 -2.4

ToTotatal lc cloudloudiinnesesss, ,t etentnthshs 8.8 10 8.8.11 8.8 6.8 6.8 10 4.84.8 5 5 1.7 0 0 MiMirrnnyy NovNolazovolaz BellingBes llingsProgressProgrVosesstok

(f-favg)/σf 1.7 -0.9 0.2 -1.0

PrPrececipitipitatioation,n, mm mm 35.1 40 31.314.4 35.1 40 17.5 17.5 2020 9.1 0.40.4 0 0 MiMirrnnyy NovolazNovolaz BellingsBellingsProgressProgVroesstok

f/favg 0.6 0.0 0.6 3.0

MeaMeann wi winndd speed,peed ,m m/s/s 12.8 15 10.7 20 12.8 10.7 7.3 7.1 10 7.3 7.1 3.8 510 0 0 MiMirrnnyy NovolazNovolaz BellingsBellingsProgressProgVreossstok

(f-favg)/σf -0.1 -0.2 -0.2 -1.8 Fig. 1.16. Comparison of monthly averages of meteorological parameters at the stations. May 2004. (Atmospheric pressure at Vostok staition is the surface pressure). 33

JUNE 2004

MIRNY OBSERVATORY

Table 1.19 Monthly averages of meteorological parameters (f) and their deviations from multiyear averages (favg) Mirny, June 2004 Normalized Anomaly Relative Parameter fmon.avg fmax fmin anomaly f-favg anomaly f/favg (f-favg)/σf Sea level pressure, hPa 981.6 1006.2 959.8 -7.7 -1.4 Air temperature, 0C -15.9 -6.2 -29.3 -0.5 -0.2 Relative humidity, % 76 0.7 0.1 Total cloudiness (sky coverage), tenths 6.3 -0.4 -0.3 Lower cloudiness(sky coverage),tenths 1.4 -1.8 -1.5 Precipitation, mm 18.3 -54.4 -1.3 0.3 Mean wind speed, m/s 10.1 12.0 -2.9 -1.9 Prevailing wind direction, deg 112 Total radiation, MJ/m2 3.4 -0.6 -0.7 0.9 Total ozone content (TO), DU ∗ ∗ - the observations were interrupted due to the low Sun’s height

A B -6 С

0 -8 1000

-10 a R P U

-12 , h T E 990

-14 R RA U E S

P -16 M ES

E -18

T 980 PR

R -20 I EL

A -22 E C -24 LEV 970 A A

-26 E S RF

U -28 S -30 960 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 5 1015202530 JUNE 2004 JUNE 2004 C D 100 30

s / m

, 25 US 90 %

, DUL

TY 20 O I M D 80

I D M

E 15 U E P H 70 E

V 10 ND S TI I W LA

60 E E 5 C R A F R

50 U 0 S 5 1015202530 5 1015202530 JUNE 2004 JUNE 2004 E F 6 180

m m , s , M

S 175 U S E S 4 N KN O I C I T H

A 170 T IT R IP C 2 VE E O R

C 165 P W Y O IL N A S D 0 160 5 1015202530 5 1015202530 JUNE 2004 JUNE 2004 Fig.1.17. Intra-monthly variation of daily mean values of surface temperature (A, bold line), maximal (А, thin line), minimal (A, dotted line) air temperature, sea level pressure (B), relative humidity (C), mean (D, black circles), maximal (D, crosses) values of surface wind speed, maximal gust of the wind (D, white circles), precipitation (E), snow cover thickness (F) in Mirny Observatory, June 2004.

Table 1.20 Results of aerological atmospheric sounding (from CLIMAT-TEMP messages)

Mirny, June 2004 Number of Isobaric Resulting Number of Isobaric Dew point Resulting Wind days surface Temperature, wind days surface, deficit, wind speed, stability without height, T 0C direction, without P, hPa D 0C m/s parameter,% temperature H m deg wind data data

976 53 -15.8 3.1 925 454 -15.4 4.2 91 13 97 0 0 850 1089 -18.0 4.2 87 12 93 0 0 700 2531 -22.2 5.1 62 4 55 0 0 500 4939 -36.1 5.4 321 4 39 0 0 400 6452 -46.8 4.2 307 6 48 0 0 300 8308 -58.1 3.8 292 10 61 0 0 200 10815 -63.0 3.8 287 12 83 0 0 150 12583 -63.8 4.2 282 15 91 0 1 100 15052 -67.7 4.3 280 21 95 1 1 70 17191 -71.2 4.2 279 26 96 3 4 50 19157 -73.9 4.4 280 32 97 5 5 30 22106 -77.2 4.2 279 40 97 5 6 20 24462 -78.0 4.3 282 44 97 8 8 10 28367 -76.8 4.2 280 49 98 21 9

Table 1.21 Anomalies of standard isobaric surface heights and temperature

Mirny, June 2004

P, hPa Н-Нavg, m (Н-Havg)/σН Т-Тavg, °С (Т-Тavg)/σТ 850 -51 -1.5 -0.2 -0.1 700 -52 -1.5 0.0 0.0 500 -54 -1.0 0.8 0.5 400 -54 -0.9 0.2 0.1 300 -50 -0.7 0.4 0.4 200 -48 -0.7 0.6 0.3 150 -46 -0.6 0.2 0.1 100 -40 -0.5 -0.5 -0.3 70 -35 -0.3 -0.9 -0.4 50 -64 -0.5 -1.4 -0.5 30 -133 -0.7 -2.7 -0.9 20 -195 -0.8 -3.1 -1.0 10 -278 -1.1 -3.5 -1.0

100

200

300 a P h , 400 E R U

S 500 S E

PR 600

700

800

900 5 1015202530

JUNE 2004 B

-100

-200

-300 a P h

, -400 E R

U -500 S S E

-600 PR

-700

-800

-900 5 1015202530

JUNE 2004 Fig.1.18. Intra-monthly variations of air temperature (A, 0С) and wind speed modulus (B, m/s) in the free atmosphere in Mirny Observatory, June 2004 (00 GMT).

NOVOLAZAREVSKAYA STATION

Table 1.22

Monthly averages of meteorological parameters (f) and their deviations from multiyear averages (favg) Novolazarevskaya, June 2004 Normalized Anomaly Relative Parameter fmon.avg fmax fmin anomaly f-favg anomaly f/favg (f-favg)/σf Sea level pressure, hPa 978.4 996.6 954.6 -11.8 -2.7 Air temperature, 0C -17 -5.2 -30.2 -1.5 -0.7 Relative humidity, % 51 -0.4 -0.1 Total cloudiness (sky coverage), tenths 5.2 -0.4 -0.3 Lower cloudiness(sky coverage),tenths 1.4 0.2 0.2 Precipitation, mm 27.1 -2.1 -0.1 0.9 Mean wind speed, m/s 10.8 32.0 -0.4 -0.2 Prevailing wind direction, deg 135 Polar Total radiation, MJ/m2 night Total ozone content (TO), DU ∗ ∗ - the observations were interrupted due to the low Sun’s height

A B -4 1000

С -6 0

E, -8

R -10 990 U hPa T -12 A R

-14 RE, E 980 P -16 M -18

TE -20 R 970 I

-22 EL PRESSU V E A

-24 E C L A -26 960 F

R -28 SEA U

S -30 -32 950 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 5 1015202530 JUNE 2004 JUNE 2004 C D 100 40

s / m

, US

% 30

, 80 DUL TY O I D I D M M E 20

60 E U P H

E V ND S I

TI 10 W 40 E C ELA A R F R

U 0

20 S 5 1015202530 5 1015202530 JUNE 2004 JUNE 2004 E F 12 8

m s l

10 l m a , b M

9 , E U S G 8 6 A N R O 7 I

T 6 A OVE T I 5 C

C 4 E OW 4 R

3 N P S

Y 2 E IL C

A 1 A D L

0 P 5 1015202530 2 JUNE 2004 5 1015202530 MAY 2004 Fig.1.19. Intra-annual variation of daily mean values of surface temperature (A, bold line), maximal (А, thin line), minimal (A, dotted line) air temperature, sea level pressure (B), relative humidity (C), mean (D, black circles), maximal (D, crosses) values of surface wind speed, maximal gust of the wind (D, white circles), precipitation (E), snow cover thickness (F) at Novolazarevskaya station, June 2004.

Table 1.23 Results of aerological atmospheric sounding (from CLIMAT-TEMP messages)

Novolazarevskaya, June 2004 Number of Isobaric Resulting Number of Isobaric Dew point Resulting Wind days surface Temperature, wind days surface, deficit, wind speed, stability without height, T 0C direction, without P, hPa D 0C m/s parameter,% temperature H m deg wind data data

963 122 -15.5 8.5 925 426 -15.4 9.1 116 13 91 0 0 850 1059 -19.0 8.1 100 14 88 0 0 700 2506 -24.7 5.9 82 8 59 0 0 500 4862 -38.5 8.4 36 2 18 0 0 400 6360 -48.3 8.5 352 2 12 0 0 300 8198 -60.2 7.6 331 3 17 0 0 200 10657 -68.5 7.7 283 5 42 0 0 150 12375 -69.9 8.0 274 8 67 0 0 100 14760 -74.7 7.8 268 11 82 0 0 70 16805 -78.7 269 15 89 0 1 50 18697 -82.1 270 20 93 2 2 30 21527 -84.2 268 25 94 4 4 20 23770 -83.5 267 28 95 5 5 10 27635 -79.6 268 32 96 12 9

Table 1.24 Anomalies of standard isobaric surface heights and temperature

Novolazarevskaya, June 2004

P, hPa Н-Нavg, m (Н-Havg)/σН Т-Тavg, °С (Т-Тavg)/σТ 850 -98 -2.6 0.5 0.3 700 -76 -1.8 0.7 0.5 500 -101 -2.0 0.3 0.2 400 -102 -1.7 0.6 0.4 300 -102 -1.5 0.3 0.2 200 -114 -1.6 -1.5 -0.8 150 -129 -1.7 -1.9 -1.2 100 -162 -2.0 -2.7 -1.5 70 -185 -1.9 -2.3 -1.0 50 -244 -2.1 -3.5 -1.6 30 -344 -2.3 -3.3 -1.3 20 -410 -2.3 -2.9 -1.1 10 -582 -1.5 -2.1 -0.5

100

200

300 a P h , 400 E R U

S 500 S E

PR 600

700

800

900 5 1015202530

JUNE 2004 B

100

200

300 a P h , 400 E R U

S 500 ES

PR 600

700

800

900 5 1015202530

JUNE 2004 Fig.1.20. Intra-monthly variations of air temperature (A, 0С) and wind speed modulus (B, m/s) in the free atmosphere at Novolazarevskaya station, June 2004 (00 GMT).

BELLINGSHAUSEN STATION

Table 1.25

Monthly averages of meteorological parameters (f) and their deviations from multiyear averages (favg) Bellingshausen, June 2004 Normalized Anomaly Relative Parameter fmon.avg fmax fmin anomaly f-favg anomaly f/favg (f-favg)/σf Sea level pressure, hPa 989.0 1020.0 969.3 -5.2 -0.8 Air temperature, 0C -2.8 5.2 -12.7 3.1 1.6 Relative humidity, % 90 2.8 0.8 Total cloudiness (sky coverage), tenths 9.5 0.9 1.5 Lower cloudiness(sky coverage),tenths 9.2 1.9 2.1 Precipitation, mm 31.8 -18.5 -0.7 0.6 Mean wind speed, m/s 7.1 18.0 -0.6 -1.0 Prevailing wind direction, deg 158 Total radiation, MJ/m2 10.9 -2.1 -0.8 0.8

A B 6 1020 С 0

4 , E

2 a 1010 P TU , h

A 0 E R R

-2 U 1000 PE S

-4 ES TEM PR R -6 990 I EL

E A -8 C LEV A -10 980 A F E R S

U -12 S -14 970 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 5 1015202530 JUNE 2004 JUNE 2004 C D 100 25

s / m , S U 20 L % , U Y D

T 90 O I

D 15 M I M U EED P H S

E 10 V 80 D N TI I

LA 5 E E W C R A F

70 R

U 0 S 5 1015202530 5 1015202530 JUNE 2004 JUNE 2004 E F 8 35

m 30

s ,

, M 6 S U

S 25 N KNES O I C I T

4 H 20 A T IT R IP E C V 15 E O R

2 C P W Y 10 O IL A SN D 0 5 5 1015202530 5 1015202530 JUNE 2004 JUNE 2004 Fig.1.21. Intra-monthly variation of daily mean values of surface temperature (A, bold line), maximal (А, thin line), minimal (A, dotted line) air temperature, sea level pressure (B), relative humidity (C), mean (D, black circles), maximal (D, crosses) values of surface wind speed, maximal gust of the wind (D, white circles), precipitation (E), snow cover thickness (F) at Bellingshausen station, June 2004.

PROGRESS STATION

Table 1.26

Monthly averages of meteorological parameters (f)

Progress, June 2004 Parameter fmon.avg fmax fmin Sea level pressure, hPa 982.5 1009.7 961.1 Air temperature, 0C -16 -5.8 -26.7 Relative humidity, % 63 Total cloudiness (sky coverage), tenths 6.3 Lower cloudiness(sky coverage),tenths 3.6 Precipitation, mm 23.7 Mean wind speed, m/s 5.7 27.0 Prevailing wind direction, deg 90 Total radiation, MJ/m2 0.6

A B -4 1010 С

0 -6 ,

E -8

R 1000

-10 hPa TU , A -12 E R

E 990

P -14

-16 ESSUR

TEM 980

R -18 I -20 E A LEVEL PR C -22 970 A F

-24 SEA R

U -26 S 960 -28 5 1015202530 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 JUNE 2004 JUNE 2004 C D 100 40

s / m , S U

% 80 30 , DU TY O I D I D M M

60 E 20 U E P H S E V ND TI 40 I 10 W LA E E C R A F R

20 U 0 S 5 1015202530 5 1015202530 JUNE 2004 JUNE 2004 E F 8 5

m m , s

4 ,

M 6 S U S S E N N

K 3 IO C T 4 I A H IT T R IP 2 C E OVE R 2 P

Y 1 IL OW A N S D 0 0 5 1015202530 JUNE 2004 5 1015202530 JUNE 2004 Fig.1.22. Intra-monthly variation of daily mean values of surface temperature (A, bold line), maximal (А, thin line), minimal (A, dotted line) air temperature, sea level pressure (B), relative humidity (C), mean (D, black circles), maximal (D, crosses) values of surface wind speed, maximal gust of the wind (D, white circles), precipitation (E), snow cover thickness (F) at Progress station, June 2004.

VOSTOK STATION Table 1.27 Monthly averages of meteorological parameters (f) and their deviations from multiyear averages (favg) Vostok, June 2004 Normalized Anomaly Relative Parameter fmon.avg fmax fmin anomaly f-favg anomaly f/favg (f-favg)/σf Station surface level pressure, hPa 620.5 634.4 605.8 -3.2 -0.7 Air temperature, °C -65.8 -51.8 -78.2 -0.8 -0.3 Relative humidity, % 55 -13.7 -3.2 Total cloudiness (sky coverage), tenths 0.6 -2.3 -2.3 Lower cloudiness(sky coverage),tenths 0 0 0.0 Precipitation, mm 0 -3 -1.3 0.0 Mean wind speed, m/s 2.8 6.0 -2.9 -3.6 Prevailing wind direction, deg 315 Polar Total radiation, MJ/m2 night Total ozone content (TO), DU ∗ ∗ - the observations were interrupted due to the low Sun’s height

A B -50 640

С -52 0 -54 E, R -56 U a P T -58 630 A -60 , h ER -62 RE P

M -64 -66 620 TE R

-68 PRESSU I A

-70 E E C

C -72

A -74 610 F

R -76 U SURFA

S -78 -80 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 600 JUNE 2004 5 1015202530 JUNE 2004 C D 58 10

s / m , US

% 57

DUL Y, O T I 6 D I D M

56 E E P HUM S

4 VE I ND T I

A 55 L W

E 2 E R C A F R

54 U 0 S 5 1015202530 5 1015202530 JUNE 2004 JUNE 2004 Fig.1.23. Intra-monthly variation of daily mean values of surface temperature (A, bold line), maximal (А, thin line), minimal (A, dotted line) air temperature, sea level pressure (B), relative humidity (C), mean (D, black circles), maximal (D, crosses) values of surface wind speed, maximal gust of the wind (D, white circles) at Vostok station, June 2004.

J u n e 2 0 0 4

AtmAtomosspMhphereeanric isc eap prr essueslevelsu rreper es atat ss useeare a,l e hvlPeeavl,e hPal, hPa 981.(Vos6tok st.data 978.- pres4sure at stati989on surface level982.) 5 981.981.6 6 978.978.4 4 989 989 982.5 982.5 9001100 900900 700 620.5 700700 500500 500 MMirirnyny NoNvovololazaz BellingBels lingsProgressProgrVesosstok Mirny Novolaz Bellings Progress

(f-favg)/σf -1.4 -2.7 -0.8 -0.7

AirAi rt etemmperateratuurree,, ° C°C

0 0 -25 -2.8 -10-50 -15.9 -17 -2.8 -16 -20-75 -15.9 -17 -16-65.8 MMirirnnyy NovolazNovolaz BellingsBellingsProgressProgVreossstok

(f-favg)/σf -0.2 -0.7 1.6 -0.3

RelRealattivivee huhummididitiyty, %, % 90 100 7676 90 100 5151 63 63 55 5050 0 0 MMirirnyny NoNvovololazaz BellingBels lingsProgressProgrVesosstok

(f-favg)/σf 0.1 -0.1 0.8 -3.2

TTootatal l cclloudoudiinesnesss, ,t etennthsths 9.5 10 9.5 10 6.6.33 5.25.2 6.3 6.3 5 5 0.6 0 0 MiMirnrnyy NovNoovlaolzaz BellingBesllingsProgressProgrVesosstok

(f-favg)/σf -0.3 -0.3 1.5 -2.3

PrPrececipitipitation,ion, mm mm

40 2727..1 1 31.8 31.8 40 18.183.3 23.7 23.7 2020 0 0 0 MMirirnny y NoNvovololazaz BellingBels lingsProgressProgrVesosstok

f/favg 0.3 0.9 0.6 0.0

MeanMean w wiindnd speedpeed,, m/ ms/s

15 10.1 10.10.8 8 15 10.1 7.1 7.1 1010 5.7 5.72.8 5 5 0 0 MiMirnrnyy NovNoovolazlaz BellingsBellingsProgressProgrVosesstok

f/favg -1.9 -0.2 -1.0 -3.6 Fig.1.24. Comparison of monthly averages of meteorological parameters at the stations. June 2004. (Atmospheric pressure at Vostok staition is the surface pressure). 47

2. METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN APRIL-JUNE 2004

The air temperature conditions at the Antarctic continent in April-June 2004 are characterized in Fig. 2.1, which presents monthly averages and surface air temperature anomalies at the Russian and foreign meteorological stations. The actual data of the Russian Antarctic stations contained in /1/ were used for the Russian Antarctic stations and data contained in /2, 3/ were used for the foreign stations. The multiyear averages for the period 1961-1990 were adopted from /4/. In April-June, predominantly weak (up to 1σ) and moderate (up to 1.5σ) anomalies of mean monthly air temperature were observed. In April, the main cold center was located at the Atlantic coast in the western area of the Queen Maud Land. At Halley-Bay and Novolazarevskaya stations, the anomalies of mean monthly air temperature were equal to -6.1 оС (-2.3 σ) and -2.9 оС (-1.6 σ), respectively. The mean monthly air temperature at these stations was -26.4 оС and -14.8 оС, respectively. The April 2004 was the second coldest April at Halley station, and the third coldest April at Novolazarevskaya station over the entire operation period of the stations. The lowest mean monthly temperatures for April at these stations were observed in 1997 – at Halley station (-28.7 оС, -3.0 σ), and in 1963 at Novolazarevskaya station (-17.3 оС, -3.0σ). The heat center was located in the vicinity of the Polar Plateau and the Antarctic Peninsula. At Vostok, Amundsen-Scott and Rothera stations, the anomalies of mean monthly air temperature comprised 2.4 оС (1.1 σ), 3.0 оС (1.2 σ) and 2.3 оС (1.0 σ), respectively. In May, the anomalies of mean monthly air temperature at the Antarctic stations were predominantly less than 1 σ. The cold center was situated at the Indian Ocean coast in the Adelie Land area. Here at Dumont-d’Urville station, the anomaly of mean monthly air temperature was equal -2.7 °С (-1.4σ). In the vicinity of the Antarctic Peninsula, small positive (around 1σ) anomalies were preserved. In June, small negative air temperature anomalies were recorded almost over the entire continent. In the cold centre core near the Amundsen-Scott station, the temperature anomaly was -3.4 оС (-1.1σ). Small by area heat centers were detected in the areas of the Adelie Land, in the eastern part of the Queen Maud Land coast and at the Antarctic Peninsula. Here at Dumont-d’Urville, Syowa and Bellingshausen stations, the temperature anomalies were 3.3 оС (1.3 σ), 3.1 оС (1.5 σ) and 3.0 оС (1.5 σ), respectively. An assessment of long-period changes in mean monthly air temperature at the Russian stations in these months reveals a statistically significant trend only at Bellingshausen station in May (Figs.2.2-2.4). The temperature increase for May amounted here to 2.5 °С/37 years (Table 2.1). During the last decade, the most significant linear temperature trend was recorded at Mirny and Vostok stations for May – the temperature increase was about 6 and 8°С/10 years, respectively. The atmospheric pressure at the Russian stations in April-June was characterized predominantly by negative anomalies. The largest negative anomalies were observed at Mirny and Novolazarevskaya stations. In Mirny in April and June, the air pressure anomalies were -6.2 hPa (-2.0 σ) and -7.8 hPa (-1.4 σ), respectively. At Novolazarevskaya station in June the pressure anomaly was -12.1 hPa (-2.6 σ). The atmospheric pressure at these stations in June was the lowest over the entire period of their operation. The precipitation amount in April and June at Mirny, Novolazarevskaya and Bellingshausen stations was less than the multiyear average. At the same time at inland Vostok station, a significant precipitation fallout was noted in April and May. In April, precipitation exceeded the monthly multiyear average 4.6-fold and in May – 3.0-fold, which is probably connected with penetration of cyclones to the inland areas of the continent. For Vostok station, this is the first case of such abundant precipitation in these months over the entire observation period beginning from 1957.

Table 2.1 Linear trend parameters of mean monthly surface air temperature

Stations, Parameter IV V VI IV V VI Operation Entire observation period 1995-2004 period Novolazarevsk оС/10 years 0.22 –0.13 0.24 –1.10 0.69 0.75 aya 1961-2004 % 15.4 7.4 13.4 13.7 7.9 12.0 Р – – – – – – Mirny оС/10 years –0.06 –0.12 0.26 3.53 5.61 –1.21 1957-2004 % 4.3 6.6 16.5 52.6 66.6 21.3 Р – – – – 95 – Vostok оС/10 years 0.06 –0.09 0.02 5.41 8.04 1.09 1957-2004 % 3.3 4.1 1.0 52.4 65.3 12.8 Р – – – – 90 – Bellingshausen оС/10 years 0.34 0.67 0.54 –0.21 –1.05 –0.70 1968-2004 % 25.4 34.1 26.5 5.1 23.6 8.9 Р – 95 – – – –

Note: First line is the linear trend coefficient; Second line is the dispersion accounted for the linear trend; Third line – P=1- α, where α is the level of significance (given if P exceeds 90%).

References:

1. http://south.aari.nw.ru 2. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ol/climate/climatedata.html 3. http://www.nerc-bas.ac.uk/public/icd/metlog/jones_and_limbert.html 4. Atlas of the Oceans. The Southern Ocean. RF MD (in press)

Fig.2.1. Mean monthly surface air temperatures (1), their anomalies (2) and normalized anomalies (3) in April (IV), May (V) and June (VI) 2004 from data of stationary meteorological stations in the South polar area.

Fig. 2.2. Interannual variations of temperature and atmospheric pressure anomalies at the Russian Antarctic stations. April. 51

Fig. 2.3. Interannual variations of temperature and atmospheric pressure anomalies at the Russian Antarctic stations. May. 52

Fig. 2.4. Interannual variations of temperature and atmospheric pressure anomalies at the Russian Antarctic stations. June.

53 3. REVIEW OF THE ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES IN THE ANTARCTIC IN APRIL-JUNE 2004

Beginning from April 2004, there was a change in the character of the atmospheric processes above the Antarctic from the increased activity of meridional circulation that took place at the beginning of the year to zonal processes observed throughout the entire second quarter. The typical macro-processes of the Southern Hemisphere and their manifestations at the synoptic charts of the Antarctic were described in a number of publications /1, 2/. As can be seen from Table 3.1, there was constantly a significant frequency of occurrence of zonal circulation (Z form) in April- June with spreading of the circumpolar centre of negative atmospheric pressure anomalies over the entire South Polar Area.

Table 3.1 Frequency of occurrence of the atmospheric circulation forms of the Southern Hemisphere and its anomalies in April-June 2004

Month Frequency of occurrence (days) Anomalies (days) Z Ma Mb Z Ma Mb April 12 11 7 1 -1 0 May 13 7 11 4 3 -7 June 12 7 11 5 -8 3

At the same time, one should note intensification of the South American high pressure core in April – May. In April, the New Zealand ridge of the subtropical High was also intensified. This contributed to increased meridional character at the general background of dominating high zonality. In April and May, the major cyclonic activity was observed at the Falkland and Central Atlantic and also South African and Kerguelen branches of cyclonic trajectories. Cyclones reached sometimes a significant depth and penetrated far to the Antarctic dome leading in some periods to increased cloudiness, humidity, air temperature and wind speed. The meteorological conditions at Vostok station testify to this (Figs.1.7, 1.15, Tables 1.9, 1.18). However, the cyclones frequently attained a zonal motion component and moved along the coast. In May, the general character of tropospheric processes allowed us to speak about transition to the winter regime of atmospheric circulation. This was manifested in the general decrease of the tropospheric temperature and the decrease of the temperature at the tropopause level. In June, the cases of deep cyclones persisting near the shores of Antarctica were more frequent being accompanied with storm weather conditions. This was mainly observed above the areas of the Weddell, Lazarev, Cosmonauts and Davis Seas. An extensive belt of negative pressure anomalies was formed that covered the Antarctic Seas. In some regions, the anomalies of mean monthly pressure comprised -10 hPa to -13 hPa. At the slope of the Antarctic dome, the dominance of the High was noted as usual. At Vostok station in June, the pressure was equal to a multiyear average while the air temperature was slightly lower than the multiyear average. The general analysis of macro-processes above the Antarctic Seas and the coast of East Antarctica indicates an anomalous beginning of winter, which is characterized by the decreased atmospheric pressure background and low temperature over considerable expanses of East Antarctica.

References: 1. Dydina L.A., Rabtsevich S.V., Ryzhakov L.Yu., Savitsky G.B. Atmospheric circulation forms in the Southern Hemisphere. – AARI Proceedings, 1976, V. 330, p. 5-16. 2. Ryzhakov L.Yu. Multiyear tendencies of the frequency of occurrence of the atmospheric circulation forms of the Southern Hemisphere and their manifestations in the synoptic processes of the Antarctic. Bulletin “State of Antarctic Environment”, 2002, No. 4(21), p. 50-57.

54 4. BRIEF REVIEW OF ICE PROCESSES IN THE SOUTHERN OCEAN FROM DATA OF SATELLITE AND COASTAL OBSERVATIONS AT THE RUSSIAN ANTARCTIC STATIONS IN APRIL-JUNE 2004

In April, intensive expansion of the ice belt that began from the second half of March continued in the Antarctic in general (see review 4 in /1/). The Atlantic massif that was distinguished by increased sizes for the last two years especially advanced northward. The massif fully blocked as early as the end of the month the South Orkneys Islands reaching the 60th parallel in the Scotia Sea. There was also of interest an unusual expansion of the ice belt in the vicinity of Novolazarevskaya station opposite the Lazarev Ice shelf, where at 150 E the ice edge spread up to parallel 65°S. A similar situation was also created in most of the marginal seas of the Indian Ocean sector. At the same time in the Amundsen Sea in the Pacific Ocean sector, the ice belt edge reached only 700 S. Moreover, in the neighboring Bellingshausen Sea, the ice formation had still an inert character being absent at all near the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. During May, on the one hand the tendency for an anomalous development of the Atlantic massif and displacement of the ice belt northward in the area of 150 E (Fig.4.1) was preserved. The formed deep edge bend (“embayment” in ice) at 8-90 W penetrated far to the south up to 68-690 S. On the other hand, the ice belt expansion in the Indian sector sharply slowed, which determined here a decreased background ice extent (Table 4.1). Simultaneously, there was intensification of the ice formation process in the Pacific Ocean sector except for Bransfield Strait near the northwest tip of the Antarctic Peninsula. According to data of Bellingshausen station (Table 4.2), slush occurred here only episodically on 9 and 27-28 May. In June, a sharp increase in the ice cover extent so typical of the Antarctic zone of the Southern Ocean was observed. Already in the first 10-day period, the aforementioned edge bend corresponding to the area of the so-called Weddell polynya (area between 62-670 S and 100 W-100 E) was completely covered by young ice. Moreover the ice edge in the Atlantic sector everywhere reached 580 S by the end of the month. In the western half of the Indian sector, the ice edge moved to 62-630 S, and in its eastern part – to 640 S. A significant ice belt increment was also noted in the Pacific Ocean sector. In the Amundsen and Bellingshausen Seas, the ice belt boundary spread on average up to 66 and 680 S, respectively. Only the Bransfield Strait area where no stable ice formation began remained ice-free. The character of the development of ice processes during the period under consideration was probably determined in many respects by continuation of the increased summer background cyclonic activity in the Antarctic. The related relatively high air temperature and the dominance of strong wind considerably delayed the landfast ice formation and influenced its thickness in the coastal zone (Tables 4.2 and 4.3).

References:

1. Quarterly Bulletin “State of Antarctic Environment. Operational data of Russian Antarctic stations”. January – March 2004, No. 1 (26), Review 4. 55

Table 4.1 Latitudinal location of the external northern drifting ice belt edge in the Southern Ocean based on satellite data received at Bellingshausen, Novolazarevskaya and Mirny stations in May 2004

Meridians Actual Multiyear average 1300 W 66.6 67.4 1200 67.4 67.7 1100 67.6 68.2 1000 68.8 68.5 900 68.8 67.9 800 69.6 67.6 700 68.5 67.0 600 64.21 63.1 500 59.4 60.5 400 59.4 61.2 300 59.5 62.6 200 61.1 64.6 100 W 66.2 66.2 00 67.8 66.8 100 E 64.2 66.3 200 64.0 66.2 300 64.7 66.4 400 66.2 66.2 500 64.6 64.8 600 64.6 63.6 700 64.0 63.0 800 64.2 63.4 900 64.3 63.3 1000 63.8 62.9 1100 65.0 63.5 1200 64.7 63.8 1300 64.5 64.0 1400 64.6 63.9 1500 E 64.7 63.6

Note: 1 – Clear, ice is absent, and instead of the ice edge position, the latitude of the Antarctic coast point at the place of its intersection by the corresponding meridian is presented

Table 4.2 Dates of the main ice phases near the Russian Antarctic stations in the first half of 2004

Station Ice formation Landfast ice Freeze-up formation (water body) First Stable First Stable First Stable Mirny Actual 12.03 16.03 02.04 02.04 24.04 24.04 (roadstead) Multiyear 11.03 12.03 30.03 02.04 14.04 17.04 average Progress Actual 04.03 10.03 22.03 09.04 09.04 20.04 (Vostochnaya Multiyear 16.02 17.02 06.03 08.03 26.03 26.03 Bay) average Bellingshausen Actual 09.05 no1 no no no no (Ardley Bay) Multiyear 09.05 08.06 11.06 13.06 03.07 07.07 average

Note: 1 - Phenomenon not observed (not yet occurred) 2 - Actual dates are of preliminary character and can be further specified

Table 4.3 Landfast ice thickness and snow depth (cm) near the Russian Antarctic stations from profile measurement data in April-June 2004

Station Characteristics Months IV V VI Ice Actual - 54 69 Mirny Multiyear 46 67 84 average Snow - 19 21 Progress Ice 48 69 92 Snow 4 1 1

Fig. 4.1. Actual (solid line) and mean multiyear (dash line) location of the external northern drifting ice edge in the Southern Ocean in May 2004.

58 5. RESULTS OF TOTAL OZONE MEASUREMENTS IN THE SECOND QUARTER OF 2004

Regular total ozone measurements in the second quarter were continued at Mirny and Novolazarevskaya stations. At Vostok station, the observations were stopped on 5 April due to low Sun’s heights. At Novolazarevskaya station, the observations were finished by the same reason on 24 April and at Mirny station – on 8 May. The ozone content at both stations was sufficiently stable (see Fig. 5.1). In April, the mean monthly TO values were slightly lower than in the previous year (282 Dobson units at Mirny station and 262 Dobson units at Novolazarevskaya station) [1]. In May at Mirny station, the total ozone content was much higher than in the previous years varying from 283 Dobson units (5 May) to 340 Dobson units (6 May).

400 400

350 350

300 300

250 250

200 200

150 150 1 Total ozone (DU) 100 2 100 50 50

0 0 1.4 11.4 21.4 1.5 11.5

Date

Fig. 5.1. Mean daily total ozone values at Mirny (1) and Novolazarevskaya (2) stations in the second quarter of 2004.

References:

1. Quarterly Bulletin “State of Antarctic Environment. Operational data of Russian Antarctic stations”, April-June, No. 2 (23), 2003, Review 5. 59

6. GEOPHYSICAL OBSERVATIONS AT RUSSIAN ANTARCTIC STATIONS IN APRIL–JUNE 2004

MIRNY OBSERVATORY

Mean monthly absolute geomagnetic field values

April May June Declination 87º6.3´W 87º11.4´W 87º11.7´W Horizontal component 13860 nT 13865 nT 13863 nT Vertical component -57489 nT -57478 nT -57477 nT

Mirny, April 2004

6 dB , x

ma 4 A

0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31

Mirny, May 2004

B 6 , d x

ma 4 A

0 135791113151719212325272931

Mirny, June 2004

B 6 , d x

ma 4 A

0 1 3 5 7 9 1113151719212325272931

Fig. 6.1. Maximum daily space radio-emission absorption at the 32 MHz frequency from riometer observations in Mirny Observatory. 60

Mirny, April 2004

9.6 z

H 7.2 00UT M ,

2 12UT F 4.8 f0

2.4

0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31

Mirny, May 2004

9.6 z

H 7.2 00UT M ,

2 12UT F 4.8 f0

2.4

0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31

Mirny, June 2004

9.6 z

H 7.2 00UT M ,

2 12UT F 4.8 f0

2.4

0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31

Fig. 6.2. Daily variations of critical frequencies of the F2 (f0F2) layer in Mirny Observatory.

NOVOLAZAREVSKAYA STATION

Mean monthly absolute geomagnetic field values

April May June Declination 26º55.46´W 26º53.66´W 26º52.5´W Horizontal component 18590.3 nT 18584.3 nT 18594.25 nT Vertical component -35080.0 nT -35082 nT -35068.75 nT

Novolazarevskaya, April 2004

B 6 , d x

ma 4 A

0 135791113151719212325272931

Novolazarevskaya, May 2004

B 6 , d x

ma 4 A

0 135791113151719212325272931

Novolazarevskaya, June 2004

B 6 , d x

ma 4 A

0 135791113151719212325272931

Fig. 6.3. Maximum daily space radio-emission absorption at the 32 MHz frequency from riometer observations at Novolazarevskaya station. 62

VOSTOK STATION

Mean monthly absolute geomagnetic field values

April May June Declination 121º21.9´W 121º23.2´W 121º26.5´W Horizontal component 13499 nT 13505 nT 13506 nT Vertical component -58072 nT -58066 nT -58061 nT

Vostok, April 2004

B 6 , d x

ma 4 A

0 135791113151719212325272931

Vostok, May 2004

B 6 , d x

ma 4 A

0 135791113151719212325272931

Vostok, June 2004

B 6 , d x

ma 4 A

0 135791113151719212325272931

Fig. 6.4. Maximum daily space radio-emission absorption at the 32 MHz frequency from riometer observations at Vostok station. 63

PC-INDEX Vostok April, 2004 date

01 16

02 17

03 18

04 19

05 20

06 21

07 22

08 23

09 24

10 25

11 26

12 27

13 28

14 29

15 30

00 04 08 12 16 20 24 00 04 08 12 16 20 24 15 UT UT

0 Arctic & Antarctic Research Institute

Fig. 6.5. 64

PC-INDEX Vostok May, 2004 date

01 16

02 17

03 18

04 19

05 20

06 21

07 22

08 23

09 24

10 25

11 26

12 27

13 28

14 29

15 30

00 04 08 12 16 20 24 00 04 08 12 16 20 24 15 UT UT

0 Arctic & Antarctic Research Institute

Fig. 6.6. 65

PC-INDEX Vostok June, 2004 date

01 16

02 17

03 18

04 19

05 20

06 21

07 22

08 23

09 24

10 25

11 26

12 27

13 28

14 29

15 30

00 04 08 12 16 20 24 00 04 08 12 16 20 24 15 UT UT

0 Arctic & Antarctic Research Institute

Fig. 6.7.

Review of the geomagnetic field and ionosphere state above the Antarctic in the second quarter of 2004

In the second quarter of 2004, geomagnetic and riometer observations were continued at Vostok, Novolazarevskaya and Mirny stations. The vertical sounding of the atmosphere is carried out at present only in Mirny Observatory. Based on the Vostok station data, the PC-index of magnetic activity is calculated in real time. These data are published in the Internet. The second quarter of 2004 was relatively quiet magnetically. Moderate magnetic storms were observed on 3- 12 April, 23 April, 4-7, 11-13, 19-20 May, 30 May – 1 June, 9,15-16 and 29-30 June. At the time of perturbations on 3- 12 April, the PCA phenomenon caused by the intrusion of solar high-energy protons (on 10-12 April, the absorption at 32 MHz frequency exceeded 1dB) was observed. Separate perturbations were accompanied with intrusions of energy (>20 keV) electrons, which caused the radio-wave absorption in the ionosphere recorded by riometers of Mirny Observatory and Novolazarevskaya station on 28 April, 4-7 May, 5-9, 17, 20 and 29 June. During these periods, the absorption at the 32 MHz frequency was greater than 1 dB.

67 7. THE XXVII ANTARCTIC TREATY CONSULTATIVE MEETING

During the period 24 May to 4 June, 2004, the XXVII Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM) was held in Cape Town (South Africa). The Delegation of the Russian Federation was represented by specialists of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Roshydromet and Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) of Russia and the Russian Academy of Science (RAS). Ambassador of the Russian Federation in South Africa A.A. Kulakov was Head of the Delegation and First Deputy of the Head of Roshydromet Yu.S. Tsaturov and Deputy of the Permanent Representative of Russia in UN S.N. Karev were his deputies. The Delegation participants also included Head of RAE V.V. Lukin, Lead Ecologist of RAE V.N. Pomelov and Head of the Antarctic Team of PMGRE V.N. Masolov. Two hundred twenty six delegates attended the meeting including 27 delegations-participants to the Antarctic Treaty representing the Consultative Parties (Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, China, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Poland, the Russian Federation, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United States of America and Uruguay); 11 delegations – representatives of the Non-Consultative Parties (Austria, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Switzerland and the Ukraine; 3 observers (the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs (COMNAP); 9 experts –from the International and Non-Governmental Organizations (the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC), the International Association of Antarctica Tourist Operators (IAATO), the International Hydrographical Organization (IHO), the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the International Oceanographic Council (IOC), the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the World Tourist Organization (WTO), the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP). Similar to the previous year, the representative of Malaysia who does not have the official status also attended the Meeting. Ambassador Horst Kleinschmidt was elected Chair of the XXVII ATCM and Mr. Henry Valentine was appointed Secretary of the Meeting. The work of the Meeting was carried out at plenary sessions and in the Working Groups (WG). The latter included the Committee on Environmental Protection (CEP), Legal and Institutional WG, Operational WG, Liability WG and WG on Tourism. At the plenary sessions the reports were presented by: Country-Depositary of the Antarctic Treaty (the USA), Country-Depositary of the Convention for Conservation of Antarctic Seals (Great Britain), Country-Depositary of the Convention on the Conservation of the Antarctic Marine Living Resources (Australia), the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) and also by the public international organizations invited to the XXVII ATCM as observers – the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs (COMNAP), the International Association of Antarctica Tourist Operators (IAATO), the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC), the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) and the International Hydrographical Organization (IHO). The US in its capacity as the Depositary of the Antarctic Treaty informed that during the period after the XXVI ATCM in 2003, the membership to the Antarctic Treaty did not change comprising 45 countries by the end of May 2004. Canada joined countries – participants to the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty. The fact of participation in the Protocol of the Non-Consultative Party to the Treaty was welcomed by all participants of the Meeting. The discussion of the Ukraine accession as a Consultative Party to the Treaty was not simple. Some specific claims to the actions of the Ukraine in fishery in the area of jurisdiction of CCAMLR were stated by the delegation of New Zealand. As a result of prolonged informal negotiations, all claims were removed and the Ukraine received the status of the Consultative Party, which gives the right to make decisions or put a veto on them in the Antarctic Treaty System. Thus, the number of the Consultative Parties to the Treaty increased to 28. It was decided at the XXVI meeting that the permanent Antarctic Treaty Secretariat would start its work from September 2004 in Buenos-Aires (Argentina). To make its functioning possible, the participants of the XXVII ATCM had to elect the Executive Secretary of this new international organization. The reception of applications to this position was finished on March 1, 2004. Norway, the Netherlands and Russia balloted for their representatives, two persons from FRG and the USA proposed their own candidatures by the self-nomination method. The plenary session of the XXVII ATCM adopted a multi-round system of elections of the Executive Secretary. As a result, Mr. Jan Huber of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands has won the elections. The representative of Malaysia presented a report where the activity of the national Antarctic Program of its country and the formal political standpoints of the Government of Malaysia with respect to the Antarctic Treaty were presented. As is known, Malaysia successively keeps to the principle of not accessing the Antarctic Treaty System considering that the problem of international management of this region of the planet should be regulated by the UN. Simultaneously Malaysia organized its national Antarctic Program with the main directions of studies being biology and ecology of the Antarctic. This program is implemented under cooperation with the national Antarctic Programs of 68

Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. The XXVII ATCM recommended to the latter three countries to refrain from cooperation with Malaysia until there is a change in its official attitude to the need to accede the Antarctic Treaty. At SEP sessions, all issues with respect to the operation of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty were traditionally considered. Of great interest was consideration of the draft Comprehensive Environmental Evaluations (CEEs) - project of neutrino studies at Amundsen station and the project of organizing surface traverse capabilities along the McMurdo – Amundsen - McMurdo route proposed by the US Delegation, project of construction of the year-round Troll station and of the ice airstrip in its area proposed by the Norway Delegation and the project of seasonal station construction on James Ross Island, the South Shetland Islands proposed by the Czech Delegation. The enumerated projects were accepted with comments and with respect to the Czech project there was an opinion that its approval is possible only after the Protocol on Environmental Protection comes into legal force in this state. The most extensive discussion was held on the issue of revision of Annex 2 “Antarctic flora and fauna” of the Protocol on Environmental Protection (raised at the XXIV ATCM in St. Petersburg), since some delegations considered the text of the Protocol as a result of a compromise achieved due to which the meaning of the document was lost. At the XXV ATCM in Warsaw, the Intersession Contact Group (ICG) was set up under the direction of Argentina, which developed the new revision of this Annex. As a result, the initial text was cardinally changed, which caused disagreement of some Consultative Parties (Great Britain, Russia, the USA and Japan). Great Britain proposed an alternative draft Annex 2. The CEP Chairman attempted to combine two revisions of the document, but the final revision was not accepted by the CEP members, and the document was submitted to the ICG for new revision. A tendency of some states, especially of the states that have territorial claims, in the Antarctic to extend the List of Specially Managed Areas (SMA) and Specially Protected Areas (SPA) was preserved. Even paradoxical situations occurred with respect to some of them. For example, Italy proposed the site earlier chosen by Estonia for construction of the seasonal Antarctic base, as such an area. It is of interest that this issue was discussed for a long time between the national programs of Italy and Estonia, and the plans of Estonia were reported at the XXV and XXVI ATCM with no negative comments received from the side of Italy. Thus, it is obvious that the problem of SMA and SPA has not only a nature protection and ecological character, but it is also a political issue. The most extensive discussion was devoted to the document developed by COMNAP “Guidelines for Antarctic shipping”. The discussion was held at the CEP session and was continued at the sessions of the Antarctic tourism and Operational Working Groups. Some delegations (Great Britain, Norway, New Zealand and Germany) insisted on adopting this document as soon as possible. The delegations of the USA, Russia and Chile believed that such normative acts were a prerogative of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and that is why could not be adopted in the ATCM structure. As a result it was decided that the XXVII ATCM would send this draft Guidelines to the IMO Executive Committee with a request for its consideration in the nearest future. By their own initiative, the Consultative Parties have the right to adopt the Guidelines for action by their national acts. The main problem is that the draft Guidelines on Antarctic shipping envisages application of strict technical requirements to ships operating in Antarctic waters including the requirements to obligatory double bottom. Thus, adoption of such normative act could seriously influence the possibility of shipping of national ships in Antarctic waters. During consideration of Antarctic tourism issues, the main attention was given to the documents prepared for the International Antarctic Treaty Expert Meeting that was held in late March 2004 in Norway. The main topic for discussion was the problems of adventure tourism that have a significant influence on the activity of many national Antarctic Programs. The proposals of Great Britain considered the need for compulsory exchange of information on the plans of adventure tourism and the need for compulsory insurance by organizers of adventure operations in the Antarctic of all risks connected with a possible need for search and rescue expeditions in the Antarctic. With respect to the second part of the proposals, the draft Measure of the XXVII ATCM was elaborated. In the Legal and Institutional WG, the greatest attention was paid to the problem of scientific activity and international cooperation. Many countries-participants to the Antarctic Treaty carry out a significant preparatory work for holding the International Polar Year (IPY) (2007-2008). In this connection it is planned to reconstruct the existing or open new Antarctic year-round or seasonal stations. Thus, during the season 2004-2005, Norway plans to open a year-round station on the basis of its seasonal Troll station. Germany plans to construct a new year-round Georg von Neumayer 3 station during the season 2005-2006 and organize together with the SA program a seasonal field base in the middle of the route between Georg von Neumayer 3 and Sanae 4 stations. The Antarctic Program of Belgium prepares for establishment its year-round station in the vicinity of temporarily closed now Japanese seasonal Asuka station. The Australian Antarctic Division intends to pass to the National program of Romania for temporary use its seasonal Law Base in the Larsemann Hills Oasis. The Antarctic Program of India started reconnaissance for construction of a new wintering station in March 2004 in the same region. Finally the Czech Republic intends to begin construction of its seasonal base on James Ross Island during the season 2004-2005. These facts and corresponding logistics plans of the aforementioned Antarctic Programs can have a significant influence on the RAE activities to organize and implement the Russian research programs under the IPY plans, to which necessary attention should be given. A central place in the research programs of the 21st century belongs to investigations of sub-glacial lakes of Antarctica. At the present time, about 110 similar natural bodies were discovered from data of remote sensing, the largest, however, by area among them and the most studied being the subglacial Lake Vostok. 69

The Decisions of the XXVI ATCM in Madrid showed that Russia fulfilled all existing requirements in the framework of the Comprehensive Environmental Evaluation to preparation of the project for sampling the water layer of this lake. Such situation does not obviously suit some Consultative Parties to the Agreement as they do not want to give priority in this most important direction of studies to our country. In spite of the fact that Russia has made the most significant contribution to acquisition of scientific data on the geophysical and microbiological characteristics of this lake, a specific number of the Antarctic Treaty participants undertook steps to underestimate the Russian achievements. Thus, the SCAR organized a lecture of American geophysicist Robin Bell “Secrets of life of Lake Vostok” for participants of the XXVII ATCM. The SCAR did not inform the national delegate from Russia about this lecture. The problems of authorship of the studies were left out in the lecture. Thus, most ATCM participants not acquainted with these problems, had an impression that the results were achieved by some international team of scientists under the SCAR flag. In fact these results were obtained in the framework of the national Antarctic Programs of Russia, USA and France with 65-70% as a minimum of achievements belonging to Russia, while the international SCAR program on the study of subglacial lakes is still at the stage of discussion. The Delegation of Russia drew attention to this fact during presentation of its document “Preliminary results of Russian Antarctic studies in 2003” in the framework of the subprogram “Study and research of the Antarctic”. The Russian plans for continuation of drilling in deep borehole at Vostok station with the aim of penetrating into the lake water layer were also set forth here. This activity is to be carried out in three stages – in 2004- 2005, 2005-2006 and 2006-2007. At the concluding stage, it is planned to penetrate into the lake water layer. The Legal and Institutional Working Group continued to discuss various aspects of activity of the permanent Antarctic Treaty Secretariat, corrections in accordance with the last ATCM decisions of the earlier adopted recommendations and legal aspects of the texts of Measures, Resolutions and Decisions adopted by ATCM. The Liability WG continued to discuss the text of Annex 6 “Liability” to the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty. Although the Chairman of this working group intends to prepare and coordinate the text of this Annex during the intersession period, no consensus has been yet reached in many key and legal definitions. Among the informal discussions held during the work of the XXVII ATCM, one should note a meeting on the intentions of Australia to send to the UN Commission on the Law of the Sea an application for owning the continental shelf of Antarctica within the Australian sector of Antarctica. The Australian standpoint provoked sharp objections from the Delegations of the USA and Russia, as the one aimed to destroy the Antarctic Treaty System. The Delegation of Russia took active participation in the work of all working bodies of the XXVII ATCM and presented 10 documents for discussion on the problems, in which our country is especially interested. 70 8. MAIN RAE EVENTS IN APRIL, MAY AND JUNE 2004

1 April Termination of operations at the barrier of Novolazarevskaya station, end of seasonal operations of the R/V “Akademik Fedorov” for re-supply of the Antarctic stations and rotation of the wintering personnel.

8 April Call of the R/V “Akademik Fedorov” at Cape Town, loading of supplies, repair operations, rest of the crew and the expedition participants. Unloading of technical facilities that were used for execution of the DROMLAN Program.

10 April Completion of dismantling of the old sluice at Bellingshausen station.

11 April Arrival to Novolazarevskaya station of a sledge-caterpillar traverse, delivery of supplies unloaded from board the R/V “Akademik Fedorov” and of about 20% of diesel fuel received at the vessel.

24 April Unloading of supplies and receiving of 180 t of fuel delivered by the M/S “Linge” at Bellingshausen station.

25 April Temporary closing down of the mess-hall building at Vostok station for saving the fuel supplies.

3-6 May Call of the R/V “Akademik Fedorov” at Bremerhaven, receiving of supplies, passing through detailed comprehensive customs checking.

11 May Arrival of the R/V “Akademik Fedorov” to the pier of the Kanonersky plant of St. Petersburg.

15 May Layout of the constant hydrological profile on landfast ice of Mirny station.

24 May – Participation in the XXVII Antarctic treaty Consultative Meeting in Cape Town (South Africa). 4 June 22 June Mid-winter celebration, exchange of congratulations and at Novolazarevskaya, Bellingshausen and Progress stations - visits to neighboring foreign stations.