Results of Ground Penetrating Radar

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Results of Ground Penetrating Radar Kriosfera Zemli, 2018, vol. XXII, No. 3, pp. 16–23 http://www.izdatgeo.ru DOI: 10.21782/EC2541-9994-2018-3(16-23) RESULTS OF GROUNDPENETRATING RADAR INVESTIGATIONS ON THE NELLA FJORD SEA ICE (PROGRESS STATION AREA, EAST ANTARCTICA) IN THE 2016/17 AUSTRAL SUMMER FIELD SEASON S.V. Popov1, V.L. Kuznetsov2, S.S. Pryakhin2, M.P. Kashkevich3 1Polar Marine Geosurvey Expedition (PMGE), 24, Pobeda str., Lomonosov, St. Petersburg, 198412, Russia; [email protected] 2Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, 38, Bering str., St. Petersburg, 199397, Russia 3Saint-Petersburg University, 7-9, Universitetskaya emb., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia The paper presents the main results of the fi eld investigations using multi-frequency (150 MHz, 270 MHz, 400 MHz and 900 MHz) ground-penetrating radar profi ling and georadar sensing by the common depth point method.The investigations have been carried out on the fast sea ice of Nella Fjord (Eastern Antarctica) during the 2016/17 austral summer fi eld season. The studies have included seawater salinity measurements. The sound- ing of sea ice with thickness of about 1 m thick have proved to be most eff ective at the radar frequencies which correspond to the wavelengths in a meter range. Besides the intensive refl ections from the lower edge of sea ice, the ground-penetrating radar data have revealed a boundary between fresh- and saltwaters whose position has been corroborated by the salinity measurements. The ground-penetrating radar technique in CDP mode has served as a basis for the subsurface velocity model showing that the eff ective dielectric constant for sea ice equals 10, which is accounted for intense melting of sea ice and its saturation with fresh water. The value of eff ective permittivity the fresh water layer is found to be 75, which may have been prompted by roughness of the lower edge surface of sea ice. East Antarctica, Progress Station, ground-penetrating radar sounding, sea ice, common depth point, seawater salinity INTRODUCTION The research focused on Arctic and Antarctic sea to high conductivity of seawater, it creates a shield ice contains both fundamental scientifi c interest and for electromagnetic waves, impeding thereby the ra- specifi cally applied tasks, such as unloading of ships, dar’s penetration to the entire ice thickness. This cir- construction of ice runway for receiving the aircraft cumstance largely constrains the range of the GPR and providing for other types of logistics. While con- applicability within the focus of this discussion. Be- sidering drilling ice cores to be the most reliable sides, the applied interest in sea ice is related primar- method of studying the natural environments and ily to the summer fi eld season, which is coincident their evolution, we should admit its complexity: in with the peak of logistical activities in Antarctica. the context of Antarctica, it is a signifi cant logistical However, on account of the specifi c environmental exercise, and requires much eff ort, time and patience conditions of polar latitudes, this time period is also from the researchers. Besides, this method allows ac- associated with the onset of the intense melting of sea quiring information only from selected points, where- ice, promoting its signifi cant saturation with fresh as geophysical surveys provide more complete infor- water and, as a result, the desalination of the surface mation along the profi le even after drilling. In this layer of sea water. The eff ect of fresh water consists in sense, electromagnetic soundings recognized as high- reducing salinity and therefore conductivity of sea ly effi cient and economic operations, appear more at- ice, and ultimately, the shielding properties of seawa- tractive. ter, making it possible to eff ectively use electromag- The numerous publications devoted to the GPR netic methods. studies of sea ice not only provide results of fi eld mea- The experimental verifi cation of the above con- surements, but also discuss the theoretical aspects of siderations was implemented through the acquisition this method. Among them, the most recent and sig- tests (AT) performed on the sea ice of Nella Fjord near nificant publications are: [Finkelshtein et al., 1977; Russian research station Progress (East Antarctica) Haas et al., 1997, 2009; Lebedev and Sukhorukov, during the austral summer field season of the 62nd 2001; Haas, 2004; Bobrov et al., 2008; Galley et al., Russian Antarctic Expedition (RAE, 2016/17), which 2009; Holt et al., 2009; Panzer et al., 2010, 2013; Lee et encapsulated the research works commenced during al., 2011]. Despite all its advantages of this progres- the 60th RAE season (2014/15) in the area of the sive geophysical method, however, the GPR tech- Molodyozhnaya fi eld base [Popov and Polyakov, 2015] nique has a number of drawbacks. In particular, due and continued in the RAE 61st season (2015/16). Copyright © 2018 S.V. Popov, V.L. Kuznetsov, S.S. Pryakhin, M.P. Kashkevich, All rights reserved. 16 RESULTS OF GROUNDPENETRATING RADAR INVESTIGATIONS ON THE NELLA FJORD SEA ICE MULTIFREQUENCY GPR PROFILING however, if the branches of the hyperboles generated The works were carried out on January 5, 2017 for diff racted waves were extended upwards, these on the AARI multi-year oceanographic profi le in the will be found in the interval between boundaries 1 point with coordinates 69°22.869′ S, 76°21.777′ E and 2, which allows an inference that the fi rst one is (Fig. 1, a). Prior to commencement of the AT works, related to the “ice–water” interface. a traverse line marked point-to-point throughout its Diff racted wave 4 identifi ed on the time section length (20 m), with its center located in the vicinity (Fig. 2, a) with its position corresponding to the pro- of the ice-hole (maina), the remnant of the arrange- fi le center, but slightly lower with respect to bound- ments for oceanographic measurements taken a day ary 2, was probably refl ected by the lower part of the earlier (Fig. 1, b). The GPR profi ling was performed ice-hole. The shift of apex 4 below the assumed ice- at several frequencies: 150, 270, 400 and 900 MHz. water boundary may be due to the GPR track slightly The fi rst and third frequencies were intended for the deviating from the hole, without passing directly “OKO-2” GPR (LLC “Logic systems”, Russia) using above it (Fig. 2, b), which results in an increase of a antennas AB-150 and AB-400M, respectively [Ra- raypath to the reflector [Popov and Kashkevich, diotechnical device…, 2009]. The extensible antenna 2015]. Besides, the refl ection is likely associated not AB-150 can be used for multi-off set GPR sounding. with the hole itself, but with fragments of ice gener- Investigations at the frequencies of 270 and 900 MHz ated during its cutting and localized in the low-velo- was performed using GSSI GPR (Geophysical Sur- city water column. There is no other evidence for the vey Systems Inc., USA) with SIR-3000 system mo- ice-hole on the time section. dule and accordingly 50270S and 3101 antennas Figure 2, b represents by a 270 MHz frequency [GSSI…, 2014]. The tools were carried while walking GPR time section resulted from horizontal fi ltering of at a steady pace along the profi le. 100 tracks, exhibiting numerous subhorizontal refl ec- Figure 2, a shows a 150 MHz frequency GPR tion events (probably including re-refl ections) pro- time-section. Due to the presence of correlated noise duced by the sea ice and, assumingly, by the medium of unknown origin, the fi ltering was performed using (seawater). The previously identifi ed boundaries 1 horizontal window of 100 traces. The observed refl ec- and 2 are present among them. Note that they repre- tions are characterized by a mosaic structure with sent a series of horizontal refl ections within the ~4 ns poorly distinguished two partially fi lter-suppressed interval of penetration. Their middle parts are regis- boundaries 1 and 2 located in the immediate proxim- tered approximately at the same time delays, which is ity to the maina, at 26.6 and 42.3 ns delays, respec- particularly evident after applying the horizontal re- tively (Fig. 2, a). fl ection fi ltering. The bottom part shows a large number of diff rac- In addition to 1 and 2, an intense reflection tion events 3, which may have been caused by diff rac- boundary 5 is distinctly observed in the upper part of tion from the ice blocks at the lower edge of the sea the section, which is likely to be related to the posi- ice. A.L. Novikov, the oceanologist from Mirny sta- tion of the horizon which supplies freshwater via tion (private communication), believes that they can seepage during the intense melting of sea ice cover. be linked with the anchor ice for whatever reason This boundary represents a series of horizontal refl ec- floated up beneath the surface ice. The diffraction tions characterized by about 4 ns penetration interval points are not distinctly discernible in the section, and their middle part position in the hole area at a Fig. 1. Location of the acquisition test works on the Nella Fjord sea ice. The area of wo rks is shown in yellow circle; the red line marks the fragment of survey line in the vicinity of the maina. Photograph by S.V. Popov, Junuary 2017. 17 S.V. POPOV ET AL. Fig. 2. GPR time sections resulting from the radar soundings using antenna frequencies of 150 MHz (а), 270 MHz (b), 400 MHz (c) и 900 MHz (d) during the acquisition works on the Nella Fjord sea ice. 1 – boundary between sea ice and seawater; 2 – boundary between fresh and seawater; 3 – diff ractions from inhomogeneities; 4 – diff ractions formed assumingly by the lower part of the maina; 5 – intra-ice boundary; 6 – noise from hand-held radio-station.
Recommended publications
  • For Land-Fast Sea Ice at Prydz Bay, East Antarctica: an Operational Service for CHINARE
    Annals of Glaciology Fast Ice Prediction System (FIPS) for land-fast sea ice at Prydz Bay, East Antarctica: an operational service for CHINARE Jiechen Zhao1,2, Bin Cheng3 , Timo Vihma3, Petra Heil4, Fengming Hui5,6, Article Qi Shu7,2 , Lin Zhang1 and Qinghua Yang8,6 Cite this article: Zhao J, Cheng B, Vihma T, Heil P, Hui F, Shu Q, Zhang L, Yang Q (2020). 1Key Laboratory of Marine Hazards Forecasting, National Marine Environmental Forecasting Centre (NMEFC), Fast Ice Prediction System (FIPS) for land-fast Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100081, China; 2Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical sea ice at Prydz Bay, East Antarctica: an Modelling, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; 3Finnish operational service for CHINARE. Annals of Meteorological Institute (FMI), Helsinki 00101, Finland; 4Australia Antarctic Division & Australian Antarctic Glaciology 61(83), 271–283. https://doi.org/ Programmer Partnership, Private Bag 80, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia; 5School of Geospatial Engineering and 10.1017/aog.2020.46 Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China; 6Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong 7 Received: 26 November 2019 Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China; First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 8 Revised: 1 June 2020 Qingdao 266061, China and School of Atmospheric Sciences, and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Accepted: 2 June 2020 Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China First published online: 9 July 2020 Key words: Abstract Antarctica; land-fast sea ice; operational A Fast Ice Prediction System (FIPS) was constructed and is the first regional land-fast sea-ice service; Prydz Bay; snow and ice thickness; forecasting system for the Antarctic.
    [Show full text]
  • Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute” Russian Antarctic Expedition
    FEDERAL SERVICE OF RUSSIA FOR HYDROMETEOROLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING State Institution “Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute” Russian Antarctic Expedition QUARTERLY BULLETIN ʋ2 (51) April - June 2010 STATE OF ANTARCTIC ENVIRONMENT Operational data of Russian Antarctic stations St. Petersburg 2010 FEDERAL SERVICE OF RUSSIA FOR HYDROMETEOROLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING State Institution “Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute” Russian Antarctic Expedition QUARTERLY BULLETIN ʋ2 (51) April - June 2010 STATE OF ANTARCTIC ENVIRONMENT Operational data of Russian Antarctic stations Edited by V.V. Lukin St. Petersburg 2010 Editor-in-Chief - M.O. Krichak (Russian Antarctic Expedition –RAE) Authors and contributors Section 1 M. O. Krichak (RAE), Section 2 Ye. I. Aleksandrov (Department of Meteorology) Section 3 G. Ye. Ryabkov (Department of Long-Range Weather Forecasting) Section 4 A. I. Korotkov (Department of Ice Regime and Forecasting) Section 5 Ye. Ye. Sibir (Department of Meteorology) Section 6 I. V. Moskvin, Yu.G.Turbin (Department of Geophysics) Section 7 V. V. Lukin (RAE) Section 8 B. R. Mavlyudov (RAS IG) Section 9 V. L. Martyanov (RAE) Translated by I.I. Solovieva http://www.aari.aq/, Antarctic Research and Russian Antarctic Expedition, Reports and Glossaries, Quarterly Bulletin. Acknowledgements: Russian Antarctic Expedition is grateful to all AARI staff for participation and help in preparing this Bulletin. For more information about the contents of this publication, please, contact Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute of Roshydromet Russian Antarctic Expedition Bering St., 38, St. Petersburg 199397 Russia Phone: (812) 352 15 41; 337 31 04 Fax: (812) 337 31 86 E-mail: [email protected] CONTENTS PREFACE……………………….…………………………………….………………………….1 1. DATA OF AEROMETEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AT THE RUSSIAN ANTARCTIC STATIONS…………………………………….…………………………3 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Wastewater Treatment in Antarctica
    Wastewater Treatment in Antarctica Sergey Tarasenko Supervisor: Neil Gilbert GCAS 2008/2009 Table of content Acronyms ...........................................................................................................................................3 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................4 1 Basic principles of wastewater treatment for small objects .....................................................5 1.1 Domestic wastewater characteristics....................................................................................5 1.2 Characteristics of main methods of domestic wastewater treatment .............................5 1.3 Designing of treatment facilities for individual sewage disposal systems...................11 2 Wastewater treatment in Antarctica..........................................................................................13 2.1 Problems of transferring treatment technologies to Antarctica .....................................13 2.1.1 Requirements of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty / Wastewater quality standards ...................................................................................................13 2.1.2 Geographical situation......................................................................................................14 2.1.2.1 Climatic conditions....................................................................................................14
    [Show full text]
  • A NEWS BULLETIN Published Quarterly by the NEW ZEALAND ANTARCTIC SOCIETY (INC)
    A NEWS BULLETIN published quarterly by the NEW ZEALAND ANTARCTIC SOCIETY (INC) An English-born Post Office technician, Robin Hodgson, wearing a borrowed kilt, plays his pipes to huskies on the sea ice below Scott Base. So far he has had a cool response to his music from his New Zealand colleagues, and a noisy reception f r o m a l l 2 0 h u s k i e s . , „ _ . Antarctic Division photo Registered at Post Ollice Headquarters. Wellington. New Zealand, as a magazine. II '1.7 ^ I -!^I*"JTr -.*><\\>! »7^7 mm SOUTH GEORGIA, SOUTH SANDWICH Is- . C I R C L E / SOUTH ORKNEY Is x \ /o Orcadas arg Sanae s a Noydiazarevskaya ussr FALKLAND Is /6Signyl.uK , .60"W / SOUTH AMERICA tf Borga / S A A - S O U T H « A WEDDELL SHETLAND^fU / I s / Halley Bav3 MINING MAU0 LAN0 ENOERBY J /SEA uk'/COATS Ld / LAND T> ANTARCTIC ••?l\W Dr^hnaya^^General Belgrano arg / V ^ M a w s o n \ MAC ROBERTSON LAND\ '■ aust \ /PENINSULA' *\4- (see map betowi jrV^ Sobldl ARG 90-w {■ — Siple USA j. Amundsen-Scott / queen MARY LAND {Mirny ELLSWORTH" LAND 1, 1 1 °Vostok ussr MARIE BYRD L LAND WILKES LAND ouiiiv_. , ROSS|NZJ Y/lnda^Z / SEA I#V/VICTORIA .TERRE , **•»./ LAND \ /"AOELIE-V Leningradskaya .V USSR,-'' \ --- — -"'BALLENYIj ANTARCTIC PENINSULA 1 Tenitnte Matianzo arg 2 Esptrarua arg 3 Almirarrta Brown arc 4PttrtlAHG 5 Otcipcion arg 6 Vtcecomodoro Marambio arg * ANTARCTICA 7 Arturo Prat chile 8 Bernardo O'Higgins chile 1000 Miles 9 Prasid«fTtB Frei chile s 1000 Kilometres 10 Stonington I.
    [Show full text]
  • Mount Harding, Grove Mountains, East Antarctica
    MEASURE 2 - ANNEX Management Plan for Antarctic Specially Protected Area No 168 MOUNT HARDING, GROVE MOUNTAINS, EAST ANTARCTICA 1. Introduction The Grove Mountains (72o20’-73o10’S, 73o50’-75o40’E) are located approximately 400km inland (south) of the Larsemann Hills in Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica, on the eastern bank of the Lambert Rift(Map A). Mount Harding (72°512 -72°572 S, 74°532 -75°122 E) is the largest mount around Grove Mountains region, and located in the core area of the Grove Mountains that presents a ridge-valley physiognomies consisting of nunataks, trending NNE-SSW and is 200m above the surface of blue ice (Map B). The primary reason for designation of the Area as an Antarctic Specially Protected Area is to protect the unique geomorphological features of the area for scientific research on the evolutionary history of East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS), while widening the category in the Antarctic protected areas system. Research on the evolutionary history of EAIS plays an important role in reconstructing the past climatic evolution in global scale. Up to now, a key constraint on the understanding of the EAIS behaviour remains the lack of direct evidence of ice sheet surface levels for constraining ice sheet models during known glacial maxima and minima in the post-14 Ma period. The remains of the fluctuation of ice sheet surface preserved around Mount Harding, will most probably provide the precious direct evidences for reconstructing the EAIS behaviour. There are glacial erosion and wind-erosion physiognomies which are rare in nature and extremely vulnerable, such as the ice-core pyramid, the ventifact, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Nsf.Gov OPP: Report of the U.S. Antarctic Program Blue Ribbon
    EXECUTIVE SUMMARY MORE AND BETTER SCIENCE IN ANTARCTICA THROUGH INCREASED A LOGISTICAL EFFECTIVENESS Report of the U.S. Antarctic Program Blue Ribbon Panel Washington, D.C. July 23, 2012 This booklet summarizes the report of the U.S. Antarctic Program Blue Ribbon Panel, More and Better Science in Antarctica Through Increased Logistical Effectiveness. The report was completed at the request of the White House office of science and Technology Policy and the National Science Foundation. Copies of the full report may be obtained from David Friscic at [email protected] (phone: 703-292-8030). An electronic copy of the report may be downloaded from http://www.nsf.gov/ od/opp/usap_special_review/usap_brp/rpt/index.jsp. Cover art by Zina Deretsky. Front and back inside covers showing McMurdo’s Dry Valleys in Antarctica provided by Craig Dorman. CONTENTS Introduction ............................................ 1 The Panel ............................................... 2 Overall Assessment ................................. 3 U.S. Facilities in Antarctica ....................... 4 The Environmental Challenge .................... 7 Uncertainties in Logistics Planning ............. 8 Activities of Other Nations ....................... 9 Economic Considerations ....................... 10 Major Issues ......................................... 11 Single-Point Failure Modes ..................... 17 Recommendations ................................. 18 Concluding Observations ....................... 21 U.S. ANTARCTIC PROGRAM BLUE RIBBON PANEL WASHINGTON,
    [Show full text]
  • IP31 XII Special Consultative Meeting October, 2000 Traité De L'antarctique Original: English E XII Réunion Consultative Spéciale
    Antarctic Treaty XII SATCM/IP31 XII Special Consultative Meeting October, 2000 Traité de l'Antarctique Original: English XIIe Réunion consultative spéciale Tratado Antártico Agenda Item XII Reunión Consultiva Especial (CEP) 4e Антарктический Договор XII Специальное Консультативное Совещание Environmental protection activities at the Russian Antarctic station Progress in 1999-2000 Submitted by Russian Federation Environmental protection activities at the Russian Antarctic station Progress in 1999-2000 (Special ATCM, 11-16 September, 2000,CEP III, IP, Item 4a, submitted by the Russian Federation) The Antarctic field base Druzhnaya-4 and the Progress station were set up on the Amery Ice Shelf and in the Larsemann Hills oasis as the basic points for organizing Russian geological-geophysical studies of the area of Prince Charles Mountains and the Lambert glacier in 1987 and 1988, respectively. During the 1988-1989 season, the Progress station was moved to a new location closer to the ship unloading area. During the 1990-1992 period, large construction activities were undertaken at the Progress station presenting the first stage of establishing a large Antarctic base with the design dimensions similar to the USA McMurdo station. With this aim, a package of the necessary design-construction documentation was developed meeting the standard-legal base existing at that time in the USSR including the environmental protection issues. It also included the documentation on construction of the snow-ice runway to receive heavy wheeled aircraft. The political and economical changes that occurred in the country in the late 1980s-early 1990s interrupted these activities resulting in the temporary closing down of the station in 1992.
    [Show full text]
  • Animal Airlift, 1968 Elsner and Gerald L
    olivine-rich intrusive is dominant in the westernmost part of the mountains. In the east, a small isolated outcrop consisted of sedimentary rocks in a sequence of about 50 m, containing a fossil Glosopteris flora of Permian age. All mountains were crossed by do- lerite sills and dykes. Astronomical observations of the sun and stars were made to get an exact location of the mountains; for elevation estimation, a series of pressure readings will be compared with contemporaneous ones from SANAE and Halley Bay. Measurements of the mag- netic field were also made. During work in the moun- tains, animal and plant life were observed, and some samples were taken. In January, the glaciologist travelled 70 km north to the ice shelf, where a snow pit was dug and core drillings were made in order to compare the condi- tions there to those at the main base. Facilitated by favorable conditions, the work was finished ahead of schedule. Owing to coarse sastrugi and soft snow, the LC-130 aircraft experienced difficulty in becoming airborne, but succeeded after climbing up a slope and taking off downhill. After a day at the South Pole Station, it arrived at McMurdo Station on January Kraul Mountains 20. Weddell seals being conducted by Drs. Robert W. Animal Airlift, 1968 Elsner and Gerald L. Kooyman at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and navigational studies on Adélie K. N. MOULTON penguins being conducted by Dr. Richard L. Penney of the New York Zoological Society. To utilize fully Office of Antarctic Programs the airlift capabilities of the C-141, the National National Science Foundation Science Foundation agreed to fulfill several requests from zoological parks and arrange for the return During the early morning hours of December 2, of Adélie and emperor penguins as well as south polar 1968, a (J-141 Starlifter, presently the largest trans- skuas for the Detroit, Cincinnati, St.
    [Show full text]
  • Australian Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol Inspections January 2010
    IP 39 Agenda Item: ATCM 11, CEP 10 Presented by: Australia Original: English Australian Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol inspections January 2010 Attachments: Report of Australian inspections 2010.pdf 1 Antarctic Treaty – Australian Inspection Team 2010 AUSTRALIAN ANTARCTIC TREATY INSPECTIONS January 2010 Syowa Station (Japan) Molodezhnaya, Druzhnaya IV and Soyuz Stations (Russian Federation) Mount Harding Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA) 168 Report of an Inspection under Article VII of the Antarctic Treaty and Article 14 of the Protocol on Environment Protection May 2011 REPORT OF AN INSPECTION UNDER ARTICLE VII OF THE ANTARCTIC TREATY AND ARTICLE 14 OF THE PROTOCOL ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 1. Introduction 2. Overview 2.1 Conduct of the inspections 3. Acknowledgments 4. Molodezhnaya station (Russian Federation) 4.1 General information 4.2 Observations 4.3 Other comments 5. Syowa Station (Japan) 5.1 General information 5.2 Observations 5.3 Other comments 6. Druzhnaya IV Station (Russian Federation) 6.1 General information 6.2 Observations 6.3 Other comments 7. Soyuz Station (Russian Federation) 7.1 General information 7.2 Observations 7.3 Other comments 8. Mount Harding ASPA 168 9. Photographs 9.1 Molodezhnaya Station 9.2 Syowa Station 9.3 Druzhnaya IV Station 9.4 Soyuz Station 9.5 Mount Harding ASPA 168 1. INTRODUCTION Article VII of the Antarctic Treaty provides that each Consultative Party has the right to designate observers to undertake inspections in Antarctica. Observers have complete freedom of access at any time to any and all areas in Antarctica. Parties are obliged to have all areas of Antarctica, including stations, installations and equipment, open at all times to inspection by designated observers.
    [Show full text]
  • Mcmurdo Station, Antarctica MASTER PLAN for WORLD’S COLDEST AIRPORT
    McMurdo Station, Antarctica MASTER PLAN FOR WORLD’S COLDEST AIRPORT Ty C. Sander, PE Vice President & Aviation Group Manager (BSCE ‘98) Andrew J. Bodine, PE, CM Project Manager (BSCE ‘11) Overview 1. Antarctica 2. Air Operations in Antarctica 3. Single Airfield Complex Master Plan Similar But Different • Air Passenger Terminal Similar But Different • Air Passenger Terminal Similar But Different • Air Passenger Terminal Antarctica: A Place of Extremes • Coldest • Driest • Windiest • Least Inhabited • Most Isolated • Harshest Antarctica: A Place of Extremes 5.4M Sq. Miles Antarctica: A Place of Extremes • 98% Ice Covered • 70% World’s Fresh Water • 6,000 ft Thick Why Antarctica? SCIENCE Unique Species Why Antarctica? SCIENCE Unique Species Why Antarctica? SCIENCE Unique Geology Why Antarctica? SCIENCE Unique Climate Why Antarctica? SCIENCE Unique Environment Antarctica Development • National Science Foundation – USAP – McMurdo 1955 • Farthest South Accessible by ship National Science Foundation (NSF) Operations US Stations: • Palmer • McMurdo • South Pole NSF Cycle of Operations at McMurdo • Austral Winter • Nearly 6 months of darkness • Skeleton Crew (~150) • Limited Maintenance/ Construction • No Transport Apr-Aug NSF Cycle of Operations at McMurdo Sep: Winfly Oct-Nov: Major Influx Dec-Jan: Peak Population 1,300 Continent 1,000 @ McMurdo Feb-Mar: Northern Migration Why Air Operations in Antarctica? Limited Options Sea transport 2 ships per year: Cargo, Fuel Led in by icebreaker Why Air Operations in Antarctica? • Land transport – No paved
    [Show full text]
  • Waba Directory 2003
    DIAMOND DX CLUB www.ddxc.net WABA DIRECTORY 2003 1 January 2003 DIAMOND DX CLUB WABA DIRECTORY 2003 ARGENTINA LU-01 Alférez de Navió José María Sobral Base (Army)1 Filchner Ice Shelf 81°04 S 40°31 W AN-016 LU-02 Almirante Brown Station (IAA)2 Coughtrey Peninsula, Paradise Harbour, 64°53 S 62°53 W AN-016 Danco Coast, Graham Land (West), Antarctic Peninsula LU-19 Byers Camp (IAA) Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, South 62°39 S 61°00 W AN-010 Shetland Islands LU-04 Decepción Detachment (Navy)3 Primero de Mayo Bay, Port Foster, 62°59 S 60°43 W AN-010 Deception Island, South Shetland Islands LU-07 Ellsworth Station4 Filchner Ice Shelf 77°38 S 41°08 W AN-016 LU-06 Esperanza Base (Army)5 Seal Point, Hope Bay, Trinity Peninsula 63°24 S 56°59 W AN-016 (Antarctic Peninsula) LU- Francisco de Gurruchaga Refuge (Navy)6 Harmony Cove, Nelson Island, South 62°18 S 59°13 W AN-010 Shetland Islands LU-10 General Manuel Belgrano Base (Army)7 Filchner Ice Shelf 77°46 S 38°11 W AN-016 LU-08 General Manuel Belgrano II Base (Army)8 Bertrab Nunatak, Vahsel Bay, Luitpold 77°52 S 34°37 W AN-016 Coast, Coats Land LU-09 General Manuel Belgrano III Base (Army)9 Berkner Island, Filchner-Ronne Ice 77°34 S 45°59 W AN-014 Shelves LU-11 General San Martín Base (Army)10 Barry Island in Marguerite Bay, along 68°07 S 67°06 W AN-016 Fallières Coast of Graham Land (West), Antarctic Peninsula LU-21 Groussac Refuge (Navy)11 Petermann Island, off Graham Coast of 65°11 S 64°10 W AN-006 Graham Land (West); Antarctic Peninsula LU-05 Melchior Detachment (Navy)12 Isla Observatorio
    [Show full text]
  • K4MZU Record WAP WACA Antarctic Program Award
    W.A.P. - W.A.C.A. Sheet (Page 1 of 10) Callsign: K4MZU Ex Call: - Country: U.S.A. Name: Robert Surname: Hines City: McDonough Address: 1978 Snapping Shoals Road Zip Code: GA-30252 Province: GA Award: 146 Send Record Sheet E-mail 23/07/2020 Check QSLs: IK1GPG & IK1QFM Date: 17/05/2012 Total Stations: 490 Tipo Award: Hunter H.R.: YES TOP H.R.: YES Date update: 23/07/2020 Date: - Date Top H.R.: - E-mail: [email protected] Ref. Call worked Date QSO Base Name o Station . ARGENTINA ARG-Ø1 LU1ZAB 15/02/1996 . Teniente Benjamin Matienzo Base (Air Force) ARG-Ø2 LU1ZE 30/01/1996 . Almirante Brown Base (Army) ARG-Ø2 LU5ZE 15/01/1982 . Almirante Brown Base (Army) ARG-Ø4 LU1ZV 17/11/1993 . Esperanza Base (Army) ARG-Ø6 LU1ZG 09/10/1990 . General Manuel Belgrano II Base (Army) ARG-Ø6 LU2ZG 27/12/1981 . General Manuel Belgrano II Base (Army) ARG-Ø8 LU1ZD 19/12/1993 . General San Martin Base (Army) ARG-Ø9 LU2ZD 19/01/1994 . Primavera Base (Army) (aka Capitan Cobett Base) ARG-11 LW7EYK/Z 01/02/1994 . Byers Camp (IAA) ARG-11 LW8EYK/Z 23/12/1994 . Byers Camp (IAA) ARG-12 LU1ZC 28/01/1973 . Destacamento Naval Decepción Base (Navy) ARG-12 LU2ZI 19/08/1967 . Destacamento Naval Decepción Base (Navy) ARG-13 LU1ZB 13/12/1995 . Destacamento Naval Melchior Base (Navy) ARG-15 AY1ZA 31/01/2004 . Destacamento Naval Orcadas del Sur Base (Navy) ARG-15 LU1ZA 19/02/1995 . Destacamento Naval Orcadas del Sur Base (Navy) ARG-15 LU5ZA 02/01/1983 .
    [Show full text]