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Contents Illustrations AN ECOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ISLE ROYALE, II. Light-house Peninsula, (between Rock Harbor and the Head of Conglomerate Bay)...................................43 LAKE SUPERIOR 1. Lake Superior and Beach (Station I, Sub. 1).... 43 PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF 2. Spruce and Balsam Forest (Station I, Sub. 2 and CHAS. C. ADAMS. 3)............................................................................ 43 3. Tamarack and Arbor Vitae Swamps (Station I, A Report from the University of Michigan Museum, published Sub. 4). .................................................................. 44 by the State Biological Survey, as a part of the Report of the 4. Jack Pine Ridge (Station I, Sub. 5). ................. 45 Board of the Geological Survey for 1908. 5. Sphagnum and Spruce Bog (Station I, Sub. 6).45 LANSING, MICHIGAN 6. Valley at the Head of Conglomerate Bay (Station WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO., STATE PRINTERS I, Sub. 1). ............................................................... 45 1909 III. Trail to McCargoe Cove. ........................................45 PART I. ECOLOGICAL PAPERS 1. Ransom Clearing (Station II, Sub. 1)................ 45 2. Benson Brook (Station II, Sub. 1)..................... 45 3. Spruce and Tamarack Swamps (Station II, Sub. Contents 2 and 5).................................................................. 46 4. Rock Ridge Clearings (Station II, Sub. 3)......... 46 Letter of Transmittal ....................................................... 2 IV. Western End of Rock Harbor and Trail to Sumner Lake..............................................................................46 Introductory Note. ........................................................... 2 1. Harbor (Vicinity of Station III, Sub. 2). .............. 47 1. Isle Royale as a Biotic Environment, by Dr. 2. Small Islands (Station III, Sub. 1). .................... 47 Charles C. Adams. .......................................................... 3 3. Bulrush Zone and Delta (Station III, Sub. 3). ... 47 I. Introduction................................................................ 3 4. Trail to Sumner Lake (Station III, Sub. 4.)........ 47 a. Birch Forest...........................................................47 1. Itinerary and Personnel of the Party ...................3 b. Birch and Coniferous Forest..................................47 2. The Aims and Method of Work ...........................3 5. Sumner Lake (Station III, Sub. 5). .................... 47 3. Previous Biological Investigations upon Isle V. Siskowit Lake Region. ............................................48 Royale......................................................................4 4. Historical Note.....................................................5 1. Siskowit Bay and Shore (Station V, Sub. 1)..... 48 5. Available Maps of Isle Royale.............................5 2. Trail to Siskowit Lake (Station V, Sub. 4)......... 48 3. Siskowit Lake (Station V, Sub. 6 and vicinity). .49 II. The Biota Considered by Stations............................ 6 4. Burning West of Outlet to Siskowit Lake (Station 1. Location of Field Stations in 1905.......................6 V, vicinity of Sub. 9)............................................... 49 2. General Characteristics of the Stations ..............7 5. Long and Menagerie Islands (Station V, III. The Evolution of the Gross Environment............... 20 Sub. 10). ............................................................... 49 1. Geological Succession .....................................20 XI. Summary................................................................49 2. Topography and its Origin ................................23 1. Water Birds....................................................... 50 3. Atmospheric Influences and their Evolution. ....24 2. Shore Birds....................................................... 50 a. Climate. .................................................................24 3. Birds Frequenting Swamps .............................. 50 b. Seiches..................................................................26 c. Climatic Succession...............................................26 4. Birds of Clearings and Partial Clearings........... 51 d. Lake Storms and their Influence............................27 5. Birds Frequenting the Forests .......................... 51 4. Surface Currents of Lake Superior ...................27 5. Origin of the Habitats ........................................29 Illustrations 2. The Ecological Relations of the Invertebrate Fauna of Isle Royale, Michigan, by Dr. H. A. Gleason.31 Figure 51. Showing origin of the Glacial Lakes, their relation to the ice sheet and their Mississippi drainage. (After Taylor I. Introduction.............................................................. 31 and Leverett). Chamberlin and Salisbury, Geology, III, p. II. The Lake................................................................. 32 396. Fig. 516. ................................................................21 III. The Inland Lakes................................................... 34 Figure 52. Showing the Algonquin stage of the Great Lakes; a IV. The Tamarack and Arbor Vitae Swamps.............. 35 water barrier to northward dispersal of the land biota. V. The Gravel and Sand Beaches.............................. 36 (After Taylor and Leverett). Chamberlain and Salisbury, Geology, III, p. 401. Fig. 521.........................................21 VI. The Rock Beach.................................................... 37 VII. The Cladonia Clearing and Jack Pine Ridges. .... 38 Figure 54. The Nipissing Great Lakes; showing the fresh water highway or barrier in the west and the sea barrier in the VIII. The Balsam-Spruce Forest. ................................ 41 east. (After Taylor). Chamberlin and Salisbury, Geology, IX. Artificial Clearings. ................................................ 42 III, p. 404. Fig. 522.. ......................................................22 X. Summary................................................................ 42 Figure 55. Surface currents of Lake Superior. To show their 3. The Ecological Distribution of the Birds of Isle possible influence on the origin of the biota. (Drawn by Royale, Lake Superior, by Otto McCreary. ................. 43 Hall, after Harrington.)....................................................31 I. Introduction.............................................................. 43 Isle Royale, 1908 / Part 1 - Chapters 1-3 – Page 1 of 51 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Adson, of the Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic Railway. The survey is furthermore indebted to Section Director To the Honorable the Board of Geological Survey of the C. F. Schneider of the Michigan Section of the State of Michigan: Climatological Service of the U. S. Weather Bureau, for Gov. Fred M. Warner, President. the loan of meteorological instruments; to Major Lansing Hon. D. M. Ferry, Jr., Vice-President. H. Beach, Detroit, of the Light House Establishment, for Hon. L. L. Wright, Secretary. permission and suggestions as to camping in the abandoned Light-house at Rock Harbor; to Mr. Geo. C. Gentlemen:—I beg to present herewith for printing, a Stone, Secretary of the Washington Club of Duluth, report by Dr. Chas. C. Adams on the ecology, that is the Minn., for the use of their grounds and many favors from natural history, of Isle Royale. This comes to us with the their care-takers, Mr. Chas. Preulx and Mr. Michael approval of Dr. A. G. Ruthven, our Chief Field Naturalist, Hollinger; to Mr. K. Neutson, of Park Place ("Neutson's and our Board of Scientific Advisers, and is a Resort"), Rock Harbor, Isle Royale, for many favors continuation of the work published in our annual report during the stay upon the island; to Mr. J. H. Malone, for 1905. Keeper of the Isle Royale Light, and to his sons, particularly to the Assistant Keeper, Mr. J. A. Malone, for This contribution to the Biological Survey of the State, many favors and for their hospitality. It is a pleasure to which the legislature authorized me to supervise by Act have this opportunity of thanking these persons for their No. 250 of the session of 1905, comes from the cooperation. University Museum. The explorations were made without expense to the State Survey by means of On the return of the party from the field, work was at contributions from friends of the Museum. As this work once begun upon the collections, and in this a large is in harmony with the aims of the Biological Survey we number of specialists have aided by the determination of are fortunate in securing such co-operation. The reports the specimens. Acknowledgements are made to such on the Porcupine Mountains and Isle Royale at the north persons throughout the report and will not be repeated end of the state complement the work on Walnut Lake, here. Those who were not members of the party, but Oakland county, and that in Huron and Tuscola counties. who have prepared papers are: Mr. Bryant Walker, of Detroit, Michigan, Dr. W. M, Wheeler, American Museum I trust that the present report will be of service to the of Natural History; Mr. A. P. Morse, Research Assistant schools of the state. of the Carnegie Institution, and Wellesley College; Dr. Very respectfully, Jas. G. Needham, Cornell University; Prof. J. S. Hine, ALFRED C. LANE, Ohio State University; Prof. E. S. Titus, Utah Agricultural State Geologist. Experiment Station; Dr. A. G. Ruthven, University Museum, University of Michigan, and Mr. A. B. Wolcott, Field Museum of Natural History. INTRODUCTORY
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