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The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/19031 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation.

Author: Reumer, Barbara Merel Title: Co-evolution between parthenogenesis-inducing Wolbachia and its hosts Date: 2012-05-30 Acknowledgements

I could not have written this thesis without the help of many people, whom I would like to thank here. First, I want to thank all the people who contributed in one way or another to my research: Kees Koops for his help with the parasitoid wasp lab cultures; Marcel Eurlings, Ren´eGlas and Natasha Schidlo from DNAmarkerpoint, for their help with the microsatellite analyses; Rolf Vossen from the department of Human Genetics of the Leiden University Medical Center, for his help with the qPCR analyses; Jacintha Ellers and Bertanne Visser from the department of Animal Ecology at the VU University in Amsterdam for making it possible to do some experiments in their lab and Rudo Verweij for his help with the preparations for the physiological measurements; and Tom Van Dooren for his help with the statistics and R. I want to thank all the Dutch and American farmers for allowing me to collect parasitoid wasps on their asparagus fields and the Duinwaterbedrijf Zuid-Holland, Dunea, for granting me access to the restricted areas of the Meijendel dunes. I also want to thank Jos van den Broek, Ans Reumer, Coen Reumer, Jelle Reumer, Toeno van der Sar, Lena Sloos and Mieke de Wit for their help and company during my field work in The Netherlands, Belgium, France and the United States. Then, I want to thank all the people from the Animal Ecology section, Jacques van Alphen, G´eBoskamp, Tom Van Dooren, Kees Hofker, Femmie Kraaijeveld, Ken Kraaijeveld, Martine Maan, Mahmoud Moshgani, Majeed Askari Seyahooei, Inke van der Sluijs en Bas Wielaard, for being my colleagues. I also want to thank the people from the Evolutionary Biology section, especially Kees Koops en Bas Zwaan, the people from the Plant Ecology section, especially Klaas Vrieling, and the people from the Animal Behaviour section. Last, I want to thank all my friends, my parents Ans and Jelle, my brother Coen, my parents-in-law Hans and Ineke, and of course my husband Toeno for their support.

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Curriculum Vitae 1983 Born on March 13 in Hilversum, The Netherlands 1995-2001 Secondary School, Erasmiaans Gymnasium in Rotterdam Courses: Dutch, English, French, Greek, Mathematics B, Physics, Chemistry and Biology 2001-2004 Bachelor Biology, Utrecht University Certificate Excellent Trac´ein Plant Ecology, for propaedeutic stu- dents with excellent results. Bachelor Thesis ‘Gargano, a Miocene insular fauna’, supervised by Dr. Wilma Wessels and Dr. Albert van der Meulen (group Stratig- raphy and Paleontology, faculty Geosciences, Utrecht University) about the vertebrate fauna and insular evolution on Gargano, a Mediterranean island during the Miocene, 8 million years ago. 2004-2006 Master Biogeology, Utrecht University Master Thesis ‘Democricetodon (Rodentia, Cricetidae) from Sandelzhausen (Upper Freshwater Molasse, Germany)’, supervised by Dr. Wilma Wessels (group Stratigraphy and Paleontology, fac- ulty Geosciences, Utrecht University) about the taxonomic de- scription of two cricetid species from the genus Democricetodon and the reconstruction of the biostratigraphical position of their sampling location Sandelzhausen, Germany. Master Thesis ‘Sexual conflict in the parasitoid wasp Leptopilina clavipes (Hymenoptera: Figitidae)’, supervised by Dr. Ken Kraaijeveld (section Animal Ecology, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University) about the different interests of males and fe- males in sexual reproduction in the parasitoid wasp Leptopilina clavipes.

137 Curriculum Vitae

2007-2012 PhD Biology, Leiden University PhD thesis ‘Co-evolution between parthenogenesis-inducing Wol- bachia and its hosts’, supervised by Dr. Ken Kraaijeveld and Prof. Dr. Jacques van Alphen (section Animal Ecology, Institute of Biol- ogy Leiden, Leiden University) about the parthenogenesis-inducing Wolbachia infection in the parasitoid wasps Tetrastichus coeruleus and Asobara japonica.

138 Publications

In peer-reviewed journals Reumer BM, van Alphen JJM, Kraaijeveld K (2012). Occasional males in parthenogenetic population of Asobara japonica (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): low Wolbachia titer or incomplete co-adaptation? Heredity 108: 341-346.

Kraaijeveld K, Reumer BM, Mouton L, Kremer N, Vavre F, van Alphen JJM (2011). Does a parthenogenesis-inducing Wolbachia induce vestigial cytoplas- mic incompatibility? Naturwissenschaften 98: 175-180.

Reumer BM, van Alphen JJM, Kraaijeveld K (2010). Ecology, Wolbachia infec- tion frequency and mode of reproduction in the parasitoid wasp Tetrastichus coeruleus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Molecular Ecology 19: 1733-1744.

Kraaijeveld K, Franco P, Reumer BM, van Alphen JJM (2009). Effects of parthenogenesis and geographic isolation on female sexual traits in a parasitoid wasp. Evolution 63: 3085-3096.

Wessels W, Reumer BM (2009). Democricetodon and Megacricetodon (Mam- malia, Cricetidae) from the Miocene of Sandelzhausen, Southern Germany. Pal¨aontologische Zeitschrift 83: 187-205.

Reumer BM, Kraaijeveld K, van Alphen JJM (2007). Selection in the absence of males does not affect male-female conflict in the parasitoid wasp Leptopilina clavipes (Hymenoptera: Figitidae). Journal of Insect Physiology 53: 994-999.

Other publications Reumer BM (2009). De sluipwesp en het aspergehaantje. Straatgras 21: 12-13.

Kraaijeveld K, Reumer BM (2008). Constraints and the evolution of mutual ornamentation. In: E.A. Weber & L.H. Krause (eds). Animal Behavior: New Research, pp. 193-213. Nova Publishers, New York, New York, USA.

139 Publications

To be submitted Reumer BM, van Alphen JJM, Kraaijeveld K. Population genetics of Tetrastichus coeruleus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) reveals occasional sex during the spread of a parthenogenesis-inducing Wolbachia infection.

Reumer BM, Visser B, Ellers J, van Alphen JJM, Kraaijeveld K. Life history traits in populations of Tetrastichus coeruleus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) that differ in ecology, Wolbachia infection frequency and mode of reproduction.

Reumer BM, van Alphen JJM, Kraaijeveld K. Sexual functionality of partheno- genetic Tetrastichus coeruleus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae).

I reviewed manuscripts of others for the peer-reviewed journals Heredity, Molecular Ecology, Oikos and Phytoparasitica.

Conference presentations 22th Dutch Entomology Day, Ede, The Netherlands (2010). PI-Wolbachia in the parasitoid wasp Tetrastichus coeruleus, the causes and consequences of being infected.

6th International Wolbachia Conference, Asilomar, California, USA (2010). The mysterious sons of Wolbachia-induced parthenogens.

16th European Meeting of PhD Students in Evolutionary Biology, Wierzba, Poland (2010). Ecology, Wolbachia and mode of reproduction in the parasitoid wasp Tetrastichus coeruleus.

20th Dutch Entomology Day, Ede, The Netherlands (2008). Environmental vari- ability and mode of reproduction in the parasitoid wasp Tetrastichus coeruleus.

18th Dutch Entomology Day, Ede, The Netherlands (2006). Sexual conflict in the parasitoid wasp Leptopilina clavipes (Hymenoptera: Figitidae).

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