DOCSLIB.ORG

From the Melting Pot to the Tossed Salad Metaphor: Why Coercive Assimilation Lacks the Flavors Americans Crave

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
From the Melting Pot to the Tossed Salad Metaphor: Why Coercive Assimilation Lacks the Flavors Americans Crave ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; in 1908, a time when American immigration was From the Melting Pot booming from North-western Europe (Booth). This theory later appropriately came under Þre when it to the Tossed Salad became apparent that the mainstream public had no intention of ÒmeltingÓ with certain ÒotherÓ races Metaphor: and cultures. Subsequently, American immigration policies became restrictive based on race, an example Why Coercive of state sponsored racism intended towards reducing the diversity of the melting pot (Laubeov). Much Assimilation Lacks has been written about the so-called ÒmythÓ of the melting pot theory (Frey; Booth). However, the the Flavors Americans metaphor has persisted and epitomizes what some Americans see as an ideal model for this country. Crave The melting pot theory, also referred to as cultural assimilation, revolves around the analogy that Òthe ingredients in the pot (people of different cultures by LeAna B. Gloor and religions) are combined so as to lose their discrete identities and yield a Þnal product of uniform Americans love pizza, Thai food, burritos, and consistency and ßavor, which is quite different sushi. Our collective taste buds reßect a culinary from the original inputsÓ (ÒMelting PotÓ). This idea appreciation for various culturesÕ foods, and by differs from other analogies, particularly the salad extension, the cultures that bring us these foods. bowl analogy where the ingredients are encouraged However, a heightened philosophy of patriotism is to retain their cultural identities, thus retaining their currently being promoted that threatens to change Òintegrity and ßavorÓ while contributing to a tasty our views on ethnicity, culture, and homogenize our and nutritious salad (ÒMelting PotÓ). Yet another tastes. Meanwhile, multiculturalism, where we were food analogy is that of the ethnic stew, where there is a asked to celebrate the cultures that brought us every level of compromise between integration and cultural delicacy from samosas to goulash, is waning and distinctiveness (Laubeov). being replaced by ever-conservative assimilation- What these food analogies have in common is oriented thinking. If this trend away from an appreciation that each of these ethnicities has multiculturalism continues and coercive assimilation something to contribute to the society as a whole. views become mainstream in America, I believe we By comparing ethnic/cultural groups to ingredients will stiße our creative power and squelch the civil in a recipe, we start with the assumption that each liberties that this country is built upon. ingredient is important and the Þnal product would Amalgamation of materials is the process by not be the same if some distinct ingredient were which metals are exposed to extremely high heat until missing. However, in the melting pot analogy, this they meld into a new compound. With people, this premise is the least apparent and can be criticized metaphor of a melting pot has long been applied to for its dismissively simplistic social theories. This is cultural integration, especially in the case in forming one appropriate evaluation of the weaknesses of the the American nation. A look into the background of melting pot and the tossed salad analogies: this social theory will help us orient ourselves in this In the case of the melting pot the aim is that debate. The foundation of this theory was perhaps all cultures become reßected in one common Þrst explained in 1782 by a French immigrant named culture, however this is generally the culture J. Hector de Crevecoeur, who envisioned America of the dominant group - I thought this was becoming a nation comprised of a completely new mixed vegetable soup but I can only taste tomato. race that would eventually affect changes to the world In the case of the salad bowl, cultural groups scene through its labour force and its subsequent should exist separately and maintain their posterity (Laubeov). The metaphor was speciÞcally practices and institutions, however, Where is popularized in a play by Israel Zangwill, entitled the dressing to cover it all? (Laubeov). ÒThe Melting Pot,Ó which opened in Washington 29 This criticism that the melting pot produces a society assimilation theories often take on a decidedly that primarily reßects the dominant culture instead racist overtone (Laubeov), with many assimilation of fusing into a completely new entity is reiterated proponents urging Americentric policies such as by other sociologists, anthropologists, and cultural English-only education, strict immigration policies, geographers as ÒAnglo-conformityÓ (Kivisto 151). stipulations of nationalistic criteria for citizenship, This type of assimilation was seen as working like and eliminating programs aimed at helping minorities a one-way street and it was viewed as something (Booth; Hayworth). This issue over terminology that depended primarily on the cooperativeness of and social metaphors is vitally important because immigrants to be reoriented towards the dominant America stands at a critical ideological turning point. culture. The idea that the dominant culture would Cultural geographers describe our current society be infused with new energy through the inßuences as experiencing a Òmulticultural backlashÓ that of ethnic groups retaining their distinctive cultural will drastically affect immigration legislation and attributes and thereby forging a new, stronger ethnic studies and possibly lead us towards a more America due to their divergent cultural contributions restrictive and intolerant nation (Mitchell 641). The was not given much weight by early researchers current discourse about cultural assimilation seeks (Kivisto 152-154). to relegate incongruent cultural attributes to the It should be noted in this discussion that earlier private arena so as not to disturb the dominant society in American sociology history, some of these terms (Mitchell 642), and instead of promoting a tolerance took on distinctly different ßavours. This ambiguity of diversity, we see the modern-day assimilation of terminology contributes to confusion in the current proponents urging strict deportation and increasingly discourse. For instance, in 1901, Sarah Simons is restrictive immigration policies in order to protect so- quoted as making this conclusion with regards to called American values (Hayworth). assimilation: Some proponents, such as Arizona Congressman In brief, the function of assimilation is J.D. Hayworth, are calling for a return of the same the establishment of homogeneity within type of assimilation policies that others refer to as the group; but this does not mean that the Òhumiliating Americanization programs of the all variation shall be crushed out. In 1910Õs and 1920ÕsÓ (Rodriguez). Those programs vital matters, such as language, ideals of occurred during another time of heightened national government, law, and education, uniformity concern, namely WWI and the subsequent ÒRed shall prevail; in personal matters of religion Scare,Ó where coercive education and employment and habits of life, however, individuality policies were enacted that compelled immigrants shall be allowed free play. Thus, the to assimilate. This assimilation process was spread of Òconsciousness of kindÓ must be structured to produce citizens that conformed, accompanied by the spread of consciousness not just to American democratic ideals, but also to of individuality (qtd. in Kivsito 153). Americanized private habits, American English, Furthermore, according to Peter KivistoÕs and basic political and social ideologies intended to interpretation of Chicago School sociologist Robert E. create a pliable work force and ensure certain political ParkÕs writings on the subject, theories on assimilation leanings (ÒAmericanizationÓ [1]). During the war, originally differed from the melting pot fusion theory immigrants experienced oppression, xenophobia, and in that assimilation Òsignals the proliferation of propaganda designed to strip them of their native diversity. Rather than enforced conformity, it makes cultures and loyalties. The public school system possible a greater degree of individual autonomyÓ Òinstructed the children of immigrants in ÒproperÓ and creates Òa cultural climate that is predicated Anglo-Saxon values and traditions and strongly by pluralismÓ whereby this Òcultural pluralism (or encouraged them to take their lessons home to their multiculturalism) can coexist with assimilationÓ families (ÒAmericanizationÓ [2]) Meanwhile, ethnic (156-157). The idea that a multiethnic society could presses were scrutinized and inspected by the U.S. attain an interdependent cohesion based on national government and higher Þnancial burdens were solidarity while maintaining distinct cultural histories place upon them from the U.S. Postal Service, who not dependent on like-minded homogeneity was thus demanded to analyze translations, effectively limiting proposed back in the early 1900Õs (Kivisto 161). their freedom of speech and eventually resulting in However, it is vital to recognize that coercive many presses closing (ÒAmericanizationÓ [2]). assimilation theorists often do not support the idea After the war, the leftover social strains and that immigrants should maintain distinct cultural extreme patriotism gave vent for new obsessions, attributes. In the modern-day discussion, coercive including the Red Scare over suspected communists, 30 resurgence in the white supremacist organizations On the other hand, multiculturalism has its such as the Ku Klux Klan, religiously
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Re-Examining the Philosophical Underpinnings of the Melting Pot Vs. Multiculturalism in the Current Immigration Debate in the United States
    Re-examining the Philosophical Underpinnings of the Melting Pot vs. Multiculturalism in the Current Immigration Debate in the United States Daniel Woldeab College of Individualized Studies, Metropolitan State University, St. Paul, MN, USA [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8267-7570 Robert M. Yawson School of Business, Quinnipiac University Hamden, CT, USA [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6215-4345 Irina M. Woldeab Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, St. Paul, MN, USA [email protected] In: Harnessing Analytics for Enhancing Healthcare & Business. Proceedings of the 50th Northeast Decision Sciences Institute (NEDSI) Annual Meeting, Pgs. 264 - 285. Virtual Conference, March 26-27, 2021. https://doi.org/10.31124/advance.14749101.v1 Copyright ©2021 Daniel Woldeab, Robert M. Yawson, and Irina Woldeab 2 Abstract Immigration to the United States is certainly not a new phenomenon, and it is therefore natural for immigration, culture and identity to be given due attention by the public and policy makers. However, current discussion of immigration, legal and illegal, and the philosophical underpinnings is ‘lost in translation’, not necessarily on ideological lines, but on political orientation. In this paper we reexamine the philosophical underpinnings of the melting pot versus multiculturalism as antecedents and precedents of current immigration debate and how the core issues are lost in translation. We take a brief look at immigrants and the economy to situate the current immigration debate. We then discuss the two philosophical approaches to immigration and how the understanding of the philosophical foundations can help streamline the current immigration debate. Keywords: Immigration, multiculturalism, melting pot, ethnic identity, acculturation, assimilation In: Harnessing Analytics for Enhancing Healthcare & Business.
    [Show full text]
  • Strong Cultures and Subcultures in Dynamic Organizations
    02-091 The Role of Subcultures in Agile Organizations Alicia Boisnier Jennifer A. Chatman1 1 The second author wrote this paper while a Marvin Bower Fellow at the Harvard Business School and is grateful for their support. We also thank Elizabeth Mannix, Rita McGrath, and an anonymous reviewer for their insightful suggestions. Copyright © 2002 by Alicia Boisnier and Jennifer A. Chatman Working papers are in draft form. This working paper is distributed for purposes of comment and discussion only. It may not be reproduced without permission of the copyright holder. Copies of working papers are available from the author. The Role of Subcultures in Agile Organizations Alicia Boisnier and Jennifer A. Chatman1 Haas School of Business University of California, Berkeley May 24, 2002 To appear in, R. Petersen and E. Mannix, Leading and managing people in dynamic organizations. Forthcoming, 2002. 1 The second author wrote this paper while a Marvin Bower Fellow at the Harvard Business School and is grateful for their support. We also thank Elizabeth Mannix, Rita McGrath, and an anonymous reviewer for their insightful suggestions. 2 Organizations face increasingly dynamic environments characterized by substantial, and often unpredictable technological, political, and economic change. How can organizations respond rapidly to such changes or become more agile? Organizational agility, according to Lee Dyer, “requires a judicious mix of stability and reconfigurability” (2001: 4). We consider an unlikely source of agility: organizational culture. This may seem like an odd juxtaposition since strong unitary cultures exert a stabilizing force on organizations by encouraging cohesion, organizational commitment, and desirable work behaviors among members (e.g., Deal & Kennedy, 1982; Nemeth & Staw, 1989; O'Reilly & Chatman, 1986).
    [Show full text]
  • 9 Tokyo Standardization, Ludic Language Use and Nascent Superdiversity
    9 Tokyo Standardization, ludic language use and nascent superdiversity Patrick Heinrich and Rika Yamashita The study of language in the city has never been a prominent subject in Japanese sociolinguistics. The negligence of city sociolinguistics in Japan notwithstanding, there is a wide range of issues to be found in Tokyo, which reveal the intricate ways in which language and society relate to one another.1 In this chapter, we discuss two interrelated issues. Firstly, we outline the case of language standardization, which subsequently led to various destandardization phenomena and ludic language use. Secondly, we discuss how language diversity in Tokyo has grown in recent years and how it is no longer swept under the carpet and hidden. Tokyoites, too, are diversify- ing as an effect. We shall start, though, with a brief sociolinguistic history of Tokyo. From feudal Edo to Tokyo as a global city There exists no such place as “Tokyo City”. There is “Inner Tokyo”, comprised of 23 wards; there is “Metropolitan Tokyo” made up of the 23 wards and the Tama region; and there is “Greater Tokyo”, which refers to Metropolitan Tokyo plus the surrounding prefectures of Chiba, Kanagawa and Saitama. The Tama region, rural until 1920, is now home to one third of the population of Tokyo Metropolis, while Kanagawa, Chiba and Saitama prefecture have doubled their population over the past 50 years. Greater Tokyo comprises more than 35 million inhabitants. It is the largest urban center on earth. One third of the Japanese population lives there on less than 4% of the Japanese territory – and the number of inhabitants continues to grow.
    [Show full text]
  • Religious Legacies and the Politics of Multiculturalism: a Comparative Analysis of Integration Policies in Western Democracies
    RELIGIOUS LEGACIES AND THE POLITICS OF MULTICULTURALISM: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INTEGRATION POLICIES IN WESTERN DEMOCRACIES Michael Minkenberg Europa-Universitaet Viadrina 2007-1 About the Matthew B. Ridgway Center The Matthew B. Ridgway Center for International Security Studies at the University of Pittsburgh is dedicated to producing original and impartial analysis that informs policymakers who must confront diverse challenges to international and human security. Center programs address a range of security concerns—from the spread of terrorism and technologies of mass destruction to genocide, failed states, and the abuse of human rights in repressive regimes. The Ridgway Center is affiliated with the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs (GSPIA) and the University Center for International Studies (UCIS), both at the University of Pittsburgh. The Ford Institute for Human Security is a constituent unit of the Ridgway Center. This working paper is a product of the Ford Institute for Human Security’s working group on “Immigration, Integration and Security: Europe and America in Comparative Perspective,” co-chaired by Ariane Chebel d’Appollonia and Simon Reich. This paper and the working group that produced it were made possible by a generous grant from the Ford Foundation to the Ridgway Center on The Determinants of Security Policy in the 21st Century, Grant # 1050-1036. Introduction Landmark events of global significance have repeatedly raised issues of policy convergence or divergence across nation states, as well as continuity or stability across time, or a combination of both. This is particularly true for events such as the end of the Cold War, 9/11, the area of immigration and integration policies, the politics of citizenship and multiculturalism.
    [Show full text]
  • Signaling Conformity: Changing Norms in Japan and China
    Michigan Journal of International Law Volume 27 Issue 3 2006 Signaling Conformity: Changing Norms in Japan and China David Nelken University of Macerata Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, Law and Society Commons, and the Rule of Law Commons Recommended Citation David Nelken, Signaling Conformity: Changing Norms in Japan and China, 27 MICH. J. INT'L L. 933 (2006). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil/vol27/iss3/8 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by the Michigan Journal of International Law at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Journal of International Law by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COMMENT SIGNALING CONFORMITY: CHANGING NORMS IN JAPAN AND CHINA David Nelken* The transnational circulation of people and ideas is transform- ing the world we live in, but grasping its full complexity is extraordinarilydifficult. It is essential to focus on specific places where transnationalflows are happening. The challenge is to study placeless phenomena in a place, to find small interstices in global processes in which critical decisions are made, to track the information flows that constitute global discourses, and to mark the points at which competing discourses intersect in the myriad links between global and local conceptions and institu- tions. -Sally Merry' In the current restructuring of world order, scholars of international and comparative law encounter unprecedented opportunities to offer in- sights into legal and social change, as well as to debate how such developments should best be regulated.
    [Show full text]
  • Latin America
    Latin America JOHN GLEDHILL, The University of Manchester ‘Latin’ America is a region constructed in a context of imperial rivalries and disputes about how to build ‘modern’ nations that made it an ‘other America’ distinct from ‘Anglo’ America. Bringing together people without previous historical contact, the diversity of its societies and cultures was increased by the transatlantic slave trade and later global immigration. Building on the constructive relationship that characterises the ties between socio-cultural anthropology and history in the region today, this entry discusses differences in colonial relations and cultural interaction between European, indigenous, and Afro-Latin American people in different countries and the role of anthropologists in nation-building projects that aimed to construct national identities around ‘mixing’. It shows how anthropologists came to emphasise the active role of subordinated social groups in making Latin America’s ‘new peoples’. Widespread agrarian conflicts and land reforms produced debates about the future of peasant farmers, but new forms of capitalist development, growing urbanisation, and counter-insurgency wars led to an era in which indigenous identities were reasserted and states shifted towards a multicultural politics that also fostered Afro-Latin American movements. Anthropology has enhanced understanding of the diversity, complexity, and contradictions of these processes. Latin American cities are characterised by stark social inequalities, but anthropologists critiqued the stigmatisation
    [Show full text]
  • Why We Study Intermarriage
    “Intermarriage” Why we study Intermarriage Family systems reproduce race by insisting upon endogamy, or marriage within the group. Racial intermarriage, the opposite of endogamy, tends to undermine racial barriers. In any society in which race is important, racial intermarriage will be a focus of legal, social and political interest. As the United States has been a society deeply divided by race from its very beginning as a nation in which slavery was practiced, the issue of intermarriage has always been important in the United States. The Racial Caste System and the 19th Century: Intermarriage as the Implicit Threat Before the civil war, the vast majority of blacks in the United States were slaves. Although there had always been some sexual relationships between white (male) slave owners and black (female) slaves, white society worked diligently to make these relationships invisible. White American society adopted what they called the “one-drop rule,” which meant that anyone with as much as “one drop” of nonwhite blood could not be considered white. By legal definition, if a white slave master made a black slave pregnant, her child was black (due to the “one-drop rule”) and a slave as well. Formal marriage was generally not possible among slaves (because slaves had no legal standing), and therefore formal marriage between free whites and slaves was also impossible. One irony of the one-drop rule was that it was created to clarify racial distinctions but the rule left white racial status always vulnerable. The discovery of some previously unknown brown or dark ancestor (or even an ancestor who was remembered by someone as dark), would rob all descendants of their whiteness, and therefore of their property and their rights.
    [Show full text]
  • Assimilation, Pluralism and Multiculturalism: the Policy of Racial/ Ethnic Identity in America
    Buffalo Human Rights Law Review Volume 7 Article 1 9-1-2001 Assimilation, Pluralism and Multiculturalism: The Policy of Racial/ Ethnic Identity in America Anita Christina Butera Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.buffalo.edu/bhrlr Part of the Immigration Law Commons, and the Law and Race Commons Recommended Citation Anita C. Butera, Assimilation, Pluralism and Multiculturalism: The Policy of Racial/Ethnic Identity in America, 7 Buff. Hum. Rts. L. Rev. 1 (2001). Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.buffalo.edu/bhrlr/vol7/iss1/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at Digital Commons @ University at Buffalo School of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Buffalo Human Rights Law Review by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ University at Buffalo School of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ASSIMILATION, PLURALISM AND MULTICULTURALISM: THE POLICY OF RACIAL/ETHNIC IDENTITY IN AMERICA Anita Christina Butera* In the spring of 1921, 19 year old Annamaria and her 16 year old brother, Giuseppe, had finally completed their voyage to the United States from the Italian town of Palermo. After disembarking from the cramped and unsanitary quarters of the steamship, they wearily endured the endless lines and official inspections of the Ellis Island immigrant processing sta- tions. With the successful end of the first phase of their "journey of tears," they began the next phase of social and cultural adaptation within the more comfortable boundaries of Little Italy. New national and social class identi- ties overlapped with familiar identities of region, village, and kin.
    [Show full text]
  • Assimilationist Language in Cherokee Women's Petitions: a Political Call to Reclaim Traditional Cherokee Culture
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Plan B and other Reports Graduate Studies 5-2016 Assimilationist Language in Cherokee Women's Petitions: A Political Call to Reclaim Traditional Cherokee Culture Jillian Moore Bennion Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/gradreports Part of the American Studies Commons Recommended Citation Bennion, Jillian Moore, "Assimilationist Language in Cherokee Women's Petitions: A Political Call to Reclaim Traditional Cherokee Culture" (2016). All Graduate Plan B and other Reports. 838. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/gradreports/838 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Plan B and other Reports by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Assimilationist Language in Cherokee Women’s Petitions: A Political Call to Reclaim Traditional Cherokee Culture Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Masters of Arts in American Studies in the Graduate School of Utah State University By Jillian Moore Bennion Graduate Program in American Studies Utah State University 2016 Thesis Committee: Keri Holt, Ph.D., Advisor Melody Graulich, Ph.D. Colleen O’Neill, Ph.D. ASSIMILATIONIST LANGUAGE IN CHEROKEE WOMEN’S PETITIONS: A POLITICAL CALL TO RECLAIM TRADITIONAL CHEROKEE CULTURE By Jillian M. Moore Bennion A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in English Approved: ______________________ ______________________ Dr. Keri Holt Dr. Melody Graulich ______________________ Dr. Colleen O’Neill UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2016 ii Copyright © Jillian M.
    [Show full text]
  • Filipino Americans and Polyculturalism in Seattle, Wa
    FILIPINO AMERICANS AND POLYCULTURALISM IN SEATTLE, WA THROUGH HIP HOP AND SPOKEN WORD By STEPHEN ALAN BISCHOFF A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN AMERICAN STUDIES WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Department of American Studies DECEMBER 2008 To the Faculty of Washington State University: The members of the Committee appointed to examine the thesis of STEPHEN ALAN BISCHOFF find it satisfactory and recommend that it be accepted. _____________________________________ Chair, Dr. John Streamas _____________________________________ Dr. Rory Ong _____________________________________ Dr. T.V. Reed ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Since I joined the American Studies Graduate Program, there has been a host of faculty that has really helped me to learn what it takes to be in this field. The one professor that has really guided my development has been Dr. John Streamas. By connecting me to different resources and his challenging the confines of higher education so that it can improve, he has been an inspiration to finish this work. It is also important that I mention the help that other faculty members have given me. I appreciate the assistance I received anytime that I needed it from Dr. T.V. Reed and Dr. Rory Ong. A person that has kept me on point with deadlines and requirements has been Jean Wiegand with the American Studies Department. She gave many reminders and explained answers to my questions often more than once. Debbie Brudie and Rose Smetana assisted me as well in times of need in the Comparative Ethnic Studies office. My cohort over the years in the American Studies program have developed my thinking and inspired me with their own insight and work.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evidence from World Values Survey Data
    Munich Personal RePEc Archive The return of religious Antisemitism? The evidence from World Values Survey data Tausch, Arno Innsbruck University and Corvinus University 17 November 2018 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/90093/ MPRA Paper No. 90093, posted 18 Nov 2018 03:28 UTC The return of religious Antisemitism? The evidence from World Values Survey data Arno Tausch Abstract 1) Background: This paper addresses the return of religious Antisemitism by a multivariate analysis of global opinion data from 28 countries. 2) Methods: For the lack of any available alternative we used the World Values Survey (WVS) Antisemitism study item: rejection of Jewish neighbors. It is closely correlated with the recent ADL-100 Index of Antisemitism for more than 100 countries. To test the combined effects of religion and background variables like gender, age, education, income and life satisfaction on Antisemitism, we applied the full range of multivariate analysis including promax factor analysis and multiple OLS regression. 3) Results: Although religion as such still seems to be connected with the phenomenon of Antisemitism, intervening variables such as restrictive attitudes on gender and the religion-state relationship play an important role. Western Evangelical and Oriental Christianity, Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism are performing badly on this account, and there is also a clear global North-South divide for these phenomena. 4) Conclusions: Challenging patriarchic gender ideologies and fundamentalist conceptions of the relationship between religion and state, which are important drivers of Antisemitism, will be an important task in the future. Multiculturalism must be aware of prejudice, patriarchy and religious fundamentalism in the global South.
    [Show full text]
  • Interracial Marriage: Who Is ‘Marrying Out’? | Pew Research Center Page 1 of 9
    Interracial marriage: Who is ‘marrying out’? | Pew Research Center Page 1 of 9 JUNE 12, 2015 Interracial marriage: Who is ‘marrying out’? BY WENDY WANG (HTTP://WWW.PEWRESEARCH.ORG/STAFF/WENDY-WANG/) (http://www.pewresearch.org/fact- tank/2015/06/12/interracial-marriage-who-is- marrying-out/ft_15-06-12-interracial/) Today marks the 48th anniversary of the 1967 U.S. Supreme Court decision Loving v. Virginia (http://partners.nytimes.com/library/national/race/061367race-ra.html) , which struck down all anti- miscegenation laws remaining in 16 states. Interracial marriages have increased steadily since then. In 2013, a record-high 12% of newlyweds married someone of a different race, according to a Pew Research Center analysis (http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2015/06/11/chapter-5-race-and-social-connections-friends- family-and-neighborhoods/#race-marriage-and-intermarriage) of census data. (This share does not take into account the “interethnic” marriages between Hispanics and non-Hispanics, which we covered in an earlier report on intermarriage (http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2012/02/16/the-rise-of-intermarriage/) .) Looking beyond newlyweds, 6.3% of all marriages were between spouses of different races in 2013, up from less than 1% in 1970. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/06/12/interracial-marriage-who-is-marrying-out/ Interracial marriage: Who is ‘marrying out’? | Pew Research Center Page 2 of 9 Some racial groups are more likely to intermarry than others. Of the 3.6 million adults who got married in 2013, 58% of American Indians, 28% of Asians, 19% of blacks and 7% of whites have a spouse whose race was different from their own.
    [Show full text]