Spira 5(1–2), 15–26 (2013)
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The Coume Ouarnède System, a Hotspot of Subterranean Biodiversity in Pyrenees (France)
diversity Article The Coume Ouarnède System, a Hotspot of Subterranean Biodiversity in Pyrenees (France) Arnaud Faille 1,* and Louis Deharveng 2 1 Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany 2 Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), UMR7205, CNRS, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, 75005 Paris, France; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Located in Northern Pyrenees, in the Arbas massif, France, the system of the Coume Ouarnède, also known as Réseau Félix Trombe—Henne Morte, is the longest and the most complex cave system of France. The system, developed in massive Mesozoic limestone, has two distinct resur- gences. Despite relatively limited sampling, its subterranean fauna is rich, composed of a number of local endemics, terrestrial as well as aquatic, including two remarkable relictual species, Arbasus cae- cus (Simon, 1911) and Tritomurus falcifer Cassagnau, 1958. With 38 stygobiotic and troglobiotic species recorded so far, the Coume Ouarnède system is the second richest subterranean hotspot in France and the first one in Pyrenees. This species richness is, however, expected to increase because several taxonomic groups, like Ostracoda, as well as important subterranean habitats, like MSS (“Milieu Souterrain Superficiel”), have not been considered so far in inventories. Similar levels of subterranean biodiversity are expected to occur in less-sampled karsts of central and western Pyrenees. Keywords: troglobionts; stygobionts; cave fauna Citation: Faille, A.; Deharveng, L. The Coume Ouarnède System, a Hotspot of Subterranean Biodiversity in Pyrenees (France). Diversity 2021, 1. Introduction 13 , 419. https://doi.org/10.3390/ Stretching at the border between France and Spain, the Pyrenees are known as one d13090419 of the subterranean hotspots of the world [1]. -
Species Distinction and Speciation in Hydrobioid Gastropoda: Truncatelloidea)
Andrzej Falniowski, Archiv Zool Stud 2018, 1: 003 DOI: 10.24966/AZS-7779/100003 HSOA Archives of Zoological Studies Review inhabit brackish water habitats, some other rivers and lakes, but vast Species Distinction and majority are stygobiont, inhabiting springs, caves and interstitial hab- itats. Nearly nothing is known about the biology and ecology of those Speciation in Hydrobioid stygobionts. Much more than 1,000 nominal species have been de- Mollusca: Caeno- scribed (Figure 1). However, the real number of species is not known, Gastropods ( in fact. Not only because of many species to be discovered in the fu- gastropoda ture, but mostly since there are no reliable criteria, how to distinguish : Truncatelloidea) a species within the group. Andrzej Falniowski* Department of Malacology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Poland Abstract Hydrobioids, known earlier as the family Hydrobiidae, represent a set of truncatelloidean families whose members are minute, world- wide distributed snails inhabiting mostly springs and interstitial wa- ters. More than 1,000 nominal species bear simple plesiomorphic shells, whose variability is high and overlapping between the taxa, and the soft part morphology and anatomy of the group is simplified because of miniaturization, and unified, as a result of necessary ad- aptations to the life in freshwater habitats (osmoregulation, internal fertilization and eggs rich in yolk and within the capsules). The ad- aptations arose parallel, thus represent homoplasies. All the above facts make it necessary to use molecular markers in species dis- crimination, although this should be done carefully, considering ge- netic distances calibrated at low taxonomic level. There is common Figure 1: Shells of some of the European representatives of Truncatelloidea: A believe in crucial place of isolation as a factor shaping speciation in - Ecrobia, B - Pyrgula, C-D - Dianella, E - Adrioinsulana, F - Pseudamnicola, G long-lasting completely isolated habitats. -
Caenogastropoda: Truncatelloidea)
Folia Malacol. 27(1): 61–70 https://doi.org/10.12657/folmal.027.005 MONOPHYLY OF THE MOITESSIERIIDAE BOURGUIGNAT, 1863 (CAENOGASTROPODA: TRUNCATELLOIDEA) ANDRZEJ FALNIOWSKI1*, Simona Prevorčnik2, Teo Delić2, ROMAN ALTHER3,4, Florian alTermaTT3,4, SEBASTIAN HOFMAN5 1Department of Malacology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Cracow, Poland (e-mail: [email protected]); https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3899-6857 2Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; TD https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4378-5269 3Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland; RA https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7582-3966, FA https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4831-6958 4Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Aquatic Ecology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland 5Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Cracow, Poland; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6044-3055 *corresponding author ABSTRACT: The family Moitessieriidae is poorly known, as its members, inhabiting exclusively subterranean waters, are often known only from few minute, empty shells. Molecular studies on their relationships confirmed the distinctness of this family. Their monophyly, however, remained doubtful, since the Moitessieriidae did not form a distinct clade in the phylogenetic tree based on the most commonly applied mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), and the representative of the family Cochliopidae occupied a position among the moitessieriid clades. In the present paper two new nuclear loci, namely histone H3 gene and ribosomal internal transcribed spacer ITS2, have been applied to resolve the status of the Moitessieriidae. -
Unbekannte 14.Book
Heldia Band 5 Heft 1/2 S. 7-18, Taf. 2-5, 6a München, Juli 2003 ISSN 0176-2621 Unbekannte westeuropäische Prosobranchia, 14.1) Neue und alte Grundwasserschnecken aus Frankreich (Gastropoda: Moitessieridae et Hydrobiidae). Vo n HANS D. BOETERS, & GERHARD FALKNER, München, München und Paris. Mit Tafel 2-5 und 6a. Vorbemerkung. Die kontinuierlichen Forschungen von BOETERS im Rhône-Einzugsgebiet haben zwar bereits ein ein- drucksvolles Bild einer außerordentlich diversen Grundwasserfauna ergeben (BOETERS & MÜLLER 1992); diese Kontur einer Synthese war aber nur möglich durch die thematisch bedingte Ausblendung zahlreicher problematischer und unbearbeiteter Funde, die eine noch größere Diversität vermuten ließen. Inzwischen sind durch die Arbeitsgruppe um H. GIRARDI, Montfavet bei Avignon, weitere bemerkenswerte Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Grundwasserschnecken des unteren Rhône-Gebiets ge- leistet worden. Auch Genistfunde von H. KOBIALKA und neuere Aufsammlungen in der Réserve Natu- relle des Gorges de l’Ardèche durch eine Arbeitsgruppe des Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle Paris (G. und M. FALKNER, O. GARGOMINY, B. FONTAINE, M. KLEIN) haben gezeigt, daß der Artenreich- tum bei weitem noch nicht erschöpfend erkannt ist. Die laufenden Arbeiten des europäischen Projekts PASCALIS (Protocols for the ASsessment and Conservation of Aquatic Life In the Subsurface), in deren Rahmen von der Équipe d’Hydrobiologie et Écologie souterraines der Universität Lyon I eine möglichst vollständige Erfassung der unterirdischen Lebensräume Frankreichs und eine realistische Abschätzung der Biodiversität geplant sind, lassen die Verfügbarmachung der bereits als neu erkannten Arten vordringlich erscheinen. Wenn die Besonder- heiten, die eine Benennung rechtfertigen, abgesichert sind, ist es wichtig, solche Taxa möglichst umge- hend mit einem Namen zu versehen und damit zu operablen Einheiten zu machen, auch wenn es eigentlich wünschenswert wäre, weiteres, vor allem lebend gesammeltes Material für eine präzisere Beschreibung und Abgrenzung zur Verfügung zu haben. -
Caenogastropoda: Hydrobiidae) in the Caucasus
Folia Malacol. 25(4): 237–247 https://doi.org/10.12657/folmal.025.025 AGRAFIA SZAROWSKA ET FALNIOWSKI, 2011 (CAENOGASTROPODA: HYDROBIIDAE) IN THE CAUCASUS JOZEF GREGO1, SEBASTIAN HOFMAN2, LEVAN MUMLADZE3, ANDRZEJ FALNIOWSKI4* 1Horná Mičiná 219, 97401 Banská Bystrica, Slovakia 2Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland 3Institute of Zoology Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia 4Department of Malacology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland (e-mail: [email protected]) *corresponding author ABSTRACT: Freshwater gastropods of the Caucasus are poorly known. A few minute Belgrandiella-like gastropods were found in three springs in Georgia. Molecular markers: mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and nuclear histone (H3) were used to infer their phylogenetic relationships. The phylogenetic trees placed them most closely to Agrafia from continental Greece. The p-distances indicated that two species occurred in the three localities. Two specimens from Andros Island (Greece) were also assigned to the genus Agrafia. The p-distances between the four taxa, most probably each representing a distinct species, were within the range of 0.026–0.043 for H3, and 0.089–0.118 for COI. KEY WORDS: spring snail, DNA, Georgia, Andros, phylogeny INTRODUCTION The freshwater gastropods of Georgia, as well as Graziana Radoman, 1975, Pontobelgrandiella Radoman, those of all the Caucasus, are still poorly studied; this 1973, and Alzoniella Giusti et Bodon, 1984. They are concerns especially the minute representatives of the morphologically distinguishable but only slightly Truncatelloidea. About ten species inhabiting karst different, and molecularly represent not closely re- springs and caves have been found so far (SHADIN lated lineages. -
European Red List of Non-Marine Molluscs Annabelle Cuttelod, Mary Seddon and Eike Neubert
European Red List of Non-marine Molluscs Annabelle Cuttelod, Mary Seddon and Eike Neubert European Red List of Non-marine Molluscs Annabelle Cuttelod, Mary Seddon and Eike Neubert IUCN Global Species Programme IUCN Regional Office for Europe IUCN Species Survival Commission Published by the European Commission. This publication has been prepared by IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) and the Natural History of Bern, Switzerland. The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN, the Natural History Museum of Bern or the European Union concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN, the Natural History Museum of Bern or the European Commission. Citation: Cuttelod, A., Seddon, M. and Neubert, E. 2011. European Red List of Non-marine Molluscs. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Design & Layout by: Tasamim Design - www.tasamim.net Printed by: The Colchester Print Group, United Kingdom Picture credits on cover page: The rare “Hélice catalorzu” Tacheocampylaea acropachia acropachia is endemic to the southern half of Corsica and is considered as Endangered. Its populations are very scattered and poor in individuals. This picture was taken in the Forêt de Muracciole in Central Corsica, an occurrence which was known since the end of the 19th century, but was completely destroyed by a heavy man-made forest fire in 2000. -
Sovraccoperta Fauna Inglese Giusta, Page 1 @ Normalize
Comitato Scientifico per la Fauna d’Italia CHECKLIST AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE ITALIAN FAUNA FAUNA THE ITALIAN AND DISTRIBUTION OF CHECKLIST 10,000 terrestrial and inland water species and inland water 10,000 terrestrial CHECKLIST AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE ITALIAN FAUNA 10,000 terrestrial and inland water species ISBNISBN 88-89230-09-688-89230- 09- 6 Ministero dell’Ambiente 9 778888988889 230091230091 e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare CH © Copyright 2006 - Comune di Verona ISSN 0392-0097 ISBN 88-89230-09-6 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers and of the Authors. Direttore Responsabile Alessandra Aspes CHECKLIST AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE ITALIAN FAUNA 10,000 terrestrial and inland water species Memorie del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona - 2. Serie Sezione Scienze della Vita 17 - 2006 PROMOTING AGENCIES Italian Ministry for Environment and Territory and Sea, Nature Protection Directorate Civic Museum of Natural History of Verona Scientifi c Committee for the Fauna of Italy Calabria University, Department of Ecology EDITORIAL BOARD Aldo Cosentino Alessandro La Posta Augusto Vigna Taglianti Alessandra Aspes Leonardo Latella SCIENTIFIC BOARD Marco Bologna Pietro Brandmayr Eugenio Dupré Alessandro La Posta Leonardo Latella Alessandro Minelli Sandro Ruffo Fabio Stoch Augusto Vigna Taglianti Marzio Zapparoli EDITORS Sandro Ruffo Fabio Stoch DESIGN Riccardo Ricci LAYOUT Riccardo Ricci Zeno Guarienti EDITORIAL ASSISTANT Elisa Giacometti TRANSLATORS Maria Cristina Bruno (1-72, 239-307) Daniel Whitmore (73-238) VOLUME CITATION: Ruffo S., Stoch F. -
Guía De Moluscos.Indd
Guía de campo Moluscos Acuáticos de la Cuenca del Ebro GOBIERNO MINISTERIO DE ESPAÑA DE AGRICULTURA, ALIMENTACIÓN Y MEDIO AMBIENTE Edita y coordina: Confederación Hidrográfi ca del Ebro. Dirigido por: Concha Durán Lalaguna y Antonia Anadón Marco (Calidad de Aguas, Confederación Hidrográfi ca del Ebro). Realizado por: Ramón Manuel Álvarez Halcón (Sociedad Española de Malacología), Javier Oscoz Escudero (Departa- mento de Zoología y Ecología de la Universidad de Navarra) y Mariano Luis Larraz Azcárate (Universidad de Navarra). Con la colaboración experta en: Gastropoda (Ampullariidae) por Miquel Ángel López Robles (Forestal Catalana, S.A.); Gastropoda (Rissooidea) por María Ángeles Ramos Sánchez y Diana Delicado Iglesias (Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC); Gastropoda (Moitessieriidae) y moluscos de Cataluña por David M. Alba, Jordi Corbella Alonso, Glòria Guillén Mestre, Lluís Prats Pi y Antoni Tarruella Ruestes (Grup de Malacofauna Continental de Catalunya- Molluscat, Associació Catalana de Malacologia); Gastropoda (Cerithioidea y Heterobranchia) por Alberto Martínez-Ortí (Departamento de Zoología de la Universitat de València y Museu Valencià d’Història Natural); y Bivalvia por Rafael Araujo Armero (Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC). Figuras © de: Javier Oscoz (pp.: 16b, 40, 68, 71-74, 82b, 88b y 120); Rafael Araujo (pp.: 124-126, 128-129 y 131-136); Alberto Martínez-Ortí (pp.: 24b, 25d, 60b, 83 y 84b); Molluscat (pp.: 41, 51, 59, 62-66, 70, 76 y 102); Diana Delicado (pp.: 35b, 36b, 55-56 y 57c ); Miquel A. López (pp.: 20a y 44); Berta de la Iglesia del Valle (Paleoymás, S.L.) (pp.: 12, 48-49 [a partir de Boeters, 2003, Basteria, 67] y 108); Munia Lanao Maldonado (p.: 122a); Antonio López Alabau (pp.: 16a, 24a, 80, 84a, 88a, 92a, 94 y 105); Diego Moreno Lampreave (pp.: 122b, 127 y 130); Rodrigo Pérez Grijalvo (p.: 93); Vicente Ribarrocha García (p.: 92b); Juan C. -
Addendum to the Type Catalogue of the Malacological Collection in the Museu De Ciències Naturals De Barcelona
Arxius de Miscel·lània Zoològica, 16 (2018): 40–95 Martínez–OrtíISSN: 1698– et0476 al. Addendum to the type catalogue of the malacological collection in the Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona A. Martínez–Ortí, M. Prieto, F. Uribe Martínez–Ortí, A., Prieto, M., Uribe, F., 2018. Addendum to the type catalogue of the mala- cological collection in the Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona. Arxius de Miscel·lània Zoològica, 16: 40–95, Doi: https://doi.org/10.32800/amz.2018.16.0040 Abstract Addendum to the type catalogue of the malacological collection in the Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona. The catalogue of type specimens of molluscs of the Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona, published in 2008, is updated with new material corresponding to 42 species and subspecies of continental molluscs from the Iberian peninsula, the Balearic Islands, and the Canary Islands. Most of these type specimens belong to historical collec- tions of the museum or are part of the malacological collection of Miquel Bech, donated in 2009. Information provided includes the type category, number of specimens, geographic provenance, type specimens housed at other institutions, and current taxonomical status, together with supporting texts of nomenclatures if pertinent. The catalogue also includes a brief gallery of photographs of types per taxon. Key words: Catalogue, Type specimens, Continental molluscs, Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona Resumen Nuevas aportaciones al catálogo de ejemplares tipo de la colección malacológica del Museu de Ciènciae Naturals de Barcelona. Se amplía el catálogo de ejemplares tipo de moluscos del Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona, publicado en 2008, con nuevo material co- rrespondiente a 42 taxones de moluscos continentales procedentes de la península ibérica, islas Baleares y Canarias. -
Liste De Référence Annotée Des Mollusques Continentaux De France Annotated Checklist of the Continental Molluscs from France
MalaCo Le journal de la malacologie continentale française www.journal-malaco.fr MalaCo (ISSN 1778-3941) est un journal électronique gratuit, annuel ou bisannuel pour la promotion et la connaissance des mollusques continentaux de la faune de France. Equipe éditoriale Jean-Michel BICHAIN / Strasbourg / [email protected] Xavier CUCHERAT / Audinghen / [email protected] Benoît FONTAINE / Paris / [email protected] Olivier GARGOMINY / Paris / [email protected] Vincent PRIÉ / Montpellier / [email protected] Pour soumettre un article à MalaCo : 1ère étape – Le premier auteur veillera à ce que le manuscrit soit conforme aux recommandations aux auteurs (consultez le site www.journal-malaco.fr). Dans le cas contraire, la rédaction peut se réserver le droit de refuser l’article. 2ème étape – Joindre une lettre à l’éditeur, en document texte, en suivant le modèle suivant : "Veuillez trouvez en pièce jointe l’article rédigé par << mettre les noms et prénoms de tous les auteurs>> et intitulé : << mettre le titre en français et en anglais >> (avec X pages, X figures et X tableaux). Les auteurs cèdent au journal MalaCo (ISSN1778-3941) le droit de publication de ce manuscrit et ils garantissent que l’article est original, qu’il n’a pas été soumis pour publication à un autre journal, n’a pas été publié auparavant et que tous sont en accord avec le contenu." 3ème étape – Envoyez par voie électronique le manuscrit complet (texte et figures) en format .doc et la lettre à l’éditeur à : [email protected]. Pour les manuscrits volumineux (>5 Mo), envoyez un courriel à la même adresse pour élaborer une procédure FTP pour le dépôt du dossier final. -
Arrêté Du 7 Octobre 1992. Arrêté Fixant La Liste Des Mollusques Protégés Sur
Arrêté du 7 octobre 1992. Arrêté fixant la liste des mollusques protégés sur le territoire métropolitain. J.O 24/11/1992 Le ministre de l’agriculture et du développement rural et le ministre de l’environnement, Vu les articles L. 211-1 à L. 211-2 et R. 211-1 à R. 211-15 du code rural ; Vu l’avis du Conseil national de la protection de la nature, Arrêtent : Le directeur de la nature et des paysages, le directeur général de l’alimentation, les préfets et les maires sont chargés, chacun en ce qui le concerne, de l’exécution du présent arrêté, qui sera publié au Journal officiel de la République française. Article 1. Est interdite sur le territoire métropolitain et en tous temps, dans les conditions fixées par les articles R. 211-1 à R. 211-15 du code rural, la destruction des mollusques des espèces suivantes : GASTÉROPODES Hydrobiid Arganiella exilis (Paladilhe, 1867) (synonyme : Horatia exilis). Avenionia brevis (Draparnaud, 1805). Belgrandiella pyrenaica (Boeters, 1983). Bythinella bicarinata (des Moulins, 1827). Bythinella carinulata (Drouet, 1868). Bythinella pupoides (Paladilhe, 1869). Bythinella reyniesii (Dupuy, 1851). Bythinella vesontiana (Bernasconi, 1989). Bythinella viridis (Poiret, 1801). Bythiospeum articense (Bernasconi, 1985). Bythiospeum bressanum (Bernasconi, 1985). Bythiospeum diaphanum (Michaud, 1831). Bythiospeum garnieri (Sayn, 1889). Fissuria boui (Boeters, 1982). Hauffenia minuta (Draparnaud, 1805). Hydrobia scamandri (Boeters, Monod et Vala, 1977). Litthabitella elliptica (Paladilhe, 1874). Moitessieria juvenisanguis (Boeters et Gittenberger, 1980). Moitessieria lineolata (Coutagne, 1882). Moitessieria locardi (Coutagne, 1883). En vigueur, version du 16 décembre 2004 JO du 29 décembre 2004 1 Moitessieria puteana (Coutagne, 1883). Moitessieria rayi (Locard, 1883) (synonyme : Lartetia rayi). -
Abbreviation Kiel S. 2005, New and Little Known Gastropods from the Albian of the Mahajanga Basin, Northwestern Madagaskar
1 Reference (Explanations see mollusca-database.eu) Abbreviation Kiel S. 2005, New and little known gastropods from the Albian of the Mahajanga Basin, Northwestern Madagaskar. AF01 http://www.geowiss.uni-hamburg.de/i-geolo/Palaeontologie/ForschungImadagaskar.htm (11.03.2007, abstract) Bandel K. 2003, Cretaceous volutid Neogastropoda from the Western Desert of Egypt and their place within the noegastropoda AF02 (Mollusca). Mitt. Geol.-Paläont. Inst. Univ. Hamburg, Heft 87, p 73-98, 49 figs., Hamburg (abstract). www.geowiss.uni-hamburg.de/i-geolo/Palaeontologie/Forschung/publications.htm (29.10.2007) Kiel S. & Bandel K. 2003, New taxonomic data for the gastropod fauna of the Uzamba Formation (Santonian-Campanian, South AF03 Africa) based on newly collected material. Cretaceous research 24, p. 449-475, 10 figs., Elsevier (abstract). www.geowiss.uni-hamburg.de/i-geolo/Palaeontologie/Forschung/publications.htm (29.10.2007) Emberton K.C. 2002, Owengriffithsius , a new genus of cyclophorid land snails endemic to northern Madagascar. The Veliger 45 (3) : AF04 203-217. http://www.theveliger.org/index.html Emberton K.C. 2002, Ankoravaratra , a new genus of landsnails endemic to northern Madagascar (Cyclophoroidea: Maizaniidae?). AF05 The Veliger 45 (4) : 278-289. http://www.theveliger.org/volume45(4).html Blaison & Bourquin 1966, Révision des "Collotia sensu lato": un nouveau sous-genre "Tintanticeras". Ann. sci. univ. Besancon, 3ème AF06 série, geologie. fasc.2 :69-77 (Abstract). www.fossile.org/pages-web/bibliographie_consacree_au_ammon.htp (20.7.2005) Bensalah M., Adaci M., Mahboubi M. & Kazi-Tani O., 2005, Les sediments continentaux d'age tertiaire dans les Hautes Plaines AF07 Oranaises et le Tell Tlemcenien (Algerie occidentale).