Joseph Roisman Roisman Joseph Ancient Ancient The Evidence The Homer to to Homer Alexander Greece from from Greece Translations by J. C. Yardley C. J. by Translations Historical Sources in Translation in Sources Historical

Ancient Greece from Homer to Alexander Roisman Cornell University Cornell , , University of Calgary of University , , ISBN 978-1-4051-2776-9 ISBN University of Washington of University , , Barry Strauss Barry The Rhetoric of Manhood: Masculinity in in Masculinity Manhood: of Rhetoric The

Alexander Alexander the Great: Historical Sources in Carol Thomas Carol Waldemar Heckel Waldemar

(2003) and and (2003) puts the reader in touch with the raw material of ancient history history ancient of material raw the with touch in reader the puts offers a full and integrated perspective on the period. Rather than than Rather period. the on perspective integrated and full a offers Historical Sources in Translation in Sources Historical Homer to Alexander to Homer Ancient Greece from from Greece Ancient is of Professor at Classics Colby He College. has and authored edited several books, (2005). is Emeritus Professor of Classics at the University of Ottawa. He has published extensively extensively published He has of Ottawa. University at the of Classics Professor is Emeritus Brill’s Companion to Alexander the Great the Alexander to Companion Brill’s (ed. with Waldemar Heckel, Blackwell, 2004) and many translations of key texts, from Tacitus Tacitus from texts, key of translations many and 2004) Blackwell, Heckel, Waldemar with (ed. Joseph Joseph Roisman J. J. C. Yardley Incorporating Incorporating fresh, new translations of original Greek and Roman texts and drawing on a range of history, from Homer to Alexander the Great. the Alexander to Homer from history, hardly need another book.’ The new compilation of evidence merits the same praise for aids, the its same praise range, merits of evidence The new book.’ compilation need another hardly to the building blocks of western civilization – read this book.” book.” this – read civilization western of blocks building the to Linking Linking the political, military, and social history of the Greeks to their intellectual accomplishments, Joseph Joseph Roisman, and freshly translated by John provides Yardley, students of Greek history with an sources, including artistic evidence, this sourcebook provides an inclusive and integrated view of Greek and integrated an inclusive provides this sourcebook evidence, artistic including sources, among them them among contexts, and examining both their influences and their effects. their and influences their both examining and contexts, An notes. explanatory and introductions extensive through evidence this of importance the analyzes and accompanying offers website available additional evidence at and www.wiley.com/go/AncientGreece resources. online useful to links as well as explanations, compartmentalizing Greek history and civilization into a the book of studies, focuses and number Greek history civilization thematic compartmentalizing on important developments, placing them within their political, economic, cultural, and intellectual on on Greek and Roman history and sources. His books include and Justin to Livy and Quintus Curtius Rufus. Curtius Quintus and Livy to Justin and and the quality of its illustrations and commentaries.” commentaries.” and illustrations its of quality the and Roisman East. the of conquest Macedonian the to Homer from period the for evidence of corpus essential gratitude.” and praise our of deserving richly are Yardley and the Attic Orators Attic the Cover image: Detail from black-figure amphora showing the arming arming the showing amphora black-figure from Detail image: Cover Lewandowski. Hervé / RMN © Photo bce. century 6th warrior, a of Associates Design Boxall Richard by design Cover Ancient Greece from Homer to Alexander Alexander to Homer from Greece Ancient Ancient Greece from Homer to Alexander to Homer from Greece Ancient Translation Translation “If you want a thorough and expert introduction to the evidence of ancient Greek history – in other words, words, other in – history Greek ancient of evidence the to introduction expert and thorough a want you “If “This wide-ranging “This collection of wide-ranging passages from the ancient selected sources, judiciously and edited by “Students of “Students ancient Greece will respond to this book as John (1709) did Sheffield to Homer: ‘you will RRoisman_ffirs.inddoisman_ffirs.indd i 11/25/2011/25/2011 8:34:358:34:35 PMPM Ancient Greece from Homer to Alexander

RRoisman_ffirs.inddoisman_ffirs.indd i 11/25/2011/25/2011 8:34:358:34:35 PMPM Blackwell Sourcebooks in Ancient History

This series presents readers with new translations of the raw material of ancient history. It provides direct access to the ancient world, from wars and power politics to daily life and entertainment, allowing readers to discover the extraordinary diversity of ancient societies.

Published

The Ancient Near East Edited Mark W. Chavalas The Roman Games Alison Futrell Alexander the Great Waldemar Heckel and J. C. Yardley The Hellenistic Period Roger Bagnall and Peter Derow Ancient Greek Religion Emily Kearns Ancient Greece from Homer to Alexander Joseph Roisman; translations by J. C. Yardley

In Preparation

Sexuality in the Classical World Holt Parker

RRoisman_ffirs.inddoisman_ffirs.indd iiii 11/25/2011/25/2011 8:34:358:34:35 PMPM Ancient Greece from Homer to Alexander The Evidence

Joseph Roisman Translations by J. C. Yardley

A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication

RRoisman_ffirs.inddoisman_ffirs.indd iiiiii 11/25/2011/25/2011 8:34:358:34:35 PMPM This edition first published 2011 © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Translations © 2011 John Yardley

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Roisman, Joseph, 1946– Ancient Greece from Homer to Alexander: the evidence / Joseph Roisman. p. cm. — (Blackwell sourcebooks in ancient history) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4051-2775-2 (hardcover: alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4051-2776-9 (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. Greece—Civilization—To 146 B.C.—Sources. 2. Greece—History—To 146 B.C.—Sources. I. Title. DF12.R65 2011 938–dc22 2010025066 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Set in 10/13pt Stone Serif by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India

1 2011

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List of Illustrations xxix List of Maps xxxi Preface and Acknowledgments xxxii How to Use This Book xxxiv Abbreviations xxxv Glossary xxxvii Greek Weights, Measures, Coins, and the Athenian Calendar xl Timeline xlii

Introduction: The Evidence for Greek History and Culture 1 I The Archaeological Evidence 2 I.1 Pottery 5 II Coins 7 III The Written Evidence 8 III.1 Investigation of Sources and Fragments of Lost Historians 10 III.2 Herodotus 13 III.3 Thucydides 16 III.4 Xenophon 20 III.5 Diodorus of Sicily 21 III.6 Plutarch 22 III.7 The Attic Orators 23

1 The World of Homer 26 1.1 A Funeral Scene on a Dipylon Vase 28 1.2 The Homeric Household (Oikos) 29 1.3 Women and the Homeric Household WEB1

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1.4 Slaves and the Homeric Household WEB1 1.5 The Measure of Happiness 30 1.6 A Household in Trouble 30 1.7 Households and Community 31 1.8 Homeric Leaders 32 1.9 Kings, Council, and Assembly 33 1.10 A Trial Scene WEB2 1.11 Homeric Values: Honor and Excellence 37 1.12 Reciprocity and Guest-Friendship (Xenia) 38 1.13 A Bust of Homer WEB3

2 The World of Hesiod 41 2.1 Individual, Communal, and Divine Justice 42 2.2 Women and Pandora’s Jar 44 2.3 Household and Marriage WEB4 2.4 The Value of Labor 45 2.5 Hesiod WEB4 2.5.I Slaves in Hesiod WEB4 2.5.II Hesiod on Competitiveness WEB5 2.5.III A Bust of Hesiod WEB5 2.6 The Orientalizing Period 45

3 The Early Greek Polis (City-State) and the Ethnos 48 3.1 The Homeric Polis 49 3.2 A Walled Homeric Polis WEB6 3.3 An Early Settlement on Andros (Zagora; ca. 700) 50 3.4 Links to Andros and the Azoria Project WEB6 3.5 Ancient Views of the Origins of the Polis 52 3.5.A Theseus’ Unification of Attica 52 3.5.B Aristotle on the Evolution of the Polis 53 3.6 Ethnos: The Ionians 54 3.6.A Ion’s Ancestors 55 3.6.B Ionians in the Peloponnese 56 3.6.C The History of the Ionians 56 3.7 Links of Interest WEB7

4 Settlements Across the Sea: Greek “Colonization” 59 4.1 Greek Settlements in the Western Mediterranean 60 4.2 The Settlement at Pithecoussae (ca. 750) 60 4.2.A The Settling of Pithecoussae 61 4.2.B The “Nestor Cup” 62 4.3 Livy on the Settlement of Pithecoussae WEB8 4.4 The Foundation of Cyrene (631) 63 4.5 Herodotus on the Foundation of Cyrene (631) WEB8

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4.5.I The Delphic Oracle WEB11 4.6 Mother-City and Colony: Corinth, Corcyra, and Epidamnus (435) 64 4.7 Settlers and Locals 66 4.8 Selinus (651/0?) 67 4.9 Links of Interest WEB12

5 Aristocratic Power and Attitudes 69 5.1 Aristocratic Power and Offices in Athens 70 5.2 Kings by Merit WEB13 5.3 Aristocratic Exclusiveness 71 5.3.A The Unworthy 72 5.3.B Do Not Marry a Commoner 72 5.4 Aristocratic Anxiety 73

6 Archaic Tyranny 75 6.1 How Tyrants Attained Power 76 6.2 The Birth and Rescue of Cypselus WEB14 6.3 Cypselus’ Tyranny in Corinth (ca. 650–625) 78 6.3.A Cypselus’ Harsh Tyranny 78 6.3.B Cypselus’ Mild Tyranny 79 6.4 Periander’s Tyranny in Corinth (625–585) 80 6.5 Additional Information on Tyranny in Corinth WEB16 6.6 A Failed Attempt at Tyranny in Athens: Cylon (632) 81 6.7 Herodotus on Cylon WEB16

7 Archaic and Classical Sparta 85 7.1 Thucydides on the Spartan City WEB17 7.2 The Messenian Wars (735–650) and the Conquered Population 87 7.3 The Helots 88 7.3.A Tyrtaeus on the Helots 88 7.3.B The Helot System 89 7.4 Eliminating Helots 90 7.5 The Krypteia 90 7.6 Lycurgus’ Regulations 92 7.7 Early Sparta WEB18 7.7.I Crises in Early Sparta WEB18 7.7.II Early Economic Disparity in Sparta WEB18 7.7.III Lycurgus’ Identity WEB19 7.8 The Spartan Government and the Great Rhetra 93 7.8.A Tyrtaeus on the Spartan Government 93 7.8.B Plutarch on Lycurgus’ Rhetra 94 7.9 Spartan Kingship 95

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7.10 Xenophon on Spartan Kingship WEB20 7.11 The Spartan Gerousia (Council) 97 7.12 The Ephors 98 7.13 The Ephors and Theopompus; Aristotle on the Spartan Government WEB20 7.13.I The Ephors and King Theopompus WEB20 7.13.II Aristotle on the Spartan “Mixed” Constitution WEB21 7.14 State and Family: The Scrutiny of Spartan Babies 99 7.15 The Schooling of Boys 99 7.16 Xenophon on the Schooling of Spartan Boys WEB21 7.17 Girls’ Education and Rituals 102 7.17.A Girls’ Education 102 7.17.B Spartan Maidens and Rituals 103 7.17.C A Female Spartan Runner 103 7.18 Plutarch on Spartan Girls’ Education and Rituals WEB22 7.19 Spartan Marriage 105 7.20 Wife-Sharing 105 7.20.A Xenophon on Wife-Sharing 106 7.20.B Polybius on Wife-Sharing 106 7.21 Sayings of Spartan Mothers WEB22 7.22 The Common Messes 107 7.22.A Xenophon on the Common Messes 107 7.22.B Plutarch on the Common Messes 108 7.23 Aristotle on the Common Messes WEB23 7.24 Spartan Equality: Ideology and Reality 109 7.24.A Lycurgus’ Egalitarian Measures 109 7.24.B The Similar Ones (Homoioi)? 110 7.25 Courage and Cowardice in Sparta 111 7.26 The Peloponnesian League and Spartan Alliances 112 7.26.A The Spartans’ Agreement with Tegea 113 7.26.B The Spartans’ Treaty with Olynthus 113 7.27 Sparta, Arcadia, and Corinth WEB23 7.27.I Sparta Obtains the Bones of Orestes WEB23 7.27.II The First Corinthian Opposition to King Cleomenes I (506) WEB25 7.27.III The Second Corinthian Opposition to King Cleomenes I (504) WEB26 7.28 King Cleomenes, Plataea, and Athens (519) 114 7.29 King Cleomenes WEB26 7.29.I Cleomenes’ Birth WEB26 7.29.II Cleomenes and Argos (494) WEB28 7.29.III Cleomenes and Aegina WEB30 7.29.IV Cleomenes and Demaratus (491/0) WEB31 7.29.V Cleomenes’ Downfall (490–489) WEB34 7.30 Links of Interest WEB36

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8 Hoplites and Their Values 117 8.1 Hoplites and Their Weapons 118 8.2 Standing in a Phalanx Formation 119 8.3 Hoplite Battles 120 8.4 Hoplite Ideals 121 8.4.A Do Not Flee But Stand Your Ground 122 8.4.B The Worthy Man in War 123 8.5 The Battle of Champions WEB37 8.6 The Spartan or Hoplite Ideology 124 8.7 Hoplites and Politics 125 8.8 Links of Interest WEB38

9 Archaic Athens From Draco to Solon 127 9.1 Draco’s Law of Homicide (621/0) 128 9.2 Draco’s Harsh Laws WEB39 9.3 The Background to Solon’s Legislation 130 9.3.A The Situation Before Solon’s Archonship 130 9.3.B Solon’s Election 131 9.4 Solon’s Middle-of-the-Road Policy (594) 131 9.5 Solon’s Rejection of Tyranny WEB39 9.6 Solon’s Economic Regulations: Land and Debts 132 9.6.A Solon’s Regulations Concerning Debts 133 9.6.B Solon on His Regulations 133 9.7 Solon’s Economic Regulations: Export and Trade WEB40 9.8 Solon’s Political Regulations 134 9.8.A Solon’s Classes and Their Respective Offices 134 9.8.B Solon and Election to Offices 135 9.9 Solon’s Judicial Regulations 136 9.10 The Solonian Polis 137 9.11 A Link to a Bust of Solon WEB41

10 Tyranny in Athens 139 10.1 Solon and King Croesus WEB42 10.2 Athens after Solon 140 10.3 Rivalry for Power 141 10.4 Peisistratus’ First Attempt at Tyranny (561/0) 142 10.5 Peisistratus’ Second Attempt at Tyranny, His Exile and Return (556–546) 143 10.5.A Peisistratus Marries Megacles’ Daughter 143 10.5.B Peisistratus’ Exile 144 10.6 Peisistratus in Exile WEB45 10.7 Peisistratus’ Tyranny (546–528/7) 144 10.8 Peisistratus’ Rule; Athenian Coinage WEB46 10.8.I Peisistratus’ Mild Rule WEB46

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10.8.II Early Athenian Coins and the City of Athens Under the Tyrants WEB46 10.9 Tyranny and the Athenian Elite: The Archon List 146 10.10 The Athenian Tyrannicides (514/3) 147 10.10.A Drinking Songs Honoring the Tyrannicides 148 10.10.B The Statues of Harmodius and Aristogeiton 149 10.11 Thucydides on the Athenian Tyrannicides WEB48 10.12 The Expulsion of the Tyrants (511/0) 150

11 Cleisthenes and Athenian Democracy (508/7) 153 11.1 Cleisthenes and His Opposition 154 11.2 Cleisthenes’ Reforms (508/7) 156 11.2.A Cleisthenes’ Measures 157 11.2.B Athenian Demes 158 11.3 Cleisthenes Enfranchises Athenian Residents WEB50 11.4 Membership in the Deme 160 11.5 Ostracism (Ostrakismos) 161 11.5.A Trial by Potsherds 161 11.5.B Ostraka 162 11.6 Ath . Pol. on Ostracism and the Dating of Its Introduction WEB50 11.7 Generalship 163 11.8 Athenian Public Building ca. 500 WEB52

12 Archaic Society and Culture: Gender, Sexuality, Banquets, and Competition 165 12.1 Manly Youth: A Kouros 166 12.2 Homoerotic Couples 166 12.3 Courting Men and Women 168 12.4 Cretan Lovers 170 12.5 A Law Against Courtship of Free Boys by Slaves WEB53 12.6 Sex, Power, and the Eurymedon Vase 171 12.7 Love and the Symposion WEB54 12.7.I Proclaiming Love WEB54 12.7.II Symposion, Wine, and Self-Control WEB54 12.8 The Banquet (Symposion) 172 12.9 Competition and the Rewards of Victory 173 12.9.A A Prize in the Panathenaic Games 174 12.9.B A Victory Ode 174 12.10 Greek Games and a Dissenting Voice WEB55 12.11 Archaic Women: Sappho on Love 175 12.11.A “She Left Me” 176 12.11.B What is Beauty? 176 12.12 Sappho, Aphrodite, and Phrasiclea WEB56 12.12.I Sappho’s Invitation of Aphrodite WEB56

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12.12.II A Female Youth WEB56 12.13 Seducing Maidens 177 12.14 Anacreon’s “Thracian Filly” WEB57 12.15 Portraits of Wives 178 12.16 Sappho, Andromache, and Agariste WEB57 12.16.I Sappho’s Poem on Andromache’s Arrival in Troy WEB57 12.16.II The Marriage of Agariste WEB58

13 Archaic Law 182 13.1 The Law of Dreros WEB61 13.2 The Gortyn Law on Sexual Misconduct WEB62 13.3 The Gortyn Law on Division of Property WEB63 13.4 Solon’s Laws Concerning Inheritance, Dowry, Women Outdoors, Parental Support, and Sexual Misconduct WEB64 13.5 A Treaty Concerning Seizure of Men Abroad WEB66 13.6 Changing the Law WEB67

14 Archaic Greek Religion 183 14.1 Herodotus on Homer and Hesiod’s Contribution to Greek Religion 184 14.2 Athens Purifies Delos (426/5) WEB69 14.3 Worship 185 14.4 Greek Temples and the Mysteries of Demeter in Eleusis 186 14.4.A The Mysteries and Hades 186 14.4.B The Macron Cup with Triptolemus 187 14.5 The Hymn to Demeter WEB70 14.6 The Decree of Offering First-Fruits in Eleusis (420s) 188 14.7 Links of Interest WEB76

15 The Ionian Revolt: Persians and Greeks 192 15.1 King Croesus WEB77 15.1.I Croesus’ Kingdom WEB77 15.1.II Croesus and Delphi WEB77 15.2 Persia and the Ionians 193 15.3 Ionians, Greeks, and Persians WEB78 15.3.I Herodotus on the Ionians and Their Response to the Persian Occupation WEB78 15.3.II Cyrus the Great and Sparta WEB79 15.3.III Cultural Exchange between Greeks and Persians WEB79

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15.4 The Greek Tyrants at the Bridge (ca. 513) 195 15.5 King Darius I and His Administrative Reforms WEB80 15.6 The Causes of the Ionian Revolt (499–494) 196 15.6.A Aristagoras’ Naxian Campaign 196 15.6.B Aristagoras Banishes Tyrants 197 15.7 Aristagoras’ Rebellion and Histiaeus’ Message WEB81 15.8 Aristagoras’ Quest for Help in Greece (500) 198 15.9 Aristagoras in Sparta WEB82 15.10 The Fall of Miletus and Phrynichus’ Capture of Miletus (494) 199 15.11 The Change of Persian Policy in Ionia 201

16 The Battle of Marathon (490) 203 16.1 Darius Demands Surrender 204 16.2 The Spartans’ Attempt to Atone for the Killing of Persian Envoys WEB84 16.3 The Persian Expedition and Athens’ Request for Help (490) 205 16.3.A The Persians Arrive at Marathon 205 16.3.B Athens Requests Help from Sparta 206 16.4 The Battle of Marathon (490) 207 16.4.A The War Council Before Battle and the Fighting in Marathon 207 16.4.B The Persian Cavalry 209 16.4.C Monuments of the Battle of Marathon 210 16.5 An Attempt to Capture the City with Alcmeonid Aid? 211 16.6 The Fame of Marathon and Its Commemoration 212 16.6.A An Elegy on Marathon 213 16.6.B Aeschylus’ Epitaph 213 16.6.C The Mound at Marathon 214 16.7 After Marathon WEB86 16.7.I A Link to an Image of a Greek Soldier Fighting a Persian WEB86 16.7.II Aristophanes on the Warriors of Marathon WEB86 16.7.III Miltiades after Marathon WEB86 16.7.IV Darius’ War Plans after Marathon WEB88

17 The Persian War (480–479) 216 17.1 Greek Perspectives of the Persian War 217 17.1.A The Bridging of the Hellespont 217 17.1.B Punishing the Hellespont 218

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17.2 Greeks’ Views of Persians WEB89 17.2.I Aeschylus on the Persian Defeat and Humiliation WEB89 17.2.II Plato on Persian Royal Education and Decadence WEB90 17.3 Themistocles and His Naval Program 218 17.3.A Themistocles’ Plan 219 17.3.B Themistocles’ Naval Project 219 17.4 Herodotus on Themistocles’ Building of the Athenian Navy WEB90 17.5 The Athenian Trireme 220 17.5.A The Lenormant Relief of a Trireme 220 17.5.B Olympia at Sea 221 17.6 Explanatory Comments on the Athenian Trireme WEB90 17.7 Greek Responses to Xerxes’ Invasion 221 17.8 Themistocles Initiates the Return of Ostracized Athenians WEB91 17.9 The Hellenic Alliance Against Persia 223 17.9.A The Greeks’ Decisions About the War 223 17.9.B The Greek Command 224 17.10 The Greek Retreat from Thessaly and its Aftermath (480) 225 17.10.A Retreat from Thessaly 226 17.10.B The Greeks’ Lines of Defense 226 17.11 The Battle of Thermopylae (480) 227 17.11.A Leonidas’ Plan 227 17.11.B Leonidas Decides to Stay 228 17.11.C Commemorating the Spartans of Thermopylae 229 17.12 From Artemisium to Thermopylae WEB91 17.12.I Herodotus on the Battle of Artemisium WEB91 17.12.II Themistocles Encourages the Ionians and the Carians to Desert Xerxes WEB93 17.12.III Demaratus Informs Xerxes about the Spartans WEB93 17.12.IV The Spartans’ Last Stand at Thermopylae and Leonidas’ Fate WEB94 17.13 The Evacuation of Athens 230 17.13.A The Athenians Ask for a Second Oracle 230 17.13.B Themistocles’ Decree 231 17.13.C A Faulty Peloponnesian Strategy 233 17.14 Athens’ Choice WEB96 17.14.I The First Athenian Consultation of Delphi About Continuing the War Against Persia WEB96

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