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The Nature and Distribution of Turf-Banked Terraces in the Olympic Mountains, Washington

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The Nature and Distribution of Turf-Banked Terraces in the Olympic Mountains, Washington Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 7-1-1976 The Nature and Distribution of Turf-banked Terraces in the Olympic Mountains, Washington Katherine Jane Hansen Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Physical and Environmental Geography Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Hansen, Katherine Jane, "The Nature and Distribution of Turf-banked Terraces in the Olympic Mountains, Washington" (1976). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 5400. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ..I AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Katherine Jane Hansen for the Master of Arts in Geography presented July 1, 1976. Title: The Nature and Distribution of Turf-banked Terraces in the Olympic Mountains, Washington. APPROVED BY MEMBERS OF THE THESIS cor~~ITTEE: ~ r Price, Chairman 1 I. ,.' t t t r I itJ~ Well-developed turf-banked terraces are found in the I Olympic.Mountains of Washington, but not found· in the other r ~ountains of the Pacific Northwest. My study is based just on the oiympic Mountains and the·major thrust of my ~ I investigation is aimed at answering questions: What is I > f the nature of turf-banked terrace development in the •( r Olympic Mountains? Why does it occur, and what is its 2 local ecological significance? The major field investigations were carried out during the summer of 1975. ;("' I A two hour reconnaissance was made over the Olympic Mountains to plot the distribution of turf-banked terraces; the most striking discovery was that terraces are limited to only a small area on the northeast side of the Olympics. '~\ Field measurements were made of slope orientation, slope angle, height. of risers, and length ?f treads. Vegetation f f· ,.• transects were run across the terraces in order to ascertain ecological significance. Internal characteris­ I tics of the terraces were investigated by making excavations j :1 through three representative terraces. Soil samples were I f I collected and· laboratory tested for texture analysis. j , . r Turf-banked terraces occur in the Pacific Northwest {· . t only where the climate is of the continental-type and t f there are numerous freeze-thaw cycles, 'not where excessive l moisture provides a mild, maritime climate. Terraces I I develop only on soil derived from sedimentary rock which j has a high rate of decomposition and breaks into fine material and not on the· coarse soils derived from basalt or granite which have a slow rate of decomposition. ·. Within 'the Olympic Mountains, t~rf-banked terraces occur only in a small area in the northeast section which has a relatively dry continental climate. They do not occur in other areas of the Olympic Mountains which 3 are v0ry moist ann hnve a m9ritimc climnte. I· Within their ar"3!3 of occurrence, tc-rraces r1evolop on north-facine slopes which are protected from Routhwcsterly win<ls and where soil is present. Terrnces are found on the gentle, roun~ed alpine slopes, not exceeding 21+0 and 0 . .... !}Ot less than 12., where only occasional outcrops of bedrock are found. These rounded ridges have apparently· not been glaciated but have undergone cryoplanation over a long period of time. Terraces do not occur on south­ facing slope~ which are g~nerally steep and have little f# soil d~vel~pment. Terraces are not· found on the steep, jagged cirque heads nor on the active cirque walls. Terrac~s Rre well-developed on north~facing slopes ' immediately below late-lying snowbanks which provide I ' moisture that saturates the soil <luring spring melting. Alpine vegetation with fine, thickly-matted roots covers the north-facing slopes, binding the soil, and the organic material assists the sandy loam in .ret.aining water. Terraces do not develop in the Olympics on unvegetated slopes. Animals frequent the terraces and cause downslope movement when the soil is saturated. Grazing removes vegetation and promotes frost activity in the soil. Hikers crossing the terraces crush and uproot flowers and stemB, · · ~-·~. 4 ~ but the concentration of traffic on trails is bet·ter than l' being dispersed use since it limits the damage. h :1· I Movement takes place during spring when a frozen 1, layer in the soil prohibits downward percolation of melt­ water .from late-lying snowbanks. Higher velocities in the center of the lobe results in the typical lobate appearance of the terraces. It is hypothesized that terrace development began } between 2500 and 3000 years B.P. The terraces appear r active today. Hummocky treads, bulging risers, collapsed lobes give evidence of movement. ; .... ._ - • ...., ........ ./>. THE NATURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF TURF-BANKED TERRACES IN THE OLYMPIC MOUNTAINS, WASHINGTON by. KATHERINE JANE HANSEN A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in GEOGRAPHY I• r Portland State University I I 1976 I ( 11,1 ',1 ~ ~· 1:~ TO THE OFFICE OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH: The members of the Committee approve the thesis of Katherine Jane Hansen presented July 1, 1976. L I' APPROVED: .. , D. Richard Lycan, Head, Department of Geograpfiy !' Studies and Research , "! ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish i:;o take this time and space to ·:.:ne.m·: those who made my study in the Olympic Mountains and the writing of this thesis possible~ I am most t~ank~u: ~o Dr. Larry Price rih~ not only opened the field of alpine study to me, but also imparted to me knowledge, perception, and enthusiasm for mountains. My field work could not have been accomplished without my faithful and enduring assistant and friend, Barbara Kennedy, who climbed the steep ridges and sat calmly with me for days in our wet tent. Part of 7.h~s t:iesis' belongs to Barbara •. I am indebted to Mr. and Mrs. Bob Kelty of the ~· - C"lympic National Park, who offered us their "\-Fam, dry caoi.n and a hot meal when the weather was imbearable., '.:.. want to thank the Mazama .Mountaineering Cluo of' ?ortla~d for f'unding my study, the Olympic National Park staff who were always eager to help, and, of course, the ent~re Geography Depa~tment of Portland State University '"1ho gµve me enco:..-..ragement and friendship, Thank you. ; l~l TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . • • . • • . iii LIST OF TABLES . vi LIST OF FIGURES . vii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION . 1 II AREAL SETTING . 4 I. Geology . • . • . 4 II. Glaciation • . • . • . 9 III. Climate . • • • . • • . • 12 IV. Soils • . • • • • • • • • . • • 14 v. Vegetation . • • . • • • 17 III DESCRIPTION OF STUDY SITES •• . 20 IV hETHODS OF FIELD INVESTIGATION ••• . 31 V TERRACE DISTRIBUTION AND DESCRIPTION • • 33 VI VEGETATION • • • • • . 40 I. Vegetation Communities . 43 II. Snowbank Community . 44 III. Tread Community . 45 IV. Riser Community •• . 47 VII LOBE EXCAVATIONS • • • • • • . • • so I• Lobe #3 • • • • • • • • • • • • 50 II. Lobe #10 • • • • • • • • • • • 53 III. Lobe #15 . 55 A.c 111 !; ! I' f v 1 I •: CHAPTER PAGE 1: ..." VIII SOILS • . )8 1. Soil Description . :)8 II. Laboratory Tests •••••••• 60 III. Soil Formation . .. .~ . 63 IX SOIL MOVEMENT HEASUREMENTS '.· • • • ... 64 X FACTORS INFLU~NCING THE DISTRIBUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF TURF-BANKED TERRACES 68 XI CONCLUSION • • • • • • • • • ~ • • • • • 75 BIBLIOGRAPHY • • • • • . • • • • • • 78 /.?-I LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE I Mioroenvironmental data for two alpine statipns or the Olympic Mountains 15 II Riser Heights and Tread Lengths • •. • • 35 III Species and ..Their Relative and Total t Importance Values • • • • • • • • 42 I,, IV Textural Analysis of Soils from Turf-Banked Terraces • • • • • • • 62 I' ,I, LIST OF FIGURES. FIGURE PAGE 1. Turf-banked terraces and oomponent Parts • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2 2. Major rivers and lakes of the Olympic Peninsula • • • • • • • . • • • • 5 3. Predominant geologic features of the Olympic Mountains • • • • • • • • 7 4. Development of the Olympic Mountains • 8 5. U-Shaped valleys transect the Sedimentary ~: Ridges • • • • • • • • • • • • • 9 ~ 6. A theoretical surface connecting small modern glaciers ana a surface connecting pleistocen~ cirque floors • • • • • • • • • • • • • 11 7. Precipitation in Millimete.rs. for the Olympic Mountains • • • • • • • • 13 8. Location of turf-banked terraces in the Olympic Mountains • • • • • • • • 21 9. Terrace location at Maiden Peak 22 • • • l 10. I' .. Terrace location at Gray Wolf cirque • 24 11. Terraces flow at an angle to the slope I 1, on the northeast-facing slope at I .I Maiden Peak • • .. • • • • • • • • 25 vUi FIGURE PAGE 12. Olympic marmot burrows into terrace .risers adding to downslope mov~m~nt 27 13. · Olympic mountain goats frequent.the terraces to graze • • • • • • • • 28 14~ Hiking trail cuts across terra~es ~d'. ·lobes frequently collap~e onto the trail • • • • • • • • . , . 29 . 15. Lobes measured· at Maiden Peak • • • • 36 16. ·Lobes measured at Gray Wolf • • •. • • 37 17. Di'stribution of species anq ·their . imp·ortance v~lue s wi th;in coi;nmuni ties across' .a. turf-banked terrace, •.• . ' . ' • • • • • • 46 18. dross-section· or· excavated lobe #3 • • 51 19. Cros~-section of excavated lobe #10 • 54 20. Cross-section of excavated lobe #l5 • 56 21. Saturateq soil below a late-lying snowbank • • • • • • • • • • • • 60 22·. _Pr~ssure f'rom flowing soils occasionally .results in collapsed lobe risers 65 23. Mariy of the trees have bent tree trunks as a result of downslope movecient 66 CHAPTER I I N'rRODUCTI ON Turf-banked terraces are landforms resultin& from solifluction and frost creep •. Solifluction is the actual .. moving of saturated soil, frost creep is a "ratchet-like" movement caused by freeze and thaw. Although both processes contribute to the formation of turf-banked terraces, solifluction is generally thought to be the major factor in their origin. Solifluction was first defined by Andersson in 1906; "This process, the slow flowing from higher to lower ground of masses saturated with water (from snowmelt or rain), I propose to name soliflµction (derived from solum, •·soil' and fluere 'to flow').
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