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Zielinski's Clauselgesetz Das Clauselgesetz in Cicero's Reden. Von Th. Zielinski, Prof, an der Universität St. Petersburg. Leipzig: Th. Weicher, Dieterich'sche Verlags - Buchhandlung. 1904. Pp. 253. M. 8.40.

Albert C. Clark

The Classical Review / Volume 19 / Issue 03 / April 1905, pp 164 - 172 DOI: 10.1017/S0009840X00000214, Published online: 27 October 2009

Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0009840X00000214

How to cite this article: Albert C. Clark (1905). The Classical Review, 19, pp 164-172 doi:10.1017/ S0009840X00000214

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ZIELINSKI'S CLAUSELGESETZ.

Das Clauselgesetz in Cicero's Reden. Von the cretic (_ „ _), as Cicero points out when TH. ZIELINSKI, Prof, an der Universitat commenting upon the rule of Aristotle St. Petersburg. Leipzig: Th. Weicher, (Orator § 215). Demosthenes had certain Dieterich'eche Verlags - Buchhandlung. favourite rhythms. Thus Norden shews 1904. Pp. 253. M. 8.40. that in the First Philippic the predominant forms in the clausulae are the ditrochaeus PKOFESSOR TH. ZIELINSKI, of St. Peters- (or dichoreus), dispondeus, cretic + trochee, burg, who is well known to students of choriambic + trochee. His love of the cretic Cicero as the author of a charming work was noticed by Quintilian who quotes as Cicero im, Wandel der Jahrhunderte, Leipzig, examples of his severa compositio (ix. 4. 63) 1897, has made a very remarkable discovery rolPlato, Cicero is rhythmical and follows more or less is said to have been the first person to aim the Ciceronian rules. at metrical effect by the use of favourite Cicero on various occasions and especially rhythms. Quintilian (ix. 4. 87) speaks of in de Or. iii. 173 sqq, and Orat. 204 sqq. him as the ' discoverer' of the paean. The discusses the nature of numerosa oratio. same foot was preferred by Aristotle, who The gist of his remarks is that, while the thought that the 1st paean (_ „ „ J) was orator should not fall into poetry, or numeri most suitable at the beginning of a sentence, pure and simple, his discourse should be and the 4th paean ( ) at the end. similis numerorum. Thus -(Orat. 222) refer- Both of these are metrical equivalents of ring to the sentence of Crassus THE CLASSICAL REVIEW. 165 missos faciant patronos, ipsi prodeant, The first writer upon the subject was G. Wiist (1881), who in his work ' de clausula he says that but for the stop after patronos, rhetorica' etc. tabulated the results arrived it would form a senarius. He would prefer at by an examination of 18 speeches, leav- prodeant ipsi. ing the others to those blessed by leisure Besides numeri, he says, concinnitas is or to whom ' natura ferream quandam con- • necessary : i.e. the various commata and cola stantiam dedit.' He shewed clearly that must be carefully balanced. The most im- while some clausulae were extremely portant part of the sentence is the end or common, others were very exceptional, e.g. clausula : cf. de Or. iii. 192 'clausulas the clausula heroica, condemned by Quin- diligentius etiam servandas esse arbitror tilian. Thus he only found two cases of quam superiora, quod in eis maxime per- fhis in the speeches used by him viz. fectio atque absolutio indicatur.' In a verse Cat. 1. 14. cumulasti, Mil. 91 volitarunt, the beginning, the middle, and the end are where the unsyncopated forms remove the equally important, and a blemish anywhere faulty rhythm. So in 1895 I read volita- is promptly detected: ' in oratione autem verunt in Mil. I.e., which Zielinski refers pauci prima cernunt, postrema plerique.' to as being the only occasion upon which He elsewhere (Orat. 216) defines what he any editor has made an alteration on means by clausula. He says ' hos cum in metrical grounds. The results of Wiist's clausulis pedes nomino, non loquor de uno discussion were somewhat desultory, and pede extremo : adiungo quod minimum sit, his chief claim to praise lies in the fact proximum, superiorem, saepe etiam tertium.' that he was the pioneer. He was followed He recommends for use in the clausula in by several investigators who proceeded by the first place the cretic, and secondly the one of two methods. One school, the most paean (^ „ ^ _), which is its metrical equiva- eminent member of which is M. Borneque lent. Of the spondee he says that it is not (1898), took as its watchword the theory that ' funditus repudiandus,' aud that it has the metrical form of the last word in the ' stabilem quendam et non expertem digni- clausula determines the metrical form of tatis gradum.' I pass by the remarks which that before it, e.g. he took an iambic dis- he makes about the use of other feet. syllable, and tabulated all possible feet I also omit the rules laid down by Quin- found before it, e.g. tilian, since they appear to be based upon those of Cicero, while his examples, many oras . of which are highly interesting and shew fingere | keen insight, are chiefly taken from Cicero's amoveant Vferant. writings. I also pass over various remarks ore j made by grammarians and rhetorical writers, scripserint with a single exception: which, in view He took his illustrations from the letters of Zielinski's canon, possesses peculiar ad Fam. some of which are wholly rhyth- interest. mical, such as those to Lentulus, while Terentianus Maurus (290 A.D. circ.) says others are only partially so. Those to of the cretic Atticus are, of course, not rhythmical. His optimus pes et melodis et pedestri gloriae: conclusions were not satisfying. Fre- plurimum orantes decebit, quando paene in quently he says that no conclusion is ultimo possible, or that all the forms seem possible. obtinet sedem beatam, terminet si clausulam His tables, however, are exceedingly dactylus, spondeus imam nee trochaeum interesting when compared with Zielinski's respuo: forms, the results being the same though bacchicos utrosque fugito, nee repellas tri- the terminology is different. The other school represented by E. Miiller, de numero brachyn. Ciceroniano, 1886, Norden in his important plenius tractatur istud arte prosa rhetorum. work, die klassische Kunstprosa, 1898, and It will be noticed that he speaks of a Ju. Wolff, de clausulis Giceronianis, 1901, sedes beata for the cretic in the clausula, insisted upon the connexion of Latin rhyth- viz. paene in ultimo before _ „ w, > _ «. mical prose with Greek, and endeavoured to This statement is practically identical with collect types or forms of clausulae. They Zielinski's law, which I shall shortly set also made important contributions to our forth. knowledge of Ciceronian prosody. Wolff During the last 25 years various writers found that there were 4 chief forms of the have dissected the Ciceronian clausula. clausula, viz. 166 THE CLASSICAL REVIEW.

ditrochee a cadence. The basis consists of a cretic, choliambic or its metrical equivalent, the cadence . dicretic varies in length, and is trochaic in char- hypodochmiac acter. These writers shewed that a particular foot Form 1. | _~. might, as in verse, be replaced by its metrical This is the simplest and favourite form equivalent, e.g. a cretic by a molossus (4184 exx., 23 p.c). In it no metrical ( ) or an epitrit ( , or ): licenses of any kind are allowed, i.e. no just as Cicero had pointed out that a cretic molossus, or resolution of long vowels. was the metrical equivalent of a paean. The last syllable, of course, is doubtful, as Wolff indicated various devices used to in verse. produce favourite rhythms, e.g. the use of -que and atque in a clausula, the latter Form 2 I word being constantly found in the clausula before a consonant, whereas elsewhere it is The basis has two * forms, viz. the weak seldom used except before a vowel. He _ „ _, and strong . Of the first he finds illustrated the use of synaloepha, elision, 1991 exx. (11- 1 p.c). Of the second 1297 hiatus, contraction (e.g. nil, comprendo), exx. (8. p.c). It is an interesting point and shewed how the evidence of the clau- in tracing the development of Cicero's sula threw light upon such questions as the rhythm that in his later speeches he shews gen. in -ii, and -i. marked preference for the cretic basis as Zielinski, who in a review of my edition, against the molossus. vol. VI. Oxford Class. Texts (Deutsche Lit- Thus while in the Verrines Zielinski finds teratiirz. 1901, p. 1556) hinted at certain con- _ w _ 479 exx., 399, in the Philippics clusions of his own regarding the clausula, the figures are _ „ _ 514, 161. now thought it time to publish his secret. This he did briefly in a review of Form 3 Wolff's work (D. L. 1901, p. 3243), where iii he points out that both the ditrochaeus, Of the weak form he finds 1787 exx. : of and the hypodochmiac of Wolff are pre- the strong 1586. ceded by a cretic base, like his other two So far the question is one of the greatest forms. There is really, therefore, only one possible simplicity. No metrical license of form of the clausula, viz. a cretic (or its any kind has been admitted, beyond the metrical equivalent) followed by a trochaic recognition of the two forms of the basis. cadence consisting of from 2 to 5 syllables. Yet these three Forms at once account for This view he has developed at length in 10,845 out of 17,902 clausulae, or 60-3 p.c. the present work. His investigations are They are denoted by Zielinski as V, or Verae mainly concerned with the clausula, since clausulae. this is the point in the sentence where the If for a moment we glance at previous rhythm becomes most palpable. It is, how- theories, we find that the result of Zielinski's ever, obvious, as is indeed stated by Cicero tables is to establish the canon of Teren- and Quintilian that the cola are governed by tianus Maurus, concerning the sedes beata the same rules, though not with equal occupied by the cretic paene in ultimo. Form i stringency. This subject he promises to is that connected by Quintilian with Demo- discuss in a later work upon what he terms sthenes, i.e. Traari KCU. irao-ais—firjSe roievrj (34 the ' durchgehender Rhythmus' or ' con- exx. in Phil, i), and appears in the emenda- structiver Rhythmus,' which, from the hints tion made by Cicero upon the involuntary which he throws out, promises to be of a • senarius of Crassus, viz. prodeant ipsi. It most fascinating character. coincides with the second of Wolff's forms The strength of Zielinski's arguments is viz. the choliambic. Form ii is the dicretic based upon statistics. He has classified recommended by Quintilian who says ' sed all the examples, and is always ready with et se sequitur creticus' (ix. 4. 107) and quotes percentages. He quotes in full all the Lig. 38 servdre quam plurvmos. It is the 3rd rarer cases. He is thus enabled to speak form of Wolff. Form iii is the ditrochaeus with authority, and to talk of laws, where his predecessors could only speak of favourite 1 Zielinski throughout indicates the weak forms forms. by ordinary numerals, and the strong by the same numerals more heavily leaded, e.g. 2 and 2. For the The theory is briefly this. In every sake of clearness I use Roman numerals, e.g. ii, for clausula there are two parts, a basis, and the strong forms, and Arabic, e.g. 2, for the weak. THE CLASSICAL .REVIEW. 167 so dear to the Asiatic school, the stock (b) The second license consists of the example being the previously quoted clausula substitution of an epitriton for the cretic of Carbo, viz. filil comprobavit. It is in the base. Of this there are two forms : Wolff's 1st form + a cretic basis. viz. the weak form _ w _ is replaced by a Before I pass on to other clausulae, it choriambic _ „ w _, and the strong form is necessary to make an important distinc- by _w . This is denoted by tr., tion : viz. between the Form and the Type. e.g. 2 tr. = hospitis in|iurias, and ii tr. = The Type is fixed by the caesura, or division piiblice sub|scribijtur. of words within the Form. Thus to take The L class includes, in addition to these Form i _ ^ _ | _ „• cases where a metrical license has been Here there may be a caesura after the taken in Forms 1, 2, and 3, Form 4 (iv), e.g. 1st, 2nd, 3rd, or 4th syllable, or, which is t spiritual pertimescerem, llbertas vestra somewhat rare, the whole clausula may tollitur, which on acconnt of its compara- consist of one word without caesura. This tive rarity (380 exx.) is not placed among is denoted thus Verae clausulae. This like iii is 8 in type, especially in the weak form. In this the a j8 y 8 e percentage of the 8 type is 70*7, and in the strong form 47'5. e.g. 1 a = indicaretur, 310 exx. The V and L classes together embrace /? = non oportere, 679 exx. 15,620 exx. out of 17,902 cases, i.e. y = morte vicistis, 1231 exx. 86*8 p.c. The remaining clausulae are thus 8 = civitas possit, 256 exx. classified. c = restituti sint, 24 exx. (3) Malae (1/), 1103 exx., (6-1 p.c.) These statistics shew that y is the pre- dominant type of i, so that the character- These include Forms 5 and 6, which are istic clausula is e.g. morte vicistis. so metrical in character as to resemble poetry, e.g. A similar result is given by the statistics for 2, the characteristic type being e.g. cessit 5. de patris morte quaereretur audaciae. Both 1 and 2, therefore, exhibit v. leges mutarS noliierunt the y type. 6. curia propter abstinentiam Form 3, however, is chiefly 8 in type. In vi. damnato te referre noluit the light form 86 p.c. cases are 8 in character : or rarer resolutions, e.g. in the strong 59 p.c. The characteristic 1-3 types are filii comprobavit, or me semper 1 facile perspicio. feceritis. (4) Selectae (S), 930 exx., (5-2.) I now pass on to the next class, viz. L This is an exceedingly interesting class ( = lidtae), i.e. those clausulae of fairly for several reasons. Its characteristic is common occurrence, in which a slight the substitution of a spondee for the license, such as is allowed in poetry, has trochee immediately after the base, e.g. been taken. Of this there are two kinds. consults designdti. The S clausulae gener- (a) ^ can be used in place of any _ ally belong to Form 3 (617 exx.) in which syllable. the type is exclusively 8. They are 'Used Thus to take Form i. Here we have chiefly for emphasis. Zielinski compares the S clausula to the stroke of a hammer, TTT cf. Verr. v. 117 includuntur in carcgrem 1 2 3 condemnati. Though rare in Cicero, this For any of these long syllables two shorts clausula becomes very common in Livy. can be substituted, e.g. This difference between oratorical and historical rhjthm exactly corresponds II = )acere co|netur : I2 = esse videlatur : 3 1<2 •with Cicero's remark, Orat. 212. cursum I = comniodl | cSdere: I = facere potu|lsti. contentiones magis requirunt, expositiones The same process is allowed in Forms 2 rerum tarditatem, i.e. the rhythm of oratory • and 3. is trochaic, that of history spondaic. It is noticeable that in all these L (5) Pessimae (P), 248 (1-4.) clausulae the type is more strongly pro- These introduce a new substitution, viz. nounced than in the V. Thus in V1 the y type is found in 49 p.c. of the cases : in that of a dactyl for a trochee either L I1 the percentage of y is 56, in L I3 63, (a) in the basis, 1-2 and L 1 is exclusively y. Pi w w _ I 54 exx. 168 THE CLASSICAL REVIEW. (b) in the cadence, of the utmost importance, - and to -?*_ = _ I _~~ 87 exx. Zielinski the very corner-stone of his . 107 exx. system. There is nothing which he would 3 resent more than the charge that he was The last of these, P , is the clausula endeavouring to force stubborn material heroica, condemned by Quintilian ix. 4. 102, into a mould. His contention is the 'quia finem versus damnamus in fine clausula is the natural result of the form orationis.' and accent of Latin words. A Roman This accounts for 17,902 clauses. There ' lisped in numbers, for the numbers came.' remain 29-clausulae outside the fold. (3) There is naturally a tendency to The bona fides of Zielinski is strikingly equipoise or balance between the long and shewn by the list of exceptions which he short syllables. If this balance has been allows, since many of this little flock are disturbed in any way, there is a tendency not really black sheep, but only need a to redress the inequality. Corollaries of stroke of the brush to become white. Thus this law are he includes Verr. 116 and 120 Timarchidi (a) the ' jumping-ofE law' (Anlaufgesetz), numerasse, Cat. 1. 14 hoc scelus cumulasti, which ordains that, wherever the first long Mil. 91 toto foro volitarunt where the 3 in the base is resolved into two shorts, unsyncopated forms at once give /S3 , viz. the preceding syllable must be long ; _~_!co_i i a clausula of which he (b) the ' law of the two shorts,' which allows 35 cases. Another case is Clu. 44, commands that, wherever in the clausula Martidlium rem&verl, where M gives two shorts replace a long, they are pre- demoveri ( = V 3). The most interesting to ceded either by a long syllable, or, if this me is Clu. 180 fieri poluisset. This passage is not possible, e.g. in I2, by a caesura. as printed by all editors runs as follows This is why I2, the esse videatur clause is quaere bant homines quonam modo fieri always y. potulsset. (c) When ^ ^ stands for _, the two shorts must not be divided between two words This passage occurs in a part of the {Auflosungsgesetz). speech where M is defective, which was By the help of these laws he decides some recovered from the Cluniacensis Poggii.1 very complicated questions which arise in the The word quaerebant does not occur in case of the clausulae which may be claimed a French transcript (2) made before the by rival forms, e.g. commodi cadere possit. MS. passed into the hand of Poggio, nor Is this I2 or iii3 % in the earlier Italian transcripts. It If I2, then we have -f cadere possit, in occurs first as an addition in a late copy which case the ictus is at variance with i[r, written by the second hand, and then the natural accent cddere. If iii3, then ictus passed into the ordinary MSS. It is, and accent agree, i.e. _ „ _ U'v ^ i - v It therefore, obvious that quaerebant is a con- is, therefore, iii3. jecture for a missing verb, which should So again in e.g. pertinere videatur. come at the end of the clausula. Is this I2 or 3s 1 If 33, then we have I have tried to state these results in the pertinejre videjatur, against (c). It is, simplest possible form. There are many therefore, I2. complications which arise in the course of I do not pretend to vouch in any way for the discussion, which Zielinski handles the various laws enunciated by Zielinski. with great skill and subtlety. He lays I would only say that they seem to have a down a number of laws, some of which rational basis and to fit the facts. What I have already been incidentally mentioned, value chiefly are his statistics, which it is e.g. those concerning the prevalence of tha difficult to gainsay. As a rule he gives y and 8 type in particular forms. The these very fully and then draws general most important of his laws appear to be the conclusions. In one case he amuses himself following. and the reader by inverting this order. The (1) The type of a clausula depends upon line of argument there adopted is so striking the relative frequency of the words necessary that I venture to quote it. for its construction. The problem is one which can never have (2) The ictus of the clausula harmonises presented itself to the human brain, viz. to with that of the word. This is a principle divine by the aid of general principles how 1 many times the clausula S ii viz. I refer to my newly published work The Vetus Cluniacensis Poggii, Anecdota Oxoniensia, Classical Series, Part X., 1905. THE CLASSICAL REVIEW. 169 should occur in the speeches of Cicero. neque me divitiae movent, quibus omnis Zielinski, of course, knows the answer, but Africanos et Laelios multi venalicii mer- resorts to a priori considerations before pro- catoresque superarunt (L I2) ducing his statistics. we write ' superarunt mercatores vena- His first principle is what he terms his liciique ' (P 3) ' Law of Correspondence,' i.e. that the varia- or, in the next colon, if for tions, i.e. the L and S clausulae, tend to model themselves upon the typical or F e Syria Aegyptoque vicerunt (V 1 y) forms, i.e. S ii : S 2 = V ii : F 2. Here S ii we substitute ' e Syria Aegyptoque' is the unknown quantity or X. The other (MS. iii2), quantities are known. S 2 occurs 235, Fii (in or, in what follows, if for round numbers) 1300, and V 2 (also in round ab aliquo video perfacile Deliaco aut Syro numbers) 2000 times. So X : 235 = 1300 : potuisse superari (L I2) 2000, the result being 152. This, therefore, is written ' potuisse superari ab aliquo is the number of times when S ii should 2 occur if this were the only law in operation. Syro aut Deliaco' (P ). But there is another force which must be Zielinski considers the chief difference to taken into account: viz. that of equipoise, lie in the fact that in the elausula the which tends to maintain a balance between rhythms are more strongly-marked and long and short syllables. This must ob- their laws are more rigid. There is also a viously tend to diminish the number of new principle at work. Whereas the occasions upon which we might otherwise elausula is autonomous and not affected by expect to find this combination of long other clausulae, each colon is in relation to syllables. How shall we determine the other cola and influenced by them. A strength of this force ? This can be ascer- special point of interest which at once tained by the statistics concerning A'iii. If appears is that in the cola the harsh we start with a similar equation, viz. S iii : rhythms, S and P, are more frequent than £3= Fiii: V 3 (S 3 = 500, F3 = 1800, Fiii at the end of the sentence. Quintilian = 1600) we get the formula, X : 500 : 1600 (ix. 4. 70) makes some very suggestive : 1800, the result being 444. The actual remarks. He says—Quaedam etiam clau- number of S iii clausulae, however, is 116. sulae sunt claudae atque pendentes si The law of equipoise, therefore, has in S iii relinquantur, sed sequentibus suscipi ac reduced 444 to 116. It will, therefore, sustineri solent, eoque facto vitium quod reduce 152, the expected number for S ii, in erat in fine continuatione emendatur. the same proportion, i.e. X : 152 = 116 : 444. ' Non vult populus Romanus obsoletis The result is 40. Zielinski then produces criminibus accusari Verrem ' (S 1) : durum his statistics, which reveal 44 cases. Various si desinas, sed cum sit continuatum iis quae adjectives might be applied to this method sequuntur .... ' Nova postulat, inaudita of reasoning: none will question its in- desiderat' (V 2) : scdvus est cursus. genuity. Here the harsh rhythm (SI) is redressed So much for the theory of the elausula. by F2. Zielinski compares the next sen- There remains the fascinating subject of tence. what Zielinski terms the constructive or Includuntur in carcerem condemnati pervading rhythm. This corresponds to the (S3): supplicium constituitur in illos, concinnitas, or numerosa compositio of ancient sumitur de miseris parentibtis navarchorum writers. I would prefer to call it the rhythm (S3) : prohibentur adire ad filios, prohi- of the colon. This Zielinski proposes to deal bentur liberis suis cibum vestitumque ferre with in a subsequent work. He, however, (Fiii). makes frequent references to it, and it is easy to see on what lines the investigation Here after two blows from the hammer must proceed. It is clear that the numerus (S3), the sentence terminates musically of the colon is identical with that of the with Fiii. elausula. This appears from e.g. Orator 230, Sometimes the cola are arranged in where Cicero is quoting a period from his strophes abab, e.g. speech pro Cornelio, where he says ' com- Cat. ii. 3 quam multos . . . qui quae ego positi oratoris bene structam conlocationem deferrem non | cr6de|rent (ii) dissolvas permutatione verborum.' The quam multos qui propter stul- whole effect he says will be lost (perierit titiam | non pii|tarent (3 tr.) iota res) if the collocation is changed, e.g. if quam multos qui etiam dej- for fSnde|rent (ii1) 170 THE CLASSICAL KEVIEW. quam multos qui propter Im- of the discussion, and it was on account of prob!ta|tem fa|verent (3 tr.). the bearing of Zielinski's law upon textual Mur. 62 petunt illiquid | publi j can! questions that I was forced to study his book. He says that in the future it will cave quicquam habeat mo- be as impossible to edit Cicero without a menti | grati|a (ii 8) knowledge of the clausula as to edit supplices aliqui veniunt mlseri Plautus without a knowledge of Plautine et I calamito|si (3Hr. ^S) metre. This is, of course, a strong state- scelestus et nefarius fueris si ment, but it contains much truth. quicquam misericordia ad- He warns the student not to be too diictus | fece|ris (ii S). eager to remove rare rhythms by emenda- tion, since what is rare is not necessarily It is obvious that this subject will in bad, e.g. Sii, of which there are only 40 the future render a rich harvest to the exx., and bad clausulae, e.g. the clausula inquirer. heroica, are sometimes permissible. Certain Zielinski now proceeds to the second part conclusions present themselves, viz. of his discussion: viz. the application of these conclusions. He considers (a) Where there is a good clausula, the presumption is that the text is so far i. Orthography and prosody. sound. Where there are two families of I pass hastily over these, merely mention- MSS. and one gives a V clausula, and the ing some points of interest. A short vowel other -M or P, there is reason for prefer- may remain short or be lengthened before ring V. This gives us a clue in innumer- e.g. br, cr, gr, tr, as in poetry. A vowel able cases where there is a variety in the before sc, sp, st is lengthened. Synizesis is collocation, and shews that sometimes the frequent, e.g. deesse is always a dissyllable, right reading is given by the inferior MSS. both vemens and vehemens, reprendo and No one MS., therefore, should be slavishly reprehendo, nil and nihil occur. The spell- followed, however good it may be. ings reccido, redduco, relliquus, found in (b) When a conjecture gives a rare Lucretius, are everywhere demanded by the clausula, the probability is against it. evidence of the clausula, e.g. Phil. ii. 10 When it gives one for which there is no lege reddudus. Zielinski points out that, parallel, the chances are 18,000 to 1 although relliquus has disappeared from the against it. MSS., we have a trace of it, Phil. xiii. 2, (c) When there is other ground for sus- where for reliquorum (so V) the D family pecting a passage, fresh evidence is supplied give belli quorum. To this I would add by a faulty clausula. from the same speech § 47 where I have Zielinski goes through all the passages conjectured of which he is aware in which the evidence of the clausula is for or against a disputed reliqui veniant] bellum quod veniant hv : reading. He uses the text of Miiller (velim quo venias b : quod venias t). throughout, and in the case of those speeches Both forms of the genitive in the second published in vol. VI. of the Oxford text declension are found, viz. -i, and ii. The quotes my variants. form in -i, e.g. iudici Iuniani seems to be I single out one or two instructive cases. almost invariable in substantives. At least In Cat. iii. 22. the usual reading is Zielinski quotes no exceptions. The form -ii, however, seems naturally required in ut homines Galli vestram salutem the famous clausula of Carbo, filii compro- suis opibus auteponerent, id non divinitus bavit. In proper names, -it seems frequently esse factum putatis, praesertim qui nos non used, e.g. Mil. 70 morte Clodii sentiatie. pugnando sed tacendo superare potuerunt. This is interesting, since Miiller always Potuerint Madvig. gives -i in the case of proper names, and -ii Here the MSS. reading gives I2 (772 in that of substantives. exx.): Madvig's conjecture yields Miv.2i-, Both periculum and periclum are found, being the only example of that clausula. but vinclum appears to be Cicero's form, The 18,000 to 1 rule, therefore, applies not irinculum. He also uses gratiis, not here. Zielinski approves of Eberhard's gratis. Finally, the clausula gives evidence proposal to excise praesertim . . . potuerunt, for Caecina, e.g. Caec. 17, Caednae nupsit. which produces VS. This, however, is a violent change, and the goodness of the ii. Textual Criticism. clausula is in favour of the MSS. reading. This is for me the most interesting part I am inclined to think that potuerunt is THE CLASSICAL REVIEW. 171 right, and that Cicero preferred the indica- The evidence of the clausula is particu- tive to the more usual subjunctive on rhyth- larly unfavourable for the Dutch school of mical grounds. This opens up a large field critics who have wildly indulged in the use for inquiry, viz. the influence of rhythm of brackets. For them it is, according to upon grammatical construction. I would Zielinski, a ' divine judgment,' to be com- refer e.g. to pared with the evidence furnished by finds Fam. 1. 7. 10 qui plus opibus armis of papyri in the case of Greek authors. potentia valent, profecisse tantum mihi videntur stultitia et inconstantia adver- iii. The Higher Criticism, sariorum ut etiam auctoritate iam plus viz. questions of authenticity. valerent. It has been found that the percentage of Here I have often been puzzled by the various clausulae in Cicero is sequence? Why not vcdeanti I now see ' F= 60-3+Z 26-5 + if 6-1+£ 5-2+ P 1-4. what I take to be the reason, viz. This gives us a canon of authenticity for valerent = F3, valeant = P2. Ciceronian works. In a genuine writing Cat. iii. 3 previously quoted. Here Halm we should expect to find that F+ Z = 86 p.c. excised quam multos . . . putarent while Zielinski compares with this formula Madvig expelled quam multos . . .faverent. similar formulae obtained from portions of Both cola are defended by the strophic Livy xxi, and Pliny, Panegyricus, equal arrangement. They may be pleonastic, but in length to Cic. pro Caecina. The results they are musical. The order of the strophes, are viz. abab is against the reading of the best Cicero Pliny Livy MSS. which give crederent, defenderent, V ...... 60-3 50-9 9 piitdrent, faverent, i.e. aabb. L ...... 26-5 307 8 M ...... 61 8-5 20 Mur. 83 consulem . . . fortuna constitutum S ...... 5-2 6 40 ad amplexandum otium, scientia ad bellum P ... 1-4 3-6 22 gerendum, aninio et usu ad quod velis i.e. V+L in Cicero = 86-8, in Pliny = 81-16, in negotium. Livy = 17. M+S + P in Cicero = 127, in Pliny = 18*1, in Halm here remarked that rhetorical Livy = 82. symmetry required a verb with negotium to balance amplexandum and gerendum. To compare with these results (a) the The clausula is a bad one, viz. M vi1. If spurious Controversia in Sattustium (b) the transigendum were supplied that would give de domo (c) the pro Marcello, we find the F3. following percentages I add one or two small points upon which Controv. Dom. Marc curious light is thrown, e.g. Cat. iv. 3 nee V ...... 22 607 52-5 (v.l. neque) misera sapienti. The law of L ...... 28 28-1 35-8 equipoise makes nee better than neque before M ...... 27 5-8 4-2 S ...... 14 4-5 6-6 misera sapienti. P 11 •9 •9 Clu. 42 suo salvo capite potulsset2 = I1'2 i.e. V+L in the Controversia = 50, in de Domo = 88'8, in Marc. = 88'3. salvo capite su|o potu|isset M= M+S+P in the Controversia = 50, in de Domo PP (no base); = 11-2, in Marc. = 117. Cat. 1. 20 consulis leris | siisti|neb6 MSS. edd. = L 31, but wrong ' An- It will be seen that the speech de domo lauf,' and against ' Auflos- conforms almost exactly with the Cicer- ungsgesetz.' Zielinski pro- onian canon. The other post reditum poses iveris, which gives F3. speeches yield similar results. In the pro Marcello the F and L clauses together come In a number of cases a reading not known to 88 p.c, but the proportion of L clausulae to Zielinski removes a harshness, e.g. to F is rather higher than elsewhere, resem- Pomp. 42 saepe cognovistis. = Sy, a wrong bling, as Zielinski points out, the canon for type, the S clauses being 8. Pliny. As the speech is short and was Zielinski conjectures cognostis. This is delivered under peculiar circumstances, this the reading of Harl. 2682 (H). Ib. 68, qui slight deviation cannot be considered an inter tot annos unus inventus sit, quern argument against its. genuineness. socii in urbes suas cum exercitu venisse Zielinski concludes by comparing the two gaudeant. versions given by Cicero and Sallust respect- This gives iv4^ (10 exx.). H has ively of the letter sent by Lentulus to inventus est . . . . venisse gauderent= VI. Catiline. 172 THE CLASSICAL REVIEW. In Cicero (Cat. iii. 12) this runs thus In these chapters, therefore, the percent- Quis sim scies ex eo quern ad te mlsi age is (S 3): cura ut vir sis et cogita quern in locum sis progresses (S 3) : vide ecquid tibi lam sit necesse et cura ut omnium tibi 2 Zielinski concludes his work by a learned auxilia adiungas, etiam infimorum (L iii ). discussion of the Latin accent, a question in Sallust (Cat. 44) gives it thus which he is deeply interested. The subject is too large and too technical for me to deal Quis sim ex eo quern ad te misi cognosces with it here. His central points are the (S ii) : fac cogites in quanta calamitate sis coincidence of the accent with the metrical et memineris te virum esse (L 3') : consideres 1 ictus, and the connexion of his laws with quid tuae rationes postulent (L ii ): auxi- the character and genius of the Latin lan- ium petas ab omnibus etiam ab mfiinis 28 guage. (M 4 ) The question which will at once suggest It cannot be doubted that the version in itself to every reader of this review is, to Sallust is more authentic. Cicero has what extent modern Latin Prose conforms recast the words of the conspirator and to the Ciceronian canon ? The inquiry is a made them rhythmical. painful one. I have shrunk from applying Zielinski does not examine the prose of the test to versions of which I am myself Tacitus. I, however, took the trouble to guilty. I have, however, examined some examine the clausulae in four highly elabor- published versions by a well known master ate chapters of the Annals where we might of the art, and find an alarming number of expect to find rhythm if anywhere, viz. iii. M, S, P, and PP clausulae. I greatly fear 4 and 5, the funeral of Germanicus, ib. 54, that most of the oratorical prose which we the letter of Tiberius to the senate con- and our predecessors have written may, if cerning the growth of luxury, and xiv. 5, this test is applied, which I greatly de- the attempt upon the life of Agrippina. precate, be found to conform with the These contain 26 clausulae, of which 6 are system, not indeed of Cicero, or of Pliny, verae, 5 licitae, 4 S, and the rest M, P, or but possibly of the Anonymus who produced PP, several not being reducible to any form, the Controversia in Sattustium. What then e.g. iii. 54 are we to do ? Shall we turn deaf ears to the Glauselgesetz, or must we rewrite our nSque mettts ultra neque pudor est Latin Prose i Intra Italiam dominantibus ALBERT C. CLARK. divites satias in meliiis mutet.

[CORPUS POETARUM LATINORUM (FASC. IV).

Corpus Poetarum Latinorum. Edidit sideration disarms that criticism which is IOHANNES PERCIVAL POSTGATE. Fasc. IV. jealous as to the admission of conjectures. quo continental- Calpurnius Siculus, How far particular conjectures are probable Columellae liber X, Silius Italicus, Statius. is a matter of special enquiry. Londini, sumptibus G. Bell et filiorum, The Fasciculus contains Calpurnius 1904. 4to. Pp. xiii. +197-430. 9s.net. Siculus, Columella Bk. X, Silius Italicus, and Statius. The preface begins with some THE new volume of the Corpus presents the generous words (provoked by the strictures same features as its predecessors. There is of Ehwald) as to the merits of Baehrens as the same lucidity of arrangement, and the a critic : for in spite of his glaring defects same careful apparatus criticus. If to some Baehrens had some merits besides his curious the text appear to be over-emended, it must astuteness. Though he damaged every text be remembered that the aim of the editors that he touched, there were for him lucid is to produce a readable text, not a critical moments: he had -at any rate one great edition ; an aim which is eminently reason- virtue, which distinguishes him from many able in the case of a book destined for the smaller men : he did his own work bravely, purpose of general reference. This con- collating collecting and gifting materials,