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Systematic Biology Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713658732 Hemiplasy: A New Term in the Lexicon of Phylogenetics John C. Avise a; Terence J. Robinson b a Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA b Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, South Africa

First Published on: 01 June 2008 To cite this Article: Avise, John C. and Robinson, Terence J. (2008) 'Hemiplasy: A New Term in the Lexicon of Phylogenetics', Systematic Biology, 57:3, 503 — 507 To link to this article: DOI: 10.1080/10635150802164587 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10635150802164587

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Lefort, V. Liu, G. Opazo, C. J. Uddin, M. E., D. ildman, rc al cd c.UA104:14395–14400. USA Sci. Acad. Natl. Ge- Proc. mammals. 2007. placental Goodman. of diversification M. the and and biogeography, Romero, nomics, R. Grossman, I. W. Gascuel, O. h aueo edla eeiyi eulyrepro- sexually in heredity Mendelian of nature The im- also but extensive already is jargon Phylogenetic nlacpac 4Mrh2008 March 14 acceptance final orthology .R J. 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(hemiplasy) current phraseologies in term cumbersome the simple replace to a available were if appreciated widely more cutting-edge r Additional 2007; 2006). Pearl, Knowles, and and Liu Maddison 2007; al., and et (Carstens Edwards 2007; phenomenon Knowles, the at- accommodate introduced and to recently acknowledge tempt effect several in that approaches fact phylogenetic the by evidenced to confined se. be per instead sorting lineage idiosyncratic but from arise trees that discordances species and trees between gene discordance phylogenetic of appre- well generators (and ciated) additional these term include the Nevertheless, not that hemiplasy recommend instances. we clarity empirical epistemological for particular outcomes hemiplasy genuine some such from that distinguish in to acknowledge difficult We be may genome. dra- the differ remainder of the would for tree phylogeny majority gene the from the matically but transfer the question, of history in genetic trans- horizontal the sometimes species of the part fide cases, bona true a DNA is such DNA ferred In via of example). for species (viral-mediated, pieces hybridization between and via move boundaries introgression, species and across leak alleles particular can example, For phylogenies. species and trees gene between other discordances homoplasy-free ducing or to genes, contribute set. data that alleles, phylogenetic those a in be hemiplasious hemiplasy thus of would species states set a character tree in A nodes species successive tree. a across retained and were polymorphisms that tree genetic of sorting gene lineage to fol- attributable topological a the the between hemiplasy: suggest discordance of We definition homoplasy. formal from lowing distinct face-value fully its of is etiology terms evolutionary its in yet consequences, homoplasy phylogenetic like somewhat hemiplasy are So, is themselves apomorphic. states and character homologous the consequences genuinely that fact homoplasy-like the despite have suggest processes We a sorting phylogeny. and word species par- genome) the overall the between of or discordances (components composite genuine trees to gene ticular lead above described can processes that phylogenetic the of essence 506 naslt ocpulycalnigphylogenetic challenging conceptually encapsulate sac fti yewudlkl esiuae and stimulated be likely would type this of esearch eils sntasnnmfrlnaesrig rather, sorting; lineage for synonym a not is Hemiplasy further is concept hemiplasy the of importance The pro- of capable also are processes evolutionary Other aywrsi h xesv eio fsystematics of lexicon extensive the in words Many A omltr em eial oecpuaethe encapsulate to desirable seems term formal hemiplasy P EDAGOGICAL , D eas h epnil lineage responsible the because EFINITION R ATIONALES SYSTEMATIC BI ouaingenetics. the population and biology unifying phylogenetic of toward fields thereby disparate step traditionally and incremental assessments another provide phylogenetic “population oft-neglected into of thinking” injection the to contribute types ex- some markers). to chromosomal as of likely (such are selection that underdominant those perience to or compared genes) loci nuclear cytoplasmic autosomal hemiplasy. as effective (such to smaller sizes with prone population those example, homo- less hemiplasy for to be include, are immune might relatively to that be of should likely also that categories are Markers but for only free searches not plasy that foster markers (5) and genetic and species, populations, taxa; re- of higher phylogenetic levels the into at characters genes constructions independent unlinked in other multiple clade from or organismal information of an incor- poration routine of the promote (4) recognition taxa; suf- reproducing sexually is the synapomorphy for single a but ficient even longstanding that the notion of invalid systematics (Maddison, disabuse variance (3) a 1997); with statistical trees a gene really is of organisms “cloudogram” of group any a that notion for the cladogram including tree, species a and a tree gene between distinction conceptual important damentally among phyloge- and within oft-neglected r sorting dis- lineage but and of ramifications ineluctable thought netic foster the (1) on to cussion help undoubtedly will it topics complex discuss terms to formal language. them streamlined with having enable from that Seasoned available benefit advantages. also pedagogical professionals obvious have can versus synapomorphy a of subtle a concept the distinguishing the and as and (such definitions, naming notions formally and of language discipline act its a mere learning to access For first adopted, community. gain by systematics widely typically the students been of example, benefit have the terms to much these Yet notions. brbre,I,P agcy .Tuin .Tezr .Pazr and Platzer, M. 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Am. chimpanzees. and humans common of the of ancestor size population effective the and hominoids other and An sorting: from lineage example incomplete despite probabilities gene-tree from Massachusetts. Sunderland, Associates, Sinauer edition. 2nd Massachusetts. Cambridge, Press, University Harvard ypeimrh ro aaoyvru orthology) versus paralogy of or symplesiomorphy ncnlso,aoto ftewr eils should hemiplasy word the of adoption conclusion, In widely, employed and adopted is hemiplasy term the If LG VOL. OLOGY Melanopus. R yt il 56:400–411. Biol. Syst. EFERENCES 57 Downloaded By: [CDL Journals Account] At: 17:14 6 July 2008 ihl,R 01 eetesadseistesaenttesm.Trends same. the not are trees species and trees Gene 2001. R. Nichols, mito- of relationships Phylogenetic 1986. Avise. C. J. and E. J. University Neigel, Columbia genetics. evolutionary Molecular 1987. M. Nei, despite phylogeny Inferring 46:523– 2006. Knowles. Biol. L. L. Syst. and P., trees. W. Maddison, species in trees Gene 1997. 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