Approved NSW & National Recovery Plan campbellii (Small-leaved ) December 2004 © Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW), 2004. This work is copyright. However, material presented in this plan may be copied for personal use or published for educational purposes, providing that any extracts are fully acknowledged. Apart from this and any other use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced without prior written permission from the Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW).

Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW) 43 Bridge Street (PO Box 1967) Hurstville NSW 2220 Tel: 02 9585 6444 www.environment.nsw.gov.au

Requests for information or comments regarding the recovery program for the Small-leaved Tamarind are best directed to:

The Small-leaved Tamarind Recovery Co-ordinator Threatened Species Unit (North East Branch) Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW) Locked Bag 914 Coffs Harbour NSW 2450 Tel: 02 6651 5946

Cover illustrator: Ann Sheppard from photographs by Hugh Nicholson and Pamela Gray

This plan should be cited as follows:

Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW) 2004, Recovery Plan for (Small-leaved Tamarind), Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW), Hurstville.

ISBN 1 74122 155 2 Approved Recovery Plan The Small-leaved Tamarind

Recovery Plan for Diploglottis campbellii (Small-leaved Tamarind)

Foreword The NSW Government established a new environment agency on 24 September 2003, the Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW) (DEC), which incorporates the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. Responsibility for the preparation of Recovery Plans now rests with this new department. This document constitutes the Approved NSW State and National Recovery Plan for Diploglottis campbellii (Small-leaved Tamarind). It identifies the actions to be taken to ensure the long-term viability of the Small-leaved Tamarind in nature and the parties who will undertake these actions.

The Small-leaved Tamarind is included as Endangered on the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 and the Queensland Nature Conservation (Wildlife) Regulation 1994. The Small-leaved Tamarind is a medium-sized rainforest tree to 30 m in height. There are 25 sites from which the Small-leaved Tamarind has been recorded, 20 recorded in NSW and five in Queensland. The objectives of this Recovery Plan are to: (i) co-ordinate the recovery of the Small-leaved Tamarind population, (ii) determine the size and extent of the Small-leaved Tamarind population, (iii) conduct research into the biology, ecology and genetics of the Small-leaved Tamarind relevant to the management of the species, (iv) manage and protect the Small-leaved Tamarind population and associated habitat, (v) expand the population size of the Small-leaved Tamarind, (vi) gain an understanding of the cultural importance of the Small-leaved Tamarind to Local Aboriginal Land Councils, Elders and other groups representing indigenous people, and (vii) develop and implement a contingency plan to ensure the long-term survival of the Small- leaved Tamarind. Actions in this Recovery Plan have been designed for implementation over a five-year period.

SIMON A Y SMITH BOB DEBUS MP Acting Director General Minister for the Environment

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Acknowledgments The Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW) would like to thank the owners/managers of the land on which known Small-leaved Tamarind sites occur for their assistance and access to the species. The Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW) would also like to thank Barbara Stewart and Annette McKinley (Landmark Ecological Services Pty Ltd), Maurizio Rosetto (Royal Botanic Gardens), Jason Searle (Gold Coast City Council), Graham McDonald (Toona Rainforest Nursery) and Caroline Gross (University of New England) for generously providing both their time and knowledge. Editorial and publication assistance has been provided by Katrina McKay, Shane Ruming, and Lynn Baker, Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW).

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Table of Contents Foreword...... i Acknowledgments ...... ii 1 Introduction ...... 1 2 Legislative Context ...... 1 2.1 Legal status ...... 1 2.2 Legislative framework for threatened species, populations and communities in NSW...... 1 2.3 Relationship to other NSW legislation...... 2 2.4 Legislative framework for Endangered in Queensland...... 2 2.5 Commonwealth legislative framework...... 2 3 Species Information ...... 3 3.1 Description and ...... 3 3.2 Habitat...... 3 3.3 Life history and ecology...... 3 3.4 Distribution and abundance ...... 4 3.5 Zoning...... 5 4 Threats ...... 6 4.1 Habitat destruction and fragmentation ...... 6 4.2 Loss of genetic diversity...... 6 4.3 Habitat degradation ...... 6 5 Ability of Species to Recover ...... 7 6 Previous Recovery Actions ...... 7 6.1 Recovery Planning...... 7 6.2 Propagation and ex-situ collection...... 7 6.3 Research ...... 7 6.4 Habitat protection...... 7 6.5 Site Verification ...... 8 7 Proposed Recovery Objectives, Actions and Performance Criteria ...... 8 8 Implementation ...... 13 9 Social and Economic Consequences ...... 13 10 Biodiversity Benefits ...... 13 11 Preparation Details ...... 13 12 Review Date ...... 13 13 References ...... 13 14 Acronyms Used in this Document ...... 14

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Figures Figure 1. Known distribution of the Small-leaved Tamarind...... 4

Tables Table 1. Zoning and description of land on which the Small-leaved Tamarind has been recorded ...... 5 Table 2. Estimated costs of implementing the actions identified in the Recovery Plan ...... 15

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2.2 Legislative framework for threatened 1 Introduction species, populations and communities in NSW Diploglottis campbellii Cheel (Small-leaved Tamarind) is a medium-sized tree that is restricted to the warm Responsibilities under the NSW Threatened subtropical rainforests of north-eastern New South Species Conservation Act 1995 Wales (NSW) and south-eastern Queensland. The Recovery plan preparation, exhibition and majority of the known records are from the Tweed implementation Local Government Area (LGA), with the remainder from Byron, Lismore, Ballina and Gold Coast LGAs. The TSC Act and the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Amendment Act 2002 (hereafter The decline of this species can be attributed referred to jointly as the TSC Act) provide a primarily to loss of and disturbance to habitat. legislative framework to protect and encourage the Although the Small-leaved Tamarind has been recovery of Endangered and Vulnerable Species, highly successful in ex-situ cultivation, there is a Endangered Populations and Endangered Ecological serious risk that wild (in-situ) populations of the Communities in NSW. Under this legislation the species will become extinct unless the threats Director-General of Department of Environment currently acting on the species are removed or and Conservation (NSW) (DEC) (formerly the ameliorated. National Parks and Wildlife Service) has a This document constitutes the formal NSW State responsibility to prepare Recovery Plans for all and National Recovery Plan for the Small-leaved species, populations and ecological communities Tamarind. It identifies the actions to be taken to listed as Endangered or Vulnerable on the TSC Act ensure the long-term viability of the species in schedules. The TSC Act includes specific nature and the parties who will undertake these requirements for both the matters to be addressed by actions. The attainment of this Recovery Plan’s Recovery Plans and the process for preparing objectives is subject to budgetary and other Recovery Plans. This Recovery Plan satisfies these constraints affecting the parties involved. provisions. This plan has been prepared by the Department of This Recovery Plan was placed on public exhibition Environment and Conservation (NSW) (DEC) in from 7 March 2003 to 11 April 2003. Comments consultation with the Gold Coast City Council received through this process have been considered (GCCC), the Queensland Environment Protection when finalising this Recovery Plan. Agency (EPA)/Queensland Parks and Wildlife The TSC Act states that an approved Recovery Plan Service (QPWS), and relevant local government must include a summary of advice given by the NSW authorities. Scientific Committee with respect to the plan, details of any amendments made to the plan to take 2 Legislative Context account of that advice and a statement of the reasons for any departure from that advice. This summary is provided in Appendix 1. 2.1 Legal status The TSC Act requires that a government agency The Small-leaved Tamarind is listed as Endangered must not undertake actions inconsistent with a under the Commonwealth Environment Protection Recovery Plan. The actions identified in this plan and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) for the recovery of the Small-leaved Tamarind are and the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act the responsibility of the DEC in NSW, and the Gold 1995 (TSC Act). In Queensland the Small-leaved Coast City Council (GCCC) and Queensland Tamarind is listed as Endangered in Schedule 2 of Environment Protection Agency/Queensland Parks the Queensland Nature Conservation (Wildlife) and Wildlife Service (EPA/QPWS) in Queensland. Regulation 1994. This Regulation comes under the Other public authorities may have statutory Nature Conservation Act 1992. responsibilities relevant to the conservation and protection of the Small-leaved Tamarind. Some individuals of this species occur within areas of Lowland Subtropical Rainforest on Floodplain within Consultation with indigenous people the NSW North Coast Bioregion, which is listed as Local Aboriginal Land Councils, Elders and other an Endangered Ecological Community under the groups representing indigenous people in the areas TSC Act in NSW. where the Small-leaved Tamarind occurs have been identified and a copy of the Recovery Plan sent to them. Their comments on the draft of this Recovery

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Plan were sought. It is the intention of the DEC to • Native Vegetation Act 2003. consider the role and interests of these indigenous communities in the implementation of the actions 2.4 Legislative framework for Endangered identified in this plan. Plants in Queensland Critical Habitat Queensland legislation relevant to the conservation The TSC Act makes provision for the identification and recovery of the Small-leaved Tamarind includes and declaration of Critical Habitat for species, the following: populations and ecological communities listed as • Nature Conservation Act 1992; Endangered. Once declared, it becomes an offence to damage Critical Habitat (unless the action is • Integrated Planning Act 1997; and specifically exempted by the TSC Act) and a Species • Vegetation Management Act 1999. Impact Statement (SIS) is mandatory for all developments and activities proposed within Critical Habitat. 2.5 Commonwealth legislative framework Key Threatening Processes Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 As of November 2004 there are 23 Key Threatening Processes listed on the TSC Act. Of these, ‘clearing The EPBC Act provides a legislative framework for of native vegetation’ (NSW Scientific Committee the protection of threatened species across . 2001) is relevant to the Small-leaved Tamarind. In An important role of the EPBC Act is to facilitate addition to this Key Threatening Process, a range of the preparation and implementation of Recovery other processes are recognised as threatening the Plans for species listed under the Act in co-operation survival of the species in NSW. with the States and Territories in which populations of listed species occur. In preparing a Licensing Commonwealth Recovery Plan consideration must Any activity not requiring development consent be given to the role and interests of indigenous under the NSW Environmental Planning and people in the conservation of Australia’s biodiversity. Assessment Act 1979 or the NSW Native Vegetation The Act also seeks to impose the obligation (arising Act 2003, which is likely to pick the Small-leaved from the listing) for responsible agencies (particularly Tamarind or damage its habitat, requires a Section Commonwealth) to adopt protective measures. This 91 licence from the DEC under the provisions of the Recovery Plan will be submitted to the TSC Act and the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Commonwealth for approval under the EPBC Act. Act 1974 as a defence against prosecution. If the Under the EPBC Act, Critical Habitat may be impact is likely to be significant, an SIS is required. registered for any Nationally listed threatened Other conservation measures species or ecological community. When adopting a Recovery Plan, the Commonwealth Minister for the The TSC Act includes provision for other measures Environment and Heritage must consider whether to that may be taken to conserve the Small-leaved list habitat identified in the Recovery Plan as being Tamarind and its habitat, including the making of a critical to the survival of the species or ecological Stop Work Order or Joint Management Agreement. community. It is an offence under the EPBC Act for a person to knowingly take an action that will 2.3 Relationship to other NSW legislation significantly damage Critical Habitat (unless the Additional NSW legislation relevant to the EPBC Act specifically exempts the action). This conservation and recovery of the Small-leaved offence only applies to Commonwealth areas. Tamarind includes the following: However, an action which is likely to have a significant impact on a listed species is still subject to • National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974; referral and approval under the EPBC Act. • Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979; This Recovery Plan does not specifically identify • Local Government Act 1993; habitat that is critical to the survival of the Small- leaved Tamarind. However, the distribution, habitat • Rural Fires Act 1997; and ecological information included in this plan • Forestry and National Park Estate Act 1998; (Section 3) will assist the Commonwealth Minister for the Environment and Heritage in identifying • Rural Fires and Environmental Assessment habitat that is critical to the survival of this species. Legislation Amendment Act 2002; and

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The DEC does not consider it appropriate that this border lowlands and adjacent low ranges. This area Recovery Plan identifies or maps the occurrence of has mild winters and marked summer-autumn this species in the detail that would be required to rainfall. Maximum rainfall over the range of the define Critical Habitat. species varies between 1500 and 1750 mm per year. Frosts can occur at some sites. As the Small-leaved Tamarind is listed Nationally under the EPBC Act, any person proposing to Vegetation and geology undertake actions likely to have a significant impact The forest types in which the species occurs varies on this species should refer the action to the from lowland subtropical rainforest to drier Commonwealth Minister for the Environment and subtropical rainforest with a Lophostemon confertus Heritage for consideration. The Minister will then (Brush Box) open overstorey. Hunter et al. (1992) decide whether the action requires EPBC Act reported that the species occurs on basalt-derived approval. This is in addition to any State or Local soils and also on poorer soils such as those derived Government approval required. from quartz monzonite. Administrative guidelines are available from the Commonwealth Department of Environmental 3.3 Life history and ecology Heritage to assist proponents in determining whether their action is likely to have a significant impact. Flowering and fruiting Flowering times for the Small-leaved Tamarind vary 3 Species Information across its range depending on latitude and, to some extent, annual seasonal variations. Trees in the upper Tallebudgera Valley, Queensland, have been 3.1 Description and taxonomy observed to flower as early as October (Barry & The Diploglottis has been placed in the family Thomas 1994), while Floyd (1989) recorded the (Harden 2002). There are 10 species of flowering period for NSW sites as November to the genus Diploglottis in north-eastern Australia, March. Methods of pollination are unknown. New Caledonia, and Malesia. Eight species, Ripe fruit are generally present from January to early including the Small-leaved Tamarind, are endemic April (Hunter et al. 1992) with peak fruiting to Australia. The Small-leaved Tamarind is the only recorded as occurring during the last week of Diploglottis species currently listed under the TSC February and the first week in March. Fruiting is Act. variable with some trees not producing fruit every The Small-leaved Tamarind is a medium-sized year. Heavy crops are produced irregularly. rainforest tree to 30 m in height. It has a fluted Seed dispersal greyish-brown trunk. The crown is dense with compound leaves arranged alternately and having up Whilst flooding and down-slope dispersal may play a to four pairs of sub-opposite leaflets. Leaflets are role in seed dispersal at some sites, seed dispersal tough and leathery, glossy above, dull and lighter- mechanisms are fully understood. Seeds have a green below. Leaflets are eliptical with a pointed tip. brightly coloured fleshy seed cover that would Leaflet margins are entire and wavy, particularly in seemingly attract both fruit eating birds and juvenile foliage. On new growth, branchlets are mammals and the fruit type is suitable for avian softly-hairy and leaf buds are light-brown and hairy. dispersal. Floyd (1989), however, observed ripe fruit under trees showing no sign of having been chewed, Creamy-brown flowers are borne on a stem 10–16 and Green (1993) recorded that fruit eating birds did cm long. Fruits are hairless, yellow-brown capsules, not visit trees bearing ripe fruit. 3–5 cm in diameter, usually with two lobes, although one and three lobed fruit also occur. Each lobe Seed germination and establishment contains a single, round seed surrounded by thick Fresh seed germinates readily within one to four bright orange/red or yellow flesh. weeks. Beyond this, the seeds begin to lose viability A full taxonomic description of the species is (Hunter et al. 1992). Viability testing with included in Harden (2002). tetrazolium showed seed viability varied from 43% to 100%, however, actual germination rates have been shown to be lower than this (Gross 1996) (see also 3.2 Habitat Section 6.3). Climate The Small-leaved Tamarind is confined to the warm subtropical rainforests of the NSW-Queensland

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Population structure drained sites on basalt-derived or alluvium soils, at low altitudes. These landscape attributes are The species occurs as isolated sites throughout its considered desirable for agricultural development in range. Each site consists of less than 20 adults, with north-eastern NSW and south-eastern Queensland only nine sites actively recruiting seedlings and and were therefore targeted by early settlers. The juveniles. species now only occurs as small clusters or as individual paddock trees. The species also occurs in 3.4 Distribution and abundance small numbers on the steep slopes of the plateau edges and adjoining floodplains where agricultural The Small-leaved Tamarind has been recorded from development has been less intense. coastal lowlands between the Richmond River on the Far North Coast of NSW to Mudgeeraba Creek There are 25 sites at which the Small-leaved on the Gold Coast hinterland, Queensland. The Tamarind has been confirmed, 20 in NSW and five current distribution of the Small-leaved Tamarind in Queensland. The total population is estimated at does not reflect its historical distribution within its 106 mature trees plus immature trees, saplings and range. seedlings (Stewart & McKinley 2004). The known distribution of the species is shown in Figure 1. The preferred habitat type of the Small-leaved Tamarind generally comprises well-watered, well-

Figure 1. Known distribution of the Small-leaved Tamarind

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Table 1. Zoning and description of land on which the Small-leaved Tamarind has been recorded

Council Area Zoning Description NSW sites Tweed 1(a) General rural 1 (b2) Agricultural protection 5(a)-forestry Special uses 6(b) Recreation 7(d) Environmental protection (scenic / escarpment) 7(l) Environmental protection (habitat) 8 (a) National parks and nature reserves Uncoloured land Road reserve Byron 1(a) General rural 1(a) Road reserve Ballina 1 (b) Road reserve 7(c) Environment protection water catchment Lismore 1(a) General rural Queensland sites Gold Coast City Rural Rural (1:4 ha. subdivision ratio) Rural Rural (1:20 ha. subdivision ratio) Rural Public open space (parkland dedication) Public Open Space Public open space

The sites are clustered on various scales but are undocumented (see Section 6.2 for details of known generally not separable into divisions recognisable as ex-situ plantings). clear-cut sub-populations1. Such a division will Land Tenure require the presence of sufficient ecological and genetic understanding to allow prediction of The Small-leaved Tamarind occurs on sites held separation distances required to prevent exchange. under a variety of tenure. The species occurs on In addition, further survey may establish land managed by the DEC, Forests NSW (FNSW) connectivity between groups that appear to be and Byron Shire Council, Ballina Shire Council, isolated. Lismore City Council, Tweed Shire Council, and GCCC. The species also occurs on freehold land, In addition to naturally occurring (in-situ) sub- owned and managed by private landowners. populations, there are a large number of individuals a large number of individuals have been propagated, and planted in ex-situ locations. The distribution 3.5 Zoning and abundance of these ex-situ plantings is largely Many Small-leaved Tamarind sites occur on land that does not have zoning consistent with nature conservation objectives. Table 1 shows the zoning of land on which naturally occurring Small-leaved 1 The usage of “population”, “sub-population”, and “mature Tamarind sites occur. individuals” throughout this document are consistent with International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (Hilton-Taylor 2000).

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4 Threats evolutionary potential and genetic integrity of the species through genetic pollution. In certain instances, the introduction of new genetic material 4.1 Habitat destruction and fragmentation may be desirable where naturally occurring plants are The clearing of rainforest habitat and conversion of isolated and in danger of losing variability. However, land use to farming and development is believed to such introductions should be carried out deliberately be the primary reason for the initial decline and and only after suitable genetic investigation. subsequent sustained low population numbers of the Small-leaved Tamarind. 4.3 Habitat degradation Habitat fragmentation has isolated Small-leaved Small areas of fragmented habitat are particularly Tamarind sites that may formerly have been part of a prone to a suite of habitat degradation processes. A system of more-or-less continuous habitat. As a discussion of the processes that may potentially result, the function of pollinators, seed dispersers and degrade the habitat of the Small-leaved Tamarind is seed predators may have been interrupted and gene presented below. flow between many areas may have ceased. Road maintenance

4.2 Loss of genetic diversity In the Northern Rivers region, roadside vegetation forms a network across the landscape and, in some Inbreeding depression areas, represents the only original vegetation Fragmentation of habitat has resulted in small remaining. It often contains threatened species, isolated occurrences of the Small-leaved Tamarind. uncommon vegetation communities and important There are very limited numbers of individuals that genetic material. are reproductively active and producing viable seed. Where the species occurs on road reserves the trees Seeds from this species do not remain viable for long are subject to root compaction and physical damage in the natural environment. Therefore, it is unlikely from roadways and road maintenance. Several sites that the seed-bank will contain individuals may also be impacted by roadside slashing, flail representative of the species genetic diversity. mowers or herbicide application. It is common for species such as the Small-leaved To date, there have been no comprehensive surveys Tamarind to experience inbreeding depression. In- of roadside vegetation within the known range of the breeding depression is usually manifested by lower Small-leaved Tamarind. In the absence of such fitness, expressed in reduced reproductive success surveys, individuals of this species, and other and offspring survival (Rossetto 2001). threatened species, may be inadvertently damaged or It is likely that most of the Small-leaved Tamarind cleared by roadside maintenance activities. specimens in cultivation have been sourced from a Livestock very limited number of parent plants, and are being planted outside their area of origin. Planting of large The majority of known Small-leaved Tamarind amounts of genetic material from limited parent individuals occur on private property where farming material or plants that have genes from outside the is the dominant landuse and where grazing and local area may swamp the local gene pool. The trampling by stock are significant factors in limiting consequence of these plantings can be either the opportunity for natural recruitment. This inbreeding or outbreeding depression, which can pressure is most intense at sites containing isolated affecting the species ability to adapt to paddock trees. While the Small-leaved Tamarind is environmental change. capable of surviving as an individual in highly modified environments, there is little or no Genetic pollution recruitment from these individuals due to trampling Genetic pollution is a term often used to describe or grazing of seedlings. This lack of recruitment undesirable changes in genetic diversity as a result of ultimately means the loss of these individuals and, the planting of inappropriate genetic material. The potentially, genetic variation. Small-leaved Tamarind is widely propagated for Tree health at sites where livestock occur is “bush food” production, for planting during bush diminished through soil compaction, exotic grasses regeneration activities, or as a specimen tree in occurring up to the trunk of trees, and also by gardens. livestock rubbing on trees. Where cultivated specimens of the Small-leaved Tamarind are planted in close proximity to naturally occurring individuals there is a threat to the

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Weeds 6 Previous Recovery Actions Exotic plants are present within, or close to, all Small-leaved Tamarind sites and pose a threat to 6.1 Recovery Planning regeneration of the species and its remaining habitat. The most significant weed species include Lantana A species Recovery Plan for Diploglottis campbellii was (Lantana camara), Camphor Laurel (Cinnamomum prepared for the National Parks and Wildlife Service camphora), Groundsel Bush (Baccharis halimifolia), (now part of the DEC) in 1992 (Hunter et. al. 1992). Madiera Vine (Anredera cordifolia), Asparagus Fern Advances have been made in implementing some of (Protasparagus plumosus), Heart Seed Vine the recommendations made in this plan. (Cardiospermum grandiflorum), Cats Claw (Macfadyeana unguis-cati), Tradescantia 6.2 Propagation and ex-situ collection (Tradescantia albiflora) and Military Fern (Pilea cadierei) (Hunter et al. 1992). Weed infestation is Due to its attractive nature and ease of propagation, symptomatic of the degraded nature of most Small- the Small-leaved Tamarind is a popular nursery tree leaved Tamarind sites. and has been used extensively in private, street and park plantings. Since 1993, over 6000 trees have Fire been distributed by nurseries involved in its There is no information on the response of the propagation (NPWS 1997). It is probable that the Small-leaved Tamarind to fire. As the species occurs seeds for these trees were sourced from a small in rainforest it is presumed that it is sensitive to fire. number of easily accessible sites. Sourcing all seeds Fire is a threat to those individuals that occur in from a small number of trees may have a negative areas where the forest structure has been altered, or impact on the overall genetic diversity of the species, in areas where natural fire regimes have been thus reducing the species’ overall evolutionary altered. potential. Stream bank damage and erosion Seed from a number of sites has been propagated and planted at the DEC Mount Warning Rainforest Some Small-leaved Tamarind sites are susceptible to Arboretum. Additional representations of the flood damage and erosion, which is exacerbated by species are planned for the arboretum. the riparian zone being in a degraded condition. 6.3 Research 5 Ability of Species to Recover An investigation into seed viability and germination There is currently insufficient knowledge of the was undertaken by the University of New England Small-leaved Tamarind to predict the ability of the (Gross 1996). This investigation attempted to species to recover. determine whether the fruit produced at particular sites contained viable seed and whether the seed A major limitation on the recovery of the Small- would readily germinate. Seed was obtained from leaved Tamarind is the lack of habitat on which seven sites. Seed viability testing using Tetrazolium recruitment can occur and the isolation of existing established that viable seed was produced at all habitat due to farming and development on fertile seven sites, however seed from only three sites was lowland soils. Lack of adequate habitat will prevent successfully germinated. 1996 was recorded as a the recovery of the species if it is not addressed. poor year for fruit production with some trees failing Regeneration of the species is restricted by the to set any fruit. The low sample size and difficult degraded and isolated nature of the sites, as well as season may have had an impact on the results. This the restricted size of the sites. Lack of genetic is confirmed by the failure of seeds from the Mt. diversity and inbreeding depression may also limit Warning site to germinate; however, seeds from this the recovery of the species. site have been used successfully by nurseries Prevention of loss of individuals and habitat, propagating the Small-leaved Tamarind and rehabilitation of sites with remnant vegetation and nurseries report high germination rates. appropriate population enhancement are all important for the long-term recovery of the species. 6.4 Habitat protection Should these activities occur in a timely fashion, it is Individuals of the Small-leaved Tamarind found in possible for this species to recover, however this Forests NSW estate or within 50 m outside the recovery will take a longer time frame than the five boundary of a compartment are protected under year life span of this Recovery Plan. condition 6.22 of the Threatened Species Licence of the Integrated Forestry operations Approval for both

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the Upper and Lower North East Regions (1999). Small-leaved Tamarind sites are located across two The following conditions apply: States and a wide range of tenures including freehold land. Effective implementation of the recovery a) An exclusion zone of at least 50 m radius must actions for this plan will require the co-operation of be implemented around all individuals. all relevant stakeholders. A Small-leaved Tamarind b) An exclusion zone of at least 50 m wide must be working group will enable all stakeholders to implemented around all groups of individuals. A contribute to implementation of recovery actions. group is defined as more than one individual The membership of the Small-leaved Tamarind located less than 20 m apart. working group will be dynamic according to required input, however this group will consistently retain a 6.5 Site Verification core group of members that consists of community, DEC, GCCC and EPA/QPWS representatives. Surveys of all previously recorded Small-leaved Tamarind sites were conducted to verify the location Performance criterion: A working group is and assess site condition. Site assessment utilising established and operating six months after the the ‘Threatened Flora Site Assessment’ form commencement of this Recovery Plan and continues (Appendix 2) occurred at each site surveyed. to operate for the life of this Recovery Plan. This survey was undertaken to assist in determining Action 1.3: the size, extent and health of the Small-leaved The DEC will integrate the recovery program for this Tamarind population and facilitate appropriate species with relevant Recovery Plans, management and management of the species. conservation strategies and management plans developed and implemented by the DEC and other public 7 Proposed Recovery Objectives, Actions authorities. and Performance Criteria By integrating the Small-leaved Tamarind Recovery The overall objective of this Recovery Plan is to Plan actions with those proposed in other Recovery protect the Small-leaved Tamarind population from Plans, management and conservation strategies and further decline, and to return the species to a management plans, limited resources can obtain a position of viability in nature. greater conservation benefit. The main threats to the Small-leaved Tamarind will Performance criterion: Over the life of this Recovery not be redressed in the short term and the species is Plan, where practicable, related recovery actions not expected to recover in the five years of this plan. identified in this Recovery Plan and other Recovery Plans, management and conservation strategies and Specific objectives of the Recovery Plan for the management plans have been integrated. species are outlined below. For each of these objectives a number of recovery actions have been Action 1.4: developed, each with a performance criteria. The DEC will co-ordinate the development and implementation of a monitoring program to determine the Objective 1: To co-ordinate the recovery of the effectiveness of management actions included in this Small-leaved Tamarind population Recovery Plan. Action 1.1: The development and implementation of a The DEC will co-ordinate the implementation of the monitoring program will allow the ongoing actions outlined in this Recovery Plan. effectiveness of the management actions included in this Recovery Plan to be assessed, and management A co-ordinated approach is essential to oversee and revised if necessary. assist in the implementation of the actions outlined in this Recovery Plan in a timely, cost-effective and Performance criterion: The monitoring program is efficient manner. developed within six months of the commencement of this Recovery Plan and implemented over the life Performance criterion: The DEC has co-ordinated of the plan. the recovery actions included in this Recovery Plan for the life of the plan. Objective 2: To determine the size and extent of Action 1.2: the Small-leaved Tamarind population The DEC will co-ordinate the establishment of a Small- Action 2.1: leaved Tamarind working group.

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The DEC will co-ordinate a systematic and The DEC will encourage research into aspects of the comprehensive survey of potential Small-leaved Small-leaved Tamarind’s biology, ecology and genetics Tamarind habitat. See also Action 4.5. that will result in improved management of the species. Systematic and comprehensive surveys of all areas of Topics will include but not be restricted to: habitat where the Small-leaved Tamarind may • establishing the source of parent material of potentially occur are required to ensure that all existing ex-situ plantings; extant sites are identified and recorded. Site assessment utilising the ‘Threatened Flora Site • identification of sub-populations; Assessment’ form (Appendix 2) will occur for each • research into gene-flow within and between new site recorded. Small-leaved Tamarind sites with the long-term Performance criterion: Comprehensive and aim of guiding appropriate sub-population systematic surveys have been completed within 18 enhancement and population expansion, and months of the commencement of this Recovery Plan. preventing genetic pollution of naturally Site assessment has occurred for each new site occurring individuals; recorded. • assessing natural recruitment at each site to determine whether recruitment is occurring from Objective 3: To conduct monitoring and research a limited gene pool; and into the biology, ecology and genetics of the Small-leaved Tamarind relevant to the • research into the breeding system of the Small- management of the species leaved Tamarind to determine pollination ecology and seed biology. Action 3.1: Performance criteria: A research program has been The DEC will co-ordinate the development and developed that encompasses these identified areas of implementation of an in-situ monitoring program for key research within one year of the commencement of Small-leaved Tamarind sites. this Recovery Plan. This research program is The monitoring program will aim to investigate and underway within two years of the commencement of record: this Recovery Plan. • population stability, increase or decline; Objective 4: To manage and protect the Small- • flower and fruit production; leaved Tamarind population and associated habitat • seedling/juvenile survivorship; Action 4.1: • rate of growth; The DEC will develop a record management system to • age to reproductive maturity and peak facilitate co-ordination of species management. Public flowering/fruit production; authorities, members of the bushfood and nursery • health of individuals; and industries and relevant community groups will be made aware of this information base and be encouraged to • impacts of disturbances and results of provide details of any new records made of the species. amelioration and control of threats. A site index, and all available census data, habitat Population monitoring is essential to understand description, threat assessments, recovery actions and population stability, and to assist in early opportunistic observations will be compiled. A identification, amelioration, or control of any record of the source of propagated material will also processes that may be threatening a site. Monitoring be compiled. of biological aspects and reproductive success of individuals will assist in determining the overall Poor data management has numerous negative viability of the population, and will assist in guiding consequences when undertaking natural resource population enhancement activities. management. These include duplicating existing work, making inappropriate decisions about a course Performance criterion: A monitoring program has of action and overlooking threats that require action been developed within one year of the to be taken. Species record management increases commencement of this Recovery Plan and is the effectiveness and efficiency of recovery programs. implemented over the life of this Recovery Plan. Performance criterion: A species record Action 3.2: management system has been developed and record

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management is underway within one year of the The DEC will undertake an assessment at each site to commencement of this Recovery Plan. determine the need for detailed site-specific management planning and supply guidelines and assistance as Action 4.2: required. The DEC will notify all relevant landholders/managers Planning for habitat management is highly desirable of the presence and location of the Small-leaved to ensure that objectives are understood, Tamarind on their land. management is effective and efficient, and that Alerting landholders/managers to the presence of progress towards objectives is monitored. Objectives threatened species may prevent inadvertent damage should include the removal or amelioration of to the species or its habitat, and may encourage specific local threats, and may include habitat involvement in the recovery program for the species. expansion and rehabilitation, fire management, erosion control, and protection from livestock. Performance criterion: All relevant landholders/ Works should not have adverse impacts on the managers are provided with information on the natural ecosystems already present at the site. locality of the Small-leaved Tamarind within two years of the commencement of this Recovery Plan. Management planning may be expensive and divert resources away from on-ground works. The extent Action 4.3: of need for formal and detailed planning varies, and The DEC will ensure that public authorities, relevant in some circumstances, adherence to habitat landholders/ managers are aware of the long-term management guidelines may suffice. protection measures required to assist in the conservation Guidelines to determine the level of management of the Small-leaved Tamarind. planning required, recommendations for habitat Current options available for facilitating long-term management and project evaluation and support for protection in NSW include: project implementation will be supplied by the DEC. • appropriate zoning under Local Environmental Performance criteria: The site-specific management Plans: planning needs of all Small-leaved Tamarind sites • the development of Voluntary Conservation are assessed and, where appropriate, site-specific Agreements (VCA) under the NPW Act; management plans/guidelines are prepared within one year of the commencement of this Recovery • Joint Management Agreements under the TSC Plan. Site-specific management plans/guidelines are Act; and implemented for the life of this Recovery Plan, or • acquisition of key sites. until management objectives are met. Options available for facilitating long-term Action 4.5: protection in Queensland include: The DEC will liaise with all Councils within the range of • appropriate designations under Local the Small-leaved Tamarind to assist in the identification Government Planning Schemes; and mapping of this species along roadsides. • the development of Nature Refuges under the Roadsides often contain remnant vegetation that has Nature Conservation Act 1992; and an important role in threatened species conservation. In order for roadside vegetation to be • the development of Local Government VCAs on managed appropriately, roadside managers must private properties, including the designation of have adequate data on the species present. habitat areas in Statutory Covenants under the Land Act 1993, development of property-based This Action can be undertaken in conjunction with management plans, and associated financial Action 2.2. incentives under these agreements. Performance criteria: The DEC has initiated liaison All protective measures applied to sites will be with all relevant Councils within six months of the developed in conjunction with, and require the commencement of this Recovery Plan. consent of, appropriate landholders/managers. Identification and mapping is completed within two years of the commencement of this Recovery Plan. Performance criterion: Where appropriate, consultation with landholders/managers with regard Action 4.6 to conservation measures and incentives programs The DEC will liaise with relevant Councils and the has commenced within the life of this Recovery Plan. NSW Roads and Traffic Authority to ensure that Action 4.4: roadside management is undertaken in a way that ensures that the both the Small-leaved Tamarind and its

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habitat are not damaged or cleared during the comparison with other species of similar ecologies, development or widening of roads, or roadside taking a precautionary approach. When results from maintenance activities. research into genetics and reproductive biology are available (Action 3.2), recommendations will be Road development and widening activities and refined. roadside maintenance in areas identified as having the Small-leaved Tamarind present will be restricted Habitat management guidelines (Action 4.4) will to actions that avoid damage to the species or its include measures to prevent adverse effects on the habitat. genetic makeup of wild populations of threatened flora species. Performance criterion: Liaison between the DEC and relevant Councils and the NSW Roads and Performance criteria: The extent of a buffer zone to Traffic Authority to ensure that roadside sub- prevent adverse effects of genetic exchange between populations of the Small-leaved Tamarind are cultivated and wild plants has been developed in appropriately managed is ongoing for the life of this Year 1 of the plan and refined as further information Recovery Plan. becomes available. Action 4.7: Action 4.9: The DEC will develop a survey and environmental The DEC will ensure that collection of fruit and assessment guidelines package that will be distributed to propagation material from the naturally occurring relevant councils, public authorities, landholders/ individuals does not occur in an unsustainable manner, managers and consultant groups. or in a manner that inhibits the recovery of the Small- leaved Tamarind. The survey and environmental assessment guidelines should be used by determining authorities to ensure In order to give effect to this action the DEC will, in the Small-leaved Tamarind is appropriately consultation with the bush-food and nursery considered in assessment of potential developments industries, develop and implement a licensing or activities. Presence of the Small-leaved Tamarind program to control the collection of fruit and and associated habitat requires the implementation propagation material from naturally occurring Small- of effective mitigation measures, including leaved . The DEC will apply these protection of habitat associated with the species, to guidelines in licensing the collection of fruit and reduce the impact of proposed developments or propagation material for a period of five years, thus activities. allowing time to establish plantings of the species for the specific purpose of harvesting for fruit and These guidelines should also be used by land propagation material. managers when preparing and implementing strategic land-use planning documents such LEPs, The DEC will review the need for further collection Development Control Plans and Bush Fire Risk from naturally occurring individuals at the Management Plans. The standard survey and conclusion of the licensing program. assessment guidelines will also include This action will be undertaken in conjunction with recommendations for monitoring programs. Action 4.10. Performance criterion: A survey and assessment Performance criterion: A licensing program has been guidelines package has been developed and developed and implemented within one year of the distributed within one year of the commencement of commencement of this Recovery Plan. this Recovery Plan. Action 4.10: Action 4.8: The DEC will develop and implement an education and The DEC will advise landowners/managers not to awareness program. This program will provide the Small-leaved Tamarind into wild sub-populations, or information on the species and its conservation, the within a buffer zone around sub-populations. processes threatening it, and the mechanisms and To assist in the prevention of genetic pollution, the incentives available to ameliorate these threats. DEC will develop guidelines and advise on The DEC will identify a variety of target groups and appropriate buffer zones to prevent possible adverse will style the program to provide relevant effects of the movement of genetic material between information at a level appropriate for each group. cultivated individuals and naturally occurring This program will complement the survey and populations. environmental assessment guidelines developed in The DEC will estimate the dimensions of a suitable Action 4.5. buffer zone from theoretical considerations and

Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW) Page 11 Approved Recovery Plan The Small-leaved Tamarind

Target groups will include but not be restricted to: Objective 6: To gain an understanding of the public authorities; local council, NSW Bush Fire cultural importance of the Small-leaved Tamarind Management Committees, GCCC Bushfire Advisory to Local Aboriginal Land Councils, Elders and Committee, local industry, Landcare groups; other groups representing indigenous people. Catchment Management Authorities, funding Action 6.1: bodies, local community groups, schools, and landholders/managers. The DEC will support community consultation to identify the cultural importance of the Small-leaved Performance criterion: An education and awareness Tamarind to Local Aboriginal Land Councils, Elders program has been developed and implemented and other groups representing indigenous people from the within two years of the commencement of this area within which the Small-leaved Tamarind has been Recovery Plan. recorded. Objective 5: To expand the population size of the A number of Local Aboriginal Land Councils, Elders Small-leaved Tamarind and other groups representing indigenous people occur in the area from which the Small-leaved Action 5.1: Tamarind has been recorded. These groups will be The DEC will support research to determine the offered the opportunity to undertake internal suitability of enhancing and expanding the Small-leaved research regarding the views and interests of the Tamarind population. Aboriginal people they represent in relation to the Small-leaved Tamarind. Given the low number and isolated nature of Small- leaved Tamarind sites, the appropriateness of This knowledge will be incorporated into the population enhancement and expansion as a means management of the species subject to consultation of species conservation will be investigated. with and approval by the Aboriginal communities. Performance criterion: Research to establish the Performance criterion: Research programs to identify suitability of population enhancement and expansion the cultural importance of the Small-leaved will be underway within three years of the Tamarind has been initiated within two years of the commencement of this Recovery Plan. Results of commencement of this Recovery Plan. The research are contributing to the commencement of information gained through these programs is Action 5.2. incorporated into the management of this species for the life of this Recovery Plan. Action 5.2: Dependent on the results of Action 5.1, the DEC will Objective 7: To develop and implement a identify sites for enhancement and expansion, and liaise contingency plan to assist the long-term survival with relevant landholders/managers. Where appropriate, of the Small-leaved Tamarind. the DEC will undertake population enhancement and Action 7.1: expansion. The DEC will establish and ex-situ collections Population enhancement and population expansion representing an adequate proportion of the genetic must be conducted utilising appropriate genetic diversity found within this species. principles, including the maintenance of diversity and managing inbreeding (see Action 3.2). Sites for The establishment of ex-situ populations and the population enhancement and expansion must storage of genetic material will protect against the consist of appropriate habitat and be available for total extinction of each genetically distinct unit of planting of individuals sourced from the most the Small-leaved Tamarind should catastrophic suitable parentage. events occur. As the Small-leaved Tamarind occurs on a variety of Genetic studies (Action 3.2) will determine suitable tenure types, it will be essential to conduct material for ex-situ collections. The establishment landholders/managers consultation as an integral of ex-situ representatives from each genetically part of site selection. distinct unit will assist in preserving the complete genetic diversity currently present within the Small- Performance criteria: The DEC has identified leaved Tamarind population. suitable sites for enhancement and expansion, and liaised with the relevant landholders/managers Performance criterion: Plant material representative within the life of this Recovery Plan. Where of each genetically distinct unit of the Small-leaved appropriate, population enhancement and expansion Tamarind will be held, in perpetuity, within is underway within the life of this Recovery Plan.

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appropriate institution/s within four years of the plant species in Australia (Briggs & Leigh 1996). By commencement of this Recovery Plan. protecting and ensuring the future survival of the Small-leaved Tamarind and its habitat in NSW and Action 7.2: Queensland, an important contribution will be made Where the threat of localised extinction is high the DEC towards conservation of a component of the Sub- will investigate the need for a translocation program is tropical Lowland Rainforest on Floodplain in the necessary. Should translocation be deemed necessary, a NSW North Coast Bioregion, which is listed as and translocation program will be developed. Endangered Ecological Community under the TSC Act, and is of outstanding national significance for Translocation is not a mitigating measure. biodiversity conservation in Australia. Translocation as a means of conservation should only be considered when all other in-situ available Conservation of the Small-leaved Tamarind and its options have been exhausted. Any translocation habitat will also benefit the following rare or program will conform with the “Guidelines for the threatened plant species: Macadamia tetraphylla, Translocation of Threatened Plants in Australia” Syzygium hodgkinsoniae, Desmodium acanthocladum, (Australian Network for Plant Conservation 2004) Archidendron mullerianum, Floydia praealta, Randia and will require endorsement by the DEC. moorei, Rhodamnia maideniana, and Cupaniopsis newmanii. Performance criterion: The DEC has carried out a full assessment of any translocation proposals for the life of this plan. The DEC has a supervisory role in 11 Preparation Details the translocation process for the life of this Recovery Plan. This document was prepared by Pamela Gray, Threatened Species Officer, DEC (North East Branch). Background information on the species 8 Implementation was derived from a preliminary draft recovery plan Table 2 outlines the implementation of recovery for the species prepared by Julia Playford and Steve actions specified in this plan to relevant government Falconer. agencies and/or parties for the period of five years from publication. Responsible parties for 12 Review Date implementing this Recovery Plan will be the DEC, with support from the GCCC and EPA/QPWS. A major review of this Recovery Plan will occur within five years of the date of its publication. 9 Social and Economic Consequences 13 References The Small-leaved Tamarind is a popular specimen tree and has received significant exposure in the Barry, S. & Thomas, G. 1994, Threatened Vascular local media of the North Coast of NSW. Rainforest Plants of South-East Queensland, Report Conservation of a high profile species such as this prepared for ANCA Endangered Species Program. may assist in the evolution of community attitudes Briggs, J.D. & Leigh, J.H. 1996, Rare or Threatened towards conservation and the natural heritage values Australian Plants, CSIRO, Melbourne. in NSW that, in turn, will lead to greater opportunities for the conservation of other Floyd, A.G. 1989, Rainforest Trees of Mainland South- threatened species. Eastern Australia, Inkata Press. This Recovery Plan promotes the conservation of Green, R.J. 1993, ‘Avian seed dispersal in and near threatened species on both public and private lands. subtropical rainforests’, Wildl. Res. 20, 535–57. Successful management of the species on private Gross, C.L. 1996, Annual Report on the land will set a positive precedent of private Reproductive Ecology for Diploglottis campbellii, landholders significantly assisting in the Elaeocarpus williamsianus, Fontainia oraria and conservation effort. Achronychia littoralis, University of New England, Armidale. 10 Biodiversity Benefits Harden, G.J. (ed.) 2002, Flora of New South Wales, The Small-leaved Tamarind is one of many vol. 2, revised edition, UNSW Press, Sydney. threatened plant species found in north-eastern Hilton-Taylor, C. (compiler) 2000, 2000 IUCN Red NSW and south-eastern Queensland. These regions List of Threatened Species, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland support the highest concentration of threatened & Cambridge, UK.

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Hunter, J., Jay, A., Nicholson, N., Nicholson, H. & 14 Acronyms Used in this Document Horton, S. 1992, Draft Diploglottis campbellii Recovery Plan, NSW National Parks and Wildlife ANCA – Australia Nature Conservation Agency Service, Hurstville. DEC – Department of Environment and NPWS. 1997, ANCA Endangered Species Program, Conservation (NSW) Annual Report - January 1997, Endangered Species EPBC Act – Commonwealth Environment Protection no. 201 - Diploglottis Campbellii. and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 NSW Scientific Committee 2001, Final EPA Queensland Environment Protection determination to list ‘Clearing of native vegetation’ Agency as a Key Threatening Process in Schedule 3 of the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (gazetted FNSW –Forests NSW 21/09/01). GCCC – Gold Coast City Council Rossetto, M. 2001, Developing Applied Models for IFOA – Integrated Forestry Operations Approval Preserving and Restoring Critical Habitat: the Big Scrub Lowland Rainforest as a Study Case, Project LEP – Local Environmental Plan Brief, unpublished. LGA Local Government Area Stewart, B. & McKinley, A. 2004, Site Verification NPWS – NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service and Site Assessment for Diploglottis campbellii, Small- leaved Tamarind. A report prepared for the NSW – New South Wales Department of Environment and Conservation QPWS – Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service (NSW), Coffs Harbour. TSC Act – NSW Threatened Species Conservation Vallee, L., Hogbin, T., Monks, L., Makinson, B., Act 1995 Matthes, M., and Rossetto, M. 2004 Guidelines for TSL – Threatened Species Licence the Translocation of Threatened Plants in Australia, Australian Network for Plant Conservation, VCA – Voluntary Conservation Agreement Canberra.

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Table 2. Estimated costs of implementing the actions identified in the Recovery Plan ` ` ` ` ` ` ` 6 800 4 000 30 000 30 000 60 000 250 000 17 500` ^Cash 30 000 ` ` ` 700 8 750 8 750 3 500 4 550 2 200 3 150 3 150 5 000 5 000 3 150 kind #In- DEC DEC DEC DEC DEC DEC DEC DEC DEC DEC DEC DEC DEC DEC DEC Responsible Party/Funding 9 000 3 150 3 150 4 700 3 150 8 750 8 750 3 500 4 550 35 000 30 000 17 500 30 000 60 000 250 000 Total Cost ($) ` ` ` 350 350 350 700 700 1 000 7 000 3 500 1 750 1 750 10 000 50 000 Year 5 ` ` ` 350 350 350 700 700 1 000 7 000 3 500 1 750 1 750 10 000 50 000 Year 4 - ` ` 350 350 350 700 700 1 000 7 000 3 500 1 750 1 750 10 000 50 000 Year 3 ` 350 350 350 700 700 1 000 7 000 3 500 1 750 1 750 Cost Estimate ($’s/year) 10 000 10 000 50 000 35 000 Year 2 - 700 1 750 1 750 1 750 5 000 1 750 1 750 7 000 3 500 4 700 1 750 20 000 20 000 50 000 Year 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 *Priority c management rotection measures Roadside survey and mapping Roadside management and environmental Survey assessment guidelines Buffers zones Site-specifi Action Title Recovery Plan Co-ordinate working group Establish Integrate with strategies and management plans Develop recovery action monitoring program for new records Survey Monitoring program for sites Research into biology, ecology and genetics Record management system Landholders/manager notification long-term of the Awareness p Action no 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2.1 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8

Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW) Page 15 Approved Recovery Plan The Small-leaved Tamarind ` ` 9 000 20 250 10 000 30 000 40 000 537550 ^Cash ` ` ` ` 8 400 9 750 2 450 68500 #In-kind DEC DEC DEC DEC DEC DEC DEC Responsible Party/Funding sources Party/Funding ` 8 400 9 000 30 000 10 000 32 450 40 000 ($) 606 050 y equipment Total Cost ` ` ` 350 5 000 5 000 desirable but not essential action 10 000 97 800 Year 5 ` ` ` 350 5 000 5 000 11 750 99 550 Year 4 ` ` 350 5 000 5 000 10 000 10 000 107 800 Year 3 ` ` Cost Estimate ($’s/year) 350 350 5 000 9 000 5 000 142 150 Year 2 ` ` ` and other costs such as the purchasing of survey and laborator 350 7 000 10 000 20 000 158 750 Year 1 ctives; 2 - action contributing to meeting plan objectives; 3 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 *Priority t of permanent staff and current resources Recovery Program

populations and storage of genetic material Translocation program Action Title Develop and implement a licensing program Develop and implement an and awareness education Research to determine the viability of population and enhancement Population expansion Cultural importance of the species Ex-situ of Annual cost Action no 4.9 4.10 5.1 5.2 6.1 7.1 7.2 Total ^‘Cash’ Funds represent the salary component for temporary staff staff for temporary component salary the represent Funds ^‘Cash’ #‘In-Kind’ Funds represent salary componen salary represent Funds #‘In-Kind’ * Priority ratings are: 1 - action critical to meeting plan obje

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Appendix 1: Summary of advice from the NSW Scientific Committee Under Section 66A of the TSC Act, Recovery Plans must include a summary of any advice given by the NSW Scientific Committee, details of any amendments made to the plan to take account of that advice and a statement of reasons for any departure from that advice. The Scientific Committee’s comments on the draft Diploglottis campbellii Recovery Plan and details of amendments made are tabled below. Section Advice Response A number of species also occur in Noted. No amendment to text required. Queensland, and the idea is that the plan becomes the national plan. However, all identified expenditure is from DEC – no contribution from Queensland is indicated (ie yet research in particular would benefit both states). The Scientific Committee is not able to Noted. No amendment to text required. comment on issues in Queensland. The plan involves considerable Noted. Costings table amended as recommended. expenditure (even though in the case of some of the research actions the suggested amounts seem unrealistically low). What is the likely-hood of DEC being able to support this level of expenditure? An issue for these, and other rainforest Noted. No amendment to text required. species, is that they are in cultivation. This raises issues of continuing collection, genetic “pollution” and well meaning ‘do it yourself’ ‘recovery’ actions. There may be merit in DEC preparing a Noted. No amendment to text required. more generic position paper about issues raised by horticultural use of threatened species.

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Appendix 2 Threatened Flora Site Assessment

To be utilised to record new sites and sites inadequately recorded previously.

SPECIES Scientific Name Common Name Caps Code

DATE OF RECORDING

RECORDER/S Name/s Organisation Address Phone

LOCATION Map Name Map Number Grid Reference (from map)

• Global Positioning System used? Y/N − Easting (6 digits) Northing (7 digits) − Accuracy Land Tenure local/state/federal government/freehold/National Park/Nature Reserve/Crown Land/Flora Reserve/State Forests/SEPP 14 wetland/SEPP 26 rainforest/reserve/environment zoning/conservation agreement/other

Name and address of landowner, if known Local Government Area Precise Locality (description to be detailed to allow population to be located)

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Location Sketch Map (detailed map to enable site to be relocated)

SITE DESCRIPTION Topography crest/ridge/upper slope/mid slope/lower slope/gully/flat/ depression/watercourse/escarpment/other

Habitat Condition

• Remnant Size hectares m long m wide

• Large (> 40ha) area of contiguous native vegetation

• Corridor m long m wide

• Isolated Remnant – size of nearest remnant and distance to next native vegetation

• Isolated Specimen Vegetation Condition

• Understorey suppressed/developed/overmature/senescing

• Evidence of Dieback

• intact largely indigenous/partially degraded/severely degraded Current Land Use Past Land Use Time Since Last Fire/Fire History Time Since Logging/Grazing Evidence of other disturbance eg erosion, slashing Disturbance History

• Time since disturbance

• Accuracy

• Observation Types

• Overall conditions

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HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS Aspect Slope Altitude Geology granitic/basalt/conglomerate/sandstone/siltstone-mudstone/alluvium/ limestone/metamorphic/gravel/sand/unknown/other Soil Landscape/Type Soil Surface Texture sand/loam/clay/organic/gravel/skeletal/unknown/other

Soil Drainage waterlogged - permanently inundated/annually/rarely/never damp/well drained dry/well drained damp/other Soil Depth skeletal/shallow/deep Soil Disturbance intact/topsoil removed/landfill/other Surface Stone/Rock % Vegetation Structural Formation (as per Wildlife Atlas) Closed Forest/Open Forest/Woodland/Open Woodland/Grassland/Heathland/ Shrubland/Rainforest

Species Association (list full floristics within 10m of perimeter of population)

• Canopy – tallest and upper strata

• Understorey – mid-strata

• Groundcover – low strata (up to 1 m)

• Vines/Climbers

<>Mark weed species with * <> Mark other threatened flora with # <> Mark four most dominant species in each layer with (D)

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POPULATION DETAILS Growth form Local Abundance frequent/occasional/rare Area covered by sub-population m long m wide Spatial Distribution small scattered clumps/large continuous clump/isolated scattered individuals/ other

Distance to nearest known sub-population Breeding Status buds flowers fruit Plant Height (s) (cm) min. max. average (ave.) Estimated Age of Plants min. max. average Vegetative Recruitment Response after Disturbance Is population natural (N) or planted (P)? Population Structure Life Stage no. plants min. no. max. no. Dead Senescent, dying Mature, non senescent Immature First year seedlings

THREATENING PROCESSES 1) When is threat expected to operate? a) current b) < 1 year c) 1-5 years d) >5 years e) ongoing f) potential 2) How close is threat to population? a) on it b) 1-10 m c) 10-100 m d) >100 m e) potential 3) Degree of Impact a) low b) medium c) high d) potential e) immediate f) long term 4) Discuss reason for assessment as threatening process.

Threats

• Vegetation clearance

• Earthworks Life Stage

• Mining/Quarrying

• Urban/Industrial Development/Expansion

• Utilities Construction/Maintenance

• Road/Track/Trail/Fence/Utilities construction/maintenance

• Isolation/Fragmentation

• Erosion/Sedimentation/Drainage/Irrigation/Pollution

• Inappropriate fire regimes/flooding regimes

• Rubbish dumping/Garden Refuse dumping

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• Weed Invasion - specify species and % cover

• Trampling/Grazing stock/introduced herbivores/native herbivores

• Plant Collection

• Recreational damage walkers/4WD/trailbikes/other

• Herbicide

• Disease/Pathogens

• Pests

• Timber Harvesting/Forestry Activities

• Agriculture

• Poor recruitment

• Small population size

• Hybridisation

• Loss of Pollination Vector

• Inbreeding

• Other ASSESSMENT METHOD (Delete incorrect statements) Population Assessment

• All plants in the population were individually counted; population data is very accurate

• Plants were individually counted in small plots, and the entire population is estimated from plot data

• Entire population was inspected and population size is estimated visually

• Small parts of the population were inspected and the entire population is estimated roughly

• Cursory inspection, estimate is a ball park guess or largely based on results from earlier assessments

• How much time was spent assessing the population? hrs mins

Threat Assessment

• All potential threats examined, assessed and recorded thoroughly and comprehensively

• All potential threats examined, assessed and recorded roughly

• Obvious threats examined and recorded thoroughly and comprehensively

• Obvious threats examined assessed and recorded roughly

• Other (provide details)

• How much time was spent assessing threatening processes? hrs mins

• Threats assessed on site only/part site/whole site

• Threats assessment off-site

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HISTORIC MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES (relevant to threatened species) (> 2 years old) For example: fencing, signposting, fire management, grazing management, mowing/slashing, tree/shrub removal, visitor management, erosion control, weed control, pollination, seed collection, propagation, monitoring, research, translocation, liaison, reservation, enforcement, survey, other Activity Type Extended Notes Date

RECENT MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES (relevant to threatened species) (within last 2 years) Activity Type Extended Notes Date

SUGGESTED MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES (for future) Activity Type Extended Notes Date

OTHER RECORDS Collection Made Yes/No Collection Type seed/cutting/plant/herbarium specimen/other ...... Purpose of Collection ...... Specimen lodged with National Herbarium/other ...... Photographs Taken Yes/No of what (plant, flowers, fruit, seed, roots, habitat, works

Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW) Page 23