FOUNDATION PROGRAMME OFP 012 Geography

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

FOUNDATION PROGRAMME OFP 012 Geography THE OPEN UNIVERSITY OF TANZANIA Institute of Continuing Education FOUNDATION PROGRAMME OFP 012 Geography Published by: The Open University of Tanzania Kawawa Road, P. O. Box 23409, Dar es Salaam. TANZANIA www.out.ac.tz First Edition: 2013 Second Edition: 2017 Copyright © 2013 All Rights Reserved ISBN 978 9987 00 252 8 2 Contents GENERAL INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 6 PART 1 EARTH’S STRUCTURE AND MATERIALS OF EARTH Lecture 1: The Meaning and Branches of Geography ................................................................... 8 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 8 1.2 Geography: An Overview .......................................................................................... 8 Lecture 2: Structure of Earth ....................................................................................................... 12 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 12 2.2 The Structure of Earth .............................................................................................. 13 Lecture 3: Origin of Earth ............................................................................................................ 16 3.1 Continental Drifting Theory ..................................................................................... 16 3.2 The Plate Tectonic Theory ....................................................................................... 16 3.3 Movement of Plates and Resulting Landforms .......................................................... 17 Lecture 4: Classification of Rocks ................................................................................................. 21 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 21 4. 2 Types of Rocks ........................................................................................................ 21 4.3 Rock cycle ............................................................................................................... 22 PART 2 EARTH’S MOVEMENT AND INTERNAL GEOMOPHIC PROCESSES Lecture 5: Internal Geomorphic Processes: Volcanicanism and Landforms .............................. 26 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 26 5.2 Earth Movements ..................................................................................................... 26 5.3 Effects of Tension and Compression Forces ............................................................. 28 5.4 Volcanic Activity ..................................................................................................... 29 5.5 Lifecycle of a Volcano ............................................................................................. 32 5.6 Importance of Volcanic Activity to Man................................................................... 32 5.7 Volcanic Activity as a Hazard .................................................................................. 33 PART 3 EXTERNAL GEOMORPHIC PROCESSES Lecture 6: External Geomorphic Processes Weathering and Mass Movement ........................... 36 6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 36 6.2 Weathering .............................................................................................................. 36 6.3 Factors Affecting the Type and Rate of Weathering.................................................. 40 6.4 Mass Movement....................................................................................................... 40 Lecture 7: River Action and Landforms Produced ...................................................................... 44 7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 44 7.2 Erosion and Deposition by Running Water ............................................................... 44 7.3 Factors Which Reduce Energy of a River ................................................................. 45 7.4 Features Produced in the Upper Course of River Valley ........................................... 46 3 7.5 Features Produced in the Middle Course of a River Valley ....................................... 47 7.6 Features of a Lower Course of a River Valley .......................................................... 49 7.7 Types of delta .......................................................................................................... 50 Lecture 8: Erosion and Deposition by Action of Waves ............................................................... 54 8.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 54 8.2 Features Produced by Wave Erosion ........................................................................ 55 8.3 Features Produced by Wave Deposition ................................................................... 56 Lecture 9: Erosion and Deposition by Wind Action ..................................................................... 59 9.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 59 9.2 Processes of Wind Erosion ....................................................................................... 59 9. 3 Wind Erosional Landforms ...................................................................................... 60 9.4 Features Produced by Wind Deposition .................................................................... 62 9.5 Types of Desert ........................................................................................................ 64 Lecture 10: Glacial Erosional and Depositional landforms ......................................................... 66 10.1 Glacial Types and Processes..................................................................................... 66 10.2 Glacial Erosional Landforms .................................................................................... 66 10.3 Glacial Depositional Landforms ............................................................................... 68 Lecture 11: The Study of Soil ........................................................................................................ 72 11.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 72 11.2 Soil Profile ............................................................................................................... 73 11.3 Constitutes of Soil .................................................................................................... 74 11.4 Factors for Soil Formation ....................................................................................... 75 11.5 Physical Characteristics of Soil ................................................................................ 76 11.6 Soil Fertility ............................................................................................................. 78 11.7 Soil Erosion, Conservation and Sustainability .......................................................... 78 PART 4 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY Lecture 12: Constituents of Human Geography ........................................................................... 83 12.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 83 12.2 Main Concerns of Human Geography ...................................................................... 83 12.3 People and Environment .......................................................................................... 85 12.4 Major Environmental Problems in Tanzania ............................................................. 85 12.5 Human Impacts on the Environment......................................................................... 88 Lecture 13: Population and Development..................................................................................... 90 13.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 90 13.2 Population Terms ..................................................................................................... 90 13.3 Population Distribution ............................................................................................ 93 13.4 Population Density ................................................................................................... 93 13.5 Overpopulation ........................................................................................................ 94 13.6 Population Controls ................................................................................................. 94 13.7 Population Migration ............................................................................................... 95 13.8 Factors for Migration ............................................................................................... 95 13.9 Consequences of Migration in Area of Origin and Area of Destination ..................... 97 4 PART 5 ENVIRONMENT AND EXPLOITATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES Lecture
Recommended publications
  • Geography Teacher’S Guide Senior One
    PROTOTYPE GEOGRAPHY TEACHER’S GUIDE SENIOR ONE LOWER SECONDARY CURRICULUM PROTOTYPE PROTOTYPE GEOGRAPHY TEACHER’S GUIDE SENIOR ONE LOWER SECONDARY CURRICULUM SENIOR ONE Published 2020 This material has been developed as a prototype for implementation of the revised Lower Secondary Curriculum and as a support for other textbook development interests. This document is restricted from being reproduced for any commercial gains. National Curriculum Development Centre P.O. Box 7002, Kampala- Uganda www.ncdc.co.ug TECHNOLOGY AND DESIGN PROTOTYPE Contents Preface ....................................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... v Chapter One: Introduction to Geography ....................................................................................... 1 Chapter Two: Showing the Local Area on a Map .............................................................................. 9 Chapter Three: Maps and Their Use .............................................................................................. 15 Chapter Four: Ways of Studying Geography .................................................................................. 36 Chapter Five: The Earth and its Movements .................................................................................. 51 Chapter Six: Weather and Climate...............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Small-Scale Solar Power Systems for Rural Tanzania: Market Analysis and Opportunities
    SMALL-SCALE SOLAR POWER SYSTEMS FOR RURAL TANZANIA: MARKET ANALYSIS AND OPPORTUNITIES The Ohio State University GAP 2017 ENERGY BACKGROUND 3 PROJECT BACKGROUND 4 OVERVIEW OF SOLAR MARKET SEGMENTATION IN TANZANIA 5 EASE OF ADOPTION 9 OVERALL ANALYSIS 9 DEVERGY ANALYSIS 9 CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS 10 PROJECT RISK 10 SCALABILITY OF POWER CONSUMPTION 10 EASE OF ADOPTION 11 THE FAILURE OF MINI-GRIDS TO PROVIDE ELECTRICITY IN TANZANIA 12 THE BATTLE BETWEEN SUPPLY AND DEMAND 12 COMPLICATED PRICING STRUCTURES 12 DYNAMICS OF VILLAGE POLITICS 13 THREAT OF TANESCO 14 THE UKARA ISLAND PROJECT 15 OVERALL ANALYSIS 15 RECOMMENDATIONS 16 DO NOTHING, OR MORE CORRECTLY NEARLY NOTHING 16 CREATE AN ELECTRIC UTILITY 18 APPENDIX 21 1 SOLAR SEGMENTS 21 2 MARKET SEGMENTATION 21 3 PRESENT INSTALLED USER BASE 21 4 KEY FUNDS RAISED BY PAY-AS-YOU-GO COMPANIES 22 5 MEETING NOTES 23 ZOLA SOLAR IN ARUSHA 23 ZOLA – CORPORATE OFFICE 25 POWER PROVIDERS 27 MOBISOL 30 2 Energy Background Tanzania has a significant energy problem. At 15.5%, the country has one of the lowest access percentages in the world, a minor increase from 5.3% in 19901. While 68% of the country’s population resides in rural areas, it is estimated that only 2% of those citizens have access to energy of any form.2 Biomass fuel sources, such as firewood and charcoal, are the dominant energy sources, with kerosene and diesel shortly behind. The national grid, maintained by the parastatal Tanzania Electric Supply Company (TANESCO) under the direction of the Ministry of Energy and Minerals, provides electricity to 10% of the Tanzanian population through the form of petroleum, hydropower, and coal.
    [Show full text]
  • The Somali Maritime Space
    LEA D A U THORS: C urtis Bell Ben L a wellin CONTRIB UTI NG AU THORS: A l e x andr a A mling J a y Benso n S asha Ego r o v a Joh n Filitz Maisie P igeon P aige Roberts OEF Research, Oceans Beyond Piracy, and Secure Fisheries are programs of One Earth Future http://dx.doi.org/10.18289/OEF.2017.015 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS With thanks to John R. Hoopes IV for data analysis and plotting, and to many others who offered valuable feedback on the content, including John Steed, Victor Odundo Owuor, Gregory Clough, Jérôme Michelet, Alasdair Walton, and many others who wish to remain unnamed. Graphic design and layout is by Andrea Kuenker and Timothy Schommer of One Earth Future. © 2017 One Earth Future Stable Seas: Somali Waters | i TABLE OF CONTENTS STABLE SEAS: SOMALI WATERS .......................................................................................................1 THE SOMALI MARITIME SPACE ........................................................................................................2 COASTAL GOVERNANCE.....................................................................................................................5 SOMALI EFFORTS TO PROVIDE MARITIME GOVERNANCE ..............................................8 INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS TO PROVIDE MARITIME GOVERNANCE ..........................11 MARITIME PIRACY AND TERRORISM ...........................................................................................13 ILLEGAL, UNREPORTED, AND UNREGULATED FISHING ....................................................17 ARMS TRAFFICKING
    [Show full text]
  • The Cross and the Crescent in East Africa
    The Cross and the Crescent in East Africa An Examination of the Reasons behind the Change in Christian- Muslim Relations in Tanzania 1984-1994 Tomas Sundnes Drønen TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................................................... 0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................. 3 INTRODUCTION OF THE TOPIC. ............................................................................................................................ 3 PERSONAL INTEREST ........................................................................................................................................... 4 OBJECT AND SCOPE ............................................................................................................................................. 5 APPROACH AND SOURCES ................................................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER ONE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................................... 10 1.1 PRE-COLONIAL TIMES ................................................................................................................................. 10 1.1.1 Early Muslim Settlements ..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae | Dr. Jakob Eder
    CV Dr. Jakob Eder Dr. Jakob Eder Phone: +43 1 51581 3526 | Email: [email protected] | Website: oeaw.ac.at/isr Institute for Urban and Regional Research (ISR) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW) Vordere Zollamtsstraße 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria Curriculum Vitae Personal Details Year | Country of Birth 1989 | Austria Citizenship Austria Work Experience 2020/09 – today Institute for Urban and Regional Research/ÖAW, Scientific Staff (Postdoc) Research Group: Innovation and Urban Economy 2019/09 – 2020/08 Paternity Leave 2016/05 – 2019/08 Institute for Urban and Regional Research/ÖAW, PhD Candidate Research Group: Innovation and Urban Economy 2014/07 – 2016/04 Vienna Institute of Demography/ÖAW, Wittgenstein Centre, Research Assistant Research Group: Human Capital Data Lab 2013/06 – 2016/04 Institute for Urban and Regional Research/ÖAW, Research Assistant Research Group: Innovation and Urban Economy 2013/10 – 2014/06 Dep. for Geography and Regional Research/University of Vienna, Project Assistant Research Group: Regional Research and Regional Planning 2011/10 – 2013/09 Dep. for Geography and Regional Research/University of Vienna, Scientific Assistant Research Group: Population Geography 2010/10 – 2011/06 Dep. for Geography and Regional Research/University of Vienna, Tutor Fields: Geographical Information Systems (GIS), Spatial Planning, and Urban Geography 2010/08 – 09 Division IV/4 of the Federal Chancellery of Austria, Intern Fields: Spatial Planning and Regional Policy 2009/07 eoVision GmbH, Intern Fields: Satellite Images/Geomarketing
    [Show full text]
  • Modeling Daytime and Nighttime Population Distributions in Portugal Using Geographic Information Systems
    MODELING DAYTIME AND NIGHTTIME POPULATION DISTRIBUTIONS IN PORTUGAL USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS BY C2007 Sérgio Manuel Carneiro Freire Submitted to the graduate degree program in Geography and the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master’s of Arts _______________________________ Dr. Johannes J. Feddema _______________________________ Dr. Stephen L. Egbert _______________________________ Dr. Jerome E. Dobson Date Defended_______________________________ The Thesis Committee for Sérgio Freire certifies That this is the approved Version of the following thesis: MODELING DAYTIME AND NIGHTTIME POPULATION DISTRIBUTIONS IN PORTUGAL USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS Committee: _____________________________ Dr. Johannes J. Feddema _____________________________ Dr. Stephen L. Egbert _____________________________ Dr. Jerome E. Dobson Date approved:______________________ ii ABSTRACT Sérgio M. C. Freire Department of Geography, December 2007 University of Kansas Natural or man-made disasters (e.g., earthquakes, fires, toxic releases, terrorism, etc.) usually occur without warning and can affect large numbers of people. Census figures register where people reside and usually sleep, but when disaster strikes knowing where people are more likely to be at the time of the event can be invaluable information for adequate emergency response and evacuation planning. These data can also be useful for risk and consequence assessment or a variety of studies involving population, such as transportation planning, land planning, GeoMarketing, and health and environmental studies. Having this information in a GIS-usable raster format significantly increases its value and facilitates integration with other spatial datasets for analysis or modeling. The validity of the concept of ambient population for the desired purposes has been demonstrated by the recent development of global population distribution databases.
    [Show full text]
  • The Foreign Military Presence in the Horn of Africa Region
    SIPRI Background Paper April 2019 THE FOREIGN MILITARY SUMMARY w The Horn of Africa is PRESENCE IN THE HORN OF undergoing far-reaching changes in its external security AFRICA REGION environment. A wide variety of international security actors— from Europe, the United States, neil melvin the Middle East, the Gulf, and Asia—are currently operating I. Introduction in the region. As a result, the Horn of Africa has experienced The Horn of Africa region has experienced a substantial increase in the a proliferation of foreign number and size of foreign military deployments since 2001, especially in the military bases and a build-up of 1 past decade (see annexes 1 and 2 for an overview). A wide range of regional naval forces. The external and international security actors are currently operating in the Horn and the militarization of the Horn poses foreign military installations include land-based facilities (e.g. bases, ports, major questions for the future airstrips, training camps, semi-permanent facilities and logistics hubs) and security and stability of the naval forces on permanent or regular deployment.2 The most visible aspect region. of this presence is the proliferation of military facilities in littoral areas along This SIPRI Background the Red Sea and the Horn of Africa.3 However, there has also been a build-up Paper is the first of three papers of naval forces, notably around the Bab el-Mandeb Strait, at the entrance to devoted to the new external the Red Sea and in the Gulf of Aden. security politics of the Horn of This SIPRI Background Paper maps the foreign military presence in the Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Visiting Geographical Scientist Program
    Visiting Geographical Scientist Program Approved Speakers The following geographers have expressed a willingness to serve as Visiting Geographical Scientists. Speakers have expressed a particular desire to address the topics listed; however, some may be willing to address additional issues. Speakers who are not on the VGSP speaker list are welcome but are subject to GTU/AAG approval. Please forward their vitae to the attention of the VGSP at the Association of American Geographers. John S. Adams, Dept of Geography, U of Minnesota, Minneapolis, general, Geomorphology or Biogeography or The Rocky MN 55455, voice 612-625-0571 email [email protected] Mountains.” Housing and American Cities; Cities of Russia; Winners and Losers in the Suburban Land Development Process; Poverty in American Cities; Barbara P. Buttenfield, Dept of Geography CB-260, the Path of Urban Decline University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0260, voice 303- 492-3618, email [email protected] Charles S. Aiken, Dept of Geography, U of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, voice 423-974-2418 email [email protected] Current Research Visualization and Geographic Modeling; Multi-scale on the Impact of Civil Rights and Voting Rights in the Nonmetropolitan databases; Data Generalization; Information Design and South; Redistribution of the American Black Population; Geography Representation; Mapping Uncertainty; Internet Data Delivery; as Revealed in Fictional Literature Interface Design and Usability Evaluation Derek H. Alderman, Department of Geography, E. Carolina U, Michael P. Conzen, Committee on Geographical Studies, U of 227-A Brewster, Greenville, NC 27858, voice 252-328-4013, Chicago, 5828 South University Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, email [email protected] voice 312-702-8308, email [email protected] Geographies of Public Memory, Heritage Tourism, and The Personality of American Cities; American Cultural Commemoration; Politics of Culture, Space, and Regional Landscapes; U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • GEO--Geography
    College of Arts and Sciences GEO Geography GEO 109 DIGITAL MAPPING. (3) This course introduces the concepts, techniques, and histories behind mapping as a creative and artist practice. It covers the centrality of the map in everyday life and the changing role of maps as society becomes increasingly saturated by digital information technologies such as geographic information systems (GIS) and global positioning systems (GPS). The course introduces principles in cartographic design and geovisualization culminating in a series of maps created by each student. GEO 130 EARTH’S PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT. (3) A course exploring the fundamental characteristics of earth’s physical environment. Emphasis is placed on identifying interrelationships between atmospheric processes involving energy, pressure, and moisture, weather and climate, and terrestrial processes of vegetative biomes, soils, and landscape formation and change. Fulfills General Education requirements for Inquiry in Natural Sciences, and elementary certification requirements in education. #GEO 133 SCIENCE AND POLICY OF NATURAL HAZARDS. (3) This course examines the science of natural hazards such as hurricanes, earthquakes, landslides and floods, and the causes and effects of the natural hazards. It explores the relationships between the science of, and policy toward, such hazards, discusses their predictability, and examines how scientific knowledge influences policy-making. GEO 135 GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE. (3) This course provides a broad overview of the processes that have shaped the climate in which we live, and of consequences of changes to this climate. The principle functions of climate in relation to the hydrosphere and biosphere are introduced, and climate change over geological time is described. The basic data used by climate science to identify and explain historical climate change, paleoclimate change, and more recent climate trends are examined.
    [Show full text]
  • Environment and Society in Tanzania – Summer 2018 Page 2 Natural Environment
    Environment and Society in Tanzania May 14 - 30, 2018 This study abroad program is coordinated by the Northern Illinois University Study Abroad Office (SAO), in cooperation with the NIU Department of Geography at Northern Illinois University, and in collaboration with the University of North Alabama. PROGRAM DATES: The program will officially begin with departure of the group from Chicago O’Hare Airport on May 14, 2018 and will end with the return of the group from Dar es Salam, Tanzania to Chicago on May 30, 2018. PROGRAM DIRECTORS: This program will operate in conjunction with an existing program at the University of North Alabama so there will be one program director from each institution: Courtney Gallaher, from NIU and Francis Koti, from UNA. Dr. Greg Gaston (UNA) will also serve as an instructor for this program. (See Appendix A for more information) Courtney Gallaher is a jointly-appointed Assistant Professor in Geography and Women, Gender and Sexuality Studies at NIU. She has a background in environmental management, natural resource conservation and agriculture and has spent more than fifteen years working in Sub- Saharan Africa. She co-directed a non-profit in Kenya for more than a decade and has traveled and conducted extensive research in East Africa, including Kenya, Tanzania and Malawi. Her research interests focus primarily on sustainable agriculture and food security. As a student she studied abroad in France, Senegal, Kenya and Tanzania so she has a deep appreciation for the benefits of studying abroad. Francis Koti serves as department chair for the Department of Geography at the University of North Alabama.
    [Show full text]
  • DOCUMENT BESUBE SP 007 215 World Geography. a Guide for Teachers. Missouri State Dept. Ot Education, Jetterson City. EDRS Price
    DOCUMENT BESUBE ED 051 161 SP 007 215 TITLE World Geography. A Guide for Teachers. INSTITUTION Missouri State Dept. ot Education, Jetterson City. PUB DATE 68 NOTE 263p. EARS PRICE EDRS Price hF-$0.65 HC-$9.87 DESCRIPTORS *Curriculum Guides, *Geography, *Grade 10, *World Geography ABSTRACT Grades or ages: Grade 1U. SUBJECT MATTER: World geography, ORGANIZATION AND PHYSICAL APPEARANCE: The guide is divided into 16 units covering various aspects of geography. Each unit is in list form. The guide is offset printed and edition bound with a paper cover. OBJECTIVES AND ACTIVITIES: Each unit begins with a list of about five concepts to be taught. Suggested activities are then listed under each concept. Activities consist mainly of analysis of maps and discussion. Suggested times are indicated for each unit. INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: A list of different types of maps and other materials needed for the course is included in an introductory section. In addition, each unit contains a list of references for teachers and students. The guide itself is illustrated with numerous charts and maps. STUDENT ASSESSMENT: No mention. (RT) WORLD GEOGRAPHY U S DEPARTMENT OFHEALTH. EDUCATION & WELFARE A Guide For Teachers OFFICE OF EDUCATION THiL', DOCUMENT HASBEEN REPRO DUCE!) EXACTLY AS R£CEVEDFROM THE PERSON CR ORGANIZATION ORIG ,`EATING IT POINTS Of VIEWOR ODIN IONS STATED DO NOTNECESSARIL REpRcsENT OFFICIAL OFFICLOF EDU CATION POSITION OR POLICY HUBERT WHEELER Commissioner o, Education TABLE OF CONTENTS STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION iii ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION FOR DEVELOPIN THE WORLD GEOGRAPHY GUIDE iv FOREWORD ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vi POINT OF VIEW 1 The "Why" of Geography at Secondary Level Structure of Geography 4 Objectives 16 Organizatio,, 18 Approach 18 Facilities and Equipment 20 Suggested Preparation of Teachers 22 INF;v1IUCTIONAL PROGRAM 24 UNIT I DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF WORLD POPULATION 25 UNIn' II THE EARTH'S RESOURCES IN RELATION TO WORLD POPULATION 43 UNIT IIIECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN RELATION TO WORLD POPULATION .
    [Show full text]
  • Liquid Biofuels for Transportation in Tanzania
    Liquid Biofuels for Transportation in Tanzania Potential and Implications for Sustainable Agriculture and Energy in the 21st Century Study commissioned by the German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) August 2005 Study funded by BMELV through FNR The views and opinions of the author expressed in this study do not necessarily reflect those of the BMELV Biofuels for Transportation in Tanzania Preface The work was commissioned by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) in Eschborn and makes a contribution to a more comprehensive project on international level that investigates the possible opportunities of biofuels especially in developing countries. Reviewers: Elke Foerster (GTZ), Dirk Assmann (GTZ), Christine Clashausen (GTZ), Birger Kerckow (FNR), Uwe Fritsche (Oeko-Institut). Partnership WIP – Renewable Energies Dr. Rainer Janssen Sylvensteinstrasse 2, 81369 Munich, Germany email: [email protected] http://wip-munich.de Themba Technology Dr. Jeremy Woods Gareth Brown Linden Square, Coppermill Lock, Harefield, Uxbridge UB9 6TQ, United Kingdom email: [email protected] http://www.thembatech.co.uk Tanzania Traditional Energy Development and Environment Organisation (TaTEDO) Estomih N. Sawe P.O. Box 32794, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Tel. +255 22 2700 –771 (- 438 Fax) email: [email protected] http://www.tatedo.org Integration Umwelt und Energie GmbH Ralph Pförtner Bahnhofstr. 9, 91322 Gräfenberg, Germany Tel. +49 9192 9959 -0 (-10 Fax) email: [email protected] http://www.integration.org 2 Biofuels for Transportation in Tanzania Executive Summary The successful growth of African economies hinges on their modern energy, of which liquid fuel plays an important role. Sharp fluctuations in oil prices have thwarted development plans in Africa and forced many countries to review their development and services project, their overall expenditure and their external trade relations.
    [Show full text]