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Reconstructing Past Terrace Fields in the Pyrenees

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Reconstructing Past Terrace Fields in the Pyrenees Reconstructing past terrace fields in the Pyrenees: Insights into land management and settlement from the Bronze Age to the Early Modern era at Vilalta (1650 masl, Cerdagne, France) Christine Rendu1, Olivier Passarrius2, Carine Calastrenc1, Ramon Julia3, Murie Llubes1, Pauline Illes2, Pierre Campmajo1, Clara Jodry1, Denis Crabol4, Elisabeth Bille1, Marc Conesa5, Delphine Bousquet1,Ve´ronique Lallemand6 1CNRS and University of Toulouse, France, 2Archaeology Center of the Pyre´ne´es-Orientales Department and University of Perpignan, France, 3Institute of Earth Sciences Jaume Almera, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain, 4Archaeological and Historical Research Group of Cerdagne (GRAHC), Bourg-Madame, France, 5University of Montpellier, France, 6Regional Archaeology Department of Languedoc-Roussillon, French Ministry of Culture The building of a solar power station at The´mis, at 1650 masl on the south-facing slope of the Carlit massif in the eastern Pyrenees, led to an archaeological evaluation from April-June 2009. This evaluation covered a surface of 10 ha that included a medieval village as well as the surrounding agricultural land in terraces. Non-destructive archaeological methods were used for the village. A detailed study of the 6 ha of terraces began with a fieldwalking survey, mapping every visible feature, followed by systematic trial trenches. Fifty-five trenches, 11 in the village and 44 in the fields, were opened. The stratigraphies were then compared with a series of 22 radiocarbon dates and eight relative dates provided by ceramic typologies. This combination of surface and buried evidence supported our preliminary hypothesis about the dynamics of the slope. The results suggest the existence of agrarian features beginning in the Bronze Age and reveal that the field patterns were frequently transformed, both in the Medieval and Early Modern periods. The transformations in the terrace fields after the village was abandoned are as interesting as those during occupation because, contrary to the idea of a fixed, unchanging landscape after the end of the Middle Ages, they challenge the idea that mountain zones are marginal spaces by nature, or were marginalized later. Keywords: landscape archaeology, mountain, terrace, settlement, offsite dating Introduction assessment included not only the village but also Mountain slopes have rarely been subjected to large nearly 6 ha of terraced fields nearby. construction projects. Therefore, archaeological obser- The first goal of any assessment is to estimate the vations on changes in the soil and the landscape in archaeological potential of the area in order to mountain zones are most often the result of chance, lim- decide whether or not to move forward with an ited excavations, or test pits. In 2009, the project to open-air excavation and to estimate the costs and extend the solar power plant at The´mis threatened an duration of such a study. Evaluations are thus abandoned medieval village that had been discovered usually rapid and brief: surface surveys are rare, during the power plant’s construction (Campmajo and excavation and detailed analysis of structures 1979). The presence of this village, named Vilalta, led are usually excluded, as well as dating them by any to an archaeological evaluation of the area, which means other than with archaeological artifacts. Gen- covers 10 ha ranging at 1600–1700 masl. This site erally, the protocol is to mechanically open 10% of the surface area, with large trenches spaced at regular intervals. Yet, the The´mis site evaluation took place in a par- Correspondence to: Christine Rendu, Laboratoire Framespa, Maison de ticular scientific context, which enabled us to com- la Recherche, Universite´ de Toulouse II, 5 alle´es A. Machado, 31058 Toulouse Cedex 09, France. Email: [email protected] bine trench protocol with other methods used in ß Trustees of Boston University 2015 MORE OpenChoice articles are open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License 3.0 DOI 10.1179/2042458215Y.0000000002 Journal of Field Archaeology 2015 VOL.40 NO.4 461 Rendu et al. Reconstructing past terrace fields in the Pyrenees more long-term archaeological research. Of all the in other regions, such as in South America (Sandor zones in the Pyrenees range, the micro-region in and Eash 1991, 1995; Sandor 2006; Kemp et al. which the site is located (in the Cerdagne massif in 2006; Borejsza et al. 2008; Acabado 2010) and in the eastern Pyrenees) has been a particularly import- the Mediterranean (Bal 2006; Ballesteros Arias ant area for examining the dynamics of space and 2006, 2010; Harfouche 2007; Riera and Palet 2008; landscapes at altitude over the long term (Campmajo Frederick and Krahtopoulou 2008; Quiros Castillo 1991; Davasse et al. 1997; Galop 1998; Rendu 2001, 2009; Bal et al. 2010; Bevan et al. 2013; Davidovich 2003; Ruas et al. 2005; Bre´hard and Campmajo 2005; et al. 2012). Thus, we also discuss the chronological Bal et al. 2010; Bousquet 2011). Thus, the archaeolo- relevance of the elements dated within the stratigra- gists responsible for the rescue evaluation and those phies (see below). archaeologists involved in the long-term research These results enabled us to reconstruct the program worked together to study this landscape dynamics of the landscape over the long term. They with complementary approaches: a field survey of are discussed below by period, re-situated in the all surface features preceded the opening of trial broader regional context. Several issues that are trenches; the trenches were planned to follow an alti- essential for understanding mountain spaces are tudinal transect; when possible, buried features were addressed: the importance of agrarian features in excavated; and a large number of radiocarbon dates the organization of slopes; their flexibility and adap- were collected, mostly in terrace contexts which is tability, which reveal considerable sensitivity to rare, as terraces generally have very few dating socio-environmental changes; and the influence of elements. broader socioeconomic factors on these changes, The main purpose of this article is to present the challenging the idea that mountain spaces are by methods and the results of this archaeological evalu- nature marginal. ation and to assess the results within the broader per- spective of a history of mountain landscapes. Site and Methods Combining methods enabled us to compare a large The Vilalta site and its environment number of stratigraphies and to understand the mor- In the eastern Pyrenees, the Cerdagne is a large intra- phological dynamics of terrace systems within a rela- mountain plateau, 80 km long and oriented north- tively continuous area, which is fairly rare. Based on east–southwest, corresponding to the basin of the the considerable number of dates obtained, the goal Segre River, a tributary of the Ebro River (FIG. 1). was also to contribute to research on terrace systems It has a Mediterranean climate with an average Figure 1 Location of the Vilalta site in Cerdagne, eastern Pyrenees. 462 Journal of Field Archaeology 2015 VOL.40 NO.4 Rendu et al. Reconstructing past terrace fields in the Pyrenees altitude of 1100 m and is bounded on the north and an orange sandy matrix with the occasional presence south by massifs reaching 3000 m. The site ranges of bluish silty clay; in the east by a small alluvial fan from 1600-1700 m in altitude on the south-facing characterized by dark sandy sediments mixed with slope of the Carlit massif. gravel and occasional boulders; towards the north The zone is primarily formed by the Mont-Louis by the granite slope, with slope deposits character- granitic massif (Maurel et al. 2002), with a complex ized by weak soil development and the occasional geological history marked by the presence of old ero- emergence of the granite substrate; and towards the sion surfaces and features resulting from the last ice south, by the Targasonne granite boulders. ages. The former village of Vilalta is located at the The vegetation is that of the subalpine zone. heart of a large flat area that is Tertiary in age Above the site, at over 2000 masl around the first (Calvet and Gunell 2008; Delmas et al. 2009). It is shepherds’ cabins, there are woody areas of Pinus bounded by four geomorphological units (FIGS. 2.1, uncinata and grazing pastures with Festuca gautieri, 2.2): in the west by the Angoustrine lateral moraine Deschampsia flexuosa, and Trifolium alpinum. Below formed by a thick till deposit of granite boulders in that, at around 1700 masl, a wood of Pinus sylvestris Figure 2 Geomorphological and human landscape. 1) Geomorphological context (the star indicates the church); 2) Aerial photograph from 1977 (courtesy of Compania Espanola de Trabajos Fotogrametricos Aereos collection); 3) Field system; 4) Landowners and land uses on the cadastral map of 1829. Journal of Field Archaeology 2015 VOL.40 NO.4 463 Rendu et al. Reconstructing past terrace fields in the Pyrenees / uncinata occupies the crest of the moraine and a dry according to the earliest extant cadastral map shrubland of Cytisus purgans, Juniperus communis, (dated 1829), this hamlet was composed of two mas and Rosa canina covers the main part of the slope. (rural estates) that possessed the totality of the Below this area are the former terraced fields, then plots in the area examined in this study. The fact the irrigated and enclosed meadows. The tree veg- that ownership of these parcels alternated between etation here is composed of Alnus glutinosa bordering the two mas, and the indivisible possession of the the stream and a few willow, poplar, birch, aspen, plots of land located uphill on the slope, may indicate and ash trees. The granite boulder landscape is pri- a patrimony with a common origin (FIG. 2.4). marily covered with hazelnut trees that re-colonized the area during the 20th century. Methods for archaeological assessment The medieval village is located at the center of this The rescue archaeology zone covered 9.75 ha, divided space, in an enclosed meadow at the foot of the ter- into the 4 ha of the Ce, in which most of the village is races (FIGS.2.2,2.3).
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