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Pacific Salmon in the Canadian Arctic: Indicators of Change

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Pacific Salmon in the Canadian Arctic: Indicators of Change Pacific salmon in the Canadian Arctic: Indicators of change By Karen Marie Dunmall A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba In partial fulfilment of the requirements of a degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Biological Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright (©) 2018 by Karen Dunmall Dunmall, K.M. Abstract The Arctic is rapidly changing. Warming temperatures are both facilitating new opportunities and threatening biodiversity. Despite a global effort to conserve biodiversity, and the recent acceleration of related conservation initiatives in Canada, species are already responding to a changing Arctic. However, our abilities to assess these changes, including shifting distributions and their impacts, are limited. Therefore, innovative approaches are necessary to focus the vastness of the Arctic to key habitats, the breadth of species diversity to key indicators of change, and to integrate knowledge in order to predict and manage a future Arctic. In this thesis, I establish Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. as indicators of ecosystem- level change in the Canadian Arctic. More broadly, however, I have developed tools and strategies to help assess the impending biodiversity crisis in the Arctic. I developed a novel model to successfully apply citizen science to monitor rapidly shifting biodiversity in the Canadian Arctic and I extend the breadth of community-based monitoring across species and their habitats to encompass broad-scale areas and fine-scale assessments. By aligning thermal tolerances with thermal regimes at critical groundwater spring oases, I developed a novel model that predicts watersheds vulnerable to colonizations by salmon, and identifies the associated risk of competition with native char. I also use genetic tools to establish that chum salmon O. keta colonized the upper Mackenzie River at deglaciation, and that vagrants are currently accessing the Mackenzie River via coastal pathways. Together, I advance science regarding: 1) the application of citizen science to monitor biodiversity shifts in the Arctic; 2) predictions of distributional shifts to extreme environments; and 3) assessing the viability of the Arctic freshwater and marine environments as fish habitat over the past several thousand years. By ii | P a g e Dunmall, K.M. integrating the subsistence way-of-life with scientific approaches, we can better manage the development opportunities and predict the conservation impacts in a future Arctic. iii | P a g e Dunmall, K.M. Acknowledgements My advisors, Dr. James D. Reist and Dr. Margaret F. Docker, expertly guided me through this journey. You provided advice, encouragement, and support at every level. You pushed me to find my limit, and then extend it. You answered my questions, both related and unrelated to science, and helped me focus efforts and maintain momentum. You helped me keep the broader picture in mind when sometimes all I could see was the trees. My successes are shared with you and I will be forever grateful for all you have done. I also extend a special thanks to my committee: Dr. W. Gary Anderson, Dr. Norman Halden, and Dr. Christian E. Zimmerman. My thesis and my development as a scientist both benefited from your perspectives and areas of expertise. You taught me to approach questions from different angles and to learn from thinking more broadly. I also thank Dr. Colin Garroway for patiently teaching me and guiding me through genetic analyses from the bases to the ABCs. You believed I could figure it out, and therefore I did too. I look forward to learning more from you during my Liber Ero Postdoctoral Fellowship. I am grateful to both Neil Mochnacz and Robert Bajno for seeing opportunity in a student that was literally wandering the halls or going to be lost in the rivers. I recognize your efforts and sincerely appreciate the time you spent with me. Thank you also to Dr. William Tonn, the external examiner for my thesis, for your careful review. This thesis is only possible because the people in the Canadian Arctic wanted to know more about the salmon they were catching in their nets. Without their contributions of samples and information, we would know very little. There are too many people to name individually here, although many are acknowledged at the end of individual Chapters. I thank everyone who iv | P a g e Dunmall, K.M. contributed time, money, salmon, and knowledge to the Arctic Salmon program for their on- going participation and support of the salmon research. This salmon story is yours. This thesis benefited from significant financial and logistical support and was truly a collaborative effort from the individual harvester through the community to the territorial government to federal agencies to funding sources. Support was received from local Inuvialuit Hunters and Trappers Committees (HTC), Gwich'in Renewable Resource Councils (RRC), Fisheries Joint Management Committee (FJMC), Gwich’in Renewable Resource Board (GRRB), Gwich’in Land Use Planning Board, Ɂehdzo Got’ı̨ nę Gots’ę́ Nákedı (Sahtú Renewable Resources Board), Parks Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), Polar Continental Shelf Program, the Cumulative Impacts Monitoring Program (CIMP), and the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADFG). I gratefully acknowledge support from an NSERC Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarship, a W. Garfield Weston Foundation Award for Northern Research (PhD), a University of Manitoba Roger Evans Memorial Scholarship, the 2014 American Fisheries Society J. Frances Allen Scholarship, a 2015 Emerging Leaders Mentorship Award, and the 2015 American Fisheries Society Peter A. Larkin Award for Excellence in Fisheries. I look forward to a Liber Ero Postdoctoral Fellowship. Finally, I thank my family and friends. My parents taught me how big the world is, and yet how small it can be. You set the example by chasing your dream and your motto (Think. Plan. Do.) has provided me guidance throughout my life. Thank you to my family for your unwavering encouragement and support. To my closest friends: you were always there when I needed you, and I really did need you all. Thank you for the lunches, the coffee, the laughs, and the hugs. Lastly, to Ben, Owen, and Jenna: I began this journey when you were just five, three, and one years old but you have taught me the most. You ask the hardest questions, you remind v | P a g e Dunmall, K.M. me what is really important, and you help me maintain perspective. I hope along the way I have taught you that it is ok create your own path, and that wandering to explore is encouraged. vi | P a g e Dunmall, K.M. Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ iv List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. x List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ xi Chapter 1 - Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 Thesis Outline ............................................................................................................................. 6 Chapter 2 - Pacific Salmon in the Arctic: Harbingers of Recent Changes ..................................... 8 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... 9 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 10 Methods..................................................................................................................................... 15 Results ....................................................................................................................................... 17 Canadian Western Arctic ...................................................................................................... 17 Canadian Eastern Arctic ....................................................................................................... 19 Greenland .............................................................................................................................. 20 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 21 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... 28 Chapter 3 - A framework for citizen science applications in the Arctic ....................................... 35 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 36 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 37 vii | P a g e Dunmall, K.M. Methods..................................................................................................................................... 39 Results and Discussion ............................................................................................................
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