CHAPTER 5 the Crossroads
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Beyond the Acropolis
1 3 ∫·ÏˆÛÔÚ›Û·Ù ÛÙ‹Ó \∞ı‹Ó·! ^∏ \∂ÎÎÏËÛ›· ‰¤Ó ͯÒÚÈÛ ÔÙ¤ Ù‹Ó àÏ‹ıÂÈ· Ù˘ àfi Ù‹ ˙ˆ‹ Ù˘. ^∏ οı ʿÛË ÙÔÜ âÎÎÏËÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎÔÜ ‚›Ô˘, ì ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË, ì Ù¤¯ÓË, ì ÊÈÏ·ÓıÚˆ›·, ï ÌÔÓ·¯ÈÛÌfi˜ ÂrÓ·È ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈΤ˜ Ê·ÓÂÚÒÛÂȘ Ùɘ ηıÔÏÈÎɘ àÏ‹ıÂÈ·˜ η› àÔηχÙÔ˘Ó Ù‹Ó àÏ‹ıÂÈ· Ùɘ ηıÔÏÈÎɘ \∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜. ^∏ ÌÔÓ·‰È΋ àÓ¿ÁÎË Ô‡ Û˘Ó¤ÛÙËÛ ‰Ô̤˜ õ ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜, ΛÌÂÓ·, ‰fiÁÌ·Ù·, ηÓfiÓ˜ ̤۷ ÛÙ‹Ó \∂ÎÎÏËÛ›· qÙ·Ó ì âÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ àÓ·ÁηÈfiÙËÙ· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÒÛˆ˜ Ùɘ \∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜ ó˜ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔÜ ÃÚÈÛÙÔÜ Î·› ëÓÒÛˆ˜ ÙÔÜ £ÂÔÜ Ì¤ ÙfiÓ ôÓıÚˆÔ. °È\ ·éÙfi η› ì ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈ- ΋ îÂÚ·Ú¯›· ÙáÓ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÎáÓ ‰ÔÌáÓ ñËÚÂÙÔÜÛ àfi Ù‹Ó àÚ¯‹ Ù‹ ÌÔÓ·‰È΋ ·éÙ‹ âÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ àÓ·ÁηÈfiÙËÙ·, Ùfi ú‰ÈÔ ¬ˆ˜ η› Ùfi Ù˘ÈÎfi Ùɘ Ï·ÙÚ›·˜, ì êÁÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· õ ì àÚ¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋ ÙáÓ Ó·áÓ: Ù‹Ó àÁ·ËÙÈ΋, ÊÈÏ·Ó- ıÚˆÈ΋ ÛÙ¿ÛË Ùɘ \∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜ à¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙfiÓ ôÓıÚˆÔ, ó˜ àÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ùɘ ӛ΢ ¿Óˆ ÛÙfiÓ ı¿Ó·ÙÔ. Δfi öÓÙ˘Ô Ô‡ ÎÚ·ÙÄÙ ÛÙ¿ ¯¤ÚÈ· Û·˜, ÊÈÏÔÙ¯ÓË̤ÓÔ Ì¤ ÌÂÚ¿ÎÈ àfi Ù‹Ó \∞ÔÛÙÔÏÈ΋ ¢È·ÎÔÓ›· ̤ Ù‹Ó ÂéÏÔÁ›· ÙÔÜ ª·Î·ÚȈٿÙÔ˘ \∞Ú¯ÈÂÈÛÎfiÔ˘ \∞ıËÓáÓ Î·› ¿Û˘ ^∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜ Î. ^πÂÚˆÓ‡ÌÔ˘ η› Ùɘ ^πÂÚĘ ™˘Ófi‰Ô˘ η› Û¤ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ̤ Ùfi ™˘ÓÔ‰ÈÎfi °Ú·ÊÂÖÔ \∂ÎÎÏËÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎáÓ ¶ÂÚÈËÁ‹ÛÂˆÓ Ùɘ \∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜ Ùɘ ^∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜, ÂrÓ·È ≤Ó· ΛÓËÙÚÔ ÁÈ¿ Ó¿ âÈÛÎÂÊıÂÖÙ ÛÙ‹Ó \∞ı‹Ó· η› ÛÙ‹Ó ÂéÚ‡ÙÂÚË ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ Ùɘ \∞ÙÙÈÎɘ «Ì¤ ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ àÔ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ» ‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓ¿ ÌÓËÌÂÖ·, Ó·Ô‡˜, ÌÔÓ·ÛÙ‹ÚÈ· η› ÚÔÛÎ˘Ó‹Ì·Ù· ù¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÁÈ¿ Ó¿ ı·˘Ì¿ÛÂ- Ù Ùfi àÚ¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈÎfi οÏÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜, àÏÏ¿ η› Ó¿ àӷηχ„ÂÙÂ Ù‹Ó ÂûÁψÙÙË ÛȈ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ¿ Ù‹ ÓÔËÌ·ÙÔ‰fi- ÙËÛË ÙÔÜ ‚›Ô˘ η› Ù‹ ¯·Ú¿ Ùɘ ˙ˆÉ˜. -
The Greek Church of Cyprus, the Morea and Constantinople During the Frankish Era (1196-1303)
The Greek Church of Cyprus, the Morea and Constantinople during the Frankish Era (1196-1303) ELENA KAFFA A thesis submitted to the University of Wales In candidature for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of History and Archaeology University of Wales, Cardiff 2008 The Greek Church of Cyprus, the Morea and Constantinople during the Frankish Era (1196-1303) ELENA KAFFA A thesis submitted to the University of Wales In candidature for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of History and Archaeology University of Wales, Cardiff 2008 UMI Number: U585150 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U585150 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT This thesis provides an analytical presentation of the situation of the Greek Church of Cyprus, the Morea and Constantinople during the earlier part of the Frankish Era (1196 - 1303). It examines the establishment of the Latin Church in Constantinople, Cyprus and Achaea and it attempts to answer questions relating to the reactions of the Greek Church to the Latin conquests. -
Praxis 2010 Fall.Indd
ADULT EDUCATION Fall 2010 Vol. 10, Issue 1: Adult Education $4.95 of the Second Coming of the Lord is frequently displayed on a church’s western wall—the last image worshippers see as they leave. The icon often includes elements of the Last TheJudgment. Icon This particular icon has Christ seated on a throne carried by the six-winged seraphim. He is surrounded by a mandorla, which in this example seems to “rip through” the heavens, reminding us that christ transcends our concepts of space and time. Angels fi ll the heavens. At His feet are the four fi gures described in Revelation 4:7, which have become symbols of the Evangelists (the eagle for John; the lion, Mark; the angel, Matthew; the ox or calf, luke). At christ’s right are Eve and John the Baptist, and on His left are the Virgin Mary and Adam. All are in acts of supplication or prayer to Christ. WISDOM, ANCIENT AND MODERN Some people feel guilty about their anxieties and regard them as a defect of faith, but they are afflictions, not sins. Like all afflictions, they are, if we can so take them, our share in the passion of Christ. C. S. Lewis The task of the modern educator is not to cut down jungles but to irrigate deserts. C. S. Lewis Love for God begins to manifest itself, and to act in us, when we begin to love our neighbor as ourselves, and not to spare ourselves or anything belonging to us for him, as he is the image of God: “For he who does not love his brother, whom he has seen, cannot love God, whom he has not seen.” St. -
Downloadable
EXPERT-LED PETER SOMMER ARCHAEOLOGICAL & CULTURAL TRAVELS TOURS & GULET CRUISES 2021 PB Peter Sommer Travels Peter Sommer Travels 1 WELCOME WHY TRAVEL WITH US? TO PETER SOMMER TR AVELS Writing this in autumn 2020, it is hard to know quite where to begin. I usually review the season just gone, the new tours that we ran, the preparatory recces we made, the new tours we are unveiling for the next year, the feedback we have received and our exciting plans for the future. However, as you well know, this year has been unlike any other in our collective memory. Our exciting plans for 2020 were thrown into disarray, just like many of yours. We were so disappointed that so many of you were unable to travel with us in 2020. Our greatest pleasure is to share the destinations we have grown to love so deeply with you our wonderful guests. I had the pleasure and privilege of speaking with many of you personally during the 2020 season. I was warmed and touched by your support, your understanding, your patience, and your generosity. All of us here at PST are extremely grateful and heartened by your enthusiasm and eagerness to travel with us when it becomes possible. PST is a small, flexible, and dynamic company. We have weathered countless downturns during the many years we have been operating. Elin, my wife, and I have always reinvested in the business with long term goals and are very used to surviving all manner of curve balls, although COVID-19 is certainly the biggest we have yet faced. -
Theseus Aegeus = Aethra
The Athenians Cecrops • Born of the soil – Autochthonous • Man with the body of a serpent • First king of Attica • Married Agraulus, daughter of Actaeus Competition for the City • Gods to assign cities to themselves • Poseidon and Athena both want Attica • Poseidon: – Offers a salt water spring • Athena: – Offers Cecrops an olive tree – Athena wins, and the city is called Athens Cranaus • Cecrops died without a male heir • Cranaus succeeded – At the time of the flood of Deucalion – He was the most powerful Athenian – Also autochthonous – Deposed by his son-in-law, Amphictyon Deucalion = Pyrrha Cranaus Amphictyon = Cranae • Amphictyon ruled 12 years • ‘Amphictyon’ means “neighbour” – Amphictyonic Councils • Overthrown by Erichthonius Erichthonius • Athena wanted new armour • Hephaestus fell in love with Athena – Tried to force himself on her but she repelled him – He ejaculated and the semen fell to the Acropolis • Erichthonius sprung from the soil Athena Scorning the Advances of Hephaestus Paris Bordon ca. 1550 Erichthonius • Overthrew Amphictyon • Established the Panathenaea • Placed the wooden Athena on the Acropolis. – The Palladium of Athens – Athena Polias (Protector of the City) Erichthonius = Praxithea Pandion = Zeuxippe Erechtheus Philomela Butes Procne • This lineage, presented by Apollodorus, starts the debate. • Are Erichthonius and Erechtheus the same? • Does this version represent two myths combined? • Under Erechtheus, Athens conquered Eleusis • Butes was priest of Athena and founder of the Eteobutadae Family The Polias Priestess -
Greece in the Middle Ages (6Th – 13Th Cent.)
Greece in the Middle Ages (6th – 13th cent.) Ioannis Deligiannis Democritus University of Thrace • Introduction • Greece from the 6th cent. to the 13th cent. • The aftermath (14th – 15th cent.) • Forming a national identity • Society • Religion • Education Introduction • 146 and 133 BCE: Greece and the islands under the Romans. • 2nd-3rd cent.: Greece divided into provinces: Achaia, Macedonia, Epirus and Thracia. • Diocletian (284-305): Western Balkans organized as a Roman diocese (< διοίκησις = “administration”). • Constantine I (306-337): Greece as part of the dioceses of Macedonia and Thrace. • The eastern and southern Aegean islands formed the province of Insulae in the Diocese of Asia. Death of Theodosius I West: Honorius – East: Arcadius Greece from the 6th cent. to the 13th cent. • Greece: most likely one of the most prosperous and most economically active regions of the Empire. • The city-state (πόλις) appears to have remained prosperous until at least the 6th cent. • Greece was highly urbanized and contained approximately 80 cities. • Thessaloniki: the Empire’s second largest city, called the “co-regent” (συμβασιλεύουσα), second only to Constantinople (βασιλεύουσα). The Arch of Galerius and the Rotunda, 4th cent. Walls of Thessalonica, 5th-7th cent. • Greece was raided –in the 5th cent. by the Visigoths and Ostrogoths. –in the 6th cent. by the Bulgars and the Huns. –in late 6th cent. by the Slavs, who invaded and settled in parts of Greece. The Empire nearly lost control of the entire peninsula during the 580s. Bulgars and Slavs -
The Road to Oenoe
THE ROAD TO OENOE (PLATES 117, 118) C ORINTHIAN topographyand history have been special interests of Oscar Broneer since his entry into Archaeological fieldwork in the 1920s. He intro- duced me and many other archaeologists to Corinthian studies and my first experience in field excavation was in the Isthmus under his direction. It seems especially appro- priate, therefore, for me to offer for publicationthis study in Corinthian myth, history, and topography in a special issue honoring one of the most perceptive archaeologists and most profound humanists it has been my privilege to know. The traveler in antiquity might reach the Peloponnesus from Central Greece by any one of three land routes from the Megarid (P1. 117). One was along the coast, and connected the Scironian Road to the Isthmus via the towns that looked out onto the Saronic Gulf: Crommyon (near modern Ayi Theodori), Sidous, and Schoenus (near modern Kalam'aki). A second road, the main one during most of the historical period at least, led from Megara to Tripodiscus and across the principal pass through the Geranian mountains, between the peaks of Lysi and Makri Playi. That road descendedto a spring (Mj;ges) in the hills above Ayi Theodori, from which one might either turn aside to join the first route at Crommyon, or continue on to ancient Therma (modern Loutr'aki) and approach Corinth along the Corinthian Gulf. The third route into the Corinthia from Megaris follows the Halcyonic coast of the Corinthian Gulf from the modern village of Kato Alepochorion to the small plain behind the harbor of Schinos (Pl. -
Divine Riddles: a Sourcebook for Greek and Roman Mythology March, 2014
Divine Riddles: A Sourcebook for Greek and Roman Mythology March, 2014 E. Edward Garvin, Editor What follows is a collection of excerpts from Greek literary sources in translation. The intent is to give students an overview of Greek mythology as expressed by the Greeks themselves. But any such collection is inherently flawed: the process of selection and abridgement produces a falsehood because both the narrative and meta-narrative are destroyed when the continuity of the composition is interrupted. Nevertheless, this seems the most expedient way to expose students to a wide range of primary source information. I have tried to keep my voice out of it as much as possible and will intervene as editor (in this Times New Roman font) only to give background or exegesis to the text. All of the texts in Goudy Old Style are excerpts from Greek or Latin texts (primary sources) that have been translated into English. Ancient Texts In the field of Classics, we refer to texts by Author, name of the book, book number, chapter number and line number.1 Every text, regardless of language, uses the same numbering system. Homer’s Iliad, for example, is divided into 24 books and the lines in each book are numbered. Hesiod’s Theogony is much shorter so no book divisions are necessary but the lines are numbered. Below is an example from Homer’s Iliad, Book One, showing the English translation on the left and the Greek original on the right. When citing this text we might say that Achilles is first mentioned by Homer in Iliad 1.7 (i.7 is also acceptable). -
THESEUS Legendary
75 AD THESEUS Legendary Plutarch translated by John Dryden Plutarch (46-120) - Greek biographer, historian, and philosopher, sometimes known as the encyclopaedist of antiquity. He is most renowned for his series of character studies, arranged mostly in pairs, known as “Plutarch’s Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans” or “Parallel Lives.” Theseus (75 AD) - A study of the life of Theseus, the founder of Athens. THESEUS As geographers, Sosius, crowd into the edges of their maps parts of the world which they do not know about, adding notes in the margin to the effect, that beyond this lies nothing but the sandy deserts full of wild beasts, unapproachable bogs, Scythian ice, or a frozen sea, so in this work of mine, in which I have compared the lives of the greatest men with one another, after passing through those periods which probable reasoning can reach to and real history find a footing in, I might very well say of those that are farther off: “Beyond this there is nothing but prodigies and fictions, the only inhabitants are the poets and inventors of fables; there is no credit, or certainty any farther.” Yet, after publishing an account of Lycurgus the lawgiver and Numa the king, I thought I might, not without reason, ascend as high as to Romulus, being brought by my history so near to his time. Considering therefore with myself- “Whom shall I set so great a man to face? Or whom oppose? Who’s equal to the place?” - (as Aeschylus expresses it), I found none so fit as him that peopled the beautiful and far-famed city of Athens, to be set in opposition with the father of the invincible and renowned city of Rome. -
[PDF]The Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome
The Myths & Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome E. M. Berens p q xMetaLibriy Copyright c 2009 MetaLibri Text in public domain. Some rights reserved. Please note that although the text of this ebook is in the public domain, this pdf edition is a copyrighted publication. Downloading of this book for private use and official government purposes is permitted and encouraged. Commercial use is protected by international copyright. Reprinting and electronic or other means of reproduction of this ebook or any part thereof requires the authorization of the publisher. Please cite as: Berens, E.M. The Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome. (Ed. S.M.Soares). MetaLibri, October 13, 2009, v1.0p. MetaLibri http://metalibri.wikidot.com [email protected] Amsterdam October 13, 2009 Contents List of Figures .................................... viii Preface .......................................... xi Part I. — MYTHS Introduction ....................................... 2 FIRST DYNASTY — ORIGIN OF THE WORLD Uranus and G (Clus and Terra)........................ 5 SECOND DYNASTY Cronus (Saturn).................................... 8 Rhea (Ops)....................................... 11 Division of the World ................................ 12 Theories as to the Origin of Man ......................... 13 THIRD DYNASTY — OLYMPIAN DIVINITIES ZEUS (Jupiter).................................... 17 Hera (Juno)...................................... 27 Pallas-Athene (Minerva).............................. 32 Themis .......................................... 37 Hestia -
Church and Culture? Exploring the Reception of Women’S Ministries in the Reformed Church in Zambia in View of 1 Corinthians 14:26-40
Church and Culture? Exploring the reception of women’s ministries in the Reformed Church in Zambia in view of 1 Corinthians 14:26-40 By Jackson Phiri Dissertation presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (New Testament) in the Faculty of Theology, Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Prof. Elna Mouton March 2017 i Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this dissertation electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Signature……………………………………………. Date: March 2017 Copyright © 2017 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved ii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract The Reformed Church in Zambia (RCZ) was established in 1899 through the missionary work of the Dutch Reformed Church of the Orange Free State in South Africa. After its establishment, the church maintained its ministries through the leadership of male deacons, elders and ministers/reverends who served in all the (official) ministries of the church. This was mainly because of how the Bible was understood and interpreted (literally). In the process, the socio-cultural context of the Bible was mostly disregarded. One example of such a one-sided history of interpretation in the RCZ is that of 1 Corinthians 14:26-40, according to which women were not allowed to take up leadership roles in the church. -
Αποστολος Παυλος Και Κορινθος Saint Paul and Corinth
ΑΠΟΣΤΟΛΟΣ ΠΑΥΛΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΚΟΡΙΝΘΟΣ SAINT PAUL AND CORINTH ΑΠΟΣΤΟΛΟΣ ΠΑΥΛΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΚΟΡΙΝΘΟΣ 1950 ΧΡΟΝΙΑ ΑΠΟ ΤΗ ΣΥΓΓΡΑΦΗ ΤΩΝ ΕΠΙΣΤΟΛΩΝ ΠΡΟΣ ΚΟΡΙΝΘΙΟΥΣ ΕΡΜΗΝΕΙΑ – ΘΕΟΛΟΓΙΑ – ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑ ΕΡΜΗΝΕΙΑΣ ΦΙΛΟΛΟΓΙΑ – ΦΙΛΟΣΟΦΙΑ – ΕΠΟΧΗ ΠΡΑΚΤΙΚΑ ΔΙΕΘΝΟΥΣ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΟΝΙΚΟΥ ΣΥΝΕΔΡΙΟΥ (Κόρινθος, 23-25 Σεπτεμβρίου 2007) ΤΟΜΟΣ ΠΡΩΤΟΣ ΕΠΟΠΤΕΙΑ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΟΝΙΚΗ ΟΡΓΑΝΩΤΙΚΗ ΕΠΙΤΡΟΠΗ ( Ἐπικεφαλῆς: Στυλιανός Γ. Παπαδόπουλος) ΕΚΔΟΤΙΚΗ ΕΠΙΜΕΛΕΙΑ Κωνσταντῖνος Ἰ. Μπελέζος ΣΥΝΕΡΓΙᾼ Σωτηρίου Σ. Δεσπότη καί Χρήστου Κ. Καρακόλη ΧΟΡΗΓΟΙ ΝΟΜΑΡΧΙΑΚΗ ΑΥΤΟΔΙΟΙΚΗΣΗ ΚΟΡΙΝΘΙΑΣ ΔΗΜΟΣ ΚΟΡΙΝΘΙΩΝ ΑΘΗΝΑ 2009 SAINT PAUL AND CORINTH 1950 YEARS SINCE THE WRITING OF THE EPISTLES TO THE CORINTHIANS EXEGESIS – THEOLOGY – HISTORY OF INTERPRETATION PHILOLOGY – PHILOSOPHY – ST PAUL’S TIME INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY CONFERENCE PROCEEdINGS (Corinth, 23-25 September 2007) VOLumE I EDITED BY Constantine J. Belezos IN COLLABORATION WITH Sotirios Despotis and Christos Karakolis ON BEHALF OF THE SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZING COmmITTEE (Chair: Stylianos G. Papadopoulos) SPONSORED BY THE PREFECTURE AND THE MUNICIPALITY OF CORINTH ATHENS 2009 ΤΥΠΟΓΡΑΦΙΚΗ ΔΙΟΡΘΩΣΗ: Αγγελική Μόσχου ΣΥΝΘΕΣΗ ΕΞΩΦΥΛΛΟΥ: Γιώργος Παζάλος ΗΛΕΚΤΡΟΝΙΚΗ ΣΕΛΙΔΟΠΟΙΗΣΗ: Ελένη Σταυροπούλου ΕΚΤΥΠΩΣΗ: Άγγελος Ελεύθερος & ΣΙΑ Ο.Ε. βΙβΛΙΟΔΕΣΙΑ: Κωνσταντίνα Παναγιώτου & ΣΙΑ Ο.Ε. © ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΟΝΙΚΗ ΟΡΓΑΝΩΤΙΚΗ ΕΠΙΤΡΟΠΗ ΣΥΝΕΔΡΙΟΥ © ΕΚΔΟΣΕΙΣ ΨΥΧΟΓΙΟΣ Α.Ε., Αθήνα 2009 Πρώτη έκδοση: Δεκέμβριος 2009 ΙSBN 978-960-453-659-7 Τυπώθηκε σε χαρτί ελεύθερο χημικών ουσιών, προερχόμενο αποκλειστικά και μόνο από δάση που καλλιεργούνται για την παραγωγή χαρτιού. Το παρόν έργο πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας προστατεύεται κατά τις διατάξεις του Ελληνικού Νόμου (Ν. 2121/1993 όπως έχει τροποποιηθεί και ισχύει σήμερα) και τις διεθνείς συμβάσεις περί πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας. Απαγορεύεται απολύτως η άνευ γραπτής άδειας του εκδότη κατά οποιοδήποτε τρόπο ή μέσο αντιγραφή, φωτοανατύπωση και εν γένει αναπαραγωγή, εκμίσθωση ή δανεισμός, μετάφραση, διασκευή, αναμετάδοση στο κοινό σε οποιαδήποτε μορφή (ηλεκτρονική, μηχανική ή άλλη) και η εν γένει εκμετάλλευση του συνόλου ή μέρους του έργου.