Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 324 International Conference on Architecture: Heritage, Traditions and Innovations (AHTI 2019) Protection of 's Historic Architectural Heritage

Ran Liang Faculty of Innovation and Design City Macau,

Abstract—As Macau once was a Portuguese colony, there cultural spirit and charm are given to play and its form, are the oldest, largest, best preserved and most centralized function and space are properly restored and restructured in a buildings with eastern and western styles coexisting in the reasonable manner to meet the functional needs of the city historic urban area of Macau. The process of urban renewal and the spiritual needs of the society. has caused damages of different degrees to historical architectural heritage. It can be said that urban modernization B. Purpose was born at the cost of historical architectural heritage. Around the world, the protection of architectural heritage has In the process of urban renewal, modern architecture is been carried out in various forms since the formation of constantly emerging. As historical relic, historical human society. In recent centuries, with the continuous architectural heritage needs to develop and change. In the development of civilized society, this protection activity has context of urban renewal, it also needs to make been expanding in both depth and scale. In view of huge corresponding changes and countermeasures to adapt to the number of historical architectural heritage, it has been facing development of the city. Existing urban planning mostly difficulties and challenges to protect and utilize them all over stays at the level of control with respect to the protection of the world. The ways and strategies for protecting the historic architectural heritage. It preserves the architectural heritage architectural heritage is a topic that scholars all over the world by delimiting the scope of protection rather than really think and discuss together. regarding architectural heritage as an important part of urban development. Keywords—Macau’s historic architecture; architectural heritage; protection; reutilization The architectural style, architectural feature, building materials, architectural structure, architectural space and I. INTRODUCTION architectural decoration of historical architectural heritage contain abundant historical and humanistic information, A. Background which is of great protection value and research value. When people generally talk about the historical architectural At the beginning of the 16th century, driven by the "Age heritage, many of them talk about the protection methods or of Exploration" in Europe, Portuguese sailed along the west modes of historical architectural heritage from the coast of Africa, bypassed the Cape of Good Hope, and perspective of architecture. However, for historical arrived at Macau via India and Malacca. In the age with architectural heritage, the more important value is the wind as power, after a long sea voyage and coastal mooring, historical and cultural information contained in the historical Portuguese combined its own European culture with architectural heritage. That is to say, in the process of different regions, nationalities and cultures of Africa and protection of historical architectural heritage, the protection Asia and brought them to Macau together. and continuation of history and culture cannot be ignored. Macau has its unique economic and development model This paper discusses how to better continue and inherit its for more than 400 years since its inception. Macau boasts historical and cultural connotations, and combines it with the historic architectural heritage heavy with Portuguese needs of the current society and the city, thus providing some overtone, and still retains a relatively complete and large- reference for the protection of historical architectural scale architectural complex of southern European style. A heritage. historic urban area consisting of 22 buildings on the and eight adjacent forelands was officially listed C. Ideas and Implications of Topic Selection on the World Heritage List by the UNESCO World Heritage 1) Ideas of topic selection: Macau is Asia’s only city Committee on July 15, 2005. which boasts a world cultural heritage complex with For such historic architectural heritage complex, in the southern European characteristics. It witnesses the constant renewal and development of the city, the demolition integration of Chinese and Western cultures. For many and construction of architectural heritage cannot meet the investors or tourists, Macau has the scale and appeal of an needs of the society to seek a new way of survival. The main international market. In this context, exploring Macau's purpose of the protection of historical architectural heritage is to preserve historical authenticity, and to ensure that culture and history has become particularly important and

Copyright © 2019, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). 474 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 324 also promotes the study on Macau's world heritage and cultural resources. Protection of architectural heritage is the symbol of human history, culture and civilization. In the protection of architectural heritage, people never stop discussing the concept of "protection". As for whether the architecture is maintained as per the status quo or restored to its initial state, scholars from different countries may give different answers. However, in any case, the management, protection and development of architectural heritage should be made based on actual situation and follow the principles of scientific planning, rational development and sustainable utilization.

2) Implications of topic selection: With social development and historical evolution, these historical buildings are faced with various problems: buildings have Fig. 1. Fu de Temple. (taken by the author) not been utilized effectively though being repaired for many times; buildings have been used excessively, causing Heritage, an ancient and widely implied word, is the damages to their integrity; buildings have become victims in memory of social development and personal past experience. the process of urban development, and disappeared forever As an important branch of cultural heritage, historical architectural heritage is not only a very old thing, but also a from people's horizon, but waited to be submerged in history. new thing, and a developing thing. The European Charter of In Macau, Historic Centre of Macau has local history and the Architectural Heritage promulgated in 1975 states that culture as well as core competitiveness. It is the world "European architectural heritage not only includes the most cultural heritage of Macau and China’s 31st World Heritage. important monumental buildings, but also includes the This paper analyses and studies the protection and secondary buildings located in ancient towns and utilization of architectural heritage in Macau, and puts characteristic villages as well as their natural and artificial forward some feasible suggestions for the current situation of environments." Since then, the scope of the architectural Macau. heritage that people think is worth protecting has expanded rapidly. D. Methods The historic architectural heritage planned in this paper This paper uses investigation, analysis and literature not only includes the historic buildings themselves, but also research as its main research methods. include the spirit and soul of the historic buildings. The environment and time of different historic architectural Firstly, it collects the information about the protection of heritages determine that buildings have different historical architectural heritage and collates relevant characteristics. Whether the building itself or the soul of the theoretical bases; secondly, it conducts a detailed study on architectural heritage is indispensable. Without any part, the Macau's historical architectural heritage by using the historical architectural heritage will lose its due value and analytical method combined with the theoretical bases, and significance. infer a reasonable way to preserve the historical architectural heritage. 2) Protection: The protection of historical heritage generally refers to the improvement, restoration and control E. Selection Subject of cultural heritage such as historical buildings and historical 1) Historical architectural heritage: Architectural areas. With the progress of the society, the protection of heritage reference in this paper mainly refers to buildings historic architectural heritage is moving on in various forms created or left over by human activities in history, such as with its theory and practice gradually adjusted and improved. architectural relics, historic blocks, architectural groups, etc. The concept of protecting historical architectural heritage When it comes to Macau, people may think about Ruíns of was originated in Italy, and the work of protecting historical St Paul, Historic Centre of Macau, A-Ma Temple, architectural heritage might be traced back to the Charter of Mandarin’s House, church and so on, as shown in "Fig. 1". Athens 1931. The Venice Charter 1964 further expanded the scope of protecting historical buildings. Since then, the promulgation of a series of international regulations, such as the Nairobi Recommendations, the Florence Charter, the Washington Charter and the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, has made the protection theory and practice of historical architectural heritage more extensive and more perfect.

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3) Integrity: The concept of "integrity" first appeared in architectural heritage. The policies and measures adopted by the Venice Charter promulgated in 1964, which expanded western countries in protecting architectural heritage involve the scope of the definition of historical architectural heritage, the mutual coordinated development of environment, and indicated that a historical relic was not only a building, economy and social structure. For example, it took Germany 50 years to transform and renovate Ruhr Industrial Zone to but also included a urban or rural environment from which a give full play to its regional advantages, industrial unique culture, a meaningful development and a historical advantages and advantages of different strata, allowing for event witness could be found out. This is also the first its coordinated development and realizing the diversification interpretation of "integrity". of industrial structure. For the Historic Centre of Macau, architecture is the material carrier of historical heritage. Architecture provides In a word, since historical architectural heritage is part of the place for people to hold various events. It is the carrier of the city, its past, present and future need to be controlled by people's feelings and memories, and also the carrier of urban development, social economy and the mission and history and culture. value of the era. 4) Reutilization: Reutilization refers to the rational III. INVESTIGATION OF MACAU'S HISTORICAL utilization of cultural architecture on the basis of the ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE AND ANALYSIS ON THE STATUS protection of cultural architecture. The purpose of QUO OF HISTORICAL ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE reutilization is to achieve the better continuation and In 2005, "Historic Centre of Macau" was listed in the development of the use function of the cultural relic World Heritage List. In the Outline of the Plan for the buildings, and to assign new functions to the cultural relic Reform and Development of the Pearl River Delta" (2008- buildings that have lost their original functions. Therefore, 2020) and the Outline of the 12th Five-Year Plan for compared with traditional protection, reutilization not only National Economy and Social Development of the People's preserves the value of cultural relic buildings, but also Republic of China" (2011-2015), Macau is positioned as endows them with the attribute of new vitality. "World Tourism and Leisure Center", which brings opportunities for Macau's development as a cultural city. At II. LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE PROTECTION OF the end of 2009, the Government of Macau SAR set up a HISTORICAL HERITAGE cross-sectorial team to carry out overall planning research In terms of the protection and utilization, historic with the Ruins of St Paul as the center and its surrounding architectural heritage belongs to architectural heritage. The areas. In addition, the proposal of "-Hong Kong- research on the field of architectural heritage mainly involves Macau Great Bay Area" also created new rooms and the interpretation of related declarations and charters of opportunities for the development of Macau. architectural heritage, the discussion of the concept and The Historic Centre of Macau is a historic block centered methods for protecting architectural heritage, and the study on the old urban area of Macau, which is connected by on the protection system of architectural heritage. adjacent square and street. The Historic Centre of Macau is With the accelerating development of urbanization in the oldest, largest, best preserved and most centralized China, traditional architecture is increasingly out of line with architectural complex in China. It is a historic urban area in modern society and cannot be coordinated with modern which western architecture is dominated and Chinese and society. More and more people value Western ideas and Western architectures are blended. It is the result of cultural lifestyles. People begin to reflect on what should be reserved exchange and multi-cultural complementarity between China for their own culture. What remains under the impact of and the West for more than 400 years. This area is the central Western ideas and era evolution? Driven by this reflection, a part of the old urban area inhabited mainly by foreigners number of architectural heritage have emerged in large cities mainly including Portuguese, which consists of major streets in China in the form of renovation, but the protection and and many forelands. As shown in “Fig. 2”, architectural utilization of buildings are too unitary and lack of complexes in this area present the typical characteristics of coordination and only effective in some cities, such as Sun seaport cities and traditional habitats of Chinese and Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Guangzhou, Okura Garden Hotel Portuguese and include the characteristics of Macau’s Shanghai and so on. After that, through combination of combination of Chinese and Western cultures. They are used theory and experience, the scale of the protection and as a historic urban area in the application for world heritage. utilization of architectural heritage has been further expanded, such as 798 Art District in Beijing, Shanghai Xintiandi, etc. In view of the late start of the protection of architectural heritage in China, the development stage is not mature yet, resulting in inappropriate restoration and over- commercialization of some architectural heritage. As a result, the protection of architectural heritage in China is faced with new challenges, while western countries have already stepped in the mature stage with respect to the protection of

476 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 324

began in the period of the Macau-Portuguese government in the 1960s, and was mainly advocated by the government. On September 4, 1982, the Cultural Institute of Macau (referred to as Cultural Affairs Bureau following the return of Macau to Mainland China) was established to specialize in the protection of cultural heritage. The functions and powers of the Cultural Property Department are determined by Decree-Law No. 63/94/M promulgated by the Macau Government on December 19, 1994. It is mainly responsible for the restoration, renovation and inventory of historical sites, buildings of architectural and artistic value and buildings rated as protected. The establishment of the Cultural Affairs Bureau has offered an executive body for the Macau’s policy regarding cultural relic protection. 2) Protecting historical architectural heritage with laws: Fig. 2. Macau historical architecture. (taken by the author) In order to strengthen the protection of cultural and historical The 22 historic buildings and 8 forelands in the Historic architectural heritage, the Macau government regulates and Centre of Macau, including Western-style churches and improves various protection measures by means of Chinese traditional temples, still keep their original functions, legislation. The first protection law was Macau Decree-Law while some large-scale buildings have been renovated and No. 34/76/M promulgated on August 7, 1976, which gradually used as office buildings of museums, libraries and established the list of protected buildings and building even government departments. complex for the first time. At the same time, a new Committee directly under jurisdiction of the Macau IV. MACAU'S STRATEGY AND METHODS FOR Government, the Committee for the Protection of Urban PROTECTING HISTORICAL ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE Landscape and Cultural Property of Macau (i.e. the Committee for the Protection of Cultural Relics), was A. Macau’s Strategy for Protecting Historical Architectural established. Heritage On June 3, 1984, the Macau Government promulgated As one of three major gambling cities in the world, the new Cultural Relics Protection Decree-Law No. 56/84/M. Macau has developed gambling tourism, but it also affects The decree-law abolished the old one and made a more the development of Macau's historical architectural heritage. precise and comprehensive definition and classification of Therefore, Macau has begun to make full use of the Macau's cultural relics. It also made detailed provisions on advantages of world heritage and diversified culture, specific measures for the protection of each cultural relic. enhanced local residents' awareness to understand culture and heritage protection, and achieve sustainable development On December 31, 1992, the Macau Government of Macau's historical heritage protection in the context of amended and perfected the preceding decree-law and development and protection. promulgated Decree-Law No. 83/92/M. The decree-law stipulated specific rules such as engineering, liability and punishment. The decree-law was promulgated along with an B. Macau’s Methods for Protecting Historical annex - List of Cultural Relics and Map of Cultural Relics. Architectural Heritage The annex basically covers a considerable quantity of the 1) Protecting historical architectural heritage with cultural relics, buildings and historical sites of the Macau systems: According to the records, Marques Esparteiro, Peninsula and the two offshore islands. For example, the Governor of Macau, appointed a committee on December 10, decree-law stipulates that "protected buildings" are not 1953 to "identify existing architectural relics". This is the allowed to be demolished or built, but allowed to be repaired first time that Macau has paid attention to the protection of as they are; that "buildings of architectural and artistic value" architectural heritage in official written form. In 1960 seven need to retain the appearance of the buildings, and that the interior can be changed according to the actual situation. years later, another Governor, Marques Jaime Silverio, issued an order to "study and propose appropriate measures Following Macau's return, the Macau Cultural Affairs to preserve and value historical and artistic relics". But the Bureau mainly carried out its work in accordance with the order was only limited to buildings, churches, palaces and two decree-laws No. 56/84/M and No.83/92/M. fortresses. In 1974, Carvalho, the Governor of Macau, 3) Protecting historical architectural heritage with appointed a new committee to expand the protection scope, funds: Both the Macau-Portuguese government and the deepen the concept of protection and began to attach Macau SAR government have spent a lot of money on the importance to the foreland space and historical blocks. It can protection of the heritage of the region. The Macau- be seen that the early study on Macau's architectural heritage Portuguese government was focusing on the restoration of Western-style churches, and after Macau's return, the

477 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 324 restoration mainly focuses on temples. The cost of heritage knowledge about cultural relic protection to Macau residents, protection is allocated from the annual fiscal budget. From especially the younger generation, but also seeks to 1998 to 2001, more than 130 million Macau dollars were cooperate with non-governmental organizations and private invested in heritage protection; since 1982, the Macau institutions through various channels. government has invested 250 million Macau dollars in Macau has also attracted worldwide attention to Macau's heritage protection. The Macau Cultural Affairs Bureau has cultural relics by hosting and participating in various large- protected and restored about 330 buildings. scale conferences to promote our cultural heritage to the 4) Protecting historical architectural heritage with world. In 2001, the Seminar on Modern Asian Architecture Network" was held; in 2002, the Academic Seminar on “buffer zone”: According to the UNESCO World Heritage Urban Cultural Heritage Protection — Macau Vision was Committee, when an application for world heritage is made held. The SAR Government has also signed cooperation for a heritage, protection measures shall involve establishing agreements with the Portuguese Architectural Heritage a buffer zone for the heritage at the same time, as shown in Bureau on the protection, maintenance and improvement of “Fig. 3”. architectural heritage of historical, artistic, landscape and social value, thus offering technical support and quality assurance to Macau's cultural relic protection. Macau has also established scholarships for academic research to further promote the study of local culture and history, and has given priority to research projects on Macau's historical and cultural heritage. In Macau, Bachelor of History and Master of Science courses were offered at the University of Macau in 2007, and Ph.D. courses were added in 2010. The tutors were recruited from home and abroad. Experts have been invited to give lectures on academic research on Macau's history and culture on many occasions, which has actively aroused the emphasis and attention of the residents to local culture and cultural relics. With the development of the Internet, the Macau Government has also kept pace with the times in order to make it more convenient for the public to understand the latest progress in the protection of Macau's cultural relics, find and download various types of data and pictures of Macau's cultural relics and World Heritage. In addition, Cultural Affairs Bureau has officially launched the website of Cultural Heritage of Macau. The sustainable development of historic architectural heritage needs to be based on the protection and reutilization in order to achieve the promotion and sustainable utilization of historic buildings. Fortunately, the Macau government has foreseen the importance of protecting these architectural heritages, and has done a lot of work in the protection of Macau's heritage, mainly in terms of systems, laws and funds. Fig. 3. Macau World Heritage and buffer Zone. (taken by the Macau World Heritage folder) V. CONCLUSION When the Historic Centre of Macau was listed as a World To solve the problems in the protection and development Heritage, the Macau Government defined the scope of the of historical architectural heritage, we must first correctly World Cultural Heritage Buffer Zone in accordance with the understand the relationship between protection and protection plan submitted to the World Heritage Committee. development. At the same time, we should fully understand The Buffer Zone basically covers all of the "Historic Centre and analyze the protection theory at home and abroad, and of Macau" and maintains the historic appearance around the establish the protection concept and specific methods in World Heritage to the greatest extent. combination with actual situation of the buildings and the era background in which the buildings are located, so as to 5) Promoting the education regarding the protection of objectively view the value of historical architectural heritage. historical architectural heritage: The Macau SAR is also Historic architectural heritage is irreplaceable, and should carrying out the promotion and education regarding the become the priority of heritage protection, so we should protection of Macau's cultural heritage. The SAR formulate relevant policies, laws and development plans on Government not only pays attention to disseminating this basis. However, the protection of historical architectural heritage not only means protecting itself, but also needs to

478 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 324 protect its historical significance, that is, the spiritual level of architecture. It should be developed, maintained and repaired on the premise of scientific and sustainable development. Development should focus on the spiritual benefits of history and culture rather than simply on economic benefits, and should focus on long-term development rather than quick success and instant benefit. For the strict control of historical architectural heritage, on one hand, the buildings included in the protection list are indeed well protected; but on the other, the strict control also greatly restricts the implementation of building protection projects. As a result, many workers involved in the protection don’t know how to start and can only carry out their work carefully. In this way, it is impossible to ensure the completion of the protection work. There are also those buildings which are not included in the list at present. Without legal protection, they can only decay or be renovated at will, or even disappear in the machineries upon the construction of the city. This also requires new revisions to be made to relevant policies. Historic architectural heritage has profound historical and cultural value, which is of great significance to the future development of the city and the society. The recognition of architectural heritage includes not only the recognition of architectural entity itself, but also the recognition of profound historical and cultural connotations. In the process of architectural heritage protection, too much attention is paid to the protection of the building itself, but the protection of the age value and spiritual level of the building itself is often ignored. Historic architectural heritage is a living existence. It is the coexistence of soul and substance. Historic architectural heritage lies in a specific environment with buildings as the carrier. They provide people with the place where life scenarios occur. Specific activities, unique memories and emotions that human generate in the environment and architecture are the dominant part of the historical architectural heritage. The protection of historic architectural heritage not only involves the protection and utilization with physical objects, but also involves the human-centered continuation and inheritance.

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