Western Australian ]Ournal of Conservation and Land

WESTERNAUSTRALIAN The avifauna of the forestsof south-westWestern Australia: changesin speciescomposition, distdbution, ]OURNAL OF CONSERVATION and abundancefollowing anthropogenicdisturbance AND LAND MANAGEMENT IAN ABBOTT PACE 1 Summary PAGE 2 Introduction Methods PACE 13 q^o.ia(.^nmonrrrw

PAGE 52 Discovery and taxonomy of species PAGE 54 Biogeography PAGE 60 Habitats occupied PAGE 61 Abundance PAGE 62 Repncductivecapaciry nesting zone, and nesting substrate PAGE 65 Foraging niche PAGE 66 Population movements PACE 67 Disturbance ecology PAGE 85 Pressingunanswered questions PAGE 87 Acknowledgements References PAGE 104 Appendix

PAGE 105 Tables PAGE 175 Notes on Author

PACE 176 llstructionsto Authors 136 D.J. Cale et al.

Corrigenda

Abbott, I. (1999). The avifauna of the forests of southwest Western Australia: Changes in species composition, distribution and abundance following anthropogenic disturbance. CALMScience Supplement No. 55, 1-175.

The following corrections should be noted:

TEXT

PAGE COLUMN LINE ACTION

2 2 4-5* Delete reference to Keartland collecting in forests in 1895 near King George Sound 6 1 31** Change ?1905 to 1907 6 1 32** Change ?1906 to 1907 31 1 18** Change Figure 3 to Figure 4 44 2 20* Change Storr 199 to Storr 1991 67 1 13* Change 1829 to 1830 97 2 5* Change Zoologishe to Zoologische

* counting from bottom of page, ** from top

TABLES

PAGE ACTION

140 The rows Leipoa ocellata, Coturnix novaezelandiae and Coturnix ypsilophora are out of sequence. Place them after Dromaius novaehollandiae, as is the case elsewhere in Table 2. 148 (No. 41) Change 102 to 10 and 500 to 2 500 149 (No. 45) Change 201 to 20 and 750 to 1 750 152 (Meliphaga virescens) ‘Brown’ in column 1 belongs in column 3 156 The dots in rows Merops ornatus through to Smicrornis brevirostris should commence immediately from under the column headed W

List of Referees

The Science Publications Unit expresses grateful appreciation for the contributions made by the following reviewers (as well as a small number who preferred to remain anonymous) of manuscripts for publication in Conservation Science Western Australia Volume 4 2001-2002

Ray Bird, Tourism Consultant, Perth. Jonathan Brand, Forest Products Commission, Perth. Dr Penny Butcher, CSIRO, Forestry and Forest Products. Dr Stephen Davies, Consultant, Mount Helena WA. John Dell, Department of Environmental Protection, Perth. Mark Ellis, Primary Industries and Resources, South Australia. Dr Stephen Forbes, Botanic Gardens, Adelaide. Alex George, Botanist, Kardinya WA. Assoc. Prof. Emil Ghisalberti, University of Western Australia, Perth. EA Griffin, Department of Agriculture, Perth. Dr Chris Harwood, CSIRO, Forestry and Forest Products. Dr Manfred Jusaitis, Botanic Gardens, Adelaide. Dr Gaye Krebs, Curtin University of Technology, Perth. Dr Ted Lefroy, CSIRO, Sustainable Ecosystems. Prof. Jen McComb, Murdoch University, Perth. Maurice McDonald, CSIRO, Forestry and Forest Products. Graeme Olsen, Olsen & Vickery, Waroona WA. Dr Julie Plummer, University of Western Australia, Nedlands. Dr George Yen, Department of Agriculture, Perth. Dr Andrew Young, CSIRO, Plant Industry. CALMScienceSupplement 5: 1-176( 1999)

The avifaunaof the forestsof south-west WesternAustralia: changes in speciescomposition, distribution.and abundancefollowine anthropogenicdisturbance IANABBOTT

CALMScienceDivision, DcpartmentofConservation and Land landbirdspecies present is similar in all forestsin southem Managemcnt,Locked Bag 104,Bentley Deliv€ry Centre, mainlandAustralia (20-25 breedingspecies). Overall westem Australia6983. densityofbird populationsin jarrah and kani forestsis aboutone halfofthat in comparableforests in south-east Australia. SUMMARY Disturbancescaused by Europeansettlement have resultedin 4 speciespresent in the primal forests The avifauna(land and waterbirds)ofthe forestsofsouth- contractingin geographicalrange, 2 speciesbecoming westWestem Australia is circumscribedby referenceto extinct,and more than 90 speciesbenefiting from informationrecorded in the period 1840to 1998. A provisionof new habitats. Forestmanagement has had databasewas assembledfrom 272 publishedand limited impacton biodiversityand total abundanceof unpublishedbird lists,and this was suppl€mentedwith birds. Prescribedbuming undermoist soil conditionshas rccordsextracted from a systematicsearch ofthe primary no impacton bird speciesrichness in jarrah forest,but omithologicalliterature. ln excessof 7 000 recordswere increasesbird speciesrichness in karri forestfor 3-6 years. located. The original forestavifauna (just beforcthe Total abundanceofbirds increasesin both typesof forcst impactofEuropean settlers became pronounced) consisted afterprescribed buming. Plannedbuming underdry soil of I 12 breedingspecies (81 land,3l water). Salient conditionsincreases both bird speciesrichness and total characteristicsofthis avifaunainclude: only I speciesis abundanceofbirds. Wildfire reducesbird speciesrichness. confined(as a breedingspecies) to the primaevalforest All ofthesechanges are temporary. ecosystem;53 speciesoccur throughout the forests;32 and Thinning ofjarrah forestdoes not changebird species 13 speciesare restricted to its eastemor southemportions richness,whereas cutting to gapsincreases bird species respectively;most speciesoccur extensively outside ofthe richness.Clearfelling ofkarri forestinitially reducesbird forests(66 speciesto the west,north, eastand south;33 speciesrichness; 12 yearslater about85 per centofthe speciesto the west,north and east);52 per centof landbird avifauna in mature standsis present in regrowth karri speciesare insectivores;about 20 per centofthe landbird forest. Thosespecies dependent on largehollows for faunamigrates from the forestin varying degreesin winter; nestingarc unlikely to nestin unthinnedregrowth forcst 67 per centof landbirdspecies nest in the oventoreyor youngerthan about 120years. understorcy;and landbirdsin streamsideforests occur at Open-cutmining for bauxitehas a severeinitial impact higherdensities than in uplandforests. on bird speciesrichness, but following rehabilitationthere - The distributionof5 speaies Leipoa ocellato is a rapid retum ofbird species,with 85 per cent ofspecies (Malleefowl),Cacatua pastinator (Westem long-billed presentbefore mining beingrecorded after 5 yean. corella),A*ichornis c/azosas(Noisy scrub-bird), Speciesrequiring large hollows for nestingcannot, Falcunculusfrontatus (Crestedshdkelit) ard Rallus however,nest in rehabilitatedsites for many decades.The - pectoralis(Lewin's rail) is discussedin detail,with new mostsevere, long term reductionin local bird species or neglectedinformation being provided. richnessand total abundanceis causedby diebackdisease The landbirdfauna ofthe primaevalforest is andby permanentremoval of forestas in agriculture, impoverishedrelative to elsewherein the SouthWest Land urbanization,damming ofrivers, and plantationsofpine. Division, particularlythe regionnow known asthe However,an additional75 species(51 land,24 water)have wheatbelt.The forestsof south-westWestern Australia beenrecorded within the forestsfollowing clearingfor haveonly abouthalfofthe numberofbird speciesprcsent farmingand towns. Of thesespecies, 23 ( 17 land,6 water) in a similar-sized,comparable area in south-eastAustralia. now brced, but only two of them (Aquila morphnoides The south-westforcst avifauna is more similarto that Little ea9le,.D acelo novaeguineaeLatghlng kookabuna) presentin the Mount Lofty Ranges(South Australia) than breedin forest. to the forestavifaunas ofNew SouthWales or Tasmania. The policiesand procedures in placeto mitigatethe At local scales(1-100 ha),however, the numberof impactofhumans on the forestbird faunaand to promote

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999) the conservationof bird speciesare summarized. These advanceknowledge particularly through unexpected includean extensivemosaic ofprotected arcas (national alignmentsof previouslyunassociated data, thus creating parks,nature reserves, forest along roads, rivers and novel insightsand freshperceptions ofthe familiar; and to streams),a structuralgoal of40 per centofthe forestbeing providea definitive list ofthe bird speciesoccurring in the maintainedat the matureor senescentstage, the retention primordialrforcsts of south-westWA at the time of their ofhabitat treesfor speciesdependent on hollows for discoveryby Europeans,i.e. the periodfrom 1826to the nesting,and spatiallyand temporallydiversified use offire. 1880s.In orderto documentthose species which have Much ofthe omithologicalliterature about forest changedin distribution,i.e. extinctionsin, and managementimpacts in the south-westforcsts was found colonizationsof, the forestas a singleentity during the past to be basedon misconceptionsabout, or lack ofawareness 150years, it is first necessaryto provide a definitive listing of, silviculturaland fire science,policies and prescriptions. ofthe bird speci€spresent in the forestswhen Europeans The enoneousimpressions thus createdare discussed. settledin WA. An attemptis alsomade in this reviewto Availableempirical data and otherinformation synthesized integmtesilvicultural knowledge and practicewith in this reviewpresent a strongchallenge to the proponents omithologicalinformation in a more systematicway than of fire and logging as causesoflong term detrimental hasbeen done in the past. changein the forestavifauna. Historicalinformation on the occunenceofcertain Severalbird speciesare proposed for considerationas conspicuousspecies, management of fire, and the gross suitableindicators of ecologicallysustainable forest appearanceofthe forestwas soughtfrom 47 rcsidentsin management.The paperconcludes with numerous south-westWA bom in theperiod 1901-1928. suggestionsfor furtherresearch. Birds arethe beststudied and most completelyknown ofall organisms.They live in all availablehabitats and beingprimary, secondary and tertiary consumers depend on INTRODUCTION the existenceofplant species,many invertebratespecies, andother vertebrate species. They thereforeintegmte at a WhenI was researchingthe litemturerelating to this paper high level key ecosystemprocesses such as carbon, water, (which frequentlyinvolved discussionwith other andnutrient cycling. Birds provide early indicationof how scientists),one knowledgeableomithologist felt that I was adequatelyland in south-westWA hasbeen, and is being, wastingmy time on the project,as therewas little new to managed.If their habitatrcquirements are not met, they discoverabout the bird faunaofthe forestsof south-west will be unableto feedor successfullyreproduce. This will (WA). WestemAustralia translateinto changesin abundanceand distribution. While it is true that thereis considerableknowledge available,much ofit is fragmentedand its histodcal contextis deficient. Previouscompilations and syntheses METHODS concemingthe forestavifauna have either been telegraphicallybrief(Anon. nd; Kimber and Christensen In orderto establishwhich bird speciesoccuned in the 1977),regional in scope(Christensen e/ al 1985a;Nichols forestsofsouth-west WA, it is first necessaryto map the and Muir 1989;Chdstensen 1992), based on very large originalextent of forest(pdor to conversionto agiculture rasters(Busby and Davies 1977;Blakers et al. 1984),or or urbanization).In Figure l, the original extentofjanah consideredas a small portion ofa largergeographical area, forestis derivedfrom Beard(1981) and the odginal extent suchas the SouthWest Land Division (Ston 1991),the ofkani forcstis takenfrom Bradshawand Lush (1981). south-westbrcadly conceived(Saunders and Ingram 1995), Next, a thoroughsearch ofthe omithologicalliterature or evenmost or all of WA (Serventyand Whittell 1976; wasund€rtaken and lists ofall bird speciesrecorded were Johnstoneand Storr 1998). Apart from Storl(1991),there compiled. Early recordstend to be lessspecific than hasbeen insufficient attention to locatingall published demandedby modemscientific standards, presumably materialrelating to the compositionofthe forestavifauna. reflectingthe rudimentaryinfrastructure that existedin the However,Ston (1991)did not providecomplete forestsuntil timberharvesting commenced in the 1870s. referencingofhis conclusions,so it is difficult to verify Severalproblematic records are discussed below. someof his statements. Attemptsto locatelists ofbird specimenscollected by Many bird booksand field guidestend to over- Quoy and Gairnardin 1826(in forestsadjoining the King generalizethe occurrenceofbird speciesin the south-west and KalganRivers), Preiss in 1838-1841,Cockerell in forcstsof WA. They alsofail to distinguishrecords of 1879,White in 1872and 1889,Carter in 1887,Keartland vagrantsfrom the more or lessstable breeding range of in 1895,and Le Soeufin 1899were unsuccessful (see species.Moreover, they overlookthe fact that current Carter1888; Campbell 1900, p.1076; Mathews distributionsof somespecies differ from distributions100- l9l0-1927;Alexander 1916; White 1920;Whittell 1938a, 150years ago. Secondarysources arc ftequentlyrelied on 1954;Glauert 1948a; Meise 1951;Schifter 1973; insteadof primary literaturc. This work is an attemptto overcomethese shortcomings.Its aimsare to assembleand make available ! Also .€fered lo througioul lhis paperas o ginal, prima€val,or primaliall are the raw distdbutionaldata; to collate,interpret and us€d inl€rchang€ablylo indicalelh€ tor€slas it was priorro Europ€an synthesizethese records; to enlarge,consolidate and sotlemenl,wilhout anv imolicalionot €nvaronmonralvalue.

CALMScience lan Abbott, The avifaunaof the lorcsts ol soulh-west WesternAustralia

Figure 1. Map showing the exrentof the original distribulioh offorests in south-westWestem Australia and the geographical 'pre- locationof eachbird list (1-272). Theterm 1750' is a conventionused by the Commonwealthof Australia

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

McGillivray 1975;Marchant 1990;also Hortonr, personal Becausethe focusofthis study is documentationof conmunication). Other activeworkers such as Conigrave occurrenceofspecies in forests,I haveseparately itemized l90l-1910). L/L WhirlockUi. 1905-t925).Lipfert listsofspecies for localiti€sor particularhabitats. (/ 1911)and Alexander(1. t9t2-1920) publishednothing Multiple studiesat the samelocality havebeen combined, abouttheir observationsmade in forests, Nor did the unlessa particulardisturbance intervened. importantcompendium ofJackson(1907) reveal any Bird speciesvisiting the forestedpart of WA in the information of significance. The potentiallysignificant australsummer but breedingin the northemhemisphere notebooks(1915-) of W.H. Loaringare presumed lost, as havebeen excluded from consideration.The species theywere not deposited in the StateLibrary (seeServenty involvedbelong to familiesScolopacidae, Charadriidae 1968). Label information from specimensand eggslodged andApodidae. Species breeding occasionally in forestbut in the world's pdncipal collectionsof WestemAustralian feedingoutside the forest(as in estuariesor coastalwaters) birds,viz. the Westem AustralianMuseum ofNatural arenot trcatedhere as forestbirds. Suchspecies have been Science(Perth), NaturalHistory Museum(London) and listedsepantely. Because oftheir distincthabitat Ame canMuseum york) ofNatural History (New could requfements,waterbirds have been listed seDarately from not be readilyaccessed because little or noneofthis landbirds. infomation is on a searchable database.However, most Throughoutthis paperforest blocks arc usedto refer to bird speciesin the south-west forestsare poorly occunencesofspecies. This partly reflectsthe dearthof representedin museum (Johnstonel, collections personal preciselocality names in the spamelysettled forest. Statd communication). The Museumof Victoria completed forestis dividedinto 418 forestblocks, each of roughly databasingits specimen and egg collectionsin 1998 5000ha. Their namesare shownon a l: 650 000 map ( O'Briena, personal communication).I accessedthis producedby, andavailable from, CALM's Infomation infomation afterthis paperwas drafted;interestingly it ManagementBranch at Como. yieldedno major surpdses. A comprehensivesearch ofthe .grey literature,(reports by consultants,unpublished field books,theses etc) also Sourceand Locationof Bird Lists tumed up furtherlists ofbird speciesrecorded in forests. Becausemuch ofthis literatureis in privatehands, it is All ofthe lists discoveredhave been numbered and olaced neverpossible to discoverits full extent- e.g.it is highly in more-or-lesschronological sequence. The locationof unlikely but not impossiblethat someresident recorded the eachhas been marked on Figure 1. Latin and English bird speciespresent in part of the forestbetween Gilbert's namesofbird speciesfollow the WestemAustralian visitin the 1840sand Campbell's visit in 1889. Museumlist (Johnstone,in press). The vegetationtypes present in the primordialforests ofsouth.westWA canbe distinguishedusing various l. Gilbert1840, 1842-1843 criteriaand mapped at diversescales. Examples include l0 Gilbertvisited WA twice, in 1839-40and, t84243, vegetationsystems and minor portionsof 8 others(Beard collectingmainly bird and mammalspecimens for the 1981);l7 forestassociations (Bradshaw et al. l99j)t 25 'a Englishtaxonomist John Gould - masterlystroke of forestecosystems (Commonwealth and WestemAustralian forwardplanning' (Tree 1991). Ofthe I 031 daysspent in RegionalForest Agreement Steering Group 1998);and the colony,the only time spentcollecting in forestswas: about 150vegetation complexes (Mattiske and Havel 1998). Within the outerboundary ofthe forestas . 16 daysin the King GeorgeSound area from 14 to designated(Fig. l), areasofwoodland, heath, swamp, 29 February1840 shrubland,sedgeland, and lithic complexoccur. These . about4 daysin the Murray River-Mt William vegetationtypes usually relate to substrat€type and area,2to 5 November1842 drainagecharacteristics. For photognphsor descriptions . 20 daysat Augusta,2 to 21 December1842 of the rangeof vegetationtypes present, see Smith (1972, . 28 daysin the King GeorgeSound area, l9 May to 1973,1974), Havel (1975a,b), Beard(1979a,b, c; t98t; 15June 1843 (Fisher 1992) 1990),Strelein (1988), and Churchwarde/ 4/. (1988). The eastemboundary ofthe o ginal distributionof forestis Collectively,this is only about7 per centofhis total vague,as cellsofforest occurin a matrix ofwoodland time in the colony. It would be fair to say that Gilbert did (Fig. l). Somewoodland bird speciesmay penetrateto not penetratethe heart of the jarrah forests or karri forcsts, somedegree westwards between these forest cells, but an exampleofhow reliantcollectors are on the presenceof unlessthese species actually live in forestthey arenot a roadnetwork and extensive settlement. In the 1840sthe consid€redto be part ofthe forestavifauna. Thus, only rcadstraversing the forestswere the routesfrom woodlandand swampat Lake Muir (beingalmost Mundaringto Northam,from Armadaleto Williams, from completelysurrounded by forest)are considered to be part Mt Ba*er to Albany, and from Busseltonto Augusta. In ofthe forestecosystem, whereas woodland at Julimarand addition,the aim ofearly collectoruwas to discover swampson the southcoast are not. biodiversity.Gilbert would havequickly realizedthat ? D. PH. Honon, Souh Ausr6lranMus€um, Ad6ta d€. forcstis relativelypoor in bird speciesand hencean J F.E. Johnslone, W€sternAustratian Musoum ot Nalu6t History perth. I unrewardingplace to searchfor novelties. F. O Bdon, MuseumotVicroria, M€tboulne.

CALMScience lan Abbott, The avifauna of the forcsts ot south-west WesternAustralia

Gilbert,accompanied by the botanistJames 1869, However,even after settingaside such specimens, Drummond, did attempt to cross overland from Augusta to thercremain other specieswhioh could not hayebeen King GeorgeSound in December1842 but theywerc collectedin forestsnear Albany (seelist ofspecimens defeatedby the swampsofthe ScottRiver plain (see collectedin Krefft 1869). I agreewith the sentiment whittell 1942a;Boltotet al. 1992). If they had succeeded, exprcssedby Carter(1933): "It is a disasterin our natural they would have passedthrough the largest tact of kani historythat Masters'scollecting experiences and first-hand forest. The exist€nceof 'heavily timbered'land and 'close observationswerc nevercommitted to writing, for he made forest' north-eastofBroke Inlet was depictedon notablecontributions to knowledge...". Arrowsmith's 1833map of south-westWA. I haveassumed that specimenscollected by Gilbert and 4. llebb 1874 labelledfrom Augustaor King GeorgeSound were from Webbanived in Albany in l862.andobtained work asa forest. This infomation (Table 1) hasbeen extracted from shepherdand sandalwood cutter in the Albany, Kojonup Gilbert(MS), Gould (1848-1869), Gould (186s) and andCape Riche areas (Green 1989a, p.198). Little is Fishef (1992 andpersonal communication). knownabout Webb's collectingefforts, except that he sent 2. Masters 1866 a largenumber ofspecimens to Macleayin February1875 (seeFletch€r 1929, p.235). Furthermatedal was Mastercvisited 'King GeorgeSound' from Januaryto purchasedby Macleayin 1816(pp.241,261) and 1879(p. April 1866. The list ofspecimenscollected was published 267). The MacleayMuseum kindly providedme with a list by Krefft ( 1867). Althoughno itineraryor noteson the of specimenscollected from'King GeorgeSound', specimenswere published, it is clearfrom sevemlofthe presumablyby Webb (no original labelsremain on the bird specimensofbird and mammalcollected that Masters specimens). ventuledwell into the hinterlandofAlbany. North The provenanceofthese specimensis not assured,as (1901-04,190G49, l9l1-12, 1913-14)several times he is known to havecollected botanical specimens widely mentionsthe locality'Mongup' which accordingto Rohan in south-westWA. For example,CALM's WAHERB (1979)lies in PeenebupCreek, a tributaryofthe Pallinup databaserccords the following localitieswhere plants were River, south-eastof Borden. This areawas first settledby collected: southcoast in 1881,King GeorgeSound 1879, Europeansin 1852,was an importantsource of 1880,1882, 1888 and 1892,Bremer River 1884, Yanabin- sandalwoodfor export,and would havebeen linked with upperBlackwood River 1893,Mt Lindesay1882, Cape Le the port of Albany by cart tracks. Mastersis alsoknown to Grand,Salt Riyer 1885,foot of Stirling Range1886, havecollected in the Stirling Range(Britton and Stanbury betweenAlbany andthe Williams fuver 1882(Marchanf, 1981). personalcommunication). Mongup(= the prcsentday Mungerup)and the Stirling Rangeare well outsidethe limit of forcst,being part of 5. Campbell1889 eucalyptwoodland and mallee(Beard 1979a) (Fig. l). Campbell,a prominentamateur omithologist, anived in Two ways ofhandling Masterc'data are possible. First, Albany on 28 September1889 from Melboume. He spent one could assumethat all specimens(unless labelled l0 daysat Torbaybased at Millar's karri timber mill, then otherwise)came ftom nearAlbany. On this assumption, tmyelledby steamerto HamelinBay wherehe spentthree failureoflater collectorsand observers to recordthe weeksmainly at Karridale,also visiting Augustaand Ellis' speciesnear Albany could be interpretedto signify local farm on the Blackwoodfuver (16 October- 4 November). extinction. The secondmethod would involve presuming Next he spentone day at Wallcliffe on the MargaretRiver that specieswhich no subsequentperson collected or noted andthen proceeded to the timber mill at Quindalupin nearAlbany were collect€dby Masterswell to the inland. janah forest. Subsequenttravel was to Perthand This secondmethod is more parsimonious.Thus, with the Gelaldton,before he retumedto Albany on 30 December. aidofSton (1991)and North (1901-1914) I have Althoughhis threemonths in WA yielded 105bird presumedthat variousspecies could not havebeen skinsand 600 eggs,he apparentlydid not collectmuch in collectedin the forestsclose to Albany. In doingso, I am the forests. Detailshave been taken from Campbell(1890, consciousthat suchspecies collected by Masterscannot 1900,l9l3) and the Museumof victoda database thenbe usedas a baselinewith which to det€ctlater (O'Brien, personalcommunication). Campbell's visit changesin distributionofforest bird species.This representsthe first localizedobservations ofbirds from disclaimerapplies also to collectionsmade by Mastersin forest;the existenceof infrastructurcconnected with the 1868-1869and by Webb in 1874(see 3 and4 below). nascenttimber industryfacilitated his accessto the forests.

3. Masters1868-1869 6. Hall 1899 Mastersretumed to the King GeorgeSound region in Hall anived in Albany on 23 September1899 and spent September1868 and rcmained until April 1869. North the next I I dayscollecting near Albany, Torbay and (1901-1914)occasionally provides details relating to Denmark,making use ofinfrastructure provided by the specimenscollected at Mongupin Januaryand February

3 OrC. Fish€r,LivolP@lMus6!m, U.K. 6 D| N.c. Marchant,D€panment ol Conseruationand Land Manag6m6nl,P€nh.

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999) timber industry, Although he made 'two visits into the December,and Mt Franklandin February(Jackson l9l3; heartofthe magnificentkarri country' (Hal11902b, p.164), Whittell 1952). Jackson(1913) stated that during his five h€ notedthat in Denmarkhe 'did not meetwith sufficient months'stay 'the countrywas thoroughly€xplored on foot successto compensateme for somethree days spent in that by me from Denmarkwestwards to the edgeofBrookes vastarea, the timber ofwhich seernedto me too heavyfor [sic] Inlet, a distanceof nearly70 miles,and for a rangeof any otherpurpose with regardto birdJife thanto hide its from l0-20 miles inland from the ocean'. His main camp, representatives.I was slightly more fortunateat Tor Bay at Bow River,was 'aboutthree miles from the oceanin a [src],which is midway betweenAlbany and Denmarkand directline'. lessheavily wooded' (Hall 1902a,pp.l2l-122). Jacksonnever published his observations,probably becausehe failed in his principalobjective to locateand 7. Milligan 1900, Carter 1902-1903 securethe nest and eggs of Atrichornis clamosus. Whittell (1952)provided only a partial list ofnine speciesout ofthe Milligan seemsto havebeen the first WestemAustralian more than60 speciesmentioned. I thereforelocated residentto becomeinterested in documentingthe avifauna Jackson'sfreld diariesin the NationalLibrary ofAustralia, in forests. He workedthe areabetween Cowaramup and thanksto advicefrom library staff at the Australian MargaretRiver in October(14 days)and December (five Museumand the StateLibrary ofNew Southwales. A days) 1900(Milligan 1902),and discoveredDasyornis copy ofthesediaries has been lodged in the CALM library. broadbentii\ coastalvegetation. He did not, however, Jackson'sobservations have been extmcted, collated atrd consistentlyspeciry the habitatsofall birds observed.I summarizedby Abbott (1998a). havealso included here several rclevant records made by Carterbetween October 1902 and Januarv1903 in the 11.Carter 1905-1919 samearea (Carter 1903). AlthoughCarter arrived in WA in 1887,and in that year 8. Shortridge 1904-1906 visitedthe heartofthe kani forest.he left no recordsofthe birdsencountered (Carter, V. 1987). lt was not until he Shortridgeapparcntly arrived in Albany on I December settledat BroomeHill in 1905that he beganto publishhis 1904and collectedon andnear the prcpertyof observations.Localities visited includedAlbany 1905; W. E. Balstonat King River until 28 February1905 Albany 1907;Blackwood and Waren River, Albany l9l0; (Thornas1906; Ogilvie-Grant 1909). We know that bird LakeMuir andFrankland River 1911, Albany 1914,Lake specimenswere alsocollected at Chorkerup22-28 January Muir, upperand lower Blackwood,Margaret River, Collie 1905,at Big Grove3 March-2 May 1905,Little Grove(10 l9l6: Lake Muir. WarrenRiver 1919. Theserecords were April 1905)and at KalganRiver on 7 l0February,28 publishedin Carter(1903, 1920,l92l, 1923,I924a,b) Februaryand 3 March 1905. with someduplication in North (1901-1914)and Mathews Bird specimenswere also collected at MargaretRiver ( 19t0-t927\. on 16-18 February(?1905), I March,23 March and 1 April (?1906).The localitiesinvolved presumably were 12. ll/hite 1920 Bumsideand Ellenbrook(see Thomas 1906). White was a memberof a party of omithologistsvisiting 9. Nicholls 1905 WA via rail from eastemAustalia in October1920. This \trasthe fiIst visit to WA by the Royal Austmlasian Nichollsvisited Albany, Torbay and Denmark(including OmithologistsUnion (RAOU), which had beenformed in Wilson Inlet) from Februaryto June,appar€ntly in 1905 1901. Oneweek was spentabout the south-westcapes, (he readhis paperto the Bid Observers'Club in with Yallingup,Canal Rocks, Cape Mentelle, Ellenbrook, Melboumein August 1905and it was publishedin October Kanidale,Cape Leeuwin and CapeNaturaliste being 1905). His list is obviouslynot a completerecord ofthe visited(White 1921). bird speciespresent in the areasvisited. 13.Le Soeuf1920 10.Jackson 1912-1913 Le Soeuf(anomithologist from New SouthWales) The visit ofJacksonto the Bow River -NomalupInlet - Mt travelledlargely independently ofthe RAOU excursion Franklandregion - the heartofthe tingle,kani andjanah mentionedunder list 12 above. He visited the Porcngurup forcstsof the deepsouth-west - is highly significant. At Rangewhich hasjanah forestand an outlier ofkani forest. the time, the areavisited was very sparselysettled and the No detailswerc providedofhow long he spentin this railway line from Albany did not extendwest ofDenmark locality(Le Soeufl92l). (Jacksonl9l3). Jacksonwas an experiencedobserver and collectorofbirds, as well as an oologist;indeed, his patron 14.Parsons 1922 H.L. White consideredhim 'the b€stscrub collector I know' (white 1991,p. 28). Parsonswas a SouthAustmlian omithologist who recorded His itinerarywas Bow River from 14 Octoberl9l2 to bird speciesnear Mundaring, Pemberton and Bridgetown 19 February1913, with visits to NomalupInlet and the (andother non-forest localities) in a 37-day periodin FranklandRiver in November,Deep and WalpoleRivers in Septemberand October (Parsons 1923).

CALMScience lan Abbott,The avitauna of the torcstsof south-westwestem Australia

15.Carnaby 1927 22.Sedgwick 1956-1962 Camabylived at Parkewille i\ 1926-27and published This is a list ofbirds recordedin Collie, thejarrah forest breedingrecords for bird species(Camaby 1954a). aroundit, farmland,the valley ofthe Collie River and WellingtonDam (Sedgwick1968). Sedgwickhimself 16.Ashby and Le Soeuf1927 consideredthe list to be incompleteand justified its publicationon the 'paucity ofdistrict bird lists relatingto The RAOU visitedWA for the secondtime in October thejanah forest'. 1927,being based at F.S.Thompson's rather isolated 'Tinglewood' property (establishedin l91l), on the Deep 23.McCormick 1972 River (Ashby and Le Soeuf 1928). This is a list ofspeciesrecorded injanah forestin January 17. ll/hittell 1925onwards and February1972 after prescribed fires in November1971 in Myara,Wilson, Tumer, Urbraeand Scottblocks Whittell settledon a farm 'within a mile of Bridgetown (McCormick 1972). township'in 1925and published (whittell 1933a,1938b) an annotatedlist ofbird speciesin the surroundingarea, 24.Sedgwick 1962-1972 which was then sparselysettled but was beingrapidly cleared. He also contributedbrief recordsofvagrants or Althoughthe scopeofthis study (Sedgwick1973) was colonizingspecies (whittell 1935,1936, 1941,1942a, large,I haveincluded only recordsfrom the Darling 1944).Whittell (1933a, p. 182)noted that '...practically Plateau,i.e. from HarveyReservoir east to Stirling Dam nothinghas appeared in...any...publication on thebirds andTallanalla and north to Logue Brook dam (jarrah frequentingthe westemescarpment or'Darling Range'of forest). south-westAustralia'. 25. ForestsDepartment 1974 Thesel7 contributions,when consideredtogether, can be This is a February1974 bird list from jarrah forestin regardedas embodying the corpusofbaseline knowledg€ Rapids,Treeton, Molloy, Whicher,Punch, Kingia and ofthe forestavifauna (Table l). forestblocks (Forcsts Department nd = 1975). The next setofreaords, from 1950to the presentday, Quilergup This list wasbased on field work by P. Skinner. comesfrom a periodin which closersettlement ofthe jarrah south-westoccuned, parts ofthe forestwere logged 26. ForestsDepartment 1974 a second,third or fourth time, a more intensivemethod was introducedfor loggingofkani forests,deliberate low This is an October1974 list ofbird speciesfrom janah intensitybuming offorest was introducedto lessenthe forestin Molloy, McGregor,Whicher, Bovell, Kingia, probabilityof destructivewildfires, and removalof forest Rosa,McCorkhill, Butler, Cambray,Barrabup and St John occunedto allow mining ofbauxite. forestblocks. It is basedon field work by P. Kimber, K. Pentonyand P. Skinner(Forests Department 18.Serventy 1950 nd: 1975). This brieflist ofbirds (recordedin October)comes from 27-30.Kimber I 963-1970 the valley ofGooralong Brook, about3 km south-eastof Janahdale,probablyjanah forest in Mundlimup and This is a list (Kimber 1972)ofbird speciesrecorded in Serpentineforest blocks (Serventy 1950). Stateforest within 24 km u 5 milesl of Dwellingup in: janah 19.Sedgwick 1952-1953 27. forest; 28. swarnpand riversideforest; This study is basedon 36 listsofsp€cies recorded in the 29. clearingsand forestedg€s; same('almost pure')jarrah forestnear wooroloo 30. riversand dams. (Sedgwick1955). It appearsto be the first repeat€dc€nsus ofbirds alonga fixed transectmade in the forest. 31-34. I'orestsDepartment 1968-1973 proposed 20.Sedgwick I95l-1953 This is a list ofbird speciesoccurring in the woodchippingarea in the southernforests, as follows: Sedgwickalso repeatedly counted birds alonga fixed 31. janah forest; transectalong a forestedwatercourse near Wooroloo Brook 32. kani forest(including tingle forest); (Sedgwick1955). The type ofvegetationwas not 33. wandoowoodland; indicated;however, the nameofthe area(White Gum 34. waterwaysand wetlands(creeks, rivers and lakes Gully) suggeststhat it was principallywandoo. throughoutforest areas) (Forests Department 21.Sedgwick 1951-1953 nd= ?19'13). This is a list ofthe bird speciesrecorded within c. 6 km ['4 miles'] of Woorcloo townsite(Sedgwick 1956).

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

35-37.Kimber I 971-1973 Speciesprimarily found inhabitingstrcam zones were indicated(Nicholset al 1981). This is a list ofjarrah forestbirds seenin springon marked transectsestablished in 16 ha plots in White and Amphion 4 8-52. llardeU-Johnso forestblocks with differing recentfire histories. Only n 19 I I 'reasonably breedingresident species present in large A short-tem (7 day) studyofbirds in thejanah forestwas numbers'were reported on (Kimber 1974). Theseresults basedon transectsstratified on the basisofposition in the were alsopublished in Christensenand Kimber (1975). landscapeand fire history. As Wardeil-Johnson(1982) doesnot prcsenta 35. White forestblock, bumedNovember 1971 (low cleartabulation ofthe birds recordedin eachtransect, I have intensityfirc covering6 500 ha); had to follow his anangement,except whereI wasable to locateraw (incomplete) 36. Amphion forestblock, compartment4, 182ha data held in theArchives in the CALM Library, bumedDecember 1971 (some crown scorching); Woodvale. 37. Amphion forestblock, compartment6, unbumed 48. valleys(Chandler I I rransect],Serpentine Il since1933. transectland Kam€t [3 transects]forest blocks); 49. uplands(Chandler [1 transect],Serpentine [2 3840. Mastersand Milhinch 1930-1973 transects]and Karnet [2 transects]forest blocks); 50. ridge in Chandlerforest block, unbumedsince The relevant(forested) part ofthis paperrelates roughly to 1937; the areabounded by Wooroloo,State forest and Clackline 5 l. gully in Chandlerforest (seeFig. 1 of Mastersand Milhinch 1974). block,unburned since t937., 38. janah forest; 52. ridge in Serpentineforest block, last burned 39. wandooforcst; 1979. 40. streams,swamps and rive$ in the forest. 53.Abbou 1979-1982 41.Brown and Brown 1977-1980 This list is basedon bird speciesnoted in virgin jarrah This list comesfrom observationaland bandingstudies forsstin Ashendonforest block, on 70 daysat all timesof canied out in Smith Brook Reservebetween Diamond and theyear. Dingup forestblocks (Brown and Brown 1980). This naturereserve is 96 ha ofkarri, marri, yani andjanah 54-60,Nichols und l(atkins 1979-1981 forest. Theselists are based on transectsinjarrah forestin the 42.Hussey 1976 Jarrahdale-Dwellinguparca (Nichols and Watkins 1984; Nichols3,personal communication): This is a list ofbird speciesrecorded over 3 daysin 54. Gordonforest block (plot 20) Octoberin thejanah for€st,mainly in Whicherand Dec.1979- 55. Gordonforest block (plot 2l) McGregorforest blocks but also includingBovell and Jan.1980 56. Marrinupforest block (plot Hopkinsforest blocks (Hussey 1977). 22) 57. Mundlimupforest block - healthyforest) 43-44. J. C. Serventy1976 58, Chandlerforest block - healthyforest ) Jan. l98l 59. Chandlerforest block - severedieback ) 43. I haveextracted bird lists for virgin jarrah forest 60. Chandlerforest block - dieback. ) in a 10.4ha plot in Iffley forestblock, in September-October1976 (ServentyT unpublished 61-63.Nichols and Nichols 1978-1980 MS nd = 1982); 44. this list rcfersto the sameplot, but for the period The areacovered was Saddlebackforest block, in all 1978-1982after the plot and sunoundingforest months(Nichols and Nichols 1984). Stratification was as were logged(in the summerof 1977-78). follows: 61. janahforest; 4547. Nichols, Glossopand Smurthwaite 62. creek; 1979-1981 63. dams. This studyincluded lists ofspeciesrecorded in janah forest,as follows: 64-71.Tingay and Tingay1981-1982 45. Federaland Keatsforest blocks (May, August This was a space-for-timestudy ofthe recoveryofthe karri 1979;January, May, August 1980): forcstavifauna following clcarfelling(Tingay and Tingay 46. nearJanahdale (January 1981); 1984). It consistedof7.9 ha transects,based on 4 47. nearWillowdale (January 1980). consecutiveseasonal censuses:

' J.C.S€ryonly, lom€dy D€panm€nrol Conser€tion and Land Manag€menr, . DrO. Nichols,envi.onmenral consullanl, P€nh.

CALMScience lan Abbott,The avifauna ol the forestsof south-westWestern Australia

64. Laneforest block, 0 yearssince fire, virgin karri 96. Saddlebackforest block -jarrah (plot K); forest; 97. Hamilton forcstblock jafaVmarri (vegetation 65. Giblett forestblock, 3 yearssince fire, virgin kani communityl); forest; 98. Hamiltonforest block - yarri/janah/marri(vegetation 66. Hawkeforest block, 6 yearssince fire, virgin kani community2); forcst; 99. Rossforest block- Melaleucalbullich(vegetation 67. Hawkeforest block, l1 yearssince fire, virgin kani community7)l forest; 100.'northemcorridor' - jarraVmani(vegetation 68. Dombakupforest block,0 yearssince fire, regrowth communityl0); kani forest0 yearsold; l0l. Saddlebackforest block - wandoo/marri(v€getation 69. Booraraforcst block,6 ycarssince fire, regrowth communityI l); karri forest6 yearsold; 102. Saddlebackforest block -jarrah./mani (vegetation 70. Booraraforest block, 12 yearssince fire, regrowth communityl9); karri forest l2 yearsold; 103. Saddlebackforest block - hcath(vegetation 71. Big Brook forestblock, 3 yearssince firc, regrowth community23). karri forest5l yearsold. 104-120.lYorsley Alumina 1982 72-85.Christensen and Liddelow1972-1983 Thesebird lists (WorsleyAlumina 1985)p€rtain to 4 ha Theselists came from an extensive,area-based biological plots in Hamilton forestblock censusedover 6 daysin surveyofthc southcmforests (Christensen et al. 1985a): April 1982and 2 daysin October 1982(numbers 104 108)and 4 ha plots in Saddlebackforest block studied 72. Yeageruparca 1972: in February,April, July, August and October1982 (39 days 73. Woolbalesarea 1972; total)(numbers 109-120): 74. Dombakuparea 1972; 75. Peruparea 1912,1983;' 104. jarah forest,midslope (plot 16), 76. Boranuparea 1973; 105. jarrahforest, midslope (plot 18), 77. 'Pines'(Blackwood Valley) 1974; 106. bullichforest, gully plot (17); 78. Milyeannuparea 1976; 107. yani forest,gully (plot l5); 79. Sohoarea 1975; 108. dam in the refinery leasearea at Worsley; 80. Mitchell arca 1977; 109. dam; 81. Shannonarea 1979; I10. heath,valley (plot 7); 'Karri' 82. arealCrowea forest block] 1974; 11l. heath,valley (plot 8); 83. MitchcllRiver area 1980; I12. heath,upper slope (plot l0); 84. Giantsarea l98l; I13. wandoo,valley (plot 6)l 85. Franklandarea 1981. I14. wandoo,ridge (plot 9); I15. janah,lower slope (plot 3); Their surveynamed 'Sunklands' is omittcdhere, as it is 116. janah,midslope (plot 5); identicalwith lists 25 and 26 above. 117. janah,midslope (plot 2); I18. janah,midslope (plot 4); 86-103.lYorsley Alumina 1980 I19. janah,upper slope (plot l); 120.janah, ridge (plot 11). Thesebird listsare of two kinds(Worsley Alumina l98l). Numbers86 96 weredone in Julyand November 1980 in 'Principal 121. Christensen, lYardell-Johnson und so-called lnvestigationLocations', each of Kimber 1979-1983 400 m2area. The rcmainder(numbers 97-103) represent studiesdone over 38 daysin March,July, August,October Bird lists (incomplete)from two sitesin jarrah forestin andNovember 1980 in particular'communities' though Yendicupand Yackelup forest blocks are provided, based not confinedto particularplots. Communitiesin which no on 5 countsmade along transect lincs in eachsite in spring bird specieswerc recordedare omitted here: over 5 years(Christens€n el a1. 1985b). 86. Hamilton forestblock ya[i/mani (plot A); 122-124. lVykes1981-1982 87. Hamilton forestblock - janah/mani (plot B); 88. Emcst forestblock - yani,ibullich(plot C); Threebird lists refer to jarrah forestnear Jarrahdale 89. Rossforest block - janah,/mani(plot D); (Wykesnd = 1985;Collins er a/. 1985): 90. Bell forestblock - wandoo/mani/jarrah(plot E); 122. Serpentineforest block - 14.6km oftransectlines 91. cancelled; totalling53 ha, censusedbimonthly (10 times)from 92. Saddlebackforest block janah (plot G); spring1981 to winter1982; 93. Saddlebackforest block - heath(plot H); 123. ?Gordon/Chandlerforest blocks - 'healthy'jarrah 94. Saddlebackforest block -jarrah (plot l); forest,visited 6 times betweenJune 1981 and 95. Saddlebackforest block - wandoo(plot J); August1982 (3.2 ha area);

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

124. as for 123,but severelydisturbed ('dieback') janah Lake and small lakesnear north and southends of forest(1.8 ha). Unicup Lakel; 140. Yamup LagoonNature Reserve, 125-126. ll/ardell-lohnson et al, 1982-1989 141. Moodiam.rpSwamps; 142. Albany27157 (about 22 km E ofthe forest Thesetwo lists refer to the samestudy in Gray forestblock boundary); (Wardell-Johnson1983, 1985, unpublishedMS, 1994): 143. BokarupSwamp; 125. four sites(each with a t ha plot) bulked,spring 144. BoyupBrook 18239(near Kulikup); 1982,1983, summer 1983, 1984 - all virginkarri 145. DobaderrySwamp; forcst; 146. Gingilup Swamp; 126. the samesites as 125after logging(spring 1985, 147. Kodjinup Swamp; 1986,1987, 1988, 1989, summer 1986, 1987, 1988, 148. Noobijup Swamp; r989). 149. PinticupSwamp; I 50. Plar\tageiet 22442i Unexplaineddiscrepancies between Wardell-Johnson 151. Plantagenet25386 (about l2 km NE of the forcst (1983, 1985)and Wardell-Johnson(unpublished MS 1994) boundary); ir the identificationof severalspecies have been resolved 152. Wild HorseSwamp; by assumingthe namesused in Wardell-Johnson 153. DonnellyRiver [no waterbirdsrecorded]. (unpublishedMS 1994)arc the correctones. 154.lYooller and Brooker 1978-1979 127-129.Abbott and VanHeurck 1981-1983 This is a bird list basedon mistnettingin TreenBrook These3 lists arefrom jarrah forestin Yarragil forcstblock forestblock in May 1978and May 1979. This is forest south-eastof Dwellingup (Abbott andVan Heurck 1985b). dominatedby kani (Wooller andBrooker 1980). The area All arebased on tnnsects: was bumedin spring 1978. A paperofall the bird species 'Milewski observed(cited as in prep.') evidentlywas never 127. janah forest,untrcated 1981, 1982 and 1983bulked; published,as I could not locateit. 128. jarrahforest, logged 1983; yani 129. forest,unlogged 1981, 1982 and 1983bulked. 155,lYooller and Calver1979-1980 130-131. IYoollerand Calver 1983-1985 Thisis a listof birdsmistnetted in May 1979,May 1980 and September1980 in kani forestin Big Brook forest This studywas conductedinjanah forest'near Tone River block,unbumed since the 1930s(Wooller and Calver eastof Manjimup', presumablyin the areakno\rn asthe l98l; Calverand Wooller 1981). Perup, Birds weremist-n€tted in October1982, February, July and October1983, October 1984,and Octob€r1985 156.Curry and Nichols 1981 (Wooller and Calver 1988). The datahave been grouped as follows: This is a pooledlisting ofbreeding speciesfrom six I ha plots injarrah forestnear Jarrahdale No. 2 minesite. Bird 130. pre-bumingdata (October 1982); countstook placebetween October and November 131. all (5) post-fircdata. l98l (Curry andNichols 1986). 132-153.Juensch etal. 1981-1985 157,Cable Sands 1988 Thesebird lists comefrom a major studyofwaterbirds in Birds were listedfrom jarrah forest/woodlandnear Central naturereseryes in south-westWA (Jaenschel al 1988). forestblock and NationalPark in August 1987,November Numbers142 and 15l are not strictly within the original 1987,February 1988 and May 1988(Cable Sands 1989). boundaryofforest, but are includedso asto help characterizethe prcsent bird species in thesesectors. 158-164. Ninox llildlife Consulting 1989 132. GrasmereLake (Lake Powell)Naturc Reserve; The datatabulated here are the speciesdctually recorded 133. Lake Muir NatureReserve fincludes Lake Muir, by Ninox Wildlife Consultancy(1989) on the ByenupLagoon, Tordit-Cumrp Lagoon, Neeranup seven localities(areas 17-100 ha) studied. A minimum Lagoonand otherwetlands]; of6 man-houlswas spentin February1989 the 134. TowerriningLake Nature Reserve; on smallerarcas and 10 hourswithin largerarcas: 135. CobertupSwamp Nature Reserve; 136. DeadmansSwamp Nature Reserve; 158. yani/jarrah,/maniwoodland, Gordon forest block; 137. Kulunilup LakeNaturc Reserve, 159. bullicVyarri/janah/marri,Mundlimup forestblock; 138. Kwomicup Lake NatureReserve; 160. yanVjanah,Myara forestblock; 139. Unicup Lake Naturc Reservelincludes Little Unicup 161. bullich/yarri/swamp/jarrah./marri,Myara forestblock; 162. yani/streanljarrahlmarri, Serpentine forest block; 163. yani/stream/jarrah./marri,Serpentine forest block; I G. wadsllJohnson, lomedy Oeparhent or Cons€rvationand Land Managsm6nl,Manjimup. 164. bullich/yanilstream./jarrah./mani,Kamet forestblock.

CALlltScience lan Abbott, The avitauna of the forests ot south-west WesternAustralia

165-168. BHP - Utoh Minerals 182.Barrett 1985-1990 International1989 This list hasbeen compiled from 30 visits to wandoo Birds were recordedwithin sevenl transectswithin woodland,wandoo/jarrah,/marri forest and heathlandalong 'lntensiveSampling Arcas' on remnantnative vegetation Flynn Roadin Gonie forestblock (Banett 1990;Pegler on farmlandl7 km north-eastofAugusta, adjacentto Scott l99l). Lists for the sepantehabitats have not been NationalPark (BHP-Utah MineralsIntemational 1990). published. Actual samplingdates were Jun€ 1989 (2 days), September-October1989 (12 days)and December1989 183.Craig 1994-1996 (6 days): This is a list basedon 43 plots within janah forestin 165. janah forestswith admixturesofyanl or Agonis Warrup,Walcott, Winnejup and Kingston forest blocks Jlexuosa/ B anks i a gra ndis; (Craigro,personal communication). 166. wetlands(swamps, creeks, temporary pools); 167. low woodlandsdominated by Barfuia spp.and/or 184.Abbott 1974-1993 Agonis flexuosa; This specieslist is foundedon recordsmade on 146days 168. heathlands. over 14 yearsin the PorongurupRange. Emphasiswas givento the kani andjarrah forestsin the south-westsector 169-176. CALM 1990-1991 ofthe NationalPark (Abbott 1981, 1995). I havebulked records for 8 vegetationtypes in JohnFonest NationalPark, taken in winter 1990,spring 1990and 185.Marston 1995 1991(CALM l99l): auturnn This is a list ofthe speciesseen in a 4-hapatch ofwandoo 169. powderbark/wandoowoodland over heath woodlandduring the periodJune - December1995 in (vegetationtype Ql); Maradong forcstblock (Marston 1996). 170. janah/casuarinaforest (vegetation type Q2); 171. janah/mani forest(vegetation type Q3)l 186-187.Iaensch and Vervest1986-1987 172. wandoo/powderbarkwoodland (vegetation type Q4); Theselists areofwaterbirds recorded from September 173. heath(vegetation type Q5); 1986to July 1987(Jaensch and Vervest 1988a),as follows: 174. Agonislinearifolta creekline(v€getation Rpe Q7); 186. ByenupLagoon; 175. graniteoutcrop (vegetation type Q8); 187. Tordit-GurrupLagoon (no December1986 census). 176. yani woodland(vegetation type Ql6). AustrolianNdturalists' Club 1991 188.Western 177-178. Norwood 1985-1992 Theseare counts ofbirds recordedin four 0.9 ha plots in Althoughthis studyrecorded birds on threesites (upland jarrah forestnear Dwellingup. Recordswere made over I I janah forest;valley slopeincluding riparian vegetation of daysfrom April to September1991: Murray River; seasonallyinundated wetland near Yarragil 177. unthinnedforest, Holyoake and Holmesforest Brook) in the Lane PooleReserve south ofDwellingup, the blocks; dataavailable do not differentiatebetween these sites and 178. thinnedforest, Holyoake and Holmesforest blocks. alsoinclude opportunistic observations (O. Mueller ill ,/ill. t99'7). Note that severalofthe specieslisted in Norwood(1991) aremost unlikely to occurin this area:Mrcroecafascinans, 189-190.Harold 1983 Petroica goodenovii, P. cucullata, Smicrornis brevirostris, This list is basedon samplingover 15 days(October, lt4el i threptus brcvirost ris and M el iphaga virescens December1983) ofnine habitattypes within the catchment probablyare misidentificationsand havetherefore been areaofthe proposedHarris River dam nearCollie (Arklow, excludedfrom Table2. Emest,Ross and Edwardforest blocks). However,the data types;two Norwood1992 obtainedwere not reportedagainst these habitat 179-181. broadhabitat types have been used instead (Water The threelists providedhere represent data from jarrah Authorityof WestemAustralia I985)' forestin Kennedyforest block eastofDwellingup, 189. jarrah forest; collectedbetween Apdl and September1992 (Norwood 190. aquatichabitats, including streamside vegetation. 1992;Norwood e/ al 1995): t79.gap(5-15 ha in sizefrom logging in 1989); 191-203.Burbidge and Boscucci1985 180.edge; Observationsofbirds were madeopportunistically during a l8t. untreatedforest. reconnaissancetrip and a floristic suwey in September

i0 M.CniS, ZoolosyDePadment, Univelstty ol weslem Ausl.alia

CALMScience CALMSCienceSupplement 5 (1999)

1985. The birds recordedwere rcported against four 217, janah forestaffected by diebackdisease (Chandler vegetationtypes, each with 2 to 4 replications(Burbidge forestblock, 1995summer and winter, JD2); andBoscacci 1986). 218. jarrah forest(Clinton forestblock 1995,winter and summer,plot 191. janah forestover denseAgonis parviceps/Acacia FCI); 219. jafiahforest (Clinton latefilicola heath(Northcliffe forestblock); forcstblock 1995,winrer and summer,plot FC2); 192. jarrah forestover denseAgonis paniceps/Acacia sp. 220. riparian (Clinton thicket(Poole forest block); zone forestblock 1995,winter and summer,plot 193. kani/marri forestover denselcacia pentadenia FSl); 221. riparianzone (Clinton thicket(Jane forest block): forestblock 1995,winter and summer,plot FS2); 194. jarrah/kani forestover dense,4gonispat-viceps heath 222. riparian (White (Westcliffeforest block); zone forestblock 1996,winter and summer,plot RS l); 195. j anah/kani/marriforest over denselg.o/rJ 223. riparianzone (White forestblock p arvi cep s /A c ac ia p ent aden ia heath(F laankland forest 1996,winter and plot block); summer, RS2); 224. ripatianzone (White 196. kani/marri forest(Crowea forest block); forestblock 1996,winter and summer,plot RS3); 197. denselow heathof Podocarpus,withthickets of 225. janah forest(White forest Agonis parviceps and Acacia extensa(Northcliffe block 1996,winter and plot forestblock): summer, RFI); 226. janah forest(White forestblock 1996, 198. Agonisparviceps heath (Frankland forest block); winter and summer,plot RF2); 199. Acacia spp./Agonispamiceps heath (Crowea forest jarrah block); 227. forest(White forestblock 1996,winter and summer,plot 200. sedgeland(Jane forest block); RF3); 228. janah forest(Urbrae forest 201. sedgeland(Westcliffe forest block); block, 1995,winter and summer,plot HFI); 202. denseheath./sedgeland (Frankland forest block); 229. jarrah forest(Urbrae forest 203. sedgeland(Poolc forest block). block, 1995,winter and summer,plot HF2): 204-242. Alcoa of Australia Ltd 1992-1996 230. riparianzone (Urbrae forest block, 1995,winter and summer,plot HSI); Thcsclists derivefrom AIcoa's ongoingcnvironmental 23I . riparianzone (Urbrae forest block, 1995,winter and monitoringprogram at its Jarahdale,Huntly and summer,plot HS2); Willowdale operations.Each Iist is basedon transects 232. jarrah forestaffected by diebackdisease (Urbrae coveringan areaof2 ha (Nichols,personal forestblock, 1995,winter and summer,plot HDI); communication). 233. janah forestaffected by diebackdisease (Urbrae for€stblock, 1995,winter and summer,plot HD2); 204. janah forest(Cobiac forest block, 1992,winter, plot 234. janah forest(Federal forest block 1994,winter and Pwl); summer,plot Fl); 205. janah forest(Cobiac for€st block, 1992,winter, plot 235. janah forest(Federal forest block 1994,winter and Dl): summer,plot F2)l 206. exposedrock injanah forest(Chandler forest block 236. janah forest(Nanga forest block 1994,winter and 1994winter and summer, plot Gl); summer,plot F3); 207. exposedrock injanah forest(Chandler forest block 237. janah forest(Federal forest block 1994,winter and 1994winter and summer, plot G2); summer,plot F4); 208. janah forest(Chandler forest block 1994,winter and 238. janah forest(Waroona forest block 1994,winter and summer,plot P2); summer,plot F5); 209. janah forest(Churchman forest block 1994,winter 239. rrparranzone (Waroona forest block 1994,winter andsummer, plot Pl)l andsummer, plot SIA); 210. riparianzone (Churchman forest block 1994,winter 240. riparianzone (Waroona forest block 1994,winter and summer,plot Sl); andsummer, plot SIB); 211. riparianzone (Churchman forest block 1994,winter 241. riparianzone (Samson forest block 1994,winter and and summer,plot 52); summer,plot S2A); 212. jarrahforest (Chandler forest block 1995summer 242. riparianzone (Samson forest block 1994,winter and andwinter, plot JF l); summer,plot S2B). 213. jarrah forest(Chandler forest block 1995summer andwinter, plot JF2); 24j. RAOU per W. McRoberts (unpublished 214. riparianzone (Chandler forest block 1995summer data) 1994. andwinter, plot JSI); This list is a composite lists 215. riparianzonc (Chandler forest block 1995summer of forjarrah forest,wandoo forest andwinter, plot JS2); and associatedfarmland collected on 4,6 November pa icipants 216. janah forestaffected by diebackdisease (Cordon by in an excursionto Maxon Farm,adjacent to Hillman forest (Burbidgerr,personal forestblock 1995,summer and winter, plot JD1); block 'i Dr A.H. Bulbidgo,D€parlmo.l ol Consseation and Land Management, r2

CALMScience lan Abbott,The avifauna ot the lorcstsof south-westWestern Australia communication).Highlights were published, ir llA Birtl againstthe six habitatsrecognized (larah-mari forest, Notes72, 12-13. wandoowoodland, sheoak woodland, riparian vegetation, heath,and graniteoutcrops). 244-258.ll'ardell-Johnson et al. 1988-1989 272.MOU per J. Start (unpublisheddata) Birds were recordedin November1988 and August 1989 1998 in karriforest ('type l0'), in andaround 0.16 ha plots (Whecler'', personalcommunication). This list is basedon four counts(June 1992,May 1994, May 1996and June 1998) along a 4 km routcin Stinton 244. Gordonforest block (6 plots amalgamated); CascadgNature Reserve, near Illawarra forest block. 245. Graphiteforest block (9 plots amalgamatcd); Vegetationisjarrah forestwith a small seasonalstrcam, 246. Beavisforest block (4 plots amalgamated); damand opengrass field in the centre.Highlights were 247. Gray forestblock (6 plots amalgamated); publishedin II/ABird Notes81,pp. ll-12. 248. Channybearupforest block (4 plots amalgamated); All occurrencesofbird speciesin listsl8-272 have 249. Big Brook forestblock (4 plots amalgamatcd); beenrecorded in Table2. 250. Hawkc forestblock (2 plots amalgamated); 251. Brockmanforest block (l plot); Knowledgeofthe avifaunaofthe forcstsof south-west 252. TreenBrook forestblock (5 plotsamalgamated): WA wasgained only slowly from the 1840sto the 1950s 253. Lindsayforest block (3 plotsamalgamated)i (Fig.2). Tabl€I containsonly 755records, in contrastto 254. Lcwin forestblock ( I plot); 6 671records in Table2. Halfofthe bird listsused to 255. Ifflcy forestblock (2 plots amalgamated); compilethis revicw comefrom the 1980s. 256. Stricklandforest block (2 plotsamalgamated); 257. Giblettforest block (l plot); 258. Fly Brook forcstblock (2 plots amalgamatcd). SPECIESCOMMENTARY 2 59.Karakamia Sanctuary 199 1-1997 The following is a catalogueraisonn4 iftended to This list comesfrom jarrah forestand associatedwandoo summarizeinformation available for eachofthe species woodlandand graniteoutcrops in a 180ha propertyat Lots listedin TablesI and 2. Wherenecessary, this is 196and 197,Lilydale Rd, somc 5 km NW of Chidlow supplementedwith datapublished in WesternAustlalion (KarakamiaSanctuary Pty Ltd, nd; Schmitzrr,personal Bird Notes,Serventy and Whittell (1976),Ston (1991),and communication).There is alsoa lake prescnt,resulting elsewhere,and personalobservations or personal from dammingof a creek(Crookes Bk). communications.These commentaries include pertinent detailsofbiology or ecology. 2 60-2 70. Ll/ardell-Joh ns o n I 98 5-l 9I 7 SpeciesPresent in the PrimaevalForest Theselists havebeen derived from quarterly0.16-ha plot- in Walpolc- basedsurveys in forcst€ast of Walpole, Landbirds Nomalup NationalPark and Giantsfor€st block. Various forcsttypcs, often in closeproximity, weresampled from Dromaiusnovaehollandiae EMU spring1985 to spring1987 (Wardell-Johnson Emusoccuned throughout the primordial forestin all unpublished). majorhabitats -janah forest,wandoo forcst, kani forest (?casual),wetlands and heaths- usuallyin onesor twos. 260. jarrah-marriforest (40 plots amalgamated); The colourof emusin the lower south-westis very dark, 261. rcdtingle-marri forest (5 plotsamalgamated); almostblack (lists 10, 11 in Tablcl) insteadofgreyish- 262. yarriforcst (l plot); brown.This is presumablyan exprcssionofGloger's rule 263. karri forcst(9 plots amalgamatcd); (emusin the northemKimberley also havevery dark 264. karri-redtingle-mani forest (12 plots amalgamated); plumage,Johnstone and Smith 1981). Mathews (1912, 265. karri-redtinglc-yellow tingle-mani forest(3 plots p. 175)used a specimencollected from Gracefi€ldas the amalgamated)i basisofa new subspecies,rothschildi. Brcedinghas been 266. yellow tingle-marriforest (1 plot); reported(Campbell 1900; Serventy 1948; Worsl€y 267. yellow tingle-rcdtingl€-janah forest (l plot); Alumina1985; \VABN84,p.22). The high mobility of 268. karri-yellowtingle-jarrah forest (1 plot); emusis evidencedby pronouncedfluctuation in numbers 269. red tingle-janahforest (l plot); recordedon settransects (P. Christensenet al 1985a).For 270. yarri-janahforest (1 plot). example,emus wcre twice as abundantin Octob€r1990 as 2 71. IohnstoneI 992-1996 in October1970 (l.6 vs 0.7birds recorded/ 100 km of transect,N = 2900km of transectover the whole ofState Thislist (Johnstone 1996), based mainly on 81 visitsto forest,Christensenra, personal communication), Judged BungcndorePark near Churchman forest block, doesnot alsoby the distributionand abundanceoftheir scats consistentlyspecify the occunenccofall bird species

" Managemenl, '? l. Wh€6 or, Depanmenlol Conseryalionand land Managemenl,Manjimup, or P Chisrensen,Iom€ny Dspartmenlol Conservalionand Land ,: A. Schmitz,Envtonmenlal Manager, Karakamia Sanctuary Ply Ltd, Chidlow. Manjimup(now 'elned).

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

(personalobservation), emus appear to useforest roads and (list I l), presumablyin adjacentwoodland. These tracksfreely andhence probably now havebetter access to populationsappear to hayebeen isolatedrT from the major denserparts ofthe karri forest. inlandpopulation which reachedits westemlimit ftom Scatshave been observed to containmacrcfungi WonganHills-Woyaline-Dryandra-Dumbleyung-Broome (Robinsonr5,personal communication) and epacrid, Hill to Stirling Range(Ston l99l). Ashby (1921)thought Macrozamia, Persoonia and Podocarpus seeds. Emus that the lower south-westpopulation may prove to be a often congregateto feed in recentlybumt areas,and also distinctsubspecies but specimenscollected do not appear apparently spreadblackberries from farms into forests to supportthis suggestion. (Chdstensener.zl 1985a). Occasionallythis speciesis Malleefowlbecame extinct between Quindalup and reportedas feedingon lupin and cerealcrops near Collie, Yallingupbetween 1932 and 1954(Whittell 1933b;Ston McAlinden, Donnybrook,Greenbushes, Bridgetown and 1954)but remainedplentiful aroundGingilup swampin Nannup(Riggert 1975). On PeronPeninsula, Shark Bay 1948(Storr 1954). They becameextinct around Scott emushave increased in abundancefollowing removalof River in the 1930s(V. Roberts,personal communication) foxes(CALM's ProjectEden, P. Christensenpersonal and southof Lake Jasperbefore 1937(Lionel Scott, communication).A similar responseis to be expectedin personalcommunication). Lew Scott (personal the south-westforcsts (CALM's WestemShield Project, communication)saw one bird in 1927near Quannup seeBailev 1996). (betweenLake Jasperand the mouth ofthe Donnelly River) and blamedthe adventofthe fox in 1929for their Leipoa ocellata MALLEEFOWL subsequentextinction. Eggswere alsocollected and eaten None ofthe earlychroniclers list the Malleefowl as by the local cattlefarmers. Birds were reportedinland as occuring in forcst (consistentwith its extensiverange in far aswhere Cleave and Carey forest blocks are presently the arid and semi-aridparts of WA, SouthAustmlia, situated.One bird was seennear Big Brook forestblock in NorthemTenitory, Victoda andNew SouthWales). This the 1920s(reported to F. Bamess,personal specieswas recorded(lists 5, 7, I l) aspadicularly communication).The populationat Lake Muirwas still associatedwith stinkwood Jacksoniafurcellqta thickets pr€sent,though scarce, before 1939(R. Muir, personal alongthe coastbetween Quindalup, Cape Naturaliste and comrnunication)but was extinctby 1948(B. Hanekamp, CapeMentelle, and betweenAugusta and the mouthofthe personalcommunication). WarrenRiver (Fig. 3). Nestswere recorded early this Jarrahforest between Bussell Highway and the Great centurywithin the forestnear Yelverton (reported to North Road(Bramley and ForestGrove) was travercedon W. Forest, personalcommunication). Later, in 1963,a horsebackby D. Perry(personal communication) in the moundwas notedunder Agonis flexuosa trees at fungbolt early 1920swithout Malleefowl being seen. He alsodid Bay, southofAugusta (Smithr6,personal communication). not rccordthis sDeciesin forestbetween Pemberton and This specieswas also recordedas nestingnear Lake Muir " Tle localiliosGnd€€orup and cnow€rgsrup Brookn6ar Mayanuparo suggssliv€ ol lh6 Noongar nams (cro!r) lor lh€ Mall€€fowland may indicare thar '5 Dr F. nobinson,Osparhsnl ol Conssft€lion and tand Manag€mont,Manjimup. lh€ weslem €dg€ or ils g€ographicaliqngs conlinusdsoulh.west ol Dryand€ '3 B. Smilh,Dopanment ol Consorvationand tand Managem.nt,Bonbury throughDal|,an, Ma!€nup, Lake Muirand rhen €ast to ths Sttling Rang6.A moundand bi.dswsre lecoded by R. Schinzigin a 1930on HittmanDowns , on Ih6 6ast side or BullerBd south ol Da*an (J. Schinzig,p€|sonal communication).

o F I J o 100 E 6 olt ul o E zf

r83r- r84r. 1a51. 166r' 187r- 1631- 189r- r9o1- 1911- 1921- 193r- 19a1- 195,r- 1961- '971- rgSr- 1991_ 40 50 60 70 8o 90 tgoo 10 20 30 40 50 oo 70 8o 90 L DEGADE

Figurc 2. Chlohological increase in knov'ledge ofthe distribulion ofbird species in forests in south-west ltrestem Australio, basedon lists l-272.

CALMScience lan Abbott, The avilauna of the forcsts of south-west WesternAustralia

Broke Inlet or north of Denmarkin the 1920s. edgeofthe DeepRiver in 13-year-oldkani regrowthin Since l97l therehave been several records of Lochartforcst block in April 1996. All of theserecords in Malleefowlin Stateforest wherc the specieswas never Thomsonand Lochartforest blocks were in or near previouslyknown to occur. In July 1971Forests rcgrowthkarri forest,in which foxesrarely occur Departmentpersonnel discovered a nestin the tabledrain (Christensen,personal communication). These forest of WestemRoad ($urprise/Crossing forest blocks). blocksare also remote from farmlandwhere fox numbers Anothernest was discoveredin 1972east ofFrankland aregreat€st (cf Catling and Burt 1995). River on the €dg€ofa disusedforest track in an extcnsive It is unlikely that litter supplylimits nestconstruction areaofdense heath(Christensen et al 1985a).In 1977an in theseforests. This contrastswith low rainfall mallee aerialsurvey revealed no othernests in the area,though 2 vegetationwhich doesnot supportMalleefowl until 10-15 youngbirds were sighted. Also, one bird was recorded yearsafter fire (Benshemesh1990). The fuel accumulated (without furthercomment) near Northcliffe in December in this periodwould not exceedc. 12 t/ ha (Mccawr', 1982(ll/A Bird Report 1982,p.15). The actuallocation of personalcornmunication). ln kani regrowthforest, this recordwas on MiddletonRoad in Westcliffeforest 12 t/ ha oflitter is acaumulatedin about l2 years block (Langfieldrs;personal communication). (McCaw, personalcommunication). Because of the In February1993 logging road contractors reported one sensitivityofyoung karri to fire, fire is excludedfrom bird on JohnstonRoad in l0-year-oldkani regenerationin regrowthfor c. 15 yearsafter clearfelling. Maturekani Lochartforest block, attractedby the noiseofa 2-stroke forestaccumulates l2 t/ ha oflitter in only 2-5 yearsafter €lectricpump. This soundapparently resembled the call of fire (Sneeuwjagtand Peet 1985). this species(B. Elwin, personalcommunication). Another ln the northemjarrah forestthere have been occasional bird was sightedon Roe Roadeast of DeepRiver in 14- rcportsofapparent vagrants. W. P. Clifton in 1878noted 'high year-oldkani regenerationin Lochartforest block (month singlebirds up on the Harveyand the Preston not rccorded).One bird was seenon a roadin 7-year-old lRivers]' (Glauert1948b). A disusednest was discovered kani regrowthin Thomsonforest block in February1996 in the 1970sby ForestsDepartment officer G. Lapinskiat and anotherwas sishtedon JohnstonRoad on the west€m Windmill Gully betweenGrimwade and Noggerup

'3 G. L.ngli6ld, FilzroyNorlh, M€lbourn€, 'e Or L. Mccaw, Depanmenrol Conseruationand tand Manag€m6nl,Manjimup.

Figure 3. Disttibution ofLeipoa ocell^t^ (Malleefowl) in the lower south-weslof WesternAustralia. Limits of the i land 'pre- populationarcfrom Storr(1991). Theterm 1750'is a conventionused by the Commonwealthof Australia.

CALMScience CALMscienceSupplement 5 (1999)

(J. Dearle,personal communication).C. Elvard shotone swampycounty (listsl l, 17, 184),open sedgeland (list bird westofKojonup towards Collie early this century 85), densekarri regenerationafler clearfelling(lists 6g, (R. Garstone,personal communication).This specieswas 126),lowjanah forest(list 260), and kani-red tingle forest rcportedin the 1920sfrom wandooforest near Bowelline (lists263-264). The factor in commonbetween these (A. Wood.personal ro(personal communication).Mees habitatt)?es is denseundergrowth. This specieshas not communication) found a freshroad-killed specimen in beenrecorded in maturekani forest(lists 64-67, September196l betweenthe 33 and 34 mile pegson the t2s-t26). Perth-YorkRoad just eastof the Lakes. The referenceby Kimber (list 27) is to a singlebird observedby Forests Haliastur sphenurus WHISTLINGKITE Departmentofficer F. Pridhamon a treelessflat on North Whistlingkites occur sparsely in the forest0a[ah, kari), EastRoad (Windsor/Boonedng forestblocks) in late beingusually recorded singly or in pairs,and aremost summer1965. present One bird was in summerand commonnear large arcas ofwater (e.g.Lake Muir). This autumnin c. 1975 at Warinegaringnorth of BakersHill speciesalso scavenges freshly-killed carrion. With the (W. Chitty, peEonal communication).Two birdswere seen increasein rabbitpopulations in the 1930s,this raptor in c. 1986 alongTalbot West Roadin wandoo (reportedto showeda similarnumerical response until th€ introduction L. Talbot,pe$onal cornmunication).About 5 birdswere ofmyxomatosisin the 1950sreversed the situation seennear pine plantation Cooke (nearMt Cooke)in the (Mastersand Milhinch 1974;Serventy and Whittell 1976). early 1980s(K. Jones,personal communication).There is Accordingto Chdsterlser'et al. (1985),this speciesoccurs alsoa record 'folested ofa bird in a backyardin Canning aboutequally in forestand farmlandin southemresions. Valley at Roleystone' and ofa roadkill on Brookton On farmlandnear Diamond forest block it wasthe Highway about50 km from Perth(WABN 59,4). As noted commonestruptor species prcsent (Brown and Brown by Carter(list l l), this speciesis proneto wandedngat the 1976-t99t\. endofthe breedingseason in summer. The lower south-westpopulation ofthe Malleefowl Accipiter fqsciatus BROWNCOSHAWK was only discovered in 1889. Its occunencenear the coast Brown goshawksoccur throughout the forest- injarah, betweenCapes Naturaliste and Leeuwinmust have been wandoo,kani, tingle and heathhabitats. They occurat a patchyfor it gone to have undetectedby Gilbert. It may low densityand areusually recorded as singlebirds. also indicate that in the 1840sthe track linking Busselton Breedinghas been reported (lists 21, 156, 182). This to Augustapassed well (Horwitz inland and Wardell- speciesis migratory,as nearly all recordsare from spring Johnson1996), and that Gilbert did not collectvery far and summer(one bird wasrecorded in the very dry \ ,inter from Aususta. of1986 injanah foresteast of Walpole,list 260). In kani it occurseither about equally in unlogged(list 67) and Coturnix novaezeI qndiae STUBBLEQUAIL regrollth (lists68, 7l) forest,or is presentonly in mature Stubble quail arerecorded infrequently in forest. Whittell forest(lists 125-126). (list 17)noted that this specieswas the comrnonestquail in the B dgetowndistrict (where nesting was recordedin Accipi t er cirrhocephalus crops). This specieshas been positively identified in COLLARED SPARROVr'HAWK severalparts ofthe southemjarrahand kad forests Collaredspanowhawks (the smallestraptor species) have (usuallyon foresttracks) and heaths (see lists 80, 81, 83, beenrecorded at all timesofthe year in all typesof 157in Table2). It was alsonoted on partiallycleared forcstedhabitats -jarrah, wandoo,kani, tingle - aswell as farmlandat Metricup (Hall1974). Thereare only four heath. Chistensenel al (1985a)noted that this speciesin publishedrecords from the northemjarnh forest(lists 46, the southemforests was not as commonas the Brown - 232, 259; Biakley Weedingrcported, Serventy 1948). goshawkwhereas in jarrah forestaround Dwellingup the The claim that this specieswas not recordedin WA reve$ev/as thought to apply (Kimber 1972). In one study before l90l (Blakercet ql. 1984:see also Anon. 1900and ofkari forestboth specieswere recordedequally (4 birds Anon. 1902)is disprovedby the fact rhatGilbert (MS) each,lists 64-71), whereasin anotheronly one listedit, as did could (1865). sparrowhawkwas recorded compared with 14 goshawks 0ists 125-126). In foresteast ofwalpole only one Coturnix ypsilophora BROWNQUAIL spanowhawkwas recorded(list 261) in contrastto 13 Accordingto Ston (1991),Brown quail occursouth ofa goshawks(lists 260-2 6l,263164). It is uncertain linejoining CapeNaturaliste, Bridgetown, Lake Muir and whetherthese differences arc genuineor represent CheyneBeach. Quail atrributedto this specieswere. confusionin corectly identiryingthe two species.There however,recorded in lists 28 (Dwellingup),47 areseveral instances ofbirds beingcaptured in mistnets (Willowdale),182 (Gonie forestblock), and 243 (eastof (listsl3l, 155,Brown and Brown 197G1991),perhaps Hillman forestblock); thesemay havebeerL TurnLx varia suggestiveof foragingclose to the groundor ofbeing Paintedbutton-quail. The remainingrecords ofBrown attractedby mistnettedbirds. This speciesis recorded quail comefrom coastalheath (lists 5, 168),low lying or abouttwice asabundantly in maturethan in regrowthkarri forestoists 65,68, 125-126). - Dr G. E Mo6s,Busselton (lorh6dy Cu|arorot Bids, wA Mus€um).

CALMScience lan Abbott,The avifauna ol the forestsof south-westWestern Australia

Aquila audax WEDGE-TAILEDEACLE breeding,the speciesis known to nestwithin the forest W€dge-tailedeagles originally seemto havebeen found (Johnstone,personal communication) in the vicinity of only in the exteme northemand eastemsectors ofthe mountains(cliffs and gorges). forestin ja[ah, wandooand heathhabitats (see also WABN43, p.8;58, p. 10;60, p. 12t72,p. 13:.81,p.l4). Turni:t varia PAINTEDBUTTON-QUAIL lndeed,it is difficult to envisagehow sucha largepredator Paintedbutton-quail are widespread in jarrah andwandoo could haveforaged effectively in the primaevalkarri and forests(and associated heath). Recordsadditional to those high qualityjanah forests.According to F. Bamess in Tables1 and2 comefrom near Janahwood(WABN 25, (personalcommunication), the jarrah and karri forestup to p. 9), Kalamundaforcst block (Dell 1963),Kalamunda the 1930swas burnt regularlyso that therewas little (McEveyand Middleton 1968;ll/ABN 11,9), Julimar understorey;he recallsobserving this specieschasing (lyABN 84,22), ^nd Molloy lsland( I/,4 Bird Report 1982, kangaroowithin the forest. Onebird wasrecorded in 15). Thereis one publishednesting record from near maturekani forcstin 1982(list 125),the specieswas listed Diamondforest block (Brown and Brown 1976-1991)and for kari forest(without furtherdetail) by Tingayand othersunpublished from janah forest(Johnstone, personal Tingay (1984),and the WA MuseumofNatural Science communication). holdsnumerous specimens collected from the forest (Johnstone,personal communication). This speciesalso Phaps chalcoptera COMMON BRONZEWINC scavengesfreshly-killed carrion. It almostalways occurs Commonbronzewings occur throughout the forcst,having 'rugged singly or in pairs. Nestinghas been recorded in beenrecorded injanah, yarri, wandoo,heath, kani and countrynear thejunction ofthe Avon Riv€r and the tingle. This speciesis recordedmore often in kani WoorolooBrook' (Serventy1948), presumably south-west regeneratingafter clearfelling than in maturestands (lists ofMoondyne forestblock, at Mandalupon the Blackwood 68, 69, 125-126). Median densityin jarmh forestis 0.13 River southofBoyupBrook (lyABN 64, p. l0), and in birds/ha (lists122, 165), nnge 0.1-0.25,N : 3. This WungongGorge (list 271). pigeonis alsoseen frequently on roads,fams and in towns situatedwithin the forest. Its numbersappear to fluctuat€ Circus approximans SWAMPHARzuER noticeablyover severalyears (lists 17, 184). ln foresteast Swampharriers usually occur singly (maximum4) in and of Walpole,this and the next specieswere more often nearswamps with breedingwaterfowl. Not surprisingly, recordedin janah than kani forest(lists 260-270). mostrecords in Table 2 comefrom the wetlandbird surveysofJaensch el al (1988)and Jaensch and Vervest Phaps elegans BRUSHBRONZEWING (1988a). This specieswas alsorecorded fr€quently on Brushbronzewings occur extensively in the southem farmlandnear Diamond forest block (Brown and Brown forests(arrah, karri, red tingle), beingmost abundant 1976-1991).where it alsobreeds. closerto the coast(lists 5, 8, 1l ). They seemto occuras vagrants in the northem jarrah forest, near Jarrahdale Falco berigora BROWN FALCON oists46, 214) and Dwellingup(lists 27, 224; WABN54, Severalearly observers (lists 8, I l, l7) rccordthe Brcwn p, 2). It is possiblethat severalofthese northemrecords falcon asthe commonest(?most conspicuous) bird of prey may be of Commonbronzewings. The Brushbronzewing in the southemforests, which is still the case(Chdstensen is recordedmore often in kani regeneratingafter et al. 1985a).There it occursinjarrah, kani, wandooand clearfellingthan in maturcstands (lists 125-126). Both tingle, aswell as heath. In the northemforest, at least speciesofbronzewing were recordedin similar numbersin since 1951,it is seldomrecorded although it doesbreed one studyofkani forest(lists 125-126),whereas in there(lists 21, 182). anotherthis specieswas absent (lists 64-71).

Falco pereqrinus PEREGzuNEFALCON Calypto rhync hus banksii The Peregrinefalcon, the mostwidely distributedbird RED-TAILED BLACK COCKATOO speciesin the world, is rarelyrecorded in forest,and then Red-tail€dblack cockatoos'roccur throughout the forest, usuallyas single birds. To the ten rccordsin TablesI and They appearto be more commoninjanah than in kari or 2 may be addedobservations from Bickley (Serventy tingle forest(contnst lists 89-120 with 64-71 and 1948),Julimat (WABN 67, p. 2), Mt Cooke(WABN1v, 125-126). lndeedthis speciescould be describedas p. 2), nearDiamond forest block (Brown andBrown primarily ajanah forestcockatoo, whereas Baudin's and l97Gl99l), WilgarupLake (ll/ABN 82, p. l6), Lake Muir Camaby'scockatoos are primarily kani forestand (tyABN 86,p.22), andin yatewoodland in Giantsforest woodlandspecies respectively. For example,only 5 rcd- block in December1985 (Wardell-Johnson, formerly tails wererecorded in karri forestin lists 125-126.as Departmentof Conservationand Land Management, againstI l0 white-tails;numbers recorded in lists 6,1-71 Manjimupunpublished). Habitats within the forest were0 : 41. Forestred-tailed black cockatooshave been ecosystemin which Peregrinefalcons havebeen recorded recordednesting mainly in marri trees(R. Johnstone, arejanah, wandoo,karri, yani, yate,and heath. Early this personalcommunication); however, janah and wandooare centuryCarter (list 11)noted preference by this speciesfor opencountry where watefowl are abundant,as at Lake 2i See AppBndix1 for a lisl ol suilabl€abodginal namos which could bo lsed ror Muir. Although thereare no publishedrecords of so€ciosand subsoeies ondemiclo soulh-wostWost€m Auslralia.

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999) alsoused. This speciesrarely forms mixed flocks with the plantations(Saunders 1974). This specieshas declined othercockatoos, even though it subsistslargely on marri dramaticallyin the main part of its range(the wheatbelt), se€d(list l7). NearMargaret River it was notedthat owing to cl€aringofnative vegetationfor agriculture,a breedingtook placein forestsfarther inland, followed by mismatchbetween the locationofits major food supplies movementto the coastin December(list 7). and the locationof suitablenesting habitat, and the The distributionofthe Forestred-tailed black cockatoo activitiesofaviculturists (Saunders e/ al 1985). haschanged since European settlement (Ston l99l contra Saundene/ a/. 1985). It originally extendedslightly east Calyp to r hynchus baud i nii of the forestto Toodyay-Wandering-Kojonup/Broomehill, WHITE-TAILED BLACK COCKATOO occasionallyto Jerramungup(Hasssell 1975). This Carter(list l l) regardedthe white-tailedblack cockatooas subspecieswas not locatedduring surveys in the commonestcockatoo in the south-west,and Le Soeuf 1995-1997in forestnorth-east of a line betweenChidlow (list 13)thought that it was the commonest(: most and North Bannister(Abbott 1998b,c). This specieswas conspicuous?)bird speciesin the south-west.Baudin's lastrecorded near Julimar and BakersHill in c. 1940 cockatoooccu$ throughoutthe forest(iarrah, wandoo, (H. and S. Cook,W. Chitty, personalcommunication). yani, kani, tingle),with nestingrecorded in the southem The actualor potentialimpact ofclearfelling of karri forest(in kani trees,lists 5, 6, 14, 16). In kani forestthis foreston this specieswas overstatedby Canett (1992a, specieswas recordedin springand summer(lists 64-70) p. l0l), Saundersand Ingram (1995) and Rice (1995). but not in autumnor winter, perhapsindicating post- Gamett(1992b) subsequently summadzed these impacts breedingmovement away from thesenesting grounds. '[Dlestruction morc objectiv€ly: ofnest sitesmay be This specieshas been recorded as far eastas Mt 'Decline reducingrecruitment'; lin density]not Saddlebackbut only in summer,autumn and winter, 'Threats confirmed'; includedestruction ofnest sitesby suggestingthat it may not nestthere. Othernesting records logging(speculative) and preventionofdevelopment of (Johnstone,personal communication) come from near new nestsites by shortrotation times in wood production Kojonup(in wandoo),Pemberton (in marri) and Serpentine forests(speculative)'. The proportionof existingeucalypt (in mani). Thus,the view that this speciesbreeds solely or forestavailable for clearfellingis only 7.5 per cent mainly in karri forest(Saunders 1974, 1979) is not corect (Commonwealthand WestemAustralian Regional Forest andseems to havebeen founded on a belief, not AgreementSteering Committee 1998, p. 4l), not 25 per substantiated,that 'there is a generallack of suitable cent(as implied in Gamett 1992a).Cutting rctations are nestinghollows' injanah forest(S. Davies,quoted in 'at not 80 yearsbut least 100yea$' (CALM 1994a). Forshaw1969; c/ Saunders1974 and 1979). The fact that Morcover,more than 20 per centofpre-1940 regroMh mostnesting takes place in the southemforest does not karri forcstis to be defenedfrom clearfellingand grown appearto be connectedwith forestmanagement. on to developmature/senescent chancteristics (CALM This specieshas often beenrecorded feeding on mani 1994a).Over 30 per centofthe total areaofregrcwth karri se€d(lists 13, 14,16,72-85,271) and also seed ofBar&sra forcstrcgenerated between 1940 and 1975will alsobe sp.(lists 12,271), nectatof B. yandis (list 189)and bardis defenedfrom clearfelling. Similarly, l0 per centof stands (cerambycids)in ringbarkedjarrah trees(list l7). These regenemtedbetween 1975 and 1990will be grown on to cockatoosalso damage apple crops (Serventy and Whittell the senescentstage (CALM 1994a).Surveys co-odinated 1976;Long 1985;Halse 1986). Whittell (1950)recorded by Abbott (1998b,c) found no differencein the numberof that 34 birds wereshot as orchardpests. Later bountydata sightingsofthis speciesover a 2-yearperiod between for Bridgetowndistrict indicate that I 634 birds wereshot forestregions with contrastingprcportions of loggedand in the years1960-1965, and 828 birds were shotin 1984 unloggedforest. A largesurplus ofapprcpriately-sized (Halse1986). This is of conc€mas manyofthese birdsare trees(diameter at breastheight over bark [d.b.h.o.b.] likely to be adults. The op€nseason notice was revokedin > 60 cm) was also demonstntedto be availablethroughout 1989and this species\xas first listed in 1996as thrcatened the forest. (Mawsonand Johnstone1997). AlthoughBaudin's cockatoo is recordedin kani Calyptothynchuslatrioslns CARNABY'S COCKATOO regenentingafter clearfelling, it is much commonerin Camaby'scockatoo was recognized as earlyas 1933,but mature forest (lists 64-7 | , 125-126) . Gamett ( I 992a, was not formally described(as a subspecies)until 1948 p. 105)exaggerated the impactofclearfelling ofkani and designatedas a full speciesuntil 199l.It is thus foreston the nestingofthis species,and also overlooked difficult to be certainofthe identity ofearly sight or aural the existenceofprescriptions (current at the time) to leaye records.More recentrccords come from the westemsector 15 markedhabitat trees/ 5 ha in loggedcoupes injanah ofthe northemforest (lists 158, 160,271) between John forest(CALM 1989c).Later, Gamett(1992b) noted that 'Threats ForrestNational Park and Collie (anah, yani, wandoo includedestruction ofnest sitesby logging forest),and the easternsector at Wooroloo,Karakamia (speculative),prevention of developmentof new nestsites Sanctuaryand Mt Saddleback(anah, wandooand by shortrotation times in wood productionforcsts associatedheath). Storr ( l99l) statesthat this species (speculative)'...'thoughthere is no evidenceofa declinein breedsin the forestonly in the eastemsector. Camaby's rangeor density,destruction ofnest sitesis likely to be cockatoois well known as a consumerofseed in oine rcducingrecruitment'.

CALMScience lan Abbott, The avifauna of the lorcsts ol south-west WesternAustralia

Cacatuapastinator Sincethen and with official protectionthis subspecies WESTERNLONG-BILLED CORELLA is thriving on agriculturallands around Lake Muir, Tone Westemlong-billed corellas (subspecies pastinator) ln the River andRocky Gully, whereit subsistson seedsand primaevalforest would havebeen found only in the laryer bulbsofweeds (Smith and Moore l99l). Massamand areasofun- or sparsely-forestedhabitat, such as Long (1992)noted flocks ofabout 300 birds at Tonebridge sedgelandson the marginsoflakes. Actual rccordscome andChowerup, and M. Craig(I{ABN 11, p. 2) recordeda from nearAlbany (Barker 1830;Nind 1831;last reported flock of250 birds in December1993 3 km north-westof in 1834,near Kalgan River at OysterHarbour [Clark Tonebridge.Other recent rccords include south of 1994]),Augusta (birds flying over the BlackwoodRiver, Dinninup,Mayanup and near Dwalganup (H. Whistler, list I l), Lake Muir (list I l), Wilgarup(list l7), andwest of B. Trigwell andR. Kom, personalcommunication). Nannup(lists 72-85). Outsidethe forestthis specieswas Severalpairs have been recorded since 1996 (November- recordedfrom New Norcia,Victoria Plains,Toodyay, York, December)on the southcoast I 2 km westand north of Mt Stirling,Broome Hill, Kojonup,Mongup, Mt Barker, ParryInlet (P. Wells,personal communication). These and countryeast ofAlbany and the Stirling and birdsbehaved like wild birds and onepair was observedto PorongurupRanges, possibly as far eastas Esperance(lists inspectnest hollows in karri trees, Onepair was also 2, 3, I I ; Cun 1886). This specieswas alsorecorded in the sightedon a farm west ofRedmond(R. Walker,pe$onal 1830sat Upper Swanand up to the 1880snear Penh, communication).[t is estimatedthat thereare 100-200 Pinjara, Harvey,Bunbury, Picton and Busseltonto the breedingpairs present at Lake Muir out ofa total westofthe forest(CuIr 1886,Bolton et al. 1991,1992)". populationofabout 2 000 birds (Johnstone,personal Evidentlythis speciesis proneto wanderingin large communication).Nesting has been recorded injanah, flocks,particularly outside the breedingseason (Saunders marri, wandooand floodedgum (Smith 1991;Johnstone, et al. 1985). personalcommunication), in trceswith d.b.h.o.b.> 68 cm The long culmenofthis speciesis an adaptationto (Mawsonand Long 1994). This specieswill probably extractcorms, bulbs and rhizomesfrom the topsoil. graduallyre-invade its former haunts,e.g. records at Consequently,thes€ corellas were quick to takeup new Manjimupin the 1980s(G. Cardner,personal opportunitieswith Europeansettlement in 1826- they communication)and 2 birds 3 km west of Manjimupin beganto dig up sowngrain as well asconsume ripening October1994 (llABN 72, p.2). However,vigilance is still grain(Moore 1884; list ll;Schorer1968,p.262).Farmers required- in 1994157 birds were poisonedwith respondedby layingpoison baits (Carterl9l2), which strychnine-baitedwheat (CALM Wildlife Offence werc so effectivethat the Vy'estemlong-billed corella database). becamelocally extinctas a brcedingspecies in all but the Westemlong-billed corellas feed also on nectarfrom Lake Muir areaby about 1900. Accordingto Camett flowersofmarri (Moore,quoted by Alexander1918, p. 41) (1992b)it may thenhave numbered as few as 100birds. andyate (presumably Eucalyptus occiderlal/s) fiist I l], This specieswas alsorecorded in largeflocks (up to 500 beniesin kwongan(Carter l912) and marri se€d(Smith birds) visiting the 'bottom plains' on ScottRiver, after andMoore l99l). buming in summer(V. Roberts,personal communication). They would dig for rushesand tubers. They were last Gloss ops it ta porp hyrocep ha I a observed(5 birds) in 1936. They alsovisited a falm near PURPLE-CROWNEDLOzuKEET Cleaye/Strickland/Careyforcst blocks to feedon oats(Lew Purple-crownedlorikeets occur throughout the forcst Scott,personal communication). Farmers poisoned birds (arrah, wandoo,yani, kani, tingle),but arehighly andshot and ate othersfor soup. This specieswas last nomadic,following the flowering ofkani, marri, wandoo, recordedthere in the 1930s.The Westernlong-billed jarrah andother eucalypts. They arethe commonest corellawas also recordedon a farm southof Walcottforest speciespresent in kani forest(lists 64-71, 125-126)a\d block in flocks ofc. 40 for severalweeks in summ€rin two aremost frequently recorded in the southemforest (with yearsin the late 1930s(K. Smith,personal one recordofa flock of> 5000birds at ByenupLagoon in communication),at Deesidebefore 1914 (H. Green, February1987, moving north-west- ,t/,4-RN41, p.3). personalcommunication), in the Dunsborough/Yallingup Northemforest records come flom Kalamunda,Karakamia areain smallnumbers up to the late 1920s(W. Forrest, Sanctuary,Wooroloo, Gorrie forestblock, Bungendore personalcommunication), about 100birds at Five Mile Park,Janahdale, Myara, Dwellingup,Willowdale, Collie, Brook nearPemberton in the 1930s(L. Court,personal Mt Saddlebackand Marradong. As notedby Serventy communication),near Carlotta in about1933 (L. Talbot, (1948),this speciesmay be absentfor many monthsat a personalcommunication), near Nannup (20-30 birds, time. In kani forestit was commonestin springand least ?1940s,B. Tame,personal communication), at Smith abundantin autumn(lists 65-71), and was recordedin Brook (hundreds,before 1934,A. Dawson,personal enormousnumbers in November1988 and February1989 communication),and nearPemberton (flock ofc. 400 (lists 125-126). Purple-crownedlorikeets brced in the leportedin 1930s;c. 16 seenseveral times in period extremeeastem sector ofthe forestand in the karri forcst 194G1950, A. Kem, personalcommunication). (Storr l99l). This speciesoccurs infrequently in 5l-year- old kani regrowthforest (lists 125-126),probably because 2 These recordsindicalo lhat lhis subsp@iBshad a muchwid€t and l6ss palchy .ango in south-w€stWeslem Ausllalialhan doscribedbySlor(1991). Aloxande. pollenand nectar are scarce relative to matureforcst. Even (1918) and SoR6nty and Whitl€ll(1976) provid€ addilional rscords. in maturekarri forestabundant flowering occurs onlv once

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

in 4-12 yea$ (Loneragan1979), although individual trees kari for€st(as was alsothe cascin lists 64-71 and may flower eachyear and somemay flower for 6 months. 125-126). Westemrosellas have been recorded injanah forestaffect€d by diebackdisease (lists 123 124)and also Platycercuszonarius AUSTRALIANRINGNECK frequentfarmland within the forest(sometimes damaging Australianringnecks are common and widespread in the stonefruit). They occurin largenumbers after fire in forcst,occuring injanah, kani, tingle,yani, bullich, maturekari forest(list 64) but do not re-invadeclearfelled wandooand heath. Estiinatesofdensity in forcstvary kani forestuntil regrowthis 6 or morc yearsold (lists from 0.07 to I .75l ha (median= 0. 12,N = 9). This species 68-71)or l-3 yearsold (lists125 126).Overall they also frequentsorchards, bluegum plantations, and farms remainmore abundant in maturekani forest. W€stem within the forest. Its diet comprisesmainly seedsand rosellaseat seeds ofnative treesand shrubs,as well as nectarofnative speciesand seedsand fruits ofmany thoseofintroduced pasture weeds (Halse 1986). introducedplant species(Halse 1986), as well as larvaeof The statementin Blakerce/ at (1984)that the 'absence jaffah leafminer(Mazanec 1988). Bellanger(1980) made ofrecordsfrom thejarrah forest...maybe correlatedwith the interestingobservation that it took 6 birdsofthis the scarcityofhollows in treesfor nesting'is unfounded. speciesto makea parrotpie. Australianringnecks have Nestinghas been rccorded in treeswith d.b.h.o.b.> 32 cm beenrecorded in small numbersin karri regeneratingsoon (Mawsonand Long 1994), Moreover,Mawson and Long afterclearfelling (lists 68, 125-126)but do not equaltheir (1995)noted that declinesand local extinctionsofthe three abundancein maturcforest until at least5l yearsafter Platycercus panots had occurred in the wheatbelt, in clearfelling(list 7l). Their abundanceis reducedin contrastto the forest. diebackaffected janah forest(lists 57-60, 123-124). This Keast(1961) considercd that variationin this species speciesis a p€stin bluegumplantations (Ritson 1995)and wasonly clinal. The latestanalysis (Johnstone, personal is alsocausing mortality of Xanthofthoeqpreissii in the communication)supports this in that 'subspecies'icterotis eastemportion ofthejanah forestnow clearedfor (rumpgreen, central tail feathercgreen, cheeks dark agriculture(McNee 1997). Nestinghas been recorded in yellow, featherson backgreen and black) is confinedto the treeswith d.b.h.o.b.> 32 cm (Ma\ ?sonand Long 1994). areabetwe€n Pemberton, Manjimup and Denmark. All otherlocalities show varying combinationsof xanthogenys Platycercus spurius RED-CAPPEDPARROT traits(rump greyish-olive, central tail feathersblue, cheeks Red-cappedpanots are ubiquitous and commonin forest, paleyellow, feathenon backred and black). Thereis no especiallyjarrah, kani, floodedgum, wandoo,yani, bullich abruptinteryradation from Bannisterto Mt Barkeras stated andheath. Densityin forestva es from 0.4 to 5.0/ ha by Schoddeand Mason (1997). (median= 1.3,N = l0). This speciesalso occurs injanah forcstseverely affected by diebackdisease (list 59) and on Cuculuspallidus PALLIDCUCKOO farmland,particularly orchards, within the forestwherc it Pallidcuckoos are sparsely recorded in forest(anah, yarri, canbe a pestin someyears (Halse 1986), Red-capp€d wandoo,karri f?casual],tingle) mostly betweenMarch and panotshave a broaddiet, comprisedmainly ofseedsand D€cember,though sorne birds remain all year(list 260). nectarofnative speciesand seedsand fruits of introduced On farmlandnear Manjimup bids werc presentfrom July species(Halse 1986). This speciesis rarely recordedin to February(Brown andBrown 198G1987). The only youngregrowth kani 0ists 71, 125-126),and is the least estimat€ofdensity in forest(janah) is 0.05 birdv ha (list numerouspanot speciesofthe karri forest(lists 64-71, 165). This specieswas probablyrcstdcted to the lessdense 125-126). Its abundanceis usuallyrcduced in dieback eastemsector ofthe primal forestand the southcoast. affectedjanahforest (lists 57-60, 123-124). Nestinghas Pallidcuckoos appear indifferent to ageofkarri forest beenrecorded in treeswith d.b.h.o.b.> 32 cm (wandoo) (lists 66, 69). and> 52 cm oarrah)(Mawson and Long 1994). Abbott andVan Heurck(1985a) suggested that this speciesmay be CqconantisJlobelliformis FAN-TAILEDCUCKOO disadvantagedby a programofremoving the unde$torey Fan-tailedcuckoos are recorded considerably more often in treeBanksia grandis; this program(CALM 1992a,p.126) forcst(iarrah, yani, wandoo,kani, tingle) thanthe hasnot beenimplemented. precedingspecies (lists 17,31-33, 72-85,260-272). This speciesarrives in the northemforcst in March and departs Platycercus icterotis WESTERNROSELLA by December,whereas some birds arepresent thrcughout Westemrosellas occur throughout the forest(ianah, yani, the year in the southemforcsts (lists 72-85,260_1270). bullich, karri, tingle). Most recordsare west of a line Thesecuckoos are recorded either singly or in twos at a joining Woorolooand Gonie, Illawana, Churchman, mediandensity injanah forestsof0.06 birds/ha (range Chandler,Clinton, White, Kennedy,Yanagil, Ross,and 0.03 1.1/ha,N=3; lists122, 165). Thisspecies is less Edwardforest blocks. Otherrccords in the forestcome abundantin regrowthkani up to about 12 yearsold than in from Bannister(Johnstone, personal communication), matureforcst (lists 6M7,7011). However,in some southof Gyngoordaforest block (Biddiscombe1985), and yearsit is commonerin youngregrowth karri thanin Manadong,Saddleback and Hillman forestblocks (the maturekani forest(lists 125-126). The incidenceofthis €astemedge ofthe forest,mostly heathand wandoo). speciesin forestseast of Walpolewas 12 timesthat of the Mediandensity ofthis speciesis 0.6/ ha (range precedingspecies (lists 260 270), whereason farmland 0.04-25.0,N = 8). Christensen€/ al (1985a)considered nearManjimup the rcverseapplied (Brown and Brown the W€sternrosella to be the commonestDarot sDeciesin 1986-1987). 20

CALMScience lan Abbott,The avifauna of the forcstsot south-westWestern Austtalia

Chrysococcyxbasalis andChillinup nearBorden (Mees 1964a),near Wubin HORSFIELD'SBRONZE CUCKOO (Ford 1965),and n€arWoodanilling (Garstone nd). All of Horsfield'sbronze cuckoo was probablyrestricted in the theselocalities are woodland, not forest. The Barkingowl pdmaevalforest to the extremenorth (wandooand heath, hasalso been reported at Two PeoplesBay eastofAlbany lists 172-173,182) and the eastemsector (where it occurs (Smith'3,unpublished). The apparentpreference for in janah, wandooand associatedh€ath as at woodlandor partiallycleared dry sclerophyllforest is Mt Saddleback,lists 110-120), and injanah forest/ similarto that shownby this speciesin NSW (Kavanagh woodlandon the southcoast(lists 157, 165, 167). et al.1995a;.Debus 1997). However,R. Johnstone Elsewherein the forest(as in kani and tingle in the (personalcommunication) regards this speciesin south- southemforest) it is recordedsingly andappears to be westWA aslavouring swamps and edges ofrivers. vagrant. This speci€sis a migrantand is presentin the forestfrom July to November;however, in forcsteast of Ninox novqeseelandiae BOOBOOKOWL Walpolea few birds arepresent all year (lists260-270). Boobookowls arethe commonowls ofthe forest,more Thereis an egg ofthis speciescollected by Whitlock in oftenheard than seen. They occurinjarah, wandooand November1916 from a nestofStipitunis malachurusnear karri forest. The only densityestimate available is Denmark(H.L. White collection,Museum of Victoria). 0.03 birds,4ra(list 122). This speciesalso occurs on farmlandwithin the forestand is capableoflong distance Chrysococcyxlucidus SHINING BRONZE CUCKOO movementin a shortperiod, e.g. I I I km in 53 days Shiningbronze cuckoos are the commonbronze cuckoo (Baker et al. 1997\. speciesofthejanah, yarri, karri andtingle forests(lists 7, 11,22,27,64-71,125 126,183) and are pr€sent between Tytonovaehollandiae MASKEDOWL Augustand January. In someyears in forcsteast of The statusofthe Maskedowl is uncertain,as it hasbeen Walpolea few birdsremain all year(lists 260 210). ln the infrequentlyrecorded in the forcst(kani, Cqsuarina extrcmenorthem and eastem jarrah and wandooforests woodland,caught in rabbit trapsnear Manjimup; this speciesis recordedabout as commonly as the Bridgetown,Bo),up Brook, nearMt Barker [Mees 1964a]; precedingspecies (lists I 14-120, 182). Densityestimates kani-rcd tingle (list 264); all in southemforest). Although rangefrom 0.02 to 0.25 birdv ha (N = 5), with a m€dianof this sp€ciesoccu6 in woodlandwest, north and eastofthe 0.06/ha. This speciesis not recordedoften in youngkarri northemfor€st (Mees 1964a;Fod 1968;Garctone nd), regrcwth(lists 125-126)but becomesas abundantas in therehave b€en no reportsfrom within the northemforest. maturekari forest6 yearsafter clearfelling (list 69). The This specieshas sometimes been collected in south-west incidenceofthis speciesin forestseast of Walpolewas WA asroad-kills (Debus 1993), indicating that it makes aboutsix timesthat ofthe precedingspecies. From 1840 useofecotones created by roadsthrough forest. In eastem to 1920the identificationofbrcnze cuckoosin the for€sted Australia,this speciesincludes ecotones such as the forest part of south-westWA was a matterof confusion,with farmland and woodland/farmlandinterface, as well as only Mastersand Carterrecording both species. mosaicsoflogged forcst,unlogged forest, woodland, and opencountry, within its habitat(Debus 1993; Debus and Ninox connivens BARKINGOWL Rose1994; Kavanagh and Bamkin 199, Kayanaghet al. Barking owls in the primaevalforest seem to havebe€n 1995b). restrictedto the €xtremenorthem and eastem sectors. It will be intercstingto notewhether this species Actual recordsare from jarah forestnear Lake Muir (April becomesmore frequentlyrecorded in the future,once l9l l, list l1); Mandalup14 km southofBoyup Brcok on CALM's WestemShield project has been operational for the BlackwoodRiver, January1963 (Mees 1963, 1964a); s€veralyea6. Fox numbersare being reduced, resulting in gardenin Walliston(July 1984,llABN32,p.9); Avon increasedabundance ofpossums, quenda and numbat Valley NationalPark (wandoo woodland, October 1994, (Monis e/ a/. 1995),and thus compensatingfor rcductions IVABN76, p.7); nearKamkamia Sanctuary (259); Lake causedby myxomatosisin numbersofrabbits (a sourceof Kulunilup NatureReserve (July 1988,IyABN 47,p.2); food for Maskedowls). heardor seenseveral times in 1998injanah foreston farmlandwest ofRedmond and next to Redmondforest Tyto alba BARN OWL block (R. Walker,personal communication); Westlington Althoughone ofthe mostwidely distdbutedbird speciesin Brook (mani/yarri woodland)on farmlandeast ofBalingup the world, the Bam owl probablyoccurred in the (P. Christensen,personal communication); and Mundaring primordialforest mainly alongthe major rivers in flooded Weir hall (R. Johnstone,pe$onal communication).The g]tm(Eucalyptw rudis) woodlands,as well as in the more only recordsfrom well within the forestarc from lightly woodedeastem sector. The speciesseems to have Pembertonand Middlesex (R. Johnstone,personal benefitedsince European settlement with the creationof communication). foragingecotones at the edgesof farmsand forest(list 77), Otherrecords from fartherafield includeBindoon alongmajor roadsthrough the forest(list l7), around Army Trainingarea, Pinnaroo Valley MemorialPark, towns(list 77) andpine plantations(Christensen et a,/. SugarloafRocknear Cape Naturaliste, Pt Dalling near l98l), togetherwith the introductionofthe housemouse Dunsborough,Avon River westofToodyay (all from lItA Bird Notes),Hefisman Lake,Katanning, Stirling Range t Dr G.l Smilh,CSIFO, wildlilo and Ecology,P€nh.

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

Mus domeslicus.Mees (1964a) is ofthe view that south- oists 59-60). It is unlikely that it occurredin karri forest westWA was recentlycolonized by this species,probably or regularlyin the southemjarrah forest. the resultofhabitat chang€sfrom settlementby Europeans. Rainbowbee-eaters migrate south to the forestin Eyidenceagainst this is that Gilbert (MS) recordedan Octoberand depart in March. Although usuallyrecorded aboriginalname for this species,distinct from that for the in pairs,this speciessometimes is notedin largeflocks, Maskedowl. Bonesof small bird speciesaccumulated up e.g. 19 birds 2-3 monthsafter prescribed buming (list 23), to c. 2 100years ago in Skull Cave l0 km WNW of 40 birdsin BlackwoodValley (list 77), and 63 birds Augustawere attdbuted to this species(Baird 1991). roostingin t|:Ieesnear Kalamunda in February1987 (WABN 42, p. 3). Foxeshave been recorded digging out nesting Podargus strigoides TAWNYFROGMOUTH burrowsand eatingnestlings (R. Garstone,personal Tawny frogmouthsoccur throughout the forest,apparently communication). mostcommon injanah and associatedheath and sedgelands,and leastabundant in karri and tingle. The Atrichornisclamosus NOISYSCRUB-BIRD only densityestimate available comes from Banksia Discoveredby naturalistsin 1842,the Noisy scrub-birdlost woodland- 0.75 bids/ ha (list 167). groundso mpidly to Eurcpeansettlement that its odginal distributioncannot be circumscribedwith much certainty. Eurostopodusargus SPOTTEDNIGHTJAR Ston (1991)noted that it was perhapsoriginally Spottednightjars have been very infrequentlynoted in widespreadin the humid south-west.Indeed, Smith and' forestin densewattle scrubin karri forest(list 10),in Robinson(1976) suggested that the odginal rangeofthe kani forest(Tingay and Tingay 1984,no detailsprovided), Noisy scrub-birdmay hayebeen as extensiveas that ofthe inheathlandJBanksiawoodland nor*r of Walpole(list 79), forest tee speciesbullich (Eucalyptus megacarpa), and in janah forcstat Bickley (Serventy1948) and in red tingle that its primaryhabitat was the wetterareas ofjarrah forest (list 261). Accordingto Ston (1991)this speciesdoes not wherethere is somebreak in the canopy,as alongstreams brcedin the forest,but only visits it from Februaryto July. and on the marginsofswamps (Robinsonand Smith 1976). However,one ofthe recordscited above(list 10)was made Danks'a(personal comrnunication) believes that its range in Novemberand another(list 261) was madein may havematched that ofthe White-breastedrobin December.This specieshas been listed for the forest Eopsaltria georgiana. becauseit is both cryptic and noctumaland likely to have This specieswas recordedby Europeansover a beenunder-recorded. Its statusrequires further 50-yearperiod in riparianvegetation east of(what is now) inYestigation. Waroona(specimen), near Augusta (specimen), near Albany (specimens),south from Mt Barker(reliable aural Aegothelesqistatus AUSTRALIAN OWLET-NIGHTJAR record'5), kani forestnear Torbay (specimen),and Australianowlet-nightjars are mostly recordedfrom janah BoodjidupBrook nearMargaret fuver (reliableaural forestbut alsooccur in wandoo,yarri andkarri fo[estsand record). Accordingto Gilbert,this speciesseemed 'more associatedheath. numerous'in the Albany areathan at Augustaor Dmkes Brook. Only about20 specimens26were collected(Mees Todiramphussanctus SACREDKINCFISHER 1964b);all existinglabelled specimens (except the type) Sacredkingfishers occur throughout the forest,being held in museumscome from the Albany area(Whittell recordedinjanah, kani, tingle,yani, bullich, wandooand t943,p.233). associatedwoodland and heath,kari standsregenerating The originaldescriptions ofhabitat (by cilbert, afterclearfelling (lists 64-71, 125-126),janah forest Masters,Webb and Campbell)emphasized dense severelyaffected by diebackdisease (list 59), and vegetation,and (apart from Campbell)do not explicitly farmlandand townswithin the forest. This speciesis a mentionforest. In September1997 I readthe field diaries migrant, arriving in Septemberand departing in January, of S.W.Jackson, who unsuccessfullysearched for the andis usuallysighted near water. Two densityestimates speciesin l9l2-1913 in the Walpolearea. His diari€s areavailable: 0.34 and 0.03 birds/ha (lists 59, 165). revealthat he confenedwith Campbellabout the habitatin which the Noisy scrub-birdwas collectedin 1889. Merops ornatus RAINBOWBEE-EATER Jackson'srecords ofthese conversationsserve to expand Rainbowbee-eaters probably occurred in the primaeval on the meagrenotes published by Campbell(1890, 1900) northemforest wherever there were openvegetation types andjustify the inclusionofthe Noisy scrub-birdin the (heathlandsinjanah forestwith occasionaltrees offering avifaunaofthe primal forestsof south-westWA, perches,wandoo forest, monadnocks, recently bumtjarrah Variousomithologists searched for it sedulouslybut forestlist 23]) with suitablesoils (usually sandy for unsuccessfullyin the peiod 1899-1925:Hall in karri excavationofnesting bunow). With Europeansettlement, forestalong the DenmarkRiver, 1899uist 6l; Milligan in the creationofroad and railway cuttingsand farmland z within the foresthas enormously expanded the availability A. Oanks. Depadh€nt ol Conse&ataon and Land Managoneni, Two P€optos 8ay Natur6 8os€tr€, Albany. of suitablehabitat. The provisionof powedineshas also 5 The loudlgrnbrialsong may carry lor 1.5 km on cah days (Smith1976). providedvaluable perching sites. This speciesalso occurs 6 E)cavalions in Skull Cav€, 10 km WNW ol Augusla, hav6 rev€aled th€ remains ol 13 individualsol lhis sp€ciss(Baid 1991).Badiocabon datss ol charcoal abundantlyinjanah forestaffected by di€backdisease associal€d wilh lho excavations |ange lrom 2 100 to a 000 yeaB BP Skutt Cave is cursntly surounded by karri lor€st, $rub and td op€n woodtand,

CALMScience lan Abbott. The avitauna of the foresE of south-west Westem Australia the MargarctRiver district, 1900 ist 7l; Shortridgenear wett€stparts ofthe forest,as at Dwellingup,there were 5 Albany and Margarettuver, 1905-1906Uist 8l; Nicholls in and l0 yearsin a periodof45 yearsin which no rain fell in kani forestnear Torbay where Campbell collected a the two hottestmonths ofJanuary and February(Gentilli specimenin 1889Uist 9l; Jacksonin kani, tingle and 1989). In suchyears fires could be extensiveand intense. janah forestsand associatedcoastal thickets and swamps, Localitieswhere the Noisy scrub-birdmay haveoccurred l9l2 l9l3 ist 101;whitlock, rcsidentat Wilson Inlet, (basedon the criterion ofsouth aspectin dissected 1905-1925:and Campbellin the Banabupdistrict north- landscapes)have been listed in Table 3 and mappedin eastofNannup, 1920 list l2l. Figure4. The omithologistVy'ebb, who probablycollected morc The hypothesizedcore geographicaldishibution ofthe specimensthan anyone else, explicitly statedthat the Noisy scrub-birdhas some intercsting implications: to him only closeto the coast(cited in specieswas known . It is grcatly insularized,with 106separate core above-citedauthorities Whittell 1954). Many ofthe populations;half ofthese appearstrcngly associated fires for the declineofthe species; blamedextensive with portionsofthe Helenaand Murray landform to the extentthat theseomithologists were however, units (Churchwardand McArthur 1980). visitorsfrom New SouthWales, Victoria, or England,they may not havefully apprcciatedthe fire-pronenature of . 44 per centofthis core distributionwas on land taken south-westWA and the role ofaboriginesin managingfire up later for agriculture, until the 1860s. . 30 per centofthe core dist bution occured in what it is unlikely that a widespreadspecies My vi€w is that later (between1924 and 1930,Iarvis 1979)became quickly, asseveral other fire could haveretreated so Stateforest. sensitivespecies such as Pezoporuswallicas (Ground panot), Dasyornis lorglost s (Westem bristlebird), . 13 per centofthe core distributionoccurred along Dasyornisbroadbenli (Rufous bdstlebird) and Psophodes dve$ subsequentlydammed in the period 1902-1994. (Westemwhipbird) (all occurringoutside the nigrogularis . Given that the corehome range(where 80 per centof pe6istedat leastuntil the first decadeof primaevalforcst) time is spent)is 1.25ha (Smith 1985a),most ofthe southemor south-eastem this centuryalong the westem, fragmentedpopulations mapped each could only have that the Noisy scrub-bird boundariesof the forest. t think supportedlow numbersof birds. It is possiblethat the the forest,occurring only was not widespreadthroughout minimum viable populationsize is 20-30 pairs,which below. locally in certaincore habitats specified was probablythe sizeofthe populationat Two Peoples probably in Nothofogus The Noisy scrub-bird occured Bay in the 1940s(Smith 1985b). About 60 per centof Tertiary(Smith 1977). Subsequently rainforestsduring the the 106corc populationsare estimated to have in WA. It therefore seems Nothofagus became extinct consistedof20 pairsor less(Tabl€ 3). likely that the geographicalrange ofthe Noisy scrub-bird thencontracted (Smith 1978). With increasingaridity, its . Most ofthe northempopulations (numbers 1-23, rangeshould have become even smaller. Lightning strikes 32-39 in Table 3) probablybecame extinct soon after are a regularoccurrence in the south-west;hence fires settlementin 1829,as much ofthe land alongrivers startedby suchstrikes in summershould have caused the drainingthe Darling Scarpwas takenup for farming in distributionofthe Noisy scrub-birdto havebecome still theperiod 1830-1865 (Staples 1979; Statham 1979; more disjunct. Udell 1979;Popham 1980; Coy 1984). Early settlers The arrival ofaborigines50 millenniaBP probablyhad quickly appreciatedthe infertility ofthe SwanCoastal furtheradverse impaots on the extentofhabitat actually Plain (Cameron1979) and favouredthe alluvial soils occupiedby Noisy scrub-birds.Nonetheless, an ofthe Swan,Helena and CanningRive6 andthe equilibriumwould havebeen rcached between the extent, valleysin the foothills ofthe Darling Scarpand their frequencyand seasonofaboriginal fires andthe occurrence alluvial outwashareas for farming (Burvill 1979). to supportviable ofsufficient areasofcore habitat . Settlementhad not intrudedinto Noisy scrub-bird view populationsofNoisy scrub-birds.If the ofBowler habitatsouth ofthe Murray River by the early 1840s, to its (1982)is corect, this speciesshould have contracted when Gilbert discoveredthe specres. corehabitat at the heightofthe last glacialpedod (20 ka BP). Thereis evidencethat south-westWA wasYiftually . Most ofthe inland southempopulations probably depopulatedof aboriginesfrom c. g ka BP (Ferguson became extinctafter the 1850s,as settlementspread to 1985). Fireswould onceagain have been started by strategiclocations (permanent water, pastoral lands lightning,and werc probablyof higherintensity. If so,they e.g.Garden 1977; Glover 1979)and alterednatural fire shouldhave put rnorepressurc on the extentand quality of regimes. corc habitat. . Ths karri forestnear Torbay cdnsistedofseveral large likely South-facingslopes in very dissectedcountry are isolatedpatches (Brudshaw et al. 1997),which after parts to havebeen the leastbumed ofthe south-west logging in the 1890swere clearedfor agriculture. becausethey remainmoist longerthan other areas ( WalkefT, personalcommunication; compare also the heat . The karri forestnear Augusta and at BoodjidupBrook index equationgiven by Enrightet al. 1994). Even in the was neverpart ofState forest;much ofit was cleared for aericulture. " e.w.'r,",, o"p"l.I*, orcon"".uno*and Mana96n6nr,r,6wrev

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999) A

6-)8 4 o-! / c,fk/ N t )1", 6__-o 0 10 20 30 ilo 50lo 6D*-re Perth D o Wfl* r :lded . N q$"r \

fr:

{oo t'j# fo

o ""u{ (!} " 1t - \. lu ta.clF

Figurc 4A. Hypothetical core geographical distribulion of Atrichomis clamosus /Noisj,, scrub-bird) (see Table 3 for details).

24 lanAbbott, The avitauna of thetorests ot south-westWestern Auslrulia

4'. NaRnuPl.

P @ry q]r' { $., /J'

N Il 10 0 ro 20 30 !t 50 kh

Scele

Figure 48,Hypothetical core geographicaldistfibution of Aftiahomisclamosus (lfoisy sctttb-bird) (seeTable 3 for details). CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

TOCAIITYOIAGRII{ c

1001020s

flL-J

-'P utaar\ g C-@ t-

\'l'i ra-r I ln- Y P ,a --- a 6-' s? f^:''"il

Figure 4C. Hypolhetical core geographical distribution of Attichoflis clamosus (ly'o?syscrub-bird) (see Table 3for details).

26 lan Abbott, The avilauna of the forcsts ot south-west WesternAustrulia

. Thesehypothetical core occurrenceswould havebeen averageannual rainfall arealso most likely to experience the sourceofbirds re-colonizingadjacent bumed rain duringDecember and January,particularly slopes near habitat, onceit regeneratedto a density,cover and the westemedge ofthe Darling Plateauand nearthe south heightsuitable for this species(Smith 1985a;Danks coast.Thus, the populationof Noisy scrub-birdsalong the 1991). Darlingscarp may havebeen even more insularizedthan indicatedin Figure4. This hypotheticaldistribution differs considerablyfrom Given the vociferousand stddentsong ofthis species, a distributionmap publishedby CALM (1995c). The it wasprobably well known to Noongars.The demiseof original rangeis shownthere as consistingof 3 cells: a south-westaborigines and their land managementpractices largeone (c. 300 000 ha) boundedby Torbay,Mt Barker afterthe 1860sresulted in a rapid build up oflitter, which andTwo PeoplesBay, and2 smallerones, between compoundedwith lightning st kes, led to unprecedented MargaretRiver and Augusta(c. 50 000 ha), andnear extensiveand moderat€to high intensityfires in the period Waroona(c. 60 000 ha). 1860to 1900(smith 1985b).Fires ofthis scaleand Anothercriterion that may indicateareas likely to have intensitymay havedegraded most ofthe prcferredhabitat €scapedfrequ€nt buming is onshoredrizzle along the south at the sametime. In addition,settlement by Eurcpeans coasteast ofPt D'Entrecasteauxin summer. For example, graduallyadvanced in the period 1839-1888. The 1890s the probabilityofa totally dry summerat Denmarkis less sawthe openingofthe Perth-Bunburyruilway and an than onceper century,some 50 times lessthan in the influx of gold prospecto$. The paceof land alienation northemjanah forest(Gentilli 1989). This factormay thenaccelerated (Fig. 5). Firesset to cl€arnatuml accountfor the occurrenceofthis speciesaround swamps vegetation for farming would have increased in coastalareas such as nearAlbany (Whitlock 1928, concomitantly.Because of this species'limited powersof p. 184;Webb in Whittell1954). flight, dispersalto regeneratinghabitats was likely to have Steepsouth-facing slopes in middle latitudesreceive beentoo slow (Smith 1985c)to re-establisha population the leastincident mdiation (Holland and Steyn 1975). andthen increasein abundancebefore the next fire. (The However.in the two hottestmonths ofDecember and Noisy scrub-birdhas a clutch ofonly one egg and a low January,incident radiation is not appreciablyreduced on breedingsuccess, Smith 1985b). The specialconditions on south-facingslopes < l5o . Thesemonths are also when the Mt Gardnerpromontory (near-isolation, extensive differencesin incidentradiation between north- and south- naturalfirebreaks in the form ofgranite sheets)acted as the facingslopes are least (Pryor'3, personal communication). final retugeofthe species(Smith 1985a). Steepslopes in partsofthe south-westwith the greatest The t)?e locality ofthe Noisy scrub-birdeast of Waroonais not known with cefiainty. Dankset a/. (1996) d I Pryor, Ensrgy F€search Inslitute, Mudoch Univorsily,

o uJ 1200 (b) F o 6'15 IFOREST uJ -tn (b) 1000o N 6@souTH coAsT o o- o AE @INTERIOR(c) 800 ll- 9 [10 z o i= -)(- ESTIMATEDPOPULATION OF WESTERN g. 600 9 uJ Lq F EI H=. 400 J = f :) o. z 200 o J ?4" o- F PB 0 o o .a$'$':.,$":$'$"1^k$$'$"$"$'f.$'-t".

Figure 5. Population growth and dewlopment of towns in south-)rest t(estem Australia. Nole: South coast (b) refers lo the area south ofthe forestfrom Cape Leeuwin to near Albany; Iryesrcrninleior (c) is the arca east ofthe forest to the Greal Southern Railway; population ddta (d) arefron Kelly (1997) and erclude aboigines before 1960; data on toi,ns have been taken from Jarvis (1979) and include cancelledtownsites,

CALMScience CALMSoienceSupplement 5 (j999)

.'|.<.4; i --'-l--.-rv\ t li't ,,7',

LEGEND __. PR(.)RABLLROU|E (DRUMMOND& GII,BERT) ''.. .,,. pnlvATttaNo f----_l vn r: ronus-r

SCALE., Abt t.69Un

Figure 6. Probable route ofJ. DrLtmrnond and J. Gilbert, basedon Drummond (1843). 4 indicates the probable type locality oJ Atrichomis clamosus.

CALMScrence lan Abbott,The avilauna ol the forestsof south-westwestem Auslralia indicated(their Fig. l) that the speciesoccuned at Mt crosseda streamofwater runningto the east[= William, thoughno substantiationwas provided. In tributaryof SamsonBrookl - the only onewe Figure 6 I haveattempted to cla fy andascertain these met with betweenthe Murray and Mount William mattersby mappingthe routeofGilbert (andJames which did not run in a westerlydirection.' Drummond)in 1842from the Munay River to Mt William, 1l. 'We stoppedfor the night on the 4'hon the banks basedon the narrativepublished by Drummond(1843). ofa brook which we thoughtmust be nearthe The chiefdifficulty with this accountis that the distances foot of the mountain,but on the 5'hwe found that are inconsistentwith the narrative.I have supplied we had two considerablebrooks to crossbefore reliedmore on the geographicnotes recorded by therefore we reachedit...' Drummond. '...on StagesI to 12 shownin Figure6 relateto the following 12. thebanks of oneof thosewe left ourhorses, points: & r€tumedthere to sleep.' l. '..,attemptingto crossa tributarybrook which falls After ascendingMt William they retumedto Pinjarra. into thc Murray abouta mile b€low the rapids[= 'On Marrarupl'. the 2"d[November]...we examined the Rapidswh€re the Muffay makesits way through From this narrative,I deducethe following: theDarling Range ...' . Only one specimenofthe Noisy scrub-birdwas 'On 2. the3'd...we set out for Mountwilliam; about2 collected. miles to the southofthe Munay, keepingjustclear of . The type locality is DrakesBrook on what is now the before-mention€dbrook, which is the only known as Location27 (Fig. 6), approximatelyjust tributary we found to fall into the river from the below the Waroonadam wall holding backLake southand to the west ofthe Darling Range,we found Navarino. Accordingto Beard(1979b, c), the o ginal an €xcellentascent to the hills at a placewhere the vegetationon the slopesofdeeply excavatedsmall mahogany[= jarrah] forest...comesmuch lower than valleyswas mani/wandoowoodland and fringing usual.' woodland of Eucalyptus rudis and Melaleuca 'On 3. reachingthe top, we proceededalong a ridgeof pleissiana alongsteams. This areais the foothills hills [?watershed],with an extensivevalley to the westofthe Darling Plateau(conventionally left...' but inaccuratelyrefe[ed to as the Darling Range). whittell (1942b)plac€d the locality 3 km too far 4. 'in about5 miles we cameto a valley with a Rpe south-west(This site,near Drakes Brook Weir, hasa considcrablebrook, with swampybanks, running to plaqu€erected in 1948celebrating the discoveryofthis thewest [Drakes Brookl'...'On the banks ofthis species.) brook Mr Giibert got the first specimenofa new bird l: Atrichornis clamosrsl.. .hiding itself amongthe . It is significantthat Drummondmakes no mentionof rushes,and singingsweetly with loud, clearnotes'. otheroccurrences ofthe Noisy scrub-birdon this joumey. lfGilbert had encounteredit again,it is 5-12.'We took the directionfor Mount William from diffcult to imaginehim passingup the opportunityof Arrowsmith'slatest maps of WesternAustalia collectingfurther specimens. This shouldhave [published1833], and in goingto it we hadto crossa resulted(given the warinessofthe species)in much seriesofhills and valleys,in 8 fherenumbered 5-12] time havingbe€n wasted, just the sort ofinformation I of which we found runningstreams, several ofthem would expectDrummond to recordin a general so largewe wereobliged to takethe packsoffour nanative. In addition,Gilbert shouldhave been both poniesto get thcm over'. [This was a yearwhich exasperatedand disappointed- just the kind of Drummond notedwas 'unusuallywet'.] informationworthy of recordin his notes. 5. 'We slepton the night of the 3'don what we . Noisy scrub-birdsapparently did not occuron the supposedto be theRiver Meares [= Samson Munay River (at leastin 1842east to Marrarup),as Brookl...ltwas on thebanks ofthis brook...Mr. Gilbet spenta day therewaiting for the retum ofa Cilbert...gota newspecies ofthe robinfamily [= horse,and so had ampletime to detectthe speciesif it Eops a I tri a geo rgi an al.' werepresent. In 1839George Grey notedthat this area 6. TributaryofSamson Brook. was 'a favouriteresort ofthe wild cattle,and we saw everywherenumerous recent traces of them' (Crey 7. TributaryofSamson Brook. 1841,pp. 313-314). 8. TributaryofMcKnoe Brook. . Thereis no evidencethat the Noisy scrub-bird 9. TributaryofMcKnoe Brook. occu[ed at or closeto MtWilliam (contraDanks et al. 1996). Theseauthors appear to havetaken Gilbert's 10. 'On the 4'h,after trav€lling 5 or 6 miles,we got from whittell 1951]that the species is found thetop ofa hill whichlay a littleto theleft ofour comment[in ',..in thevicinity of MountWilliam where I first course,an excellentview of Mount William to the observedit' too literally. Gilbert was writing generally south...Soonafter leaving the top ofthis hill, we

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

aboutthe geographical extent ofthc speciesas unhindcred,even into the wcstcm portion ofthe Darling observcdby him. Hc rcferredto Mt Wiiliamsimply Plateau(Popham 1980, p. 27). Cattlearc more efficient becauseit was thc nearestprominent geographical feedersthan shccp and will wanderuntil they locatc f'catureto the type locality and was markcdon nutritiousherbage on fertilc river flats (Staples1979, Arrowsmith'smap. DrakesBrook was ofcourse as yct p. 185). Clearingof vegetationwas minor but trccswere unnamed.Whiftell (1943) accapted that rhetype ring-barkedand fire was usedto thin out vegctationand 'vicinity localityofthe Noisyscrub-bird was in the of providemorc suitableforage for stock(Camcron 1979, Drakcsbrook'. Gilbcrt also wrotc broadly(and { Ashbyl92l). In addition,riparian vegctation would incorrectly)whcn he statedthat Eopsaltria georgiana havebccn bumed frequently in order to improveacccss of 'in wasfirst collected by him theimmcdiate vicinity of stockto watcr. lt is probablethat inappropriatc burning 'lmmediate MountWilliam...'. vicinity'should not be fiom 1850rcsulted in thcdemise ofthe Noisyscrub-bird in readas on theslopcs or aroundthc base of Mt William; whateverwas its limitcd rangecast of Waroona.The first rathcrwe knowfrom Drummond ( 1843)that this loggingtook place in thearea in 1895(Hebcrle 1997) and specicswas collcctcd at SamsonBrook (sitc 5, Fig.6), wasofcourse directcd at theuplands where the prima somc7 km north-wcstof Mt Williulll. jarrahforcst occurs. Ifany Noisyscrub-birds had persistcd to the 1890s,the installation ofiogging tramways - Eastof Waroonanearly all riparianhabitat occurs on generallylow in thclandscapc andthe lack ofspark landtaken up for agriculturcbetween 1848 and 1891 affcstcrson locomotivesat that time shouldhavc rcsulted (Fig.7; Snell1986). Before the 1890spastoralism was in frequentbuming. practisedas fcncingofpropcrtics was minimal and thus Blakerse1 a/. (1984)claimed that forest managers, sheepnccdcd to be shephcrdcdwhereas cattle grazed throughfrequent usc of fire, havc contributcdto the

SCALE - Abt. l:35750

Figure 7. Enlarged portion of Figure 6, shott'ing the probable type locelitl of Atrichomis clamosus f bis)r' scrub-bird) and when nearby la d was taken upfor agricuhural developnent

CALMScience lan Abbott, The avilauna of the forests of south-west Westem Australia reductionofthe geographicalrange ofthe Noisy scrub- this speciesnested only in the interfacebetween kari bird. Not only doesthis b€g the questionof how widely forestand farmland. This speciesoccurs in groupsof up to the specieswas originally presentin forest,it presupposes about4 birds and prefersdense shrubs. Hence,in much of that fire in the south-westforests was managedbefore the drierjanah forestit is restrictedto riparianhabitats 1954(when prescribed buming was infoduced). Claims (e.g.lists 20, 28, 48-49, 127-129,190)but will occur (II/ABN 86, p. 16)that the tlpe locality was searched elsewherewherever extensive thickets are present, 'around 1890' and that this species'probably succumbed especiallyin the high rainfall westemsector ofthe to increasedfrequency offires resultingfrom timber northemjanah forest(e.g. list 271). extractionlast century' arerespectively inconect and Logging ofjarrah forestcauses an increasein density inconsistentwith the historicalfacts and interpretation ofthe undergrowth;Splendid fairy-wrens invaded such providedabove. forest I y€arafter logging (lists 43-44) and 3 y€arslater The Noisy scrub-birdis in the processofbeing werethree times as abundantas in the unloggedforest introducedinto suitablelong-unburned habitat in jarrah Qists179-l8l). They (togetherwith Red-wingedfairy- forestsouth of Dwellingup,in Waroona./Federal.Nanga, wrens)were also recordedmore often in thinnedjanah Driver, and Clarkeforest blocks (Danks 1997). This forestthan untreated forest (lists 177-178). Splendidfairy- introductionprogram should be progressivelyexpanded wrenswere recorded 2 yearcafter a firc to be as abundant wherepossible to testthe hypothesizedrcfugial asbefore the fire (lists 130-l3l). ln karri forestthis distributionshown in Fieure3. speciesis recordedvery infr€quentlyin maturestands rclativeto regrowth 0istsl25 126). Its abundanceis Climacteris rufa RUFOUSTREECREEPER reducedin diebackaffectedjanah forest (lists 57-50, Rufoustreecreepe$ occur singly or in pairsthroughout the t23-124). forestin jarrah, karri, tingle,yani, bullich, wandooand associatedheath. This speciesoccurs at a mediandensity Malwus elegans RED-WINGEDFAIRY-WREN of0.67 birds/ ha (range0.1-6.7, N = 5). Birds feedfrom Red-wingedfairy-wrens occur commonly (median density bark on branchesand trunks,as well ason logs,with = 0.19birds/ ha, range 0.18-1.88, N:5) in groupsofup occasionalfeeding on nectarfrom conflorescencesof to about5 birds in suitablehabitat injarrah, karri, tingle, Banksiagrandis (ll/ABN 72, p. 4). yarri and bullich forestsand associatedheath and Rufoustreecrcepers were not recordednear sedgeland.They occurnorth to Stony Brook (lt/ABN 78, Dwellingup in long unbumedjanahforest but occurredin p. 28) andZamia forestblock (Chapmanand Rowley janah forestsubject to regularprescribed burning (lists 35- 1978),and eastto Reservoir(Serventy 1948), Ashendon, 3'l, contrq Storr l99l and Johnstone1996). A summer Chandler,Boonering (Buller 1954),Kennedy, Yanagil, wildfire causedthe destructionof two nestinghollows in Ross,Edward and Kingstonforest blocks, the Perupand activeuse (Johnstone 1996). Rufoustreecreep€rs are the PorongurupRange. They requiredense scrub ofno unaffectedby prescribedfire in kari (lists 64 57). greatheight. In the kani foreststhis speciesis ubiquitous, Logging in jarrah forestappears to haveminimal impact is one ofthe dominantbird speciesofthe understorey,and (lists 43-44, 177-178)and sometimesfavours them (lists is not restrictedto riparianhabitat for breeding(Webster 127-128). However,clearfelling in kani forestremoves 1948). ln janah forestsit tendsto be restrictedto riparian their habitat. This speciesre-appears within 100m ofthe situations(lists ll, 13, 17,24,28,47,48, 190)but will foresVcoupeedge 9 monthsafter logging(lists 125-126), ventureonto ridgesifextensive thicketsare present (list foragingover the debrison the ground. It retumsto its 53). abundancein unloggedforest by 5l yearsafter cleafelling This speciesbenefits from logging ofsouthemjarrah (list 7 I ). This specieshas not beenrecorded in dieback forest(lists 43-44) andjarah forestin the high rainfall affectedjarrah forest0ists 57-60). partofthe northemforest (lists 177-178, 179-l8l), as This specieshas become extinct in mostofthe Swan thicketsofvegetation develop. Thesewrens invade CoastalPlain and Wheatbeltbut remainswidespread in the clearfelledkarri soonafter logging (lists 125-126)and are forest. Speculationthat Rufoustrcecreepers were asabundant as in unloggedforest by at least6 yearsafter decliningin the 1920sin the northemjarrah forestnear the disturbance(lists 68-71). Recentlybumt kani forest Bickley (Serventy1948) remains unsubstantiated. This also favoursthis species(lists 64-67). Its abundanceis speciesis currentlywidespread but patchyand uncommon reducedin diebackaffectedjarrah forest (lists 123-124). in the northemjanah forest(Nichols, personal The claim by Rowley er a/. (1988)that prescribed communication). buming 'must havesevere effects on populationsof M. elegansbecause our study has shown that nearly half Malurus splendens SPLENDIDFAIRY-WREN the nestsites were in DeadBrush, the very 'fuel' that Splendidfairy-wrens occur commonly (median density = controlledburning is designedto reduce'is not supported 0.41birds/ ha, range0. I 3-l 1.7,N = 10)throughout the by empiricalinformation presented by Tingay andTingay forestinjarrah, bullich, yani, wandoo,and associated (1984).The reasoning of Rowleyet a/. (1988)that'one heathand sedgeland,but arc eitheronly vagrantin kani can expectcolonization ofnew (or recovering)areas to be and tingle forests(list 10,not recordedin lists 64 71) or slow ifit occursat all' is also not supportedby data very mre (only 22 detectionsin lists 125-126,154, 184, prcsentedin Tingay andTingay (1984). Moreover,Rowley 244-258,261,263). Brown and Brown (1980)noted that etal. (1988)did not includea control in their study.

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

Stipiturus malachurus SOUTHERNEMU-WREN Injarrah forestthis speciesis abundantafter fire Southememu-wrcns occur sporadically in low, dense relativeto forestlong unbumed(lists 36-37) but is vegetationin partsofthe southemforests: in suitable unaffectedby fire in unloggedkani forest(lists 64-67). heathsin the sunklands(probably 48r, forcstblocks from Spottedpardalotes re-appeared in clearfelledkani coupes2 Dardanupblock in the north, south-eastto Clcaveand west yearsafter logging(list 126)bur did not attaina l€vcl of to Treetonand Chapmanblocks flists 25-26]; also reporred abundancesimilar to that in unloggedkarri until 5l years by Liddelow3o,personal communication); soon (1 4 had elapsed(list 7l). This specieswas unaffected by years) afterlogging (Dombakupforest block, list 68; Gray loggingin jarrahforest (lists 127-128). lts abundanceis forestblock, lists 125-126);in creekvegetation in kani rcducedin diebackaffected janah forest(lists 57-60, foreston Tin Mines Road(Netic forestblock); in 123-124). Spottedpardalotcs have benefited from the Melaluecaswamp on privateproperty next to Alco forest provisionofbanks ofsoil alongrailway and rcad cuttings block; at cranite Peak(Peak forest block); in riparian in the forest,as this speciesmakes a ncstingburrow in the yegetationinjarrah forest,about 48 km north-westof soil. Walpole[?Shannon forest block] (Ford 1965);in tingle, yarri and low ja[ah forestcast of Walpole(lists 260, 262, Pardalotus strialus STzuATEDPARDALOTE 269-270);near Nannup (Ford 1970);and at Chorkerupand Striatedpardalotes occur singly or in pairs(or occasionally Big Grovenear Albany. This speciesis alsorecorded in in groupsofup to 6) throughoutthejarrah, kani, tingle, denseregrowth in recentlycleared forest on farmland yani, bullich andwandoo forests, and associatedheath. (Hanison 1969).I saw2 birdsin sucha situationon Availableestimates ofdensity arc 3.0 birds/ ha (median), I I March 1978on a farm on Gold Gully Roadadjacent to rangingfrom 0.08 to 21.7/ha (N = 14). In someforests an isolatedpatch ofjaffah forest(itselfpart of Beaton thisspecies is commonerin valleysthan on ridges(lists forestblock). 48-51)but not in others(lists 127-129). In karriforcst it This speciesapproaches closely to the westemedge of occursat aboutthe sameabundance, or half the abundance, the jarrah northem forestat Bickley Brook and Ellis Brook asthe prcceding species (lists 64-71, 125 126).It nestsin (Kneebone 1952;WABN38,p.8;68, p.4; 85,p. 3). It is smailhollows in jaffah(lists 17, 18), marri (iist 7), wandoo very commonin coastalheaths south ofBusselton to (listsI l3-l l4) andkani (Christensenet ai. 1985a)trees. Albany andbeyond, where it hasbeen recorded at densities It feedsmainly in the mid- and uppcrcanopy but doesfeed of0.13-0.25birds/ ha. low enoughto be mistnettedoccasionally (lists 130-131, Either this speciesoccurs more widely in the southem 185). Striatedpardalotes have been recorded as consuming forestsbut is overlooked,or it is genuinelypatchy in largenumbers oflarvae ofjarrah leafminer(Mazanec distributionbut can dispersereadily as habitatsbecomc 1988). available(forming a metapopulation). Th€ Striatedpardalote vacates the southemforests and partsofthe wettcr forcstsofthe north in winter (lists 22. Pardaloruspunctatus SPOTTEDPARDALOTE 38-39,64-71, 104-107,260)70), as well as thc drier Spottedpardalotes are widespread in forest,occuning in north-eastforests (list 2l) but not the centralcastem forcsts janah, kani, yani, tingle,bullich, floodedgum, wandoo nearMt Saddleback(lisrs Il0-120). Movementsofthis and associatedheath and sedgeland,and areusually speciesare discussed in lists 35-37,64-67). They appcar rccordedsingly or in pairs. This speciesfeeds in the mid- to decreasein abundanceafter logging injanah forest andupper canopy, though it doesfeed in shrubsin spring 0ists 43-44). Their abundancein clearfelledkani forest andsummer (Wykes 1985). It hasbeen recorded feeding doesnot returnto that in unloggedforest until on larvaeofjanah leafminer(Mazanec 1988). lts median l2-51 yearsafter logging (lists 70-71). Howevcr,rhese = densityis 0.12birds/ ha (range0.06-5.0, N 5). pardaloteswill foragein regrowthkarri 2 or more yearsold This speciesappears to be a partialmigrant, with most (lists69, 126).Although they can occur commonly in recordsin the northemforest coming from autumnor janah forestaffectcd by diebackdisease (lists 59-60), their winter(lists 21, 22, 24, 90, 98, 109-l I I , I l3-t 17, abundanccis usuallyreduced (Jists 123-124). l19-120,170, 178-180), perhaps indicating that mosr breedingoccurs in the southemforests. Nonetheless,as Sericornisfrontalis WHITE-BROWED SCRUBWREN thesepardalotes are recordedin springin wetterparts of Whitc-browedscrubwrens occur whercvcr there arc dense the northemforest (e.9. Dwellingup area, lists 36-37, thicketsin jarrah,karri, tingie, yani, bullichand wandoo 127 129; Janahdalearea, lists 53,57; Bickley, Serventy forestand associated heath. This species occurs usually in 1948;Bungendore Park, list 271),some breeding pairs,at a mcdiandensity of0.28 birds/ha (range0.03-l.0, presumablyoccurs there. During winter Spottedpardalotes N = 8),in denseunderstorey within a few metrcsofthe ar€either absent from, or very rarelyrecorded in, kaffi and ground.In karriforest it is oneofthe dominantspecies of tingle forestsrelative to the othcr seasons(lists 64-71. thc understorey.Injarrah forestit tcndsto be restrictedto 260 265); this may reflectlack of vocalizationin wintcr by dcnselyvegetated riparian habitats, though it docsoccur this species(Johnstone, personal communication). upslopeifextensive thickets are prcsent. In thc north€rn jarrah forestit is known to occurcast to Gorrie,Kennedy, ,, Exl€polaredliomlh6 distribotiono h6 Kngta h6alh vegetationcomptexas Marradong,Saddleback and Hillman forestblocks. It mappodby Maliiskeand Hav6l(1998). r occursthroughout the southernforests. G. Liddelow,Oeparlm€nl ol Conseruationand Land Management,Ma.jinup.

CALMSci6nce lan Abbott, The avifauna ot the forcsts of south-west Westem Australia

Scrubwrens,being dependent on a denseshrub layer, highly scorchedcrowns (Kimber 1974). This species do not re-invadebumt areasuntil this redevelops- 2 years reachesits greatestabundance injarrah forest2 yearsafter in janah forest(list l2l) and severalmonths in karri forest typicalprescribed fire in spring,and in unloggedkani (lists64-67). Thisspecies apparently increases in forestb€twe€n 6 and I I yearsafter buming. After abundanceafter logging or thinningofjarrah forest(lists clearfellingofkani forest,this speciesreaches its 4344, 177-178),probably reflecting the developmentof maximumabundance when the regrowthis l2 yearsold. denserunderstorey with removalofpalt ofth€ overstorey. Abundancethen reducesby halfonce the regrowthis 5l It hasnot beenrecorded in diebackaffected jarrah forest yearsold. Whenjanah forestis loggedthere may or may (lists 57 60, 123-124). When karri forestis clearfelled not be a declinein abundance(lists 47-44, 127-128). This scrubwrensreach their maximumabundance bv 3 vears speciesis alsocommon in dieback-affectedj. ,.-. iorest after logging (lists 68-7 1, 125-126). (lists59-60). Abbott and Van Heurck(1985a) suggested that the Westemgerygone may be disadvantagedby S iclomis btevirostris WEEBILL thinningofjanah forest. Weebillsoccur most abundantly (in flocks up to 7 birds) in the more openforests ofthe northemand east€msecto$. Acanthizaapicalis BROAD-TAILEDTHORNBILL They alsoare recorded sporadically in the westemsector of Broad-tailedthombills occurthroughout the forest,in the northemjanah forestsouth to Hamiltonand Arklow janah, kani, tingle, bullich, yarri, wandooand associated forestblocks nearCollie. In the southemforest weebills heathand areabundant (median = 0.58 birds/ ha, range= havebeen recorded in small numberswest to 23 km north 0.17-6.7,N = l6). ln thejanah forestthis speciesforages of Manjimup(I/IBN76, p.4), thePerup forest (list 75) mainly in the understorey,and in the karri forestit is oneof and nearth€ PorongurupRange. They alsooccur in the the dominantbird speciesin the shrublayer. It usually sunklands(lists 25-26,42,'78), ScottRiver and Margaret occurssingly, in pairs,or in small flocks. This specieshas River (Hall 1974),and appearto be vagrantin Sohoforest beenrecorded eating larvae ofjarrah leafminer(Mazanec block, eastofthe FranklandRiver (list 79), and in jarah 1988). for€steast of Walpole(list 260). Thesethombills areeither unaffected by loggingof The vegetationtypes in which weebillshave been jarrah forest(lists 127-128,l'79,181) or apparently recordedcomprisejanah, yani, floodedgum, wandooand increasein numbersafter oneyear (lists 43-44). Thinning associat€dheath and Casuqrinawoodland This species ofjanah forestdid not impacton the abundanceofthis hasnever been recorded in kani forest. Weebillsseem species(lists 177-178). In kani forestthat is clearfelled, originally to havebeen confined to the extremenorthern they areonly temporarilydisplaced and become very and eastemsectors ofthe primaevalforest and were not plentiful by 6 yearsafter logging (lists 6811,125-126). recordedin earlylists (lists 5-13, 15-18,22,23,24;the Thombills (Broad-tailedand westem speciescombined) recordin list 27, 'commonin jarrah forest' hasbeen alsobecome common 1-2 yearsafter buming injanah and withdrawnby Kimber lpersonalcommunicationl). The kani forests(lists 35-37,64-67,121). Kimber (1974) openingup ofthe wetter,westernjarrah forest north of notedthat the Broad-tailedthombill foragedin a higher Collie and southof Busseltonthrough farming, logging, stratumofvegetation after its more usualforaging zone miningand dieback disease may have allowed this species wasbumed. This speciesis lessabundant in dieback to havespread westwards. Against this hypothesis, aff€ctedthan healthyjanah forest(lists 57 60,123-124). however,is the fact that it did not appearin Yanagil forest block when this was heavily logged(lists 127-129). This Acanthizainor ata WESTERNTHORNBILL specieswas first recordednear Janahdale in l98l (list 46). Westemthombills are found injarrah, yani, bullich, Weebillscan occur as abundantlyin diebackaffected as in wandooand associatedheath, and sedgelandthroughout healthyjarrah forest(lists 57-60). the forest. Median densityis l3 bids/ ha (range The only densityestimates available come from jarrah 0.14-21.7,N: l6). Theyare vagrant in kani andtingle forestnear Jarrahdale (median 0.25 birds/ ha, range forcsts(not r€cordedin lists 64-72 and24+258;7 0.01{.34.N=4). detectionsin summer1986 and 1987in lists 125-126,8 detectionsof 12 birds mostly in summerand autumnin Gerygonefusca WESTERNGERYGONE lists261,263-264). This speciesfeeds in shrubsand the Westemgerygones are widespread in the forest,occurling lower understoreyand hasbeen recorded eating larvae of injanah, karri, tingle, yarri, bullich, wandooand jarrahleafminer (Mazanec 1988). This species increases in associatedheath, usually singly or in pairs. They mostly abundanceafter fire (lists12l, l3l) andafter logging (lists feed in the lower canopyand mid canopyby gleaning 4344, 179,l8l) and can be commonin dieback-affected insectsfrom foliageand snatchingflying insects.Their janah forest(lists 59-60). It appearsto decrease mediandensity is 0.33birds/ ha (range0.17-2.0, N = l3). marginallyin abundancein thinnedjarrah forest(lists In the karri, tingle, andwetterjanah forcststhis species t77-t78). emigratespartially in autumnand almosttotally in winter. In the extremenorthem and easternparts ofthe forcstit is Acanlhizachrysolrhoa presentall year;some ofthese birdsmay be from farther YELLOW-RUMPED THORNBILL south(Johnstone, personal communication). Yellow-rumpedthombills wereprobably restricted in the After fire injarrah forest,Westem gerygones avoided primaevalforest to the extremenorthem and eastem

CALMScience CALMSCienceSupplement 5 (1999) sectors,with possiblelimited occunenceon monadnocks notedthat it was recordedonly in Decemberin Edward in the westemsector. With openingup of partsof the forestblock adjacentto an isolatedfarm. None of the forestthrough farming, logging, spread ofdieback and aboverecords suggest that this speciesis a permanent mining, this speciesappears to havespread rapidly from residentin theseareas. nearbynon-forest habitat such as coastal heath (lists 7, 16) Brown honeyeaterstend to foragein the upper and woodland(Swan Coastal Plain, westem portion ofthe unde$torey-lowercanopy, taking nectarfrom Banksia wheatbelt).For example,Whittell (1933a)remarked that grandis,Drya dro sessilis,Xanthorrhoea prcissii, Nuytsia this speciesis the'commonestsmall bird ofthe district'. lt foribunda, Melaleuca rhaphiophylla, janah, wandoo, usuallyoccurs in small groupsand forageson the ground, kani, floodedgum, and mani. Brown e/ al (1997)also in bushes,and in trees;feeding on larvaeofjarrah recordfeeding at flowersof Ade anthosbarbigera and leafminerhas been recorded (Mazanec 1988). Yellow- Altigozanthusmanglesil. They usuallyoccur in small rumpedthombills havea mediandensity of0.28 birds/ha groups(up to 10,occasionally 20). Median densityis (range0.17-7.25, N = 4). 0.42 birds/ha (range0.03-0.8, N : 4). This species In the wetterwestem sector ofthe northemjaffah forest appearsto benefitfrom low intensityfire (lists 35-37) and this specieshas been recorded from BungendorePark, from partialclearance of forestfor farming. StintonCascade Nature Resewe, and Gordon,Mundlimup, Chandler,Urbrae, Marrinup, Keats, Federal and Waroona Meliphaga ornata forestblocks. However,all ofthese areashave extensive YELLOW-PLUMED HONEYEATER farmlandand/or dams nearby, providing the ecotone Yellow-plumedhoneyeaters in the primaevalforest were prefenedby this species,as well aspresumably being the restrictedto the very extremenorthem and eastemsectors, sourceofbirds recordedin the forest(Matthiessen 1973). wherethe janah and wandooforest is lesstall and more Brown and Brown (1976-91)recorded nesting by this open. This specieshas been frequently recorded at Julimar speciesonly at the interfacebetween kani forestand oists38-39, W/ABN 43, p.8), Gorrieforest block (list 182, farmland. nesting)and in the Perup(IVABN 26, p. 4); elsewhereit is Little is known aboutthe responseofthis speciesto vagrant:near Bailup (list 21); KarakamiaSanctuary (list fire and logging. A group of4 birds movedinto jarrah 259); KalamundaNational Park(IYABN47,p.2); forcst6 yearsafter it was logged(lists 43-44) and3 birds Lesmurdie(r/lBN63, p. 9); YarraRoad (WABN 58,p.l0); wererecorded in a loggedgap injanah forestbut not WestTalbot Road (ty,48N83, p. 2l ); DobaderryNature elsewhere(lists 179-181). On theother hand the species Reserye(WABN 23,p. 2); Mandalupon the Blackwood was not recordedafter a heary logging injarrah forest River betweenBridgetown and Boyup Brook (S€rventy 0ists 127-129). Yellow-rumpedthombills wererecorded andwhittell 1976:WABN 64,p. 10);Kingston area (27.5 (10 birds) within I year ofclearfelling ofkari forcstbut and30 km north-eastof Manjimup, II.ABN18,p.4); near not in older regrowth(lists 68-71), whereasin another Diamondforest block (list 41); and ShannonNational Park karri forcstthis speciesdid not appearafter clearfelling (WABN,54,p.3). Even in the northemand eastemforests 0ists 125-126). Thesedifferent responses may relateto it seemsto be patchilydistributed - e.g. it was not recorded the presenceor absenceofnearby sourcepopulations. injarah forestat or nearMt Saddleback(lists 61, 92 96, 101-103,109-120, 185) or in JohnForrest National Park Lichmera indistincta BROWNHONEYEATER (lists 169-176). Accordingto Serventy(1977), this species Brown honeyeatersin the primaevalforest appear to have haspenetrated the forestas a resultofextensive clearing beenrestricted as a breedingspecies to the extreme for settlement. northemand eastemsector, injarrah, wandooand associatedheath (qf lists 19,38-39, 109-120,182). This Me I it hreptus ch I oropsis speciesis vagrantin karri forest(lists 66, 125-126,184, WESTERNWHITE-NAPED HONEYEATER 244-258,263),when kani is flowering(Serventy and Westemwhite-naped honeyeaters occur singly or in pairs Whittell 1976)but only in small numbers.In the southern throughoutthe forcst,injanah, kani, tingle, yani, bullich, forestsit is only recordedin Banksiawoodlands and where wandooand associatedheath. Early this century the foresthas been cleared for farmingor for settlementin omithologistsremarked on this species'great abundance towns(Serventy and Whittell 1976;Christensen e/ al (lists8, I l, 14,l7; Serventy1948), which is still thecase 1985a);otherwise it is vagrant(lists 41, 183,260). (e.g.in kani forestit was the secondmost abundant In the westemsector ofthe northemjarrah forest speciesofhoneyeater, lists 64-71, 125-126).It occursat a Brcwn honeyeatershave been recorded in janah, yani and mediandensity of0.5 birds/ha (range= 0.06-11.7, bullich forestin a numberofforest blocks,namely N = l0). Although thesehoneyeaters feed mainly among Churchman,Gordon, Chandler, Ashendon, Mundlimup, foliageand bark ofthe upperand mid-canopyofthe forest, Myara,Clinton, White, Urbrae,Maninup, Waroona, theyare readily mistnetted (Wardell-Johnson 1985). They Yarragil,Samson and Fedeml(though not always also feed on nectar from Banksia grandis (personal consistentlypresent - the specieswas not recordedin lists observation),mani (list 184),wandoo (list 271),janah 46 52, r22-r24, 156,r58, 160,162-164, l7?-181, 188). (list 271), Anigozanthus viridis (?: Jlavidzs) (Sedgwick In Ashendonforest block it was recordedonly from 1969), Chorilaena quercifolia andkalri (Brown et al. November1979 to January1980, and in April, October 1997). Larvaeofjanah leafminerare also€at€n (Mazanec andNovember 1980 (list 53). ln list 189it was specifically 1988).

CALMScience lan Abbott,The avitauna ot the torestsot south-westWestern Austalia

This speciesincreased in abundanceimmediately after rupestris, Chorilaena quercifu lia, Dryandra formosa, a fire injanah forestin spring(list 35), andoccurred at D. sessr?ls,Banksia grandis, B. littoralis, Grevillea similar abundanceto that in long-unbumedforest. In wilsonii,Pal/aseria thes lophqntha, bullich, mani, yani, unloggedkani forestit occured in recentlybumed forest jarah, yate,and sapfrom lgozis linearifolia (list 61, at similar abundanceto forcstnot bumedfor l l years(lists Sedgwick1969; Rooke 1979;Christensen et al. 1985a; 64-67). Abbott andVan Heurck(1985a) speculated that Brown et al. 1997). New Holland honeyeate$become this speciesmay havebeen impacted by the removalof particularlynumerous when kani and mani flower largejanah trees. Logging in janah forestapp€ars to profusely,as in November1988 and February1989 reducethe abundanceofthese honeyeaters(lists 43-44, fiists125-126). 127-129,179-l8l). They reappearless than I yearafter clearfellingofkani (list 126)and steadilyincrease in Phylidonyris nigra numbersas the regrowthbecomes taller, and becomeas WHITE-CHEEKED HONEYEATER abundantas in unloggedkarri forestby 51 yearsafler White-cheekedhoneyeaters in the primaevalforcst were clearfelling(lists 69-71). They occurless abundantly in probablydistributed in the extremenorth and east, diebackaffected than healthyjanah forest(lists 57-60, occuningsingly or in pairs in heathassociated with jarrah t23-t24). andwandoo forest (e.9. W/ABN56, p. l0;72, p. ll;61, Westemwhite-naped honeyeaters do not appearto be pp. 1l l-l 12;Biddiscombe 1985). Cleadng offorests for very nomadic,but thereis somelocal dispe$al. For farmlandand bauxite mining hasevidently permitted this example.in kani andtingle forests this species is more speciesto penetratesuitable heath and dparianhabitats in often recordedin springand autumnthan in winter or the westemsector (Gonie, Gordon,Serpentine, Waroona sunrmer(lists 64-67,260 270). In jarah forestnorth-w€st and Rossforest blocks; also nearMumballup fKeighery of Collie it was not recordedin winter (lists 104 107) 19961)and south€mfor€st (Diamond forest block) whercasin the sameforest type at Mt Saddlebackit seemed adjacentto farmland. Two birds wererecorded in karri mostabundant in autumnand winter (lists I l5-120). forestin autumn1986 (list 263) - the only recordfrom kani forest. This speciesis commonon the SwanCoastal P hyI idonyris nov ae h o I I andi ae Plain and southcoast. ln the forestit hasbeen recorded NEW HOLLAND HONEYEATER feedingon nectarof Dryandra sessilis,as well as New Holland honeyeatersoccur (in smallparties ofup to Astroloma drummondii and Chorilaena suercifolia c. 6 birds) throughoutforest wherever there is suitable (Brown et al. 1997\. habitat:thickets. This specieshas been recorded injarrah, kani, tingle,bullich, yarri and wandooforests and Phylidonyris melanops associatedheath and sedgeland.In the northemjanah TAWNY-CROWNED HONEYEATER forcstit tendsto be restrictedto riparianhabitats (e.9. lists Tawny-crownedhoneyeaters were doubtlessconfined in 22,28, 86,88, 129)but will occuron uplandsif extensive the primaevalforest to the extremenorthem and eastem thicketsare present; otherwise it is vagrantin upland sectors,injanah and wandooand associatedheath (lists forests. 38,93, 102-103,I l0-l I l, 182;IyABN 23, p. 2; 43,p. 8; It is the mostabundant sp€cies ofhoneyeater in kani 46, p. I l; 58, p. 10),and to the Kingia suiteofsoils (heath) forest(lists 64-71, 125 126)and is oneofthe most occurringuniquely in the sunklands(lists 25-26, abundantspecies in kani and tingle forests,where as well Liddelow [personalcommunication], probably in 48 forest as feedingin the shrublayer it fomgesin the canopy. In blocks,from Dardanupin the north to Cleavein the south- the southemja[ah forestsit is uncommonwhere thickets eastand Treetonand Chapmanblocks in the w€st). aresparse or absent(list 183). This speciesoccurs also in Elsewherein the forcstthis speciesis vagrant:it was remnantforests on farms,and in gardenson farmsand in recordednear Willowdale (list 47); I bird was detectedin towns (e.g.Manjimup) within the forest. Available karri regrowth 2 yearsafter clearfelling (list 126);4 birds densityestimates are 1.25birds/ ha (median,ranging from werenetted 2 monthsafter fire in jarrah forest(list 131); 0.18-5.75.N = 5). therewas an imrption into karri forest/partlycleared New Holland honeyeatersappear to increasein farmlandnear Diamond forest block in autumn1945 numbers3 yearsafter prescribed buming in springin janah following floweringofmani and kani (Webster1947); an forest(lists l3G-l3l). In unloggedkarri for€stthey re- influx in autumn1954 near Wooroloo during floweringof appearsoon after fire and attaintheir peakabundance by 6 mani (Camaby1954b); and 1-4 birds wererecorded yearsafter fire (lists 64-67). This speciesdoes not appear regularlyin autumnand occasionallyin winter injanah to be affectedby loggingofjanah forest(lists 43-44), foresteast of Walpole(list 260). This specieshas been whereasin karri forestit doesnot fully recoveruntil recordedoccurring at densitiesof0.67 and 0.69 birds/ha c. 50 yearsafter clearfelling (even though it is present (list 161. within l2 monthsofclearfelling and is resident6 years The Tawny-crownedhoneyeater occurs commonly in after logging,lists 68-72). coastalhabitats south and west ofthe forest(lists 5,7, 10, This specieshas been recorded feeding on insects, I l), sometimesapproaching the forestvery closely,as on nectar ftom Ade authos barblgera, Anigozanthusflavidus, the Darling Scarpnear Lesr.||n)rdie (WABN 63, p. 9) and A. manglesii,A. \)itidis (?= favidus), Calothamnus GooseberryHill (ryl Bird Report 1982,p.32).

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

Acant horhynchus supel'crTio.rrr WESTERN SPINEBILL Ant h oc h ae ra caruncuIa ta REDWATTLEBIRD Wcstem spinebillsare ubiquitous (singly, pairs or in groups Red wattlebirdsin the pdmaevalforest probably occurred up to 4) in the forestand occurin jarrah, kani, tingle,yari, asa breedingspecies only in the southemforests (jarrah, bullich, wandooand associatedheath and sedseland. yani, kani, tingle)and associatedheaths and sedgelands. Spinebillsoccur at a mediandensiry of0.65 birds/ha Evidentlythis speci€soccurred patchily there,as Jackson (range = 0.21 8.4,N l4). They arerarest in the karli forest (list 10)did not rccordit. By the 1980sthe incidenceof (lists 241-258),wherc they wererot recordedat all in this speciesin foresteast of Walpolewas aboutsix times winter, only occasionallyin springand summer (lists that ofthe precedingspecies (lists 260 270). In one study 125-126),and mostconsistently in autumn(lists ofkarri forestit wasrwjce as abundant as the preceding 64-70). This speciesfeeds at all levelsin the forest, species(lists 64-71), whereasin anotherkarri forcstthe janah, mainly on nectarfrom marri,Banksia grandis, Little wattlebirdwas five times as abundantas this sDecies Atleranthos barbigera, Dryandra spp.,Petrophile sp,, (lists125-126). This species lends to follow theflowering Grevillea wilsonii,A nigozanthus spp., Paraserianthes eucal)?ts,banksias and dryandras, and may occurin lophantha, Kunzea recuna, Melaleuca densa, groupsofup to 19 birds in red tingle forest. Xanthorrhoeapreissii andCalothamnus sp. Brown et al Mediandensity is l8 birds/ha (range0.33-3.33, (1997) afsorecord feeding on flowersof Astroloma N = 4). ln the northemforests this speciesis reportedas a ciliatum, Chorilaena quercifolia arld Darwinio citriodorc. visitor (e.9.lists 53 [Novemberand December1979, l98O Spinebillsinjanah forestrespond variably to low to andl98ll, 113and 116lautumn visitor mainly]), vagrant moderateintensity fire but arescarc€ in long unbumt forest Qists61, 127,178, 179-180, 188) or moregenemlly (iist 37). They also showvariable responses to logging, associatedwith partialclearing offorest as on farmsand in beingunaffected (lists 127-128),recovering within 3 years towns(Christensen et al. 1985a;'lists 22, 168, 182:cf. (lists 43 44, 125-126),or favouringlogged gaps over Anon.1902). unloggedforest (lists 179-l8l). Theyrccolonize kani Redwattl€birds feed mostly in the upperstorey ofthe regrowthsoon after clearfellingand are asabundant as in forestand havebeen noted feeding upon Iarvaeofjarrah matureforcst by 2 years(lists 125-126). This speciesalso leafminer(Mazanec 1988). Logging appearsto reduce janah occursin forestaffected by diebackdisease (list 60), their numbersfor about4 years(lists 43+4) injarrah gardcns farm and towns situatedin the forest forcstand for about50 yearsin kani forest. Buming in (e.g.Manjimup), and rehabilitatedbauxite minesites forestsappears to favour flowering ofthe speciespreferrcd (Kabayand Nichols 1980). Abbott andVan Heurck by R€dwattlebirds: in unloggedand recently bumt karri (1985a)suggested that this speciesmay be disadvantaged forestthis speciesappears to be mainly an autumnvisitor, by a programofremoving th€ understorcytree Banksia feedingon marri flowers(list 64), whereas3 yearsafter g/ardis; this program(CALM 1992a,p. 126)has not been firc Redwattlebirds are recorded in larsenumbers in all implemented. seasons(lists 65-67).

Anthochaerachrysoptera LITTLEWATTLEBIRD Petroicamulticolor SCARLETROBIN Little wattlebirdsoccur throughout the for€st(in groupsof Scarletrobins were described by early observersas fairly jarrah, up to l7 birds) in bullich, yarri, kani, tingle, numerousin forestcountry (list 7), plentiful in the south- wandooand associatedheath, woodland and sedgeland. west(list 8), and commonthroughout the whole ofthe They tendto occurin the upperstorey and havebeen south-west,being most abundant in forests(list I l). All of recordedfeeding at flowersofkarri, mani, Baafuia lheseimpressions remain true. Thisspecies occurs in grandis and.Dryandra Jessi/is. Consequently, this species 1anah,yani, bullich, wandooand associatedheath, karri is a blossomnomad and may not be found in the samearea and tingle. In unloggedkani forestit is absentor scarce, allyear (e.g. lists 21,53,61,6+7I,ll0-lll, ll5-120). but becomestemporarily common immediately after fire In thejarrah forestLittle \ryattlebirdstend to occurmostly (lists 64-66). It is commonin autumnand winter after in riparianareas, heath, and forestaffected by dieback clearfelling,becoming scarce again once areas ofbare disease.The only available estimate ofdensity is 0.17 groundbecome overgrcwn by the regenelatingforest (lists birds/ha (list 60). Abbott and Van Heurck(1985a) 68-11, 125-126;Christensen e/ a/. 1985a). In janah forest suggestedthat this speciesmay be disadvantagedby a lt movesinto recentlybumed areas (Christensen e/ al program ofremoving the understorcytree Banksia grandis, 1985a,lists 12l, 131)and areas severely affected by this program(CALM 1992a,p. 126)was not implemented. diebackdis€ase (list 59). Scarletrobins also occur on Therehave been no studiesofthe impactoffire on this farmsand in townswithin the forest. speciesinjanah forest. However,in unloggedkani forest This speciesis usuallyrecorded singly or in pairsat any Little wattl€birdsare most abundant3 yearsafter fire time ofthe year. Availabledensity estimates range from Qists64-71). Logging is unlikely to impacton this species 0.07to 0.34birdV ha (all from janah forest),with a injarrah forest,given its preferencefor non-commercial medianof 0.22 birds/ha (N : 6). Scarletrobins feed forest. [n karri forest,clearfelling removes its habitatand mainly on the groundand thenretum to a perch. In the speciesis recordedin small numbersup to 6 yearslater summerand autumnthey foragealso on bark and foliage 0ists 69, 125-126),mostly in autumn. This species of trces(Wykes 1985). appearsto takeseveral decades to r€coverfully after clearfelling. [t hasbeen recorded in diebackaffected lanah forest(list 60).

CALMScience lan Abbott,The avifauna of the forestsof south-westWestern Australia

Petroica cucullata HOODEDROBIN recordedfarther north, as at Avon Valley NationalPark, ln the prima€valfor€sts, Hooded robins would havebeen JohnForrest National Park or Mundaring\Neir (ll/ABN76, rcstrictcdto the extremenorthem and east€msectors - p.3). Its eastemrecorded limits thereare lawarra, wherethe jarrah forestbecomes less tall and moreopen Canning,Ashendon, Chandler, Cobiac, Balmoral, and wandooforest appears. Records are, however, sparse: Cameron,Yarragil, Keats and Rossforest blocks (see also Avon VallcyNationalPark (WABN 46,p. lI;64,p.9); Notleyl95l; Bamford1989). Gonie forestblock (list 182,breeding); Wooroloo (list 21, Themedian density ofthis speciesis 0.13birds/ ha breeding);West Talbot Rd (IABN83, p. 2l); YanaRd (range0.01-0.13, N = 3). TheWhite-breasted robin is (WABN 58, p. l0); €astof Bridgetown(list 17);Perup area capableofdispersing far in a shortperiod e.g. 13 km in (list3l); andNanikup (Ston l99l). Morenotable perhaps I I months(Baker et a/. 1995).This species will nestin are its abs 'ccs - it hasnot beenrecorded at Manadong pineplantations (Christensen er a/. l98l). forestblock Mt Saddlebackor Hillman forestblock. Equallyinteresting are records from ncat King George Pomatostomussuperci I iosus Sound(Cilbcrt Iist l] providesan aboriginalname for the WHITE-BROWEDBABBLER species,probably from Kojonup),Whicher Range (list 42, White-browedbabblers occur (in groupsof6 12 birds) in perhapsa rnisidentifiedfemale White-winged Triller), and the southemforest (kalri forestwith ,4caciapenladenia Wilgarup(Brown and Brown 1976-1991).Dr Per understorey,tingle forest,andjarrah forcst over dense Christensen(personal communication) has advised me that Agonispaniceps heath)west to Iffley forestblock, north he hasnever seen this speciesin 30 ycarsofworking in the to Gordon.Diamond. Lane Pooleand Shannonforest southemforests. blocks,and east to Denmark.Although Ford (1971) thoughtthat this populationwas connectedto that in Eopsaltria australis YELLOWROBIN wandoowoodland to the north-east.it is isolatedfrom the Yellow robinswere listedby earlieromithologists as main rangeofthis speciesby about70 km. This speciesis commonin forest,particularly more openforcsts. This not affectedby fire in kani forest(lists 64-71) but is scarce specieshas been recorded in janah, wandoo,powderbark in regrowthforest even as old as5l years(lists 71, and associatedheath. It was eithernot, or only rarcly, t2s t26). recordedin karri and tingle forest(lists 64-'11,125-126, Ther€is an old (extralimital) recordftom near 244-258,264,270) or in yani or bullich forest(lists 86, Busselton(list 11)as well as a recordfrom Kingia 88,98, 106,107, 129). These robins usually occur singly dominatedh€ath in the sunklands(list 26, at LawsonRoad or in pairsat a mediandensity of 0.34 birds/ha (range in McCorkhill forestblock), some40 km north-wcstofthc 0.16-3.4birds/ ha, N = 7). nearestrecord in the kani forest. Liddelow (personal This spcciesis recordedmore often l-2 yearsafter fire communication)has reported observin8 this speciesin the 0ists35-37, 12l, l30 l3l) andin thinnedforest sunklands.lt shouldbe expectedto occurpatchily in 47 (lists 177-178). lt was not recordcdin forcstaffected by otherforest blocks (seeMattisk€ and Havel 1998for maps dieback(lists 59, 60, 124).The remark by Blakerset a/. showingthe distribution of the Kingiavegetation (1984)that the 'declineofwinter visitors ncar Pcrth has complex). Whetherthis populationconnects with that in beenattributed to a declinein the quality ofthe foreston the karri forestis not known. the adjacentDarling Scarp'is ill-founded. Yellow robins The karri forestpopulation ofthe White-browed arewidcsprcad in thc northernjanah forest. babblerwas only discoveredin 1899.This indicates that This speciesshows geographical variation in the Gilbertdid not collect very far westofAlbany. colorationofthe rump, beinggrecnish-yellow over much ofthe forestand morc grecneast of Boyup Brook- Daphoenositta chrysoptera VARIED SITTELLA Denmark(Ford 1963). Variedsittellas are widespread in the forest,having been rccordcdinjarah, yarri (rarely),tingle, wandooand Eopsaltriageorgiana WHITE-BREASTEDROBIN associat€dheath. They arerecorded in small flocks of White-breastcdrobins are most widespread and commonin 2-10 birds,usually feeding on bark in the midstorey.They the south€mforests (jarrah, yaffi, kani, tingle),wherever occurat a mediandensity of0.83 birds/ha (range the understoreyconsists of densethickets. This speciesis 0.09 1.5,N = 7). Thisspecies is absentfrom kari forest ubiquitousin kani forestwhere it is one ofthe dominant (lists 64 71, 125-126, 244-258). Sittellasappear to be bird speciesof the understoreyand is mostabundant up to unaffectedby logging(lists 43 44, 177-178)except about5 yearsafter fire (lists 64-67). lt alsobenefits from wheregaps are formed (lists 179 l8l ). They areunlikely clearfelling,reaching its greatestabundance up to 6-12 to be affectedby low intensityprescribcd fires in spring ycarsaftcr logging (lists 69-71, 125-126). The ensuing becausethey gleaninvertebrates from bark on branch€s dcnsercgcncration provides its mostpreferred habitat. and the uppertrunk oftrces. Although this specieshas Injarah foresttowards the easternsector ofthe beenrecorded in dieback-affectedjanah forest(list 60), it southemforest and in the northemforest, white-breasted is moreabundant in healthyforest (lists 58, 123). robinsare confined to denseriverside thickets, inespective ofwhether the overstoreyis yarri, bullich or wandoo. In Falcunculusfrontalus CRESTEDSHzuKE-TIT the northcrnjarrah forestthis speciesoccurs as far north Crestedshrike-tits are widespread in the southernforests (andwest) as KalamundaNational Park, Bickley Brook, (anah, kani, tingle, flat-toppedyate, flooded gum) but are StonyBrook and wungong Brook. nor having been

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

apparentlyuncommon (given that competentomithologists Injanah forestthey tendto occurmainly in the mid-storey suchas Hall, Shortridge,Carter, White andAshby failed to to lower canopy,whereas in karri they predominatein the recordthe speciesin forest;perhaps it isjust overlooked undeEtorey.Studies of fire-effectson this speciesare becauseit hasa soft songand is unobtrusive).This species contndictory:Kimber (lists 35-37) found that Golden is usuallyrecorded singly or in pairs. In the northemjarrah whistlerswere morc commonby 2 yearsafter fire and forestthis speciesis found only at the northemand eastem remainedscarce in long unbumedjanah forcstj extremesin wandooforests (Julimar lttABN 32,p.9;36, Chdstensene/ al (list 121)and Wooller and Calver(lists p. 8t 43, p. 8; Yanah Road64, p. 3; Gorrie forestblock 130-131)found a declineafter buming. In unloggedkani uist l82l; nearChristmas Tree Vy'ell, 75, p. 2; nearMt forestthis specieswas as abundantin springafter fire as Saddleback20, p. l; nearHillman forestblock 72, p. 2). beforethe fire (lists 64 67). .rd Both Serventyand Whittell ( 1976, Storl ( 1991) Logging ofjanah forestapparently resulted in either providean incorrectimpression ofthis pecies' decr€asednumbers ofGolden Whistlers(lists 43-44. geographicalrange. The fomer regardedrecords at 177-178,179-l8l) or no change(lists 127 t28). Aftel Wanneroo(1907) and Kanidale (1889, 19613' ) as vagrants clearfellingofkani forcstnumbers had eitherretumed to and emphasizedthis species'occurrence along the south levelscomparable with unloggedforest by 6 years(lists coastas a penetrationfrom the west. Serventy,Whittell 68-71) or remainedlower than in uncutkani forest(lists and Stor alsooverlooked its occunencein the southem 125-126). This specieshas not beenrecorded in dieback forests. The early accountofJackson (list l0) indicates affectedjanahforest (ists 57-60, 123-124). that this specieswas widespreadin the kani forests traversedby him aroundBow River. The southcoast Pac hyc ep h a I a ruJiventris RUFOUSWHISTLER 'corridor' shouldbe rnorecorrectly viewed as a south€m Rufouswhistlers are likely to havebeen restricted in the extensionof the southemforest distribution (Christensen primaevalforest to the extremenorthem and eastemjanah el al. 1985a,llst32). Shrike-titshave never been recorded forestand wandoo forest. Christensenet a/. (1985a)did immediatelyeast ofTorbay (asat Albany or Two Peoples not rccordthis speciesfrom the densersouthem forests, Bay), but do occurat the PallinupRiver andFitzgerald only from the BlackwoodValley, Perup,Boranup and Hay River NationalPa*. As this speciesis unknownin the River forests.In Wardell-Johnson'scomDrehensive studv sunklands,it appearsthat the populationbetween Capes in foresteast of Walpole.it wasonly recordedonce (one Naturalisteand Leeuwinis the southemextension ofthat bird), in kani forestin spring 1987(list 263). Similarly,in on the SwanCoastal Plain. the Kingstonforests it was recordedonly 4 times(list 183). This specieswas until the 1930sa residentofthe Swan With clearingfor fams and spreadof diebackdisease, CoastalPlain (Whitlock 1939)and also rangedeast ofthe eventhe densernorth€m jarrah forcstsbetween forestinto what is now the wheatbelt,extending south to Churchmanand Samsonforest blocks havebecome the PorongurupRang€ (list 184). ln orderto dispelthe partiallysuitable for this species.Rufous whistlers occur aboveconfusion I haveprovided a map depictingall at a mediandensity of0.l3 birds/ ha (range0.1-0.5, records(Fig. 8). N = 3). This speciesdoes not appearto havebeen a In unloggedkarri forestthis speciesis mostabundant migrantin its limited rangein the primal forests(cf lists 6-1 I yearsafter fire flists 64-67). It is recordedonly 38-39). occasionallyin older regrowthkani forest(Chistensen 1972;list 7l), aswell as in 4-year-oldregrowth (lists Colluricinclahannonica GREYSHzuKE-THRUSH 125-126),which is not consistentwith the suggestion Grey shrike-thrushesare generally distributed and common (Serventy1977; Christensen e/ al 1985a,p. 45) that this throughoutthe forests. Median densityis 0. 17 birds/ha specieshas extended its rangefrorn lightertimber country (range0.03-5.0,N=9).They are usually recorded in ones to heavierforested areas following clearingfor farmsand or twos in jarrah,kani, tingle, yani, bullich, wandooand openingofforest after logging. This specieswill alsouse associatedheath, feeding in the lower canopyand mid- and nestin treesplanted on farmlandnear forcst (Brown storeyofthe forest. This speciesrecovers quickly after fire and Brown 1976-91and personalcommunication). This (within l-3 years)injarrah and karri forests(lists 35-37, flexibility doesnot appearto supportthe suggestionthat 64-67), but takeslonger to recoverafter logging(lists fragmentationof foresthinders redevelopment ofthe bark 4344,69-71,125 126),perhaps several decades. This fauna(Gamett 1992a,p. 165). Shrike-titsfeed on insects specieshas not beenrecorded in diebackaffected ianah und€rloose bark from closeto the groundto the highest forestoists 57 50, 123-124). branchesand can be mist-netted(Wardell-Johnson 1985). Myiagra inquieta RESTLESSFLYCATCHER Pachycephalapectoralis GOLDEN WHISTLER RestlessflycatcheN occur singly or in pairs(or Goldenwhistlers occur commonly (usually singly or in occasionallyup to 6 birds) mainly in kani andtingle forest, pairs)throughout the forestinjanah, karri, tingle,yarri, in floodedgums along rivers, and in openjarrah forcstand bullich, wandooand associatedheath. They occurat a wandooforcst in th€ extremenorthem and eastemsecto6 mediandensity of0.32 birds/ha (range0.1Gl.7, N = 8). ofthe forest. This speaiesseems to be a vagrant elsewhere;bullich./yani/janah in Myara forestblock (list I' The actualr€cordwas mads byG. F.M€es (peFonarcommunicalion) in 61);janah forestnear Logue Brook Dam (list 24) and in Nov€mb€r1960 and was ol one pan in ka.n lo6st. andnear Kingston block (list 183);kani forestin the

CALMScience lan Abbott, The avitauna of the torcsts of soulh-west WesternAustralia

Figure 8. Distribution o/Falcunculusfrontatus (Crested shike-tit) in theforest and surrounding areas. ;

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

Porongurup Range(list 184);in flat-toppedyate woodland probablyonly commonin the karli and tingle forestsand aroundByenup Lagoon (IYABN 26, p. 4); and at Wilgarup the extrcmenorthem and eastem sectors ofthejanah QVABN82,p.l6). Mastersand Milhinch (lists 38-39) forcst,pen€trating westwards to someextent along the notedthat this speciesis seldomseen, is nomadic,and is floodedgums lining the major rivers ( [/,4BN 64,p. I0;76, usuallyin one locality for only a few daysbefore moving p. l9). With clearingof forestfor agriculture,this species on. then expandedits distibution (e.g.lists 16,22). In unloggedkani forest,Restless flycatchers are mostly To a largeextent Dusky woodswallowsfeed over the recordedimmediately after, and up to 6 yearsafter, fire forestcanopy but will feedwithin the canopyof mature (lists 64-{7). This speciesis vagrantin kari regenenting standsofkani (lists 6447, 125) andarc readilymist- afterclearfelling (lists 68-71,125 126). n€tted(Wardell-Johnson 1985). They alsotake advantage oflogged karri stands,being particularly common l-3 Rhipidura fuliginosa GREY FANTAIL yearsafter clearfelling (lists 125 126);see Christensen Grey fantailsoccur usually singly or in pairs(occasionally (1981,p. 22) for a photographofthis speciesnesting in a up to l8 birds)throughout the forest,injarah, karri, tingle, brokenmarri treeon a recentlybumed clearfelled coupe. bullich, yarri, wandooand associatedheath. lt is an In janah forestthis specieswill feed in standsopened up = abundantspecies (median density 0.84 birds/ha, range by logging(list 44), thinning (lists 177-181),dieback 0.03-10.0,N = l5), particularly in the understoreyofkani disease(list 59) andprescdbed buming (lists 23, l2l ). forests. It feedsin all stratain the forestand takesits prey In someparts ofthe forestthis species is a spring- by hawkingand snatching.It is probablythe tamestbird summervisitor (lists I l, 17,263), whereasin othersit may speciesin the forest, In the wettestand coldestparts ofthe be presentall year (lists 65-66, 157). Its mediandensity is forestit appearsto be a partialemignnt in winter (lists 0.25birds/ ha (range0.01-l.38, N : 7). Thisspecies 64-71), moving to the wheatbelt(Saunders and Ingram usuallyoccu6 in groupsofup to 6 birds. 1995)and as far north as the Kimberley(Johnstone, pelsonalcommunication). Cracticus tibicen AUSTRALIAN MAGPIE In unloggedkarri forest,Grey fantailsare commonest Australianmagpies in the primaevalforest were probably immediatelyafter fire (lists 64-67), whereasin jarrah restrictedto wandooand associatedheath in the extreme forestthey arc little affected(list l2l). This speciesis northemand eastem secto$, as they requiresparsely infrequentimmediately after clearfelling; however, after vegetatedground on which to forage. This specieswas not 6 yearsit is as abundantas in unloggedkani forest observedby Campbellin 1889in kani forest(list 5). (lists 68 71, 125-126). In jarrah forest,fantails have Clearingof forestfor agricultureand settlementhas variableresponses to logging:less common in thinnedthan allowedthis speciesto penetratethejarah and karri forests unthinnedforest (lists 177-178);least abundant in logged (Serventy1948), as at Collie in 1916(list I l), Pemberton gaps(though abundant in the ecotonebetween gaps and in 1922(list l4), Bridgetownby 1925(list 17),and unloggedforest, lists 179 181);or more abundantafter Nomalupin 1930,20years after settlement(Bellang€r more intenselogging (lists 127-128). The abundanceof 1980). This expansionshould have led to greaternest this speciesis reducedin diebackaffected iarrah for€st predationof smallbirds, 0ists57-50, 123-124). Magpiesdo not colonizeclearfelled karri forest(list 68. only I vagnnt, rccordedin summer),loggedjanah forest Coracina novaeho I landiae (lists44, 128, 178 180)or diebackaffected forest (lists 59, BLACK-FACED CUCKOO-SHRIKE 60, 124)but will temporarilyinvade bumt forest(list 121; Black-facedcuckoo-shrikes are ubiquitous in forests, alsoLoaring, cited in Robinson1956). The only d€nsity havingbeen recorded from janah, kani (includingrecently estimatesavailable are 0.13 birds/ ha in forestand heath. clearfelledareas), tingle, bullich, wandooand associated respectively(lists 165, 168). Magpiesoccur in groupsof heath. This speciesis usuallyrecorded singly or in pairs. up to 6 birds. Densityhas been estimated as 0.09 birds/ha (median, range0.06 0.17 birds/ ha, N = 4) in forestand 0.33 Strepera versicolor CREY CURRAWONG birds/ha (0.25-0.38,N = 3) in low woodlandand heath. It Grey currawongsoccur (usually in pairs)thrcughout the is a partialmigrant in the southemforests, being mostly forest,includingjanah, yarri, bullich, wandooand observedin springand autumn,and nearthe north-east associatedheath. In somekani forests(lists 64-71, marginofthe forestlarge flocks (up to 30) havebeen 125 126,184,244-258; cl 14)rhey are vagrant,whereas recordedin autumn, This speciesis recordedin jarrah in others(including tingle) they occurregularly (lists 261, forestaffected by diebackdisease (list 60) andwherever 263-266). This specieshas benefited from the trceshave been left on farmsor in townswithin the forest. establishmentof orchardswithin the forest.in which it eats Nonetheless,it remainsless common in regroMh karri dpe fruit (lists 7, 17; Bellanger1980). Accordingto forestthan in unloggedforest (lists 64-71, 125-126). Christensenet c/. (1985a),currawongs increase in numbers Although normally feedingin the upperfoliage ofth€ following fire. Their responseto logging is unclear:no forest,this speciesis readilymistnetted (list 154). apparentimpact in southemjarrah forest(lists 43-44); 7 birdsrecorded in kani regrowth(lists 64-71); 3 birds Artamuscyanopterus DUSKYWOODSWALLOW recordedin maturekarri forestbut nonein regrcwth(lists Dusky woodswallowsin the primaevalforest were 125 126);not recordedin northemjanah forest6 months

CALMScience lan Abbott, The avilauna of the torests of south-west WesternAustralia after logging(lists 127-128). The only estimatesavailable l5 m aboveground level (Immelmann1960). Aswell as ofdensity are0.03 birds/ ha in forest(list I l) andin low eating grass and sedgeLepidosperma angustqtum and woodland(list 167). In the periodofactiye rabbit L. tettaquetrumseeds, firetails eat se€dofsheoak (Tan poisoningafter 1945,this speciesapparently b€came very 1948;Worsley Alumina 1985). scarce(Ashcroft, penonal communication). Dicaeumhirundinaceum MISTLETOEBIRD Cort'us coronoides AUSTRALIAN RAVEN Mistletoebirdswere probably restricted in the p maeval Australianravens occur throughout the forest(in groupsof forestto the exteme northemand eastemsectors ofthe up to l0 birds but usuallysingly or in pairs)injanah, karri, northem forcst, wherever mistletoe lrrJ.,ema miquelii, tingle, yani, bullich, wandooand adjoiningheath and A. miraculosqand A. preissii is present(usually on wandoo sedgeland.They occurat a mediandensity of0.25 birds/ andflooded gum, occasionallymani and acacia).This = ha (range0.01-l.3, N 9). In the primaevalforests rav€ns speciesdoes not feed on the fruit of N4.,tsia floribunda, wereprobably only abundantlocally (lists 7, 10, I l, vs 12, which unlike other mistletoespecies has a dry and inedible 17,53,64-66,125). This species does not appearto be pe carp (Marchant,personal communication). Recent affectedby foggingofjanah forest(lists 4344, 127 128) recordsin the forestinclude Kalamunda National Park or clearfellingof karri forest(lists 64-71, 125-126), (\I/ABN31,p.5), Avon Valley NationalPark (46, p. I l) thoughit hasbenefited from clearingof forestfor farming andMunay River nearNanga Bridge (76, p. l8). Ithas (Christensenel al 1985). Ravensare also recorded as alsobe€n seen near Bickley Brook Reservoir,just to the colonizingrecently bumed forest (list l2l). This species westofVictoda forcstblock (83, p. 20) and at Piesse hasbenefited from roading,as it feedson road-killed Brook (84, p. 22). This specieshas been recorded at all carrionsuch as kangaroos,birds and insects.This timesofthe year and doesnot app€arto be a mignnt. expansionshould have led to greaternest predation of Ston (1991)did not list this speciesfor the forest,except smallbirds. in townswherc exoticvegetation is available(e,g, Solanum nigrum - Griffiths 1977). Whittell (1933a)noted that this Stagonopleuraoculata RED-EAREDFIRETAIL specieswas predatedby cats. Red-earedfiretails are recorded injanah, kani, tingle, yani, andbullich forestswherever d€ns€ thickets occur Hirundo neoxena WELCOMESWALLOW (alongstrcams, on monadnocks).In the northemforests Welcomeswallows in the primaevalforest probably this speciesis largelyrestdcted to padanhabitat occunedonly alongthe major river valleys,around (e.g.lists 17, 18,22,24,28,159, 164, 190), breeding north wetlands,and in heathlandsand monadnockswith caves to Glen Fonest(r/lBN25, p. 9) and occurringeast to nearwater. This specieshas benefited considenbly from Res€rvoir(Serventy 1948; Russell and Lisle 1955),Lesley, Europeansettlement, as it occurson farmland,in towns, Canningand Boonering forest blocks (riA BN 52,p.2: andnear dams within the forest. It is now mostunusual to Buller 1954)and Mt Saddleback(list I l9). Thereis alsoa find this speciesnesting in naturalsituations (Brown and recordnorth lo JohnForrest National Park(l,yABN 65. Brown 1976-1991). p. 2), which is presumablyofvagrants as this specieswas not recordedin a comprehensivesurvey ofthe park (lists Hirundo nigricans TREE MARTIN 169-176). This speciesundergoes marked seasonal The Trce martin is the commonswallow of the forest, movements,with post-breedingdispersal of immaturebirds beingrecorded injanah, yarri, bullich, wandoo,kani and somepost-brceding movements ofadult birds (includingregrowth after clearfelling),tingle, and (Bamford 1989). associatedheath and wetland. [t usually feedsby hawking In the southemforests Red-eared firctails are similarly abovethe forestcanopy, but canbe mistnetted(Vr'ardell- rcstdctedto densevegetation (e.9. lists 44, 183),though Johnson1985). This species is migratory,amiving in thereis evidenceof local dispersalin summerand autumn Septemberand departingin March. lt usuallyoccurs in into kani forest(lists 64,66,67,69). flocks up to about20 (occasionally70) in size,and tendsto It is unlikely that loggingor diebackdisease would favourthe vicinity ofwater. It nestsin hollow spoutsin permanentlyimpact on the habitatof this species.After tall trees,and ifnecessaryseveral pairs will nestin the clearfelling,firetails retum to regrcwthwithin I yearbut sametree. The specieshas a mediandensity of 1.3birds/ do not becomeas common as in unloggedkani forestuntil ha(range 0.1-18.4, N = I l). 3 yea$ aftercleafelling (lists 125-126). Similarly,the Treemartins have benefited from partialclearing of potentialfor conflict betweenthe conservationofthis forcsts to create farmland and towns, and in the latter make speciesand bauxite mining appea$low (Nicholser a/. Qxtensiveuse of power lines for perching. However, 1982). Providedthat streamsidevegetation is not bumed nestingrarely takes place in buildings(list 8). This species out completely,fire shouldnot be a problemfor this is very commonimmediately after kani forestis cleafelled species.In maturekarri forest,firctails were most common flists 68, 125-126). After about6 yearsit is more common shortlyafter fire (list 64). As notedby Christensene/ a/. in maturekani forest(lists 69, 125 126). Trce martins (1981, 1985),tuetails will nestin pine plantationsiftheir havebeen recorded as lessabundant in diebackjarrah habitatneeds are met. This speciesfrequently nests up to forestrelative to healthyforest (lists 57-60,123-124').

CALMScience CALMSC|enceSupplement 5 (1999)

Acro cepha lus stentoreus abundantregrowth developing soon after logging in janah CLAMOROUS REED WARBLER forest(lists 43-44, 179-181)and afterclearfelling ofkani Clamorousreed warblers occur only in tall rushes forest(lists 68-71). Although Grey-breastedwhite-eyes borderingsizeable bodies ofwater. Suchhabitats are havebeen recorded in largenumbers injarah forest scarcein the northemforests, with the only recordsfrom affectedby diebackdisease (list 60), they aremore nearWooroloo (list 2l) and the Collie River (list 22). In abundantin healthy jarrah forcst (lists 123-124). This the southemforcst it occursin many ofthe lakesbetween speciesapp€ars to be an importantpredator oflarvae of Darkanand Rocky Gully, aswell as lakeson the south janah leafminer(Mazanec 1988). coast,from Gingilup Swampeast to GrasmereLake. Breedinghas also been reported at Wilgamp and on farm damsnear Diamond forest block (Brown and Brown ll/aterbirds 1976-1991).This speciesis a migrant. Oxyura australis BLUE-BILLEDDUCK Blue-billedducks are most often recordedin suitable Megalurus gramineus LITTLE GRASSBIRD habitat(wetlands) towards the eastemmargin ofthe forest Little grassbirdsare restricted to rushesgrowing aroundthe betweenDa*an andAlbany. In theselakes this sp€cies perimeteroffreshwater lakes, rnainly along the eastem occursin numbersup to 370. Breedinghas been reported edgeofthe southemforest between Darkan and Albany, from Towenining Lake (list 134). This specieshas also and the southemedge ofthe forcstbetween Augusta and beenrecorded near Bridgetown (in 1933),breeding on a Albany. This speciesis alsorecorded from Wilgarup,darns smalllake. (breeding)on farmlandnear Diamond forest block (Brown and Brown 1976-1991),and sedgelandin Janeforest block Biziura lobata MUSKDUCK (list 200). Brown and Brown (199G-1991)noted that 43 Musk ducksare recorded (usually in pairs)throughout the birds ofthis specieshad beenbanded by them, in marked forestsouth ofabout Dwellingup in suitablehabitat contmstto 1 203 birds ofthe precedingspecies. The only (swamps,lakes, river pools). However,this speciesis most mentionof its occurrencein the northemforests is in list abundant(up to 160birds) and breedson the largelakes 28, which statedthat the speciesis rare andoccurs in nearthe eastemmargin ofthe forestbetween Darkan and denselyvegetated swamps and riversideforcst in the Albany. Theseducks also utilize farm dams,reservoirs and Dwellingupdistrict, in particularDavis Brook estuariesand will neston farm dams(Brown andBrown (Kimbef', personalcommunication). Although this l97Gl99l). They havebeen recorded occasionally on specieswas not listedby Anon. (1900),it was recordedby LogueBrook and SamsonBrook dams(Dames and Moore Gilbert (MS). 1978).

Zosteropslaterqlis GREY-BREASTEDWHITE-EYE Cygnus atrqlus BLACK SWAN Grey-breastedwhite-eyes are generally distributed Black swansoccur on €xtensiveopen sfetches ofwater throughoutthe forest,includingjanah, kani, tingle,yani, throughoutthe forest,with the largestnumbers (and bullich, wandooand associatedheath and sedgeland.They breeding)on wetlandsin the eastemsector, e.g. Lake Muir occurin groupsofup to c. 70 birds (mediandensity = 0.5 complex,Deadmans Swamp, Kwomicup Lake,and = birds/ha, range 0.l5-1.17,N = I l), andtend to feedin MoodiarrupSwamps. There is alsoa recordofbreeding at the shrublayer. Consequentlyin th€ northemjarah forcst WilgarupLake north of Manjimup (Brown and Brown they may be more abundantin riparianthickets than 1976-1991).This speciesis alsoable to useres€rvoirs elsewhere(lists 21, 28, 48-49). (e.g.Logue Brook and SamsonBrook dams,Dam€s and White-eyesappear to be partialmigrants - they were Moore 1978),farm dams,seasonal swamps on pasture,and not recordedin winter or summerin the wetterjarrah estuaries.Nesting has been reported on a farm dam forestsnear Collie (lists 104-107)or in summerin the (Brcwnand Brown 197G1991). drier forestsat Mt Saddleback(lists I 10-120). In unloggedkani foreststhey are leastabundant in winter and Tadorna tadornoides spring(lists 64-67). Perhapsthese obsewations indicate AUSTRALIAN SHELDUCK (MOI.INTAIN DUCK) movementwest towards the coastor onto nearbyfarms Australianshelducks (Mountain ducks) occur throughout (list 6l) in winter, west into the wetterjanah forestsin the forestin suitablehabitats (lakes, rivers, swamps, spring,and southinto the southemforests in summer. sedgelands),usually as pairs on small waterbodiesbut Someofthese movementsappear to be long term (Brcwn rangingup to 12 000 birds on largelakes (list 133). Most and Brown 1976_199l\. breedingtakes place on wetlandsin the eastemsector of This speciescommonly occurs in towns,orchards, the forcst. The provisionofdams following the opening potatocrcps and farm gardenswithin the forest,where it up ofthe forestfor farmsand mining hasprovided feedson insects,nectar and soft fruits (Sargent1928; opportunitiesfor this species,e.g. it hasbeen recorded on Loariry 1952;'Mees 1969;Matthiessen 1973; criffiths lakesnear Hamilton forest block and reportedbreeding at 1977;Rooke 1984),and dispersesblackberry (Sargent Mt Saddleback(Worsley Alumina 1985). 1928;Gannon 1936). It appearsto benefitfrom the

2 P Kimb6( lormorlyD6panm6nt ot Cons€tuationand Land Management,Como.

CALMScience lan Abbott, The avifauna of the forests ol south-west WesternAustralia

Anasgracilis GREYTEAL Wilgarup(list 17,small lake; seealso tyABN82,p. 16), Grey teal occurthroughout the forestwherever suitabl€ Hamiltonforest block (list 108lakes, dam), Shannonarea habitat(rivers, wetlands) occur, usually in smallgroups of (list 8l), andMolloy lsland (IlA Bird Report 1982,p.9). up to 5 birds. On largerwaterbodies n€ar the east€m This specieswill neston farm dams(Brown and Brown ' ..Binofthe forest,hundreds or eventhousands of 1976-t99r). breedingpairs ofthis speciesmay be present.This sp€cies is alsorecorded on coastallakes, reservoirs and farm dams, Anhinga mela ogaster DARTER e.g.single birds notedon lakesnear Hamilton forest block Darte$ occurin small numbers(often singly or up to (WorsleyAlumina 1985). 3 birds) in suitablehabitat (lakes, swamps, rivers) in the forestmainly southofabout Dwellingup. It is only on the Anas castanea CHESTNUTTEAL largelakes in the eastemsector that up to 20 birds may be Chestnutt€al occurin the eastemsector ofthe forestin record€d.Nesting has been noted on the BlackwoodRiver suitablehabitat, mainly brackishwaters. Breedinghas eastofBridgetown (II/ABN 64,p. l0), Kent fuver southof beenrecorded at Towenining Lake (list 134). This bird is Tham€sforest block (WABN 64,p.3), andWilgarup Lake scarcein th€ forestand is recordedsingly or in groupsof (II/ABN82, p. l7). This specieswas listedwithout up to 8 birds. comment(no locality or aboriginalname) by Gilbert (MS), wasobserved only oncein lower south-westWA by Carter Anas superciliosa PACIFIC BLACK DUCK (list I l), andwas regarded as rare by Whittell (list l7). Pacificblack ducksarc the commonestspecies ofduck in the forest,occuning in pairson riversand swampsand in Phalacrocoret cqrbo GREAT CORMORANT hundredson largewaterbodies in the eastemsector Greatcomorants are recorded in suitablehabitat (lakes, (GrasmereLake, Lake Muir complex,Kwomicup Lake). swamps,rivers, dams - e.g.common at LogueBrook and This specieshas been favoured by clearingand the SamsonBrook dams,Dames and Moore 1978)in the forest provisionof farm dams,resewoirs and watering points, mainly southofabout Dwellingup. They attaintheir andwill neston farm dams(Brown andBrown grcatestabundance in severallakes south of Darkanat the 1976 1991). It was recordedas common on LogueBrook eastemmargin ofthe forest. and SamsonBrook dams(Dames and Moore 1978). P halqcrocorax sulcirostris Anas rhynchotis AUSTRALASIAN SHOVELER LITTLE BLACK CORMORANT Austnlasianshovelers occur in suitablehabitat (wetlands) Little black cormorantsoccur in suitablehabitat (lak€s. in the eastemsector ofthe forestbetween Boddington and swamps,rivers) throughout the forcst, This speciesis most Albany. Generallythis speciesoccurs singly, but on large abundanton lakesin the eastemsector ofthe for€st, waterbodiesnumbers can range up to 69. Breedinghas althoughit canoccur abundantly elsewhere (Molloy Island, beenreported at DeadmansSwamp (list 136)and l{A Bird Report1982, p. l0). It was alsorecorded as MoodiamrpSwamps (list 141). commonat LogueBrook and SamsonBrook dams(Dames andMoore 1978). This specieswas first listedas Ayth)a australis HARDHEAD occurringin south-westWA by Gould (1865),though not Hardheadsoccur in largenumbers (up to 500) in suitable on the basisofany observationby Gilbert (MS). habitat(wetlands) in the eastemsector ofthe forest betweenDarkan and Albany. The only otherrecords in Phal acrocorax me Ian o I eucos forestare at HarveyDam (7 birds,list 24) anda swamp LITTLE PIED CORMORANT nearBridgetown (list l7). This specieshas also nested on Littl€ pied cormorantsare the most frequentlyrecorded a farm dam nearDiamond forest block (Brown andBrown speciesofcormorant in the forest,occurring wherever t976 t99t). suitablehabitat (lakes, swamps, rivers €tc) is present.They werenoted as common at Logue Brook and SamsonBrook Tachybaptusnovaehollandiae AUSTRALASIAN GREBE dams(Dames and Moore 1978). Normally this species Australasiangrebes occur (usually in pairs)throughout the occurssingly, and only in largelakes in the eastemsector forestwherever suitable habitat (open water) occurs. This of the forcstdoes it occurabundantly. Nesting has been specieshas also benefited flom settlementas it usesdams reportedat WilgarupLake (Brown and Brown (€arthtanks) on farmland(lists 21,40, 63,8G103, 108) r9'76-t99 t). andtolentes brackishwater. It will brcedon farm dams (Brown and Brown 19'16-199I). It alsomakes occasional Ardea novaehollandiae WHITE-FACED HERON useofreservoirs e.g. Logue Brook and SamsonBrook White-facedherons occur throughout forest wherever dams(Dames and Moore 1978). suitablehabitat (shallow standing water) is found. They mostlyare recorded singly, but largenumbers (up to 120) Poliocephaluspoliocephalus HO AF.Y-HEADED GREBE occurin someofthe extensivelakes in the eastemsector of Hoary-headedgrebes appear to be mostcommon on lakes the forest. This specieshas benefited from the creationof in the eastemsector ofthe forest,including a breeding suitablehabitat by settlement:farm dams,low lying rcport at Boscabel( [/,{ Bird Report 1982,p. 9). pastures,roadside ditches, and reservoirs- e.g.common at Elsewherein the forestthey are local in distribution,as at LogueBrook and SamsonBrook dams(Dames and Moore

CALMScience CALMscienceSupplement 5 (1999)

1978). The only availableestimate of(foraging) densiryis Thesebittems are recorded singly or in groupsofup to 5 0.13birds/ ha (list 168). Breedinghas been reported at birds. Wilga' n rake (Brown and Brown l9j6-1991). Rallus pectoralis LEWIN'S RAIL Nycticorax caledonic s RUFOUSNICHT HERON Lewin's rail hasseldom been observed in th€ forest. It was Rufousnight heronsare mrely notedin the forest,with first collectedby Gilbert in the 1840s(one male, locality mostrecords coming from the southemforcsts (lists 17. unlnown, presumablynear Perth as Gilbert (MS) prcvides 72,75,791' WilgarupLake, Brown and Brown 1976-1991). the nameused by aboriginesat Perth). Moore (1884)also park The only otherrecords are from Avon Valley National provideda very similar aboriginalname from the perth (ryABN 46,p. I l), TowerriningLake Nature Reserve (list area. The next collectionsor observationswere by Masters 134),and KarakarniaSanctuary (list 259). All recordsare in March 1866near Albany (onemale), Webb in 1874near of single birds. Thesemeagre records appear to contmdict Albany (two birds,sex unknown), Shortridge in 1907n€ar the remarkby Carter(list I l) that this speciesoccurs along MargaretRiver, presumably Ellenbrook and,/or Bumside all rivers in the south-west.Whittell (1933a)noted that his (onemale, one female),and whittell in Decemberl93l record wasofan immature;this may indicatelocal and September1932 in a swamp24 km south-westof breeding,though (1991) Storr drew attentionto a recordof Bddgetown. This speciesis now believ€dto be extinctin an immaturebird moving I 000 km in 25 days. Later, Whittell impli€d that this speciesis a resident,but he did Shortridgealso collected around Albany but did not personally not know of its breedingin the regionaround recordit there. He believedthe speciesto be ,fairly Bridgetown(Whitt€ll 'shy 1938b). plentiful' but and easilyoverlooked'. It doesseem, however,that the specieswas alwayspatchily distributed, Ixobrychusminutus LITTLEBITTERN asPreiss, Campbell, Tunney, Hall, Milligan, Jackson, Little bittemsoccur in suitablehabitat only in the southem Whitlock and Carterfailed to observeit in the period 1g3g forests,but seemto be very localized,e.g. swamp near to 1919. More recently,Christensen etal. (1985a)and Wilgarup(list l7); westofNorthctifte (tfABN 86,p.3). Jaenschet a/. (1988)did not locatethe specres. Most records(some breeding) come from lakesnear Lake In 1997G. Lodge informedme that Whittell's swamD Muir and wetlandsalong the southcoast between Lake 24 km south-westof Bridgetownactually lies more sourh, Gingilup andGrasmere Lake. This specieswas missed by at Wilgarup. This areais closeto the watershedof the all ofthe earlyobservers and appearsto havebeen first Wilgarupand Donnellyrivers and representsan extensive collectedin south-westWA in the late 1890s(Anon. 1900). seriesofpeat swamps.Although Whittell's observations weremade on farmlandcurently ownedby E. phillips Ixobrychusflavicollis BLACKBITTERN (ryABN8l,p.19), extensiveswamps on adjacentWilgarup Black bittemsoccur in suitablehabitat (riparian thickets) NatureReserve and Alco forestblock shouldalso have apparcntlyonly in partsofthe forest:Munay River (at harbouredLewin's rail, Nanga,WABN 22,p. 9; 38, p. 7; alsolist 30); Blackwood The taxonomicstatus of Lewin's rail in WA is not River 1atBridgetown. list I 7; eastof Bridgelown WA BN clear.Mathews (1911, pp.189-190) assigned it therank of 22, p. 9: Mayanr\p, llrABN 34, p. 7l Sue's Bridge, II.ABN endemicsubspecies (clelandi) on thebasisof largersize. p. 34, 7); DonnellyRiver (OneTree Bridge, lltABN 60, Somemodem authorities accept this (Halrison 1975;Ston p. l); Tone River (list 75); FranklandRiver (list 80); 199; Johnstone,personal communication), some do not WanenRiver ( ,Y,4BN79, p. 3); nearNorth ctiffe (W/ABN 60. (Keast1961; Condon 1975; Ripley 1977),and otheru p. 5); andKing River (list 8). The comprehensivesurvey expressuncertainty (Greenway 1973, p. 303). by Jaenschet al. (1988)in the period l98l to 1985failed to locate this species. Ponana pusilla BAILLON'S CRAKE Being secrctiveand noctumal,however, this speciesis Baillon's crakehas only beenrecorded four timesin the likely to occursingly or aspails more widely in forestthan forest: Bridgetown,presumably Wilgarup Lake (list 17, indicatedin the abovereports. Black bitternsroost by day \VABN82,p.l6);crasmere Lake (list 132);Moodiarrup in trcesoveftanging wat€rand arenot easyto detect. Swamps(list I4l); andnesting near Diamond forest block Whetherthis specieswas originally rarecannot now be (Brown andBrown 1976-1991). Presumablyit occurs ascertained,as early chroniclers provided contradictory morewidely in suitablehabitat (swamps and lake edges). (Shortridge .not opinions thoughtthat Black bittemswere This specieswas overlooked by all ofthe early observers .not uncommon',Carter noted that they were common,, andwas first listedfor south-westWA by Anon. (1900). Whittell wrotethat theyprobably were not really rare,and Whitlock statedthat he had met with them sparingly). Porzanafluminea AUSTRALIAN SPOTTED CRAKE Australianspotted cmkes have been recorded from only Botauruspoiciloptilus AUSTRALASIANBITTERN two localitie'sin the forest:Grasmere Lake (list 132)and Austalasianbittems occur in suitablehabitat (swamps) in Wilgarupswamp (ZIBN33, p. 9). presumablythis the southemforests, mostly in the sunklands0ists 25-26) speclesoccu6 morewidely in suitablehabitat (swamps andLake Muir wetlands,as well asswarnps on the south andlake edges).It was first collectedin south-westWA by coast(between Yeagerup and Albany). Johnstoneand Mastersin 1868,a fact overlookedby Ramsay(1888), Ston (1998)mention a nestingrecord from Narrikup. Anon.(1900, 1902) and Alexander ( l9l5).

CALMScience lan Abbott, The avifaunaof the lorcsts of south-west WesternAustrulia

Porzanr -uouensis SPOTLESSCRAKE lakesat the eastemmargin ofthe forestbetween Darkan Spotlesscrakes are the mostwidely distributedspecies of andAlbany. crakein suitablehabitat (swamps and riparian thickets) in the forest,having been recorded near Janahdale and Charadrius melanops BLACK-FRONTED DOTTEREL Dwellingup,the sunklands,Wilgarup Lake southof Black-fronteddotterels occur in suitablehabitat (dver Bridgetown(see also IYABN82,p. 16),between Pemberton pools,swamp and lake margins)in the forestsouth to andNorthcliffe, in the vicinity ofthe Lake Muir wetland Collie-Mandalup(east of Bddgetown,WABN, 66, p. 9) - complex,and aroundAlbany. whittell (1938b)stated that LakeMuir- GrasmereLake. They areusually present in 'undoubtedly this specieswas the commonestCrake ofthe pai$, thoughthey may occur in groupsup to c. 40 birds. district'. Near Wilson Inlet, this specieswas in the This speciesalso utilizes the edgesof farm damsand breedingseason most frequentlyrecorded on flooded reservoirs(e.g. near Hamilton forcstblock, Wolsley groundrather than aroundthe edgeoflarge permanent Alumina 1985),and will neston farm dams(Brown and swamps(Whitlock 1914). This speciesprobably occurs Brown 1976-1991). morewidely but is easilyoverlooked. Christensen e/ a/. (1985a)described how it was only detectedafter it entered Erythrogonys cinclus RED-KNEEDDOTTEREL trapsset for smallmammals. Predationofspotless crakes R€d-kneeddottercls appear to occuronly in the forcstat by catswas recordedby whitlock (1914)and Whittell the extremeeastem edge near Darkan. Therethey have (1933a). beenrecorded in threewetlands, breeding in two of th€m.

Porphyrio porphyrio PURPLESWAMPHEN Purpleswamphens occur (singly or up to 24 birds) Speciesnot consideredto havebeen present in thrcughoutforest wherever suitable habitat (swamps, lakes, the primaeval forest strcams)is prcsent.However, this speciesappea$ to be very localizedin the northemforests (lists 21,40,62, 108). The following commentaryis intendedto substantiate In the southemforcsts swamphens occur on pasturesclose informationpres€nt€d in Table4. to unclearedstreams or swampsand will neston farm dams(Brown and Brown 1980). Landbirds Pandionhaliaetus OSPREY Galli ula ventrolis BLACK-TAILED NATM-HEN Ospreyswould not normallybe regardedas a forestspecies irregular Black-tailednatiye-hens are visitorsto suitable asthey feedon fish caughtin coastalwaters. Nevertheless (swamps, habitat lakes,streams) in the extrcmeeastern thereare several records ofbreeding in karri forestnear sectorof the forestbetween Wooroloo and Albany. Mostly Walpoleand Torbay (lis 8l; I/,48N30, p. 3). they arerccorded singly or in pairs(lists 9,21,132,142). populations(c. The laryest 50 birds)have been recorded at Elanus caeruleus BLACK-SHOULDEREDKITE TowerriningLake and Moodianrp swamps.This species Black-shoulderedkites were first reportedfrom the forest is unknownftom the Lake Muir wetlandscomplex. There in 1943,when singlebirds werenoted at King River, (Serventy is onerecord ofa vagrantat Nomalup 1952) Kojonup,and Boyup Brook (whittell 1944),and subsequentlyat Mt Barkerand Nomalup (Serventy1952), Fulica atra EURASIANCOOT and in Collie townsite(list 22). Sincethen this specieshas Although Eumsiancoots occur in forest\trhercver suitable beenreported as rarely present in the Dwellingupdistrict in (open pres€nt, habitat waterbodies)is they aremost clearingsand folest edges(list 29) and extendinginto the abundant(and breed) in the wetlandson the eastemfringe forcstas cleadng for farmlandproceeded (list 38). A of the forestbetween Darkan and Albany. This species singlebird was reportedinjarrah forestnear Mt alsoutilizes dams on farmlandand reservoirs, and will nest Saddleback(list 61) and severalbirds were notednear farm dams(Brown and Brown 1980). Cater (list I l) on Walpole(in coastalhabitats) and Manjimup (in farmland, local in regardedthe Eurasiancoot asboth uncommonand list 84). This specieshas been commonly recorded on distributionearly this century. Indeed,none ofthe other farmlandnear Diamond forest block (Brown and Brown lists in Table I mentionthis species. l97Gl99l). The mostrecent report is from partially clearedland near Torbay kilet (tyABN 30, p. 3). In the BLACK-WINGEDSTILT Himantopushimantopus primaevalforest there would not havebeen suflicient arcas in habitat(wetlands) at Black-wingedstilts occur suitable ofopen countryto supporta populationof this species. the eastemmargin ofthe forest,between Darkan, Lake The first recordofbreeding within the forestarea was on a Muir andAlbany. Breedinghas been recorded only at farm nearBridgetown in November1943 (Whittell 1944). DeadmansSwamp (list 136). Thesestilts occur in numbers up to 100. Hamirostra isura SQUARE-TAILEDKITE Square-tailedkites havebeen recorded in 22 forestfiarrah, Charadrius ruficapillus RED.CAPPEDPLOVER karri, yarri, wandoo)localities, mostly between October plovers Red-capped mostly occuron flats in andaround andFebruary, almost all in the period 1980-1997,and estuariesto the southofthe forest. However,they occurin nearlyalways as singlebirds. Regularbreeding has not (up and largenumbers to 500 birds) on edgesofswamps beenproved, although one pair colonizedand bredat

CALMSdence CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

B.;rley in 1928-1930(Serventy 1948). However,this Falco cenchroides AUSTRALIAN KTSTREL specieswas never recorded (over a l6-year period)on Australiank€strels are unlikely to haveoccurred in the farmlandnear Diamond forest block (Brown andBrown primaevalforest. Evidencefor this conclusionis l9'7 l99l). It is a specializedpredator ofthe eggsand (l) Gilbert in the 1840snoted that it was confinedro the nestlingsofbirds in passerine-richwoodland and adjacent interior(sandplains) and was not known to settlerseven as heathland(Debus and Czechura1989; Olsen 1995). far westas at York andToodyay; (2) earlylists (l-17) Many recordsfor the pedod 1983-1997have been usuallydo not mentionthe speciesas occurring in forcstat published in Il/A Bird Notes from the Swan Coastal plain, all; (3) listssince 1951 mention the occurrenceofthe Darling Scaqr,south-west coasts and westem wheatb€lt, speciesin clearingsor forestedges (lists 29,73-85, I'79). includingnesting records in woodlandnear Frankland and This speciesis nearlyalways recorded singly. It is Kojonup and in the Stirling Range. Consequently,this particularlycommon on the coastalheaths south ofthe speciesis not consideredto havebeen a memberofthe forest. breedingavifauna ofth€ primal forcst. It shouldbe noted that thrcevalleys dissecting the Darling Scarp€ach Falco longipennis AUSTRALIAN HOBBY suppotedone pair ofSquare-tailedkites (Jaensch1987). The Australianhobby visits the forcstfrom the semi-arid ln onevalley (5-10 km long x I km wide) threepairs were interiorin autumnand winter (Storr l99l). Early this present(Jaensch quoted in Debusand Czechura1989). century,Carter noted that it was more numerousthan the Breeding,however, was not repoted. Peregdnefalcon, being generally distributed in low numbersin the south-west,although most abundantaround Hamiros tra meI anostemon LakeMuir (list I I ). In the last few decadesthis species BLACK-BREASTED BUZZARD continuesto be very localizedin janah andkarri forestand The only recordofBlack-breasted buzzards, in the Perup is usuallyrecorded singly. It hasbrcd at leastonce in the area(list 3l), is undoubtedlyan erlor for 11.isura (q.v). forest(list 4l ). Recentsightings come from 20 km north of Walpoleon the south-westhighway ftl,48N 61, p. 31), Milws migrans BLACKKITE BrokeInlet (78, p. 22), Yarraroad (80,p. 2l), injanah The only recordofthe Black kite in the forestis ofone pair foresteast of Walpole(single birds in spring 1985and at GIenMervyn dam [Sherwoodforest block] in March 1986,list 260),and BungendorePark (list 271- onejn 1983(lItABN26,p. 10).None was noteddudng the May 1990). imrption of 1952(Serventy 1952). Otis australis AUSTRALIAN BUSTARD Aquila morphnoides LITTLEEAGLE Australianbustards arc unlikely to haveoccurred in the Little eagleswere first reportedwithin the forestin 1936, primal forests. SinceEuropean settlement this specieshas at PickeringBrook (Serventy1948) and then in the early beennoted as a mre vagrant:one shoton farmlandnear 1950s(list 20), feedingon the rabbit. They areusually Nannupin 1938(L. Talbot,personal communication); at recordedsingly, injanah, wandooand kari, anddo not Bridgetownin 1949(Serventy and Whittell 1976);hearsay seemto be influencedby loggingor buming (lists 66-67, southofthe forestat ScottRiver (L. Talbot,personal 71, 125-126). Their mediandensity is 0.03 birds/ha communication);one nearCollie in 1950s(E. Riley, (range0.0l-0.05,N=3). Dell (1971)noted that this personalcommunication); twice nearNorthcliffe in 1980s specieswas the mostfrequently recorded large mptor in (G. Gardner,personal communication); and occasionally janah forestbetween Mundaring Weir and the Darling on farmlandwest ofRedrnond (R. Walker,personal Scarp,where it is presentthroughout the yearand breeding communication). (at leastin 1963). Johnstone(1996), however, noted this speciesonly twice at BungendorePark. Brown andBrown Burhinusgrallarius BUSHSTONE-CURLEW (1976-1991)recorded it commonlyon farmlandnear Bush stone-curleware unlikely to haveinhabited the Diamondforest block. Little eagleshave been recorded in primaevalforests. Deforestation this centuryhas favoured diebackaffectedjanah forest (list 124). this species,as it hasbeen recorded widely throughoutthe south-westbut only in partiallycleared forest near Haliaeetusleucogasrer WHITE-BELLIED SEA-EACLE MargarctRiver (lists I l, l2), Bridgetown(list l7), White-belliedsea-eagles are not normallyregarded as Wooroloo(lists 21, 39), Collie (list 22), nearJulimar, north forestbirds asthey feedmainly in coastalwaters. ofBakers Hill, Dwellingup,Harvey Weir pine plantation, However,this specieshas been recorded as nestingin Newlands,Kirup, Grimwade,Wilga, Boyup Brook, forest(lists 6, I l) nearDenmark. Dinnimup,Brookhampton, Dunsborough, Nannup, Channybearup,Northcliffe and Kin Kin. Breedinghas Circus assimilis SPOTTEDHARRIER beenreported (lists 17,39). Seniorlandholders informed Spottedhanieru are vagrants in the forest,with only three me that this speciesdeclined after the arrival ofthe fox and rccords(lists 2, 73, andat Bridgetown[Serventy 1952]). disappearedin the late 1940s/early1950s. This species Recordspublished by Blakerser a/. (1984)and Saunders was recordedin 1991on abandonedfarmland at andIngram ( 1995)require subsrantiation. Wellbucketpine plantation south ofGorrie forestblock (L. Talbot,personal communication).

CALMScience lan Abbott,The avifauna ot the torestsot south-westWestern Austrulia

Columbalivia DOMESTIC PICEON Kalamunda(Storr 1991). This specieswas inboducedto Domesticpigeons (introduced to WA) do not occurin south-westemAustalia about60 yearsago (Long 1988). foreststands but havebeen recorded in townswithin the forest(lists 3l 33; also Bridgetown,Chidlow, Collie, Nymphicushollandicus COCKATIEL MargaretRiver , Long 1988)or nearthe forcst(recreation Cockatielshave been recorded as vagrantat Bddgetown groundnear Bungendore Park, list 271; at Bedfordale (1 pair, Whittell 1935)andjust westof Victoria forest adjacentto Churchmanforest block, personalobservation). block(l male,WABN31,p.8). Thisis not a forestspecies.

Streptopelia senegalersri LAUGHING TURTLE-DOVE Polytelis qnthopeplus REGENT PARROT Laughingturtle-doves, introduced into SouthPerth in the Regentparrots were first recordedin thejarrah forestat late 1890s(Sedgwick 1958), now occurin smallnumbers Mundaringin 1924and at Bickley in 1946(Serventy in settledparts ofthe forest(gardens, farms) at Bickley 1948),and subsequentlynear Wooroloo, Collie and (Serventy1948), Glen Forrest(Sedgwick 1958), Wooroloo, Dwellingupin orchardsand partly clearedfarmland, and in BungendorePark (list 271), Janahdaleand Collie. The an openarea in BungendorePark (list 271). Although not forestitself is shunned(Sedgwick 1958). a forestspecies, the Regentparrot was recordedwidely throughoutthe lower south-westin the period 1970-1990, Streptopeliachinensls SPOTTEDTURTLE-DOVE apparentlyas nomadicpost-breeding flocks (Mawsonand Spottedturtle-doves (introduced to WA) do not occurin Long 1995). foreststands except as rarevagrants, being usually associatedwith clearedforest (roadsides and townsites)in Platycercus elegons CzuMSONROSELLA or nearGidgegannup, Mundaring, John Fonest National OneCrimson rosella, probably an escapedcage bird, was Park,Wooroloo, Bickley, Parkerville,Chidlow, Hoveaand recordedin BungendorePark in June 1993(Johnstone Bedfordale(lists 20,21, 176;Serventy 1948; Sedgwick 1996). 1958,1965; Storr l99l). Neophemaelegans ELEGANT PARROT Ocyphaps lophotes CRESTEDPIGEON The Elegantpanot is not a forestspecies. Clearing of Crestedpigeons have been reported from settledareas in janah forestfor orchards,pasture and bauxitemining has theforest at Collie(1950s, list 22),Manjimup (1982, allowedthis speciesto penetratewest and establish.It was WABN24,p.3)and Torbay (1998, Johnstone, personal first recordedin 1928at Kulikup (Foley 1928),at Boyup communication).This speciesis graduallyspreading from Brook in 1937(list 17),at Bedfordalein 1946(Serventy the semi-aridinterior (Ston l99l ); it is unlikely that it 1948),and at Wooroloo and Collie in the 1950s(lists could utilize foreststands as habitat. 2l-22). Sincethen it hasspread to the Bridgetown, Manjimupand DonnybrookSunklands areas in the Geopelia cuneata DIAMONDDOVE southemforest (lists l'7,26,4142,73-75, 83, 130,165, Diamonddoves have been reported near Wooroloo (list 167 168,183; WABN72,p.2;76,p.4) and the Jarrahdale, 2l) andKalamunda (Storr l99l) asvagrants. Dwellingupand Munda ng arcasin the north€mforest (lists27, 4641 , 49, 104 120,156, 160, 173, 182,212; Cacatua roseicapilla GALAH WABN76,p.l8; Dell 1964).Median density has been Although Galahswere present in the 1920sjustto the west estimatedas 0.1I birds/ha N = 2). ofthe janah forestat Maddington,they did not beginto colonizethe north-westextr€mity ofthe forest(largely MeI ops I t t acus undu I alus BUDGERIGAR cleared)until the 1940s(list 39), penetratingwest Budgerigarshave occasionally been recorded near 0ists169-174, 176). Accordingto Ston (1991)this Wooroloo(list 2l), Collie (list 22) and Gorrie forestblock speciesnow occurssouth to aboutLupton forestblock. (WABN57,p. l0). Thisis not a forestspecies. Galahsare now commonin Busseltonand regular, probablyresident, in Nannup(Mees, personal Dacelonovaeguineae LAUGHING KOOKABURRA communication).They havealso been rcported from Laughingkookaburras were introducedfrom eastem Manjimup (Christensene/ a/. 1985)and D enmark(WABN Australiaand rcleased in largenumbers from the zoo in 84,p. 17). SouthPerth in 1897(Long 1988),Warren River in 1909 (l pair, one ofwhich was shota few daysafter release, list Cacatuasanguinea LITTLE CORELLA I l), and elsewhere(Long 1988). SupposedNoongar Little corellashave only beenrecorded in the forcstat namesfor this speciesfrom Pinjarraand Harvey(Cun Collie (onebird in the town, assumedto be an escaped 1886)refer to Craclicustibicen, the Australianmagpie. cagebird, list 22). This spcciesis not a forestbird and Carter(list 1l) notedthe speciesas presentin forest originally was not likely to haveev€n occuned in the eastofCape Naturalisteh 1922. One pair was presentat SouthWest Land Division (Ston 199-,. Denmarkin 1927(list 16)and the speciesreached Nomalupin 1930(Bellanger 1980). Itwas recordedas Cacatuagaleita SULPHUR-CRESTEDCOCKATOO very numerousat Bridgetownin the 1930s(list l7). Since Sulphur-crestedcockatoos occur as vagrantsin th€ westem then it hasbecome ubiquitous in the forest,including sectorofthe janah forestbetween Darlington and janah, kani, tingle, yarri, bullich, wandooand associated

CALMSci6nce CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

heath,sedgeland and low woodlands.It occurssingly or in Thosefrom lists 27 and 35-37 havebeen withdrawn small grcupsofup to about5 birds,at a mediandensity of (Kimber,personal communication). 0.13birds/ ha (0.02 1.0,N = 7). Thisspecies is capableof moving far in a relativelyshort period e.g. 25 km in c. 20 P hyI i donyri.sa I bifro ns months(Baker et al 1997). Kookabunasare very rarely WHITE-FRONTEDHONEYEATER recordedin regrowthkani forest(lists 71, 125-126)^nd White-frontedhoneyeaters are vagrant to the extreme appearto be absentfrom diebackaffectedjaffah forest eastemsector ofthe forcst,at DobaderryNature Reserve oists59 60, 124). (WABN74,p.5).There one bird wasnetted in wandoo The additionofthe Laughingkookabuna to the forest forest. avifaunashould have resulted in increas€dnest predation of smallbirds. Manorinaflavigula YELLOW-THROATEDMINER Yellow-throatedminers were recorded in lists l2 ("only Malurus leucoptetas WHITE-WINCED FAIRY-WREN one bird was seen")and 73 (Christensenet al. \985a White-wingedfairy-wrens were recorded at several p. 96,though not mentionedon pp.45-46). Storr(1991) localitiesalong the Munay River betweenPlavins and Park also liststhis speciesas present 50 and 55 km WNW of forestblocks (2,48N54, p. 6). As both Splendidand Red- Brookton,which would liejust within theeastern margin wingedwrens were also noted, it seemsunlikely that a ofthe originalforest. This speciesis not a for€stspecies, misidentificationoccurred. This specieshas been so all ofthese recordsshould be regardedas questionable. extendingits rangeon the SwanCoastal Plain (Ston l99l), so theserecords ofapparent vagrant birds may be valid. Epthia ura albitons WHITE-FRONTED CHAT White-frontedchats are unlikely to haveoccurred in the Certhionyx niger BLACKHONEYEATER primaevalforest, though it is possiblethat they bred Black honeyeatershave been recorded as vagmnt near occasionallyaround some granite outcrops (list 39). Most Wooroloo(list 21). This specicsis not a forestbird. recordsare associated with coastalhabitats (lists I I, 165), farms(lists 8, 17,22,31 33,39i Biddiscombe1985), lakes Meliphaga virescens SINCINGHONEYEATER (list I l), dams(list 108),woodland (lists 157, 167) or Singinghoneyeaters are unlikely to haveoccurred in the hcath(list 168). Otherwisethis speciesis vagrantin forest primaevalforest as they preferwoodland, shrubland (list 20; 126,where 5 birds were recordedin regrowth3-4 (gardens)and heaths. With settlementand partial clearing ycarsafter clearfelling ofkani forcst; list 265). in the forest(farmland, towns, mines), this speciesnow occurssparsely to commonlyin suchhabitats, as at Gorri€ Epthianuralricolor CRIMSONCHAT forestblock (list 182),Wooroloo (lists l9 2l), Bungendore Crimsonchats hav€ been recordcd once in th€ forest Park(list 271), janahdale (list 46), Chandler (list 213), (7 birds,May 1972),on thcsouthem edge ofGakaling southofGyngoorda forestblock (Biddiscombe1985), forestblock at the extremenorth-east edqe ofthe wandoo Federal(list 234), Waroona(list 239) and Saddleback forest(Milhinch 1983a). forestblocks (lists 95, l0l), Collie(list 22), Bidgetown (list l7), and nearDiamond forest block (Brown and Microecafascinans JACKY WINTER Brown 1976 1991). The Jackywinter hasbeen recorded as vagrantin wandoo This speciestends to occursingly (whenvagrant) or in foresteast ofCollie (list243) and 12km south-eastof smallgroups (3-4 birds) whereresident. Overall, Singing MundaringWeir (Ston 1991). The othcr two records honeyeatershave been recorded by local omithologistsand (lists13, 16) wcre considered by Storr(1991) to r€present birdwatchersin I per centof Darling Plateausurveys in misidentifiedEopsaltia georgi(tnal this conceptse€ms contrastto 7l pcr centofsurveys on the adjacentSwan applicablealso to 3 recordsin coastalhabitat near Walpole CoastalPlain ( ttl,48N34,p.5). in autumn1989 (Wardell-Johnson unpublished). The Jackywinter is not a forestspecies. Me I i t hreptus brevirostris BROWN-HEADED HONEYEATER Pelroica goodenovii RED-CAPPEDROBIN Although presentin wandoowoodland along the edgeof Red-cappedrobins arc unlikely to hayelived in the the Darling Scarpfrom HelenaRiver southto Harvey primaevalforest, as they prefermore openwoodlands and (Storr 1991),Brown-headed honeyeaters are unlikely to h€aths.Gilb€r1(MS) recorded the species at Kojonupand havebeen present in the primaevalforest. With clearing Shortridg€(list 8) thoughtthat the south-westboundary of for settlementthis specieshas been recorded as a vagmntat its rungewas Kojonup. Sincethe 1930sand probably Wooroloo(lists 20 21), KarakamiaSanctuary (list 259), becauseofthe developmentof farmlandwithin the forcst, Gonie forestblock (list 182),Bungendore Park (list 271), this specieshas been recorded frequently as singlebirds or Mt Saddleback(list 6l), and Boyup Brook and Bridgetown pairs,mostly in autumnor winter, occasionallyin spring, (serventyand whittell 1976). fromnear Bridgetown (list l7), Wooroloo(list 21), Collic This speciesis easilyconfused with immaturesof (list22), Pemberton (list 4l), Nannup(list 77), cray forest M. chloropsis.Records from the Dwellinguparea block 30 km south-westof Manjimup (Liddlelow, personal ('common'in lists27, 35-37; 1.3birds/ ha, list 56; 177, communication),Saddleback forest block (list I I l), John with no listing ofM. chlofopsis)arc not acceptedas valid. Forr€stNational Park (list 170),Gorrie forestblock (list

CALMScience lan Abbott, The avitauna of the forests ol south-west WesternAustralia

182),Hillman forestblock (list 243), BungendorePark (list damplands which arenow plentiful aspastures, lawns and 271),Avon Valley N ationalPa:k (lyABN 46,p. ll;64, recreationgrounds (e.g. list 271). Median densityis 0.08 p. 9), Julimar(60, p. I l) PiesseBrook (35, p. 8), Bickley birds/ha (range0.04-0.13, N : 3, for woodlandand heath (Serventy1948),32 km westofNortham (McEveyand arcasnear forest: lists 167-168). Middleton 1968),19 and 27 km north-eastof Manjimup (72,p.2;76,p.4), andKalamunda National Park and Lake Pteropodocysmafirurs GROUNDCUCKOO-SHRIKE Muir NatureReserve (76, p.2; 78, p. l7). Near Groundcuckoo-shrikes arc vagmntin the forestat Kalamundaone pair was observedto anive in May 1985 B dgetown(farmland, list 17) andJohn Forrest National and remain8 days;in otheryears (1981-1996) one pair Parkfianah forest,list 171). This speciesis not a forest was r€cordedbetw€en March and May over a periodof bird. 24 weeks(,|/ABN 35, p. 8; 78, p. l7) Thereis only one (probable)instance ofnesting Lalage tricolor WHITE.WINGEDTzuLLER recorded:Gonie forestblock (list 182,immatures in White-wingedtrillers arenot likely to haveoccurred in the October1989 and one sub-adultin February1990). Justto primaevalforests, for severalreasons: (1) they were first the westofthe forest,at Ellis Brook, this specieswas recordedwithin the forestregion ofthe south-westby recordedmainly in bumt arcas(IVABN 74, p. 8). This Whittelloist 17)in th€ late 1920s;(2) they areusually specieshas been rccorded farther south than indicatedby recordedin partially clearedareas such as farms,towns, ( Ston l99l ). androad veryes (lists 17 ,22, 41,75;Biddiscombe 1985). This migratoryspecies visits (andbreeds in) the south- Oreoica guttulalis CRESTEDBELLBIRD westin spdngand summerbut is uncommonand doesnot Crestedbellbirds have been recorded (without critical occurevery year. For example,it wasonly recorded comment)as occurringin the Kingia heaths(stuntedjanah breedingonce in BungendorePark, in November1995. It and marri to 6 m, with scrubto 1,5m) of Rosaand hasbeen recorded injanah, yani, kani and wandoo, McCorkhill forestblocks (list 26) and in ShannonNational especiallyafter moderate to high intensityfires which Park(WABN 54,p.2). The validity of theserecords - well scorchthe forestcanopy. The ensuingdefoliation to the south-westofthe rangeofthis speciesseems temporarilyopens up the forestand thusprovides suitable qu€stionable.G. Liddelow (personalcommunication) has habitat(lists 75, l2l, 182;personal observation in neverobserved this speciesin the sunklands. Proprietaryfor€st block eastofCollie). Trillers havealso beenobserved in dieback-affectedjarrah forcst(density of Rhipidura leucophrys WILLIEWAGTAIL 0.83 birds/ha), which resembleswoodland, the true habitat Willie wagtailsare unlikely to haveoccurred in the ofthis species.Brown and Brown (1976-1990)recorded pdmaevalforest, as they requiretreeless or sparsely thatthis speciesprefers roadside trees for nesting. woodedcountry. Serventy(1948) and Serventyand The recordsnear Centml and Chesterforest blocks Whittell (1976)stated that this speciesdid not occurin (lists 157, 165)together with two records20 km southof forestexcept where it had beenopened up by settlement. MargaretRiver (t/lBN79, p. 3), one recordnear Augusta For example,this specieswas absentfrom Walpoleuntil (II/ABN85, p.25), andone recordofone bird in spring forestwas clearedfor farming(list 16,recorded 16 years 1985in janah forestnear Walpole (list 260) arc well south aftersettlement). This specieswas recordedas a vagrant ofthe southemlimit givenby Ston(1991). (usuallysingle birds) injanah and wandooforest and heath nearSaddleback for€st block (lists 61, 109 120),in janah Artamuspersonatus MASKIDWOODSWALLOW forcstnorth-east of Manjimup (list 183),in openstreams in Maskedwoodswallows arc not a forestspecies but have jarah forestin the extremenorth-east sector ofthe forest beenrecorded as vagrant near Woorcloo (severalhundreds (list 39), and in kani-red tingle forest(list 264).The only in one flock, list 21), PickeringBrook and southofAvon estimatesofdensity are0.88 birds/ha in openjarrah forest Valley NationalPark (Milhinch 1983b),and near Bannister and 0.08 birds/ha in low woodland. (S€rventy1948).

Grallina cyanoleuca MAGPIE-LARK Artamuscinereus BLACK-FACED WOODSWALLOW MagpieJarksare unlikely to havebeen an original Black-facedwoodswallows arc vagmntto the forest, inhabilantofthe foresr(lisrs 6.8. tl). Followingclearing havingbeen recorded injarrah or wandooat Julimar for agricultureand townsthey rapidly penetratedthe south- (TVABN60,p. 1l ), extremenorth-east sector (list 40), near west,reaching Albany in 1910(list I l), LakeMuir in l9l9 Mt Saddleback(list 6l), pasturewest ofChurchmanforest (list I l), Bickley in 1920(Serventy 1948), Bridgetown in block (Slater1962), Bungendore Park (list 271), near 1925(Serventy and Whittell 1976)and Kanidale in 1954 Willowdale(list 47), Federalforest block (list 234), eastof (Storr 1954).This speciesdoes not invade even Collie (list 243), and north-eastofAugusta (list 165). temporarily- forestwhen bumed or logged,including Ston (1991)provides other records: 52 km ESE of clearfelledcoupes. It hasnonetheless been noted as Karragullen;Bannister; Quindanning; Kojonup; and vagrant(single birds) injanah (4 records),yani specimenscollected at the tum ofthe centuryfrom (l record)and red tingle (l record)forest east of Walpole Wanderingand Williams. Note that someof theserecords (lists 260-262). This speciesrequires sparsely vegetated may be of misidentifiedDusky woodswallows.

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplemenl 5 (1999)

Cracticus torquatus GREYBUTCHERBIRD eastemAustnlia into farmlandinjarrah forestin Grey butcherbirdswerc not an original inhabitantofthe Kalamundaforcst block, wherethey still breed(Dell 1964, forestbecause their habitatis woodland(coastal and WABN45,p.3). inland). With clearingof forestsfor agriculturethis specieshas spread into the forestblock sincethe 1930s Cheramoecaleucosteraa WHITE-BACKED SWALLOW (Ston l99l). However,it rarelyoccurs in forestaway from Whit€-backedswallows arc vagmnt in the forcst,having farmsand towns and doesnot evencolonize forest that has beenrecorded 15 km NW of Williams(Ston 1991),just beenlogged. The only availableestimate ofdensity is 0.06 eastofthe forestand ll km WSW ofDenmark (5 birds birds/ha (list 165). flying over farmland,Dell 1980).

Cracticus nigrogulais PIED BUTCHERBIRD Hirundo aiel FAIRY MARTIN Piedbutcherbirds were recordedat Camel (2 birds. In the primal forest,Fairy martinswere likely to havebeen Serventy1948) and once(l bird) injanah forestnear Mt vagrantand then mostly at the foresvwoodlandinterface. Saddleback(list 6l). Possiblythis latter rccord was ofa The only breedingrecord is in a caveon the west bankof Grey butcherbird,which was not listed. A record FranklandRiver,3.2 km from the mouth [i.e. whereit publishedby Saundersand Ingram(1995), apparently near entersNomalup Inletl; this record(list l0) is actuallyjust Nannup,requires substantiation. southofthe presentSouth Coast Highway and is thcrefore outsidethe forcst. Otherrecords are from the Yallingup Corvusbennetti LTTTLECROW area(list l2), Gofiie forestblock - 6 birds perchedin Little crowswere listedforjanah and kari forcsteither March 1986(list 182),Poole forest block -jarrah forest without comment(lists 3l 32) or with the rcmarkthat this (list 192),and sedgelandin Janeand Franklandforest speciesis a bird ofpassagein early summerand blocks(lists 200, 202). midsummer/autumn(lists 38-39). Ston (1991)recorded this speciesas occurringsouth to Harveyand Bo)'up Cinclorhamphusuathewsi RUFOUSSONGLARK Brook. This is not a forcstspecies, but it doesapproach Rufoussonglarks are unlikely to havebeen prcsent in the the forestvery closely,as at Maddington(Serventy 1928). primaevalforest. They arecurrently recorded in partially Recordspublished by Saundersand Ingram(1995) for the clearedfarmland, as near Gonie (list 182)and Churchlands forestrequir€ substantiation. (list 40) forestblocks in the northemforests, and near Kirgstot\ (WABN71, p. 2), Diamond(list 41, breeding)and Anthus novaeseelandiae RICHARD'SPIPIT Central(list 168)forest blocks in the southemforests. Richard'spipit is unlikely to havebeen an inhabitantofthe Serventyand Whittell (1976)noted that this speciesoccurs primordialforest, as it is commonlyrecorded on farmland, in clearedcountry near Boyup Brook and Bridg€town, roadverges, and arounddams within the forest. Carter apparentlyhaving penetrated westwards from Kojonup and (list 1l) recordedthat with settlementthis speciesext€nded Arthur River. This speciesis a migrant. its rangeas the timber was bumt off. At Bickley, pipits appearedto increasewith the spreadofpasture (Serventy Cinclorhamphus cn rralis BROWN SONGLARK 1948). This speciesinvades and breeds in clearfelledkani Brown songlarksare most unlikely to haveoccuned in the forest(lists 68, 126,244-245);however, after about 2-3 primaevalforest. However,with clearingtheir habitat yearsthe regenerationbecomes too thick and the amountof requirementsare met. Thereis only one record,22km openground is insufficientfor persistence.This speci€s NNE of Manjimup (nearKingston for€st block), whereone alsobreeds in newly rehabilitatedbauxite minesites while femalewas definitely observed in November1993 by the unde$toreyremains sparse. It disappearsafter 2 years M. Cruig(WABN 71, p. 2 and personalcommunication). (Kabayand Nichols 1980). Although this speciesis This speciesis a migrant. commonin coastalhabitats around Walpole (wardell- Johnsonunpublished), it was recoded only twice (as lYaterbirds singlebirds) in nearbyjanahforest (list 260). Pipitswere Stictonetta naevosa FRECKLEDDUCK probablyvagrants in the primaevalforest, occurring Freckledducks are infrequentvisitors to the forest,having occasionallyon heathsand rocky areasafter fire had beenrecorded on Lake Yeagerup(l bird, list 72), Lake temporarilyrcduced the extentand heightofvegetation. (2 birds,WABN29,p.9), Harvey Dam (Ston The only availabledensity estimate is for heath: 0.03 Qualeup 1991),and Little Darkin swampin Flynn forestblock birds/ha (list 168). (2 bitds, y,/AB N 86, p. 3). Taeniopygiaguttata ZEBRA FINCH Cygnus olor MUTESWAN Zebrafinches have been recorded as vagrant at Lake Muir Mute swans,introduced to WA earlythis century,were (1916,list 11),Pemberton (2 birds,probably aviary recordedin 197l-19'12at Lake Muir (2 birds. Ston l99l). escapes,WABN74,p. 3), and PiesseBrook(WABN 86, p. 4). Thisspecies is nol a foreslbird, Nettapuspulchellus GREEN PYGMY GEESE Greenpygmy geesehave been repofted only oncein thc Neochmiq temporalis RED-BROWEDFINCH forest,at LakeMuir in 1911(list I 1). Red-browedfinches were introducedin the 1950sfrom

CALMScience lan Abbott,The avifauna ot the forestsof south-westWesten Austrulia

(list Chenonetlajubata AUSTRALIANWOOD DUCK SwampNature Reserve (list 135),Unicup Lake 139)' (IIABN Although Gilbert (MS) providedthe Perthaboriginal name Moodiam.rpSE swamp(141) and Higgins Swamp for this species,Australian wood duckswere first report€d 73, p. 2). The only recordofbreeding is from Moodiamrp definitely in the forestin the 1930snear Bridgetown (list SEswamp (list 141). l7). Accordingto Ston( 1991)they were first recorded brcedingin 1950,at Manjimup. Sinccthen this specieshas Ardeaalba GREATEGRET becnobserved frequently, usually on pastureand around Creat€grets were first rcportedin the forestin the pasture. farm dams,though it doesoccur in sedgeland(list 200) and Donnybrooksunklands (list 26), presumablyin pastures wetlandsbetween Darkan and Albany. It is commonat This specieshas also been recorded on inundated LogueBrook and SamsonBrook dams(Dam€s and Moore nearCrystal Springs and Manjimup (list 73), at Karakamia 1978),and uncommon at BungendorePark (list 271) Sanctuary(list 259), and on lakesand swampsbetween Darkanand Lake Muir in the €astemsector ofthe forest very Malacorhynchusmembranaceus PINK-EAREDDUCK Accordingto Storr( l99l ), Creategrets were only a (MS) Although Pink-ear€dducks were presentin th€ south-west rareand infr€quentvisitor up to 1917. Gilbert in the 1840s(Gilbcrt recordsan aboriginalname from reponeda'large black legged"Herodias. Penh),they were first repoficdin the forestin 1912(Lake EGRET Muir, list I I ). Sincethen they havemostly been recorded Ardeaibis CATTLE (Ston in wetlandsat the extremeeastem margin ofthe forest Cattleegrets first appearedin the south-westin 1952 (Jenkinsand betwecnDarkan and Albany, with onerecord from a 1991),with a conspicuousirruption in 1959 swampnear Manjimup (Serventy1952). Breedinghas Ford 1960). Recordsin the forestcome from Moodiarrup beennotcd at TowerriningLake, Deadmans Swamp and Swampsand Grasmere Lake in the extremeeastom sector, MoodiarruDSwamps. andfrom Collie, Middlesex,Northcliffe, Walpole, Nomalupand Denmark(up to 8 birds,always associated Podiceps cristatus GREATCRESTED GREBE with farm animals). Although Gilbert (MS) recordedan aboriginalname for this speciesfrom Perth,Great crcsted grebes werc Threskiom is aethio p icus SACRED IBIS originally inegular visitorsto the SouthWest Land Sacredibis were first recordedin the south-westin 1952 Division. Carter(list I l) reportedonly threeoccurrences (Storl 1991). The only forestoccunences come from four Darkan up to 1919. The only recordssinc€ then from the forestare wetlandsin the extremeeastem sector, between of 1 20 birds on wetlandsat the eastemmargin ofthe andAlbany, and at the southemmargin ofthe forcst forest(Darkan to Albany), at WilgarupLake (W/ABN82, (list72). p. l6), at Lake Muir (WABN86,p 22), and at Karakamia IBIS Sanctuary(list 259). Thres kiornis spini coI I i s STRAW-NECKED Straw-neckedibis were first repoied in the south-westin (LakeMuir, Phalacrocorax varius PIED CORMOMNT 1892(Ston l99l) andin theforest in 191I recorded Piedcormorants are a coastalspecies, but they havebeen list I l). Sincethen this specieshas been (Serventy1948); at recordedonce at Lake Muir NatureReserve (list 133,4 sporadically:at Bickley in 1945 in 1952(Serventy birds total) in the easternsector ofthe forcst. Northcliffe,Nomalup and Denmark 1952);on farmland(pasture) in the forestnear Wooroloo sectorofthe Pelecanusconspicillatus AUSTRALIANPELICAN (list 2l); in streamsin the extremenorth-east frequentlyin the Australianpelicans are not known to haveever bred in any forest(lists 40, 259); and rathermore Darkanand wctlandwithin the forest. They only visit wetlandsat the southemforcsts (pastures; wetlands betwe€n neat Manjimup extremeeastern rcgion ofthe forest,between Darkan and Albany,with 71 seenat Middlesex lIlA Albany, aswell asoccurring on estuariessouth ofthe Bird Report 1982, P. l2l). forest. The largestnumber seen is 46 birds at Byenup ROYAL SPOONBILL Lagoon(list 186). Plataleiaregia Royal spoonbillswere first rcportedin the south-westby (MS) by Ston (1991). Ardea pacijica WHITE-NECKEDHERON Gilbert and not in 1924as stated from wetlandsl7 km White-neckedherons arc infrequentvisitors to the forest, The only recordin the forestcomes (list 166). usuallysingly or in smallgroups ofup to 3 birds.ln some north-eastofAugusta yearsthere is an imrption and largenumbers appear (Serventy1952), apparently as a resultofdrought in Plataleiaflovipes YELLOW-BILLEDSPOONBILL were first recordedin the south- castemAustralia (Dell 1985) The largestflock recorded Yellow-billedspoonbills 1965(Ston l99l). in the forestconsisted ofc. 50 birds (Christensenel4l westin 1920but remainedscarce until the eastemmargin of 1985). This speciesis mostoften recordedon farms Nearlyall forestrecords come from (Karakamia wetlandsbetween Darkan (dams,shallow inundated pasture). Records from natural the forest Sanctuary; particularlyLake Muir personal situations(swamps, lakes) are all from the southernforest: andAlbany, fJohnstone, a recordfrom Wilgarup Bridgetown(list l7), CowerupSwamp (Christensen €/ a/ communicationl).There is also 1985).Lake Muir NatureReserve (list 133),Cobertup Lake(II/ABN 82,p. 16).

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

Gallirallus philippensis BUFF-BANDEDRAIL Larusnovaehollandiae SILVER GULL Although Gilbert (MS) providesa Perthaboriginal name Silver gulls arenormally a coastalspecies, but havebeen for this species,Buff-banded rails areapparently vagrant to recordedas breeding at Lake Muir (list I l) and the forest,as they hav€been reported only threetimes: Moodiarup Swamps(list 141). They havealso been GrasmereLake (list 132 ard WABN33,p. 3) and in the reportedas present in largenumbers (up to 700 birds) in Frankland,area (IltABN 53, p. 2). The only breedingreport wetlandsat the extremeeastem margin ofthe forest (1984)pertains to farmlandnear Diamond forest block betweenDarkan and Albany. (Brownand Brown 1976-1991). Sterna bergii CRESTEDTERN Gallinula tenebrosa DUSKYMOORHEN Crestedtems have been recorded occasionally at Lake Dusky moorhenswere not notedby Gilbert in the 1840s, Muir (list I l, Chdstensener al 1985a).They arenormally presumablyindicating that this speciesdid not occurin the a coastalsDecies. south-west.They were first reportedby Carter(list I I ) in l9l9 asnumerous in swampsnear the mouthof the Wanen Sterna hybrida WHISKEREDTERN river, to the southofthe forest,and as locally distributed Whiskeredtems arc vagrantto the forest,though elsewherein suitablehabitat. Whittell recordedthis sometimespresent in la€e numbers(up to 80 birds),at speciesas residentin smallnumbers near Bddgetown LakeMuir NatureReserve (lists 133, 186)and Towenining (list l7). LakeNature Reserve (list 134). Singlebirds werenoted Sincethen Dusky moorhenshave mainly beenreported over a farm dam nearDiamond forest block in April 1987 fromdams on farmland(lists 30,40,41,77), streams (lists and March 1988(Brown and Brown 1987-1988). 30,40) and a few swampsin the extremeeastem sector of the forest(Moodiarrup Swamps, Yamup Lagoonand SpeciesInclusions and Exclusions CrasmereLake. l-6 birds). As alrcadyindicated in the abovespecies commentaries, CI adorhync hus leucocep halus BANDEDSTILT severalspecies have been included or excludedon the Bandedstilts brcedin the semi-aridinterior (Storr 1991) basisof meagreinformation. Thosespecies that havebeen but occur in the forest(in aggregationsusually up to 160) includedbut may not havebeen part ofthe primaeval in damsand wetlandsin the extremeeastem sector. In forest avifauna are I nhinga melanogaster (Darter) and March 1998more than 5 000 birds werercported at Lake Nycticoraxcaledonicas (Rufous night heron). Ifthese two M\tr (TYABN46, p.3). speciesare not acceptedas members ofthe primordial forestavifauna, they shouldbe transferredfrom Tables1 Recurviroslranovaehol/ardiae RED-NECKED AVOCET and2 to Table4. Six speciesare not recognizedby me as Red-neckedavocets breed in the semi-aridinterior (Storr membersofthe primal forestavifauna but perhapsshould l99l) and occurin autumn(often in largenumbers, up to be consideredas speciesin statu inquirenda:Hamirostra I 200) in wetlandsbetween Lake Muir and Albany at the rsarc (Square-tailedkite), Oreoico gutturarr (Crested eastemmarsin ofthe forest. bellbird), Malacorhynchus membranaceus(Pink-eared duck), Podiceps crisla/lr (Great crested grebe), Gallirallus Vanellusticolor BANDED LAPWING philippensis (Buff-banded rail) and Gcl/inula tenebrosa Bandedlapwings were fiIst recordedin the south-westin (Duskymoorhen). Other scientists may differ in their 1895(Ston l99l). They werefiIst rcportedin the forcstat interpretationofthe odginal statusofthese speciesin the Lake Muir in l9l2 (list I l), apparentlyon farmland. Since south-westforcsts. thenthis specieshas been recorded only a few timeswithin the forest(including Bickley, Serventy1948) but alwayson clearedland (pasture,recreation grounds, orchards). This DISCOVERYAND TAXONOMY OF speciesoccurred abundantly in paddocksaround Julimar, SPECIES Dwellingup,Bowelling, Newlands,Balingup, Bridgetown, Bo1!p Brook, Dinninup,Pemberton and Nannup until the Althoughthe avifaunaofsouth-west WA b€ganto become fox establishedin the 1940s.Christensen et al. (1985a\ known during the visits ofthe navigatorsVlamingh (1696), recordedthis speciesas commonand it hasbeen rcported Vancouver(1791), Baudin (1801, 1803), Flinders (1801) recentlynear Bakers Hill, Collie, McAlinden, Boyup and d'Urville (1826),substantial progress in documenting, Brook, Kulikup, Dwalganupand Northcliffe. discriminatingand describingspecies did not takeplace until the visit ofJohn Gilbert in 1839. Gilbert obtainedthe Ch arad rius ru brico I lis HOODEDPLOVER. first recordsofabout 65 per cent ofthe bird speciespresent Hoodedplovers are known to occurin the forestonly at in the pdmal forests(Fig. 9). That he did this, despite Lake Kwomicup (at the eastemmargin of the forest). They spendingless than l0 per cent ofhis time in the forests,is usuallyare prcsent in small numbers(2 birds),with the a rcmarkabledemonstration ofthe broaddistribution of grcatestaggregation recorded as 78 birds. This species forestbird speciesin the south-westgenerally. doesnot breedat Lake Kwomicup (I/IBN 11,p. 13179 It hastaken considerably longer to clarify the supplement,14; 81, p. 3). significanceofvariation in plumageand morphologyin south-westpopulations of birds. Earlierworkers

CALMScience lan Abbott,The avilauna of the torestsof south-westWestem Australia

A n t ho cha era chrysoptera lunu I at a ,, 120 Petroicamulticolor campbelIi i gi! roo Eopsaltria australis griseoguloris ;o< Falcunculus leucogaster EEz ao frontatus ?H5 Rhipidura fu I igin os a pre iss i gBE* Crqcticus ti bic en dorsa I i s versicolor plumbea k*g 40 Strepera iHi. Cot'vus coronoid es perp I exus -0 llaterbirds 1800 1850 ,1900 2000 2050 Ralluspectoralis clelandi YEAR P orphyrio porp hyr i o beI lus Figure 9. Most bird speciespresenl in south-weslWestern Australiawere Jirst recorded, collecled or aned within20 Modem taxonomistssuch as Sibleyand Monroe(1990) yearsof Europeansettlement. Information up to 1839has applythe superspeciesconcept and treatCalyptorhynchus beenertracled fi"o Alexander(1914, 1916, l9l8). latirostrisar\d C. baudinii as endemicallospecies of C.funereus, Malurus elegansas an endemicallospecies of rccognizeda high proportionofbird speciesas being M. lamberti,Acanthizo inornata as a\ endemicallospecies distinctiveand confinedto south-westWA. Subsequent of A. reguloides, andMelithreptus chloropsis as an collectionof specimensfrom elsewherein WA and from endemicallospecies of M. lunatus. otherparts ofAustralia hasprovided the essentialcontext Abbott (1974)analyzed, using a multivariateapproach, for more consideredtaxonomic judgements. Cataloguing geographicalvariation in severalofthe abovespecies the diversityofnature was held to be importantscience up Subspeciesend€mic to south-westWA appeared until the GreatWar, afterwhich it becameunfashionable unwarrantedfor,44lhochaera chrysopteta, Cracticus becauseit was consideredinsufficiently analytical and tibicen andStreperu versicolor. This studydid lend theory-laden.There was laudablezeal for collecting support to the recognitlon of Phylidonyris igta mystacolis specimensbut cxcessivepre-occupation with naming ard Eopsaltria australis griseogularis and indicated that entitiesand sub-€ntities,with the r€sultthat trivial the south-westisolateof P. novaehollandiaeshould have variationwas formally differentiatedand named, often to subspecificstatus. prevcntothers from gainingpriority. This approachwas The lower south-westcomer ofAustralia hasacted as a 'new replacedby the adventofthe systematics'in the high rainfall refugeduring pastperiods ofaridity, separated 1930s. from the remainderofAustralia by the so-called The taxonomistG. M. Math€wscreated many Murchisonand Nullarbor barriers (Keast l96l; Ford monotypicgenera and assigned48 per centofforcst 1987a).This hasmeant that speciesconfined to this refuge landbirdand l6 per centofforest waterbirdspecies a duringarid periodshave then had the opportunityto trinomento charactcrizesouth-w€st Westem Australian expandin rangeduring the subsequentpluvial period. populations(Mathews 1912). Towards the end ofhis life Previouslyisolated populations have then comeinto hc recognized73 per centand 42 per centrespectively of contactwith inlandpopulations, thereby testing the degree the primaevaiforest land and waterbirdfaunas as endemic ofgenetic divergence.For example,Bowler (1982) at the subspeci€slev€l (Mathews1946). It was later suggestedthat 30-50 ka BP, the forestwas muchmore dcmonstratedthat isolat€sin south-westWA existedfor cxtensivethan now, whereasl8 ka BP it had disappeared 36 per centand 9 per centoflandbird andwaterbird andhad been replaced by woodland. lt is thereforenot speciesrespectively (Kcast l96l). Currentviews (Storr surprisingthat only one unequivocalhybrid zoneis known 1991,amended by Johnstonein press)are that moderately- in the forestedsector ofthe high rainfall refuge(Ford diffcrentiatedisolates in south-westwA (i e. valid, 1987a;Storr l99l)i Platycercuszonarixs zonarius and endemicsubspecies) are recognized in only 20 per centof P. z. semitorquatushybridize north of Armadale-Williams. landbirdand 6 per centofwaterbird forestspecies. Thes€ Two instancesare known ofapparentdouble invasions taxa(none ofwhich is (or was) confinedto the primordial ofthe high rainfall south-westrefuge (Serventy and forestsofsouth-wcst wA) areas follows: Whittell 1976). Eopsaltriageorgiatur is thoughtto representan early isolateof E. australis,with Lsndbirds E. a. griseogularisthe later invasionfrom south-east Australia. Lesscertairly, Calyptorhynchusbaudinii and Calyptothynchus banksii naso C. latirostris respectivelyrepresent early and later Cacatuapasti ator Pastinator invasions(Ford 1980, 1987a). P I at)icercus zonor i us se n i t orq uat us Few instancesofvariation havebeen documented. Plqtlcercus ictero tis iclerotts Eopsaltia australisshows geographic variation in the Plolycercusicterolis xanthogenys colourofthe rump (Ford 1963),the south-westpopulation Stipiturus alqchuruswestelnensis of DromaiusnovaehollQndiae has darkerplumage than Pardalotus slriatus westraI iensis elsewhere,and P/alycercusicterotis showsgeographic Phylidonyris nigra ystaca|is

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

vadationin plumagecoloration (Johnstone, personal accordswell with postulatedmajor changesin the extentof communication).Two instancesof disjunctpopulations eucalyptforests in south-westWA during the past30 ka (distinctsubspecies) in south-westWA areknown. The (Bowler 1982). The absenceofobligate interior-forest southempopulation of Cacatuapastinator is largerthan speciesfrom theseforests is in contmstto forestsin North the northemone (Ford 1985,1987b), and the southem Ame ca. populationof Ca,/yptorhynchusbanksiihas a largerbill and Themost predominant pattems ofoccunence were brighterfemale plumage. Extensiveclearing in the wheat- WNES (i.e. breedingto th€ west,north, eastand southof belt hasled to expansionin geographicrange ofboth the original forest)for 68 per centofthe landbirdspecies northempopulations (Cac. p. butleri andCal. b. and WNE for 55 per centofthe waterbirdspecies. Th€ samueli)33. These may in the nearfuturc makecontact, catego esWNE accountedfor a further20 per centof vla the €astemmargin of forestnow clearedfor agriculture, landbirdspecies and WNES fitted an additional36 per cent with the southempopulations and hybridize. A similar ofwaterbid species. prospect may apply to Calyptorhynchuslatirostris arLd The speciesrichness gradient for landbirdspecies C. baudinii. (Fig. 10)reveals a broadpart of the lower south-west, Over the whole ofcontinentalAustralia, most isolates includingthe forest,with 46-60 landbirdspecies present. (i.e. populationsisolated from the main populationby a The forestlandbird fauna is clearly impoverishedrelative geographicbarrier) occur in eucalyptforests and to the majorityof the SouthWest Land Division. The woodlands(Keast l96l ). reversepattem applies to waterbirdspecies (Fig. I l), with sp€ciesrichness greatest (22-25 species)in the \retter low€r south-west.These trends are consistent with BIOGEOGRAPHY Christensene/ a/.'s (1985a)analysis showing litrle variationin speciesrichness within the forest,but c. 25 per Biodiversity primarily is structuredby habitat,itselfchiefly centmore speciespresent on the SwanCoastal Plain. The influencedby soil type,topographic variation, climatic proportionofspecies shared between 'faunal zones' gradients, and disturbanceregime. avengedabout 50 per cent. Thesefindings are not compellingevidence for zonationofthe south-west Distribution Patterns within the Primaeval WestemAustmlian avifauna. Forestsof South-westWestern Australia Placedin a continentalcontext (Gentilli 1992),this gndient Nearly 52 per centand 35 per centof landbirdand wetland south-westregional is oftrivial significance. speciesrespectively occured throughoutthe odginal forest Consistentwith this is the correlationoftumover ofbird janah (Table5). A further25 per centand 39 per centoccurred speciesin and kani forcstswith distancebetweet only in the eastemsector ofthe forest. Speciesrestricted sitesbut not with differencesin vegetationstructure between (Cody to the southemforests accounted for an additional9 per sites 1993). centand 19 per cent. Thesethree distribution pattems Basedon the new interpretationsofthe breeding geographical accountfor nearly90 per centofthe landbirdavifauna and rangeofeach bird speciespresent in the primaeval nearly95 per centof the wetlandavifauna. Thereis no forest(documented above), the speciesrichness gradient altitudinalgradient in bird speciesdistribution, which is for landbirdsdecreases from eastto west (Fig. not surprising,as mostofthe forestlies within 20 to 300 m 12). The speciesrichness gradient for waterbirds (Fig. abovesea level, with the highestpeak only 582 m. 13)shows that mostspecies occur in the south-eastof pdmaeval Six specieshave (or had)extremely disjunct the forestwhere the largestwetlands occur. gradients distributionin the northerr/eastemand southemforests: These do not agrcewith thoseat a continent-wide (Pianka Colurnixnovaezelandrae (Stubble quail), Eurostopodus scale and Schall l98l): speciesrichness ofbirds arps (Spottednightjar), Atrichornis clamosas (Noisy increasedwith increasingrainfall but decreasedwith scntb -bir d), P hyI i d.o ny r i s me I ano p s ('l awny-crowned increasingvariability ofrainfall at this broadscale. honeyeater),Nycticorar caledonicns(Rufous night heron) andPonana pusilla (Baillon's crake).These distributions, Comparisonof Forest Avifaunas dcross however,are likely to b€ artefactsresulting from SouthernAustralia misidentifications or inadequatesurvey effort. Lists ofbird speciesbreeding in forest(defined broadly as forest,woodland, heath and wetlandpresent in the forest Distribution Patterns in South-westWestern ecosystem)were compiledfrom reliablepublished sources. Austrslid Only one ofthe 112bird speciespresent in the odginal South-eastAustralia: A regionequal in areato the original forestwas confinedto it (Calyptorhynchusbaudinii areaof forcstin south-westWA and coveringthe same latitudes(31' "00' Baudin'scockatoo, as a breedingspecies). All other 30'-35 approx.)was chosenin New SouthWales, speciesranged to the west,north, eastand./or south ofthe roughly from Port Macguariesouth to Nowra forest(Tables 6,7). This broadnessofdistribution and inlandto Olangeand Cootamundn. At the beginning ofEuropeansettlement, this region includeda mixture of 3 As discussod earli€r, Cacatua pasr,iraiororiginally @uBod widety rhfoughour largepatches offorests and woodlands(AUSLIG 1990) south-west w6slsrn ausllalia. h lhus s€Ems liksly that ths two subsp€ci€s comprising75 forest (Specht cunenllyr€cogniz€d a.6lh6 Endsoi a clinoand hsncs may not be valid. communities et al. 1995).

CALMScience lan Abbott, The avitauna of the torests of south-west WesternAustralia

Thereis no equivalentof the synthesisby Stou (1991)for Bassian,Eyrean and Torresian Elementsin this region,so Kinghom (1924),Hindwood (1931), the Avifuuna of the Primordial Forestsof Marshall(1932), Chisholm (1934), Hyem (1936,1937), So a t h-w e s t lYest e r n A us tr ali a Hindwoodand McGill (1958),Kikkawa (1968,Banington Hall (1928) area),Heron (1973), Monis (1975),Gibson (nd), Hoskin demonstratedthat the avifaunaofsouth-west (1991),and Ford apd McFarland(1991, Nundle area) were WA is more allied with that of south-eastAustalia than with thatofthe Kimberley. Subsequently,Serventy and used.Mangrove species and opencountry or woodland Whittell ( 1976)indicated that WA speciesmarginal to the westempart ofthe regionwere south-west cannotbe classifiedas a simplebiogeographic region (part ofthe excluded,but speciesin heathor woodlandencircled by Eyreanregion as proposed as a unique forestwere included (the same criterion applied in WA). by Spencer)or region. Instead,the regionis bestcharacterized as an intermingling Eyrean Tasmania:Thomas (1979), Sharland ( 1981)and Green ofBassian, andTorresian elements, (1989b)were used. The estimatedpre-1750 area offorcst Categorizingspecies as Bassian,Eyrean or Torresianin in Tasrnaniais 4.8 M ha (Anon. 1997),comprising 34 distributionis an uncomplicatedmatter for many species. Bassianspecies are those breeding in the higherrainfall forestcommunities (Specht e/ ll/. 1995). partsof SouthAustralia, Victoria, Tasmania,New South Wales Eyrean Mount Lofty Ranges; Anon. (1977),Stove (1994), Parker and Queensland. speciesoccur in the lower rainfall sectorsofAustralia, suchas the north-westcomer et al. (1979) andParkerer a/. (1985)were used. Forest ofVictoda, westemNSW andwestem parts was definedon the basisofa map providedin Anon. of Torresian in high (1977);the original areainvolved is 250 000 ha. This Queensland. speciestend to breed the rainfallparts Vy'A, regionsupports only 5 forestcommunities (Specht et al oftropical NorthemTerritory and and 1995). Queensland, the extremenorth-east ofNSW. Other possible Grcataarc was takento avoid includingvagrant species speciesoccur so widely that it is not to assign or specieswhich havecolonized these regions following themunequivocally to one ofthe abovecategodes. pdmaeval settlementby Europeans.However, there arc boundto be Of the I 12 speciesconstituting the forest avifauna WA, misinterpretationson my part. I havetherefore published of south-west nearlyhalf(54 species)could not perhaps the listsused (Table 8) so that they canbe emendedas be assignedas Bassian,Eyrean or Tonesian; necessary, someofthese representwidespread elements ofthe avifauna. Most remainder Bassian Comparisonofthe lists assembledshows that the Gondwanan of the are (43 forestsofsouth-west WA haveonly 54 per centofthe species),followed by 12 Eyreanspecies and 3 (Table numberofspecies present in a similar sizedarca in south- Tonesianspecies 6). Evidentlyas the climateof the (particularly eastAustralia. This is lower thanthe estimateof70 per south-westhas fl uctuated ruinfall, e.g. 1968)there have been extinctions of some centprovided by Keast(1966) or the estimateof68 per Churchill Bassian invasions species, centcalculable from datain Piankaand Schall(1981, species, ofEyrean extinctionof Eyrean invasion few p. 1678;cells L2 vs Ll6), and is more comparableto the someofthese species,and by a (Kikkawa sizeofthe Tasmanianforest landbird fauna relative to that Torresianspecies and Pearse1969; Serventy and whittell 1976and earliereditions). lt is alsopossible ofsouthem Victoria (56 per cent). The similaritybetween that someofthe speciesrecognized as Eyrean may have the south-westand south-eastforcst avifaunas is 0.51 from isolated (calculatedas the nurnberoflandbird speciescommon to evolved an south-westBassian rcmnant the two lists dividedby the meannumber ofspecies per which haslater dispersed inland to varying degrees. (P.u'fo:us list). The areographicanalysis ofAnderson and Marcus Possibleexamples ofthis includeClimacteris rufa (Splendid (1992)also demonstmtes (their Fig. 7) the depauperate lleecreeper),Malurus splendens fairy-wren) and (Broad-tailed natureofthe south-w€stW€stem Australian avifauna. Acanthizaapicalis thombill). In other instancesthe Eyreanelement is manifestedonly at the level Occurrenceof South-westForest Species of subspeciese.g. Eopsaltria australis griseogularis outside WesternAustraliu (Yellow robin),Dap hoenositta chrysoptera pileata (Yaried sittella) and,Colluricincla harmonica ruJiventris (Grcy Of the 81 landbird speciespresent in the primal forestsof shrike-thrush). south-westVy'A, 65-67 areshared with SouthAustmlia, The lower south-westof WA is uniquebecause ofthe New SouthWales and Victoria (Table6), followedby occurrenceof two Eyreanspecies which haveadapted to Queensland(62), Northem Tenitory (45) andTasmania the high rainfall environment.These spe cies arc Leipoa (43).New Guinea holds only 23 speciesin common. ocellata (Malleefowl) and Po atostomussuperciliosus Africa, Eurasiaand the Americasshare only 2 species. (White-browedbabbler). The 31 waterbirdspecies breeding in the primordial Althoughthe forcstlandbird faunas ofsouth-west WA, forcstsofsouth-west WA havea wider distributionthan Mount Lofty Rangesand Tasmania are of similar size the landbirds (Table6): New SouthWales and Queensland (69-90 species),the south-westforest avifauna is more (31), SouthAustralia and Victoria (30),Tasmania (26), similar to the Mount Lofty Rangesforest avifauna (0.56) NorthemTenitory (22),New Guinea(16), Eurasia(9), thanthe Tasmanianone (0.45). This probablyreflects the Africa (7) andthe Americas(1). Eyreanspecies shared by south-westWA and the Mount

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

Numberof epecies w31 -45 :46 -s0 I61 -75 n78 *s Iel -93 +N

100 0 1OO 200 Kilometers -

Figure 10. Speciesrichness gradientfor landbird speciesin the South ,yestLand Divisio! (basedon oiginal distributionsas summarizedby Storr 1991). Map by J,P, Pigott 1997: derivedfrom coveragescreated by Micromine p/i.

CALMScience lan Abbott,The avitauna of the forestsof south-westWestern Australia

]l [rlr.u", ot+""i"r c-6 913 14-17 1B-21 +N

100 0 100

Figure 11.Species richness gradientfor waterbirclsin the Soulh lfest Land Division (basedon original distributions as summarizedby Slorr 1991). Note thal this graclientis shown more broadly than it actually exists,as waterbirds breed only along streamsor in or around lakes and swanps. Map by J.P. Pigott 1997: derivedfrom coveragescreated by Micrctnine P/L.

CALI\rScience CALMscienceSupplemenl 5 (1999)

Ntil l Scale1 : 2,000,000 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Kitom€tr.s

Numberof Species 43-46 47 -49 50-53 54-56 57-60 61-63 64-67

Prcducodby lhe GIS Soction, hd€r tn€ di6cto. ol Dr Sld Sh€a Ex4utive Dn*br calM JobNo.98023106

Figure 12. Speciesrichness gradientfor landbird speciesi lhe primaevalforest (basedon interpretationsjusti/ied in this paper).

58 lan Abbott, The avifauna of the forests of south-west Westen Austnlia

Ntil

Scale1 : 2.000.000 10 0 10 20 30 1rc 50 50 70 80 Kilom€trss q--:------:------F----

Numberof Species 7-9 10-12 13-14 15-17 18-19 20-22 23 -25

Producod by tho GIS S6cllon. o.d.r rho dir€cnon ot or q/d shoa Excultuo Dtaclor CAIM JobNo.98023106

Figure 13.Species rtch essgradientfor waterbird speciesin thepimaeval forest (basedon interpretationsjustifed in this paper). Note that thisgradient is shownt orc brcadly than it actually etists,as waterbirdsbreed only along strea s or in or around lakesand swamps.

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Lofty Ranges, as both forestslie closerto semi-arid be classifiedas Bassian, Eyrean or Torresian,and that few vegetationthan do Tasmanianor south-eastAustralian speciesare confined strictly to foresl. forests. All ofthe waterbirdspecies present in the pdmal Comparisonof SpeciesRichness of forestsofsouth-west WA belongto generashared with Landbirds at VariousSpatial Scalis speciesin the northemhemisphere. It is thereforelikely Having that speciesin thesegenera spread to Austnlia afterthe establisheddifferences in the sizeofavifaunas at Gondwanansupercontinent broke up 55-60Mar4 Bp. A biogeographicscales, I now compareavifaunas at smaller few subsequentlyevolved into sp€cies(or subspecies) scales,from 2 ha upwards,using the sameapproach as that end€micto Australia. of Ford andHowe (1980). They assembledlists of Of the 35 speciesofnon-passerine landbirds present in breedingbird species(raptors, owls, quails,button-quails, the primaevalforests, about halfare in generashared with nightjars,kingfishers, panots, pigeons, cuckoos and passerines) the northemhemisphere. Presumably species in the genera for 22 areasof forest/woodlandin New South Hsliastur, Chrysococcyx,Podargus, Eurostopodus, Walesand the Mount Lofty Ranges.To theseI haveadded lists Aegotheles and Todiramphus evolved in isolation in for varioussized areas from south-eastAustralia, Gondwanaor in partsofGondwana. compiledfrom griddedrnaps published by Aston and Balmford(1978), The phylogenyofthe passerineshas been studied most Anon. (1979),Norris e/ al. (1979) and Emison (1987). completely(Sibley and Ahlquist 1985). Appticationof eral Lists DNA technologyhas demonstrated that all but sevenofthe for south-westWestem Australian forests were passerinespecies present in the primal forestsofsouth- compiledfrom informationpresented in Wardell- westWA radiatedfrom an old endemicgroup present Johnson(1983), Nichols and Watkins(1984), Tingay and (1984), 55-60 Ma BP. This grcup continuedto diversify, Tingay Abbott andVan Heurck(1985b), (1985),Worsley e.g.Attichornis c. 40 Ma, Artamus22 Ma Bp. The seven Christensen€/ al Alumina(1985), Wykes(1985), speciesthat haveevolved from later invasionsfrom the Norwood(1991), Christensen (1992), north are a finch (Slagonopleura oculata), a flowerpecker Abbott (1995)and J. C. Serventy(unpublished). (Dicaeum hirundinaceum), 2 swallows (Hirundo neoxena, The numberofbird speciesbreeding was then H. nigricans), 2 sylviids (Acrocephalussteworeus, regressedagainst area (Fig. l4). Surprisinglythe species Megalurus gramineus), and a white-eye (Zosterops impoverishmentin WestemAustmlian forests repoted lateralis). Someof the Gondwananspecies subsequently aboveat large(biogeographic) scales does not apply at spreadto the northemhemisphere and secondarilyinvaded smallerspatial scales (c. l-100 ha). A 10 ha areashould hold Aushalia (Coracine novaehollandiae, Comus coronoides). 20-25 breedingspecies irrespective ofwhere the South-westWA (aspart ofthe Australiancontinent) forcstis in southemmainland Australia. This finding appearsto indicate graduallymoved north (c. 55" S lat. 53-30 Ma Bp; 45. S that the greaterspecies richness ofbirds in 2l Ma BP;40" S l0 Ma BP; currently35. S; Crookl98l). eastemAustalian forestsarises from greatervariety of The northemsector ofAustralia reachedthe south-east foresttypes. Accordingto Spechtet al (1995),the south- westforcsts comerofEurasia (Sundaland) about l0 Ma Bp. For€stsin of WA haveonly 3 forestcommunities prcsent south-westWA lie on rocks2.6 Ga old (Biggsand Wilde comparedwith 75 in south-eastNSW. This larse 1980). Without volcanicactivity or otheruplift, this diflerencein between-habitaldiversiry is probibty a plateauhas been eroded to a broadpeneplain (Bartle and functionofmore fertile soils,greater topographic relief, greater Slessar1989). Thesegranites have subsequently been variationin annualrainfall, a largerarea offorest, andgreater proximity mantledwith extensivedeep laterites, developed under a to New Guineaofthe forcstsof tropicalclimate prevalent c. 25 Ma BP when coveredwith eastemNSW. rainforest.Later uplift alongthe Darling Scarprcjuvenated drainageand dissectedthe lateriticregolith. Eucalyptsare first detectedin fossils34 Ma BP, and the meditenanean HABITATSOCCUPIED climateof south-westAustnlia was established5 Ma Bp The following informationupdates the teatment provided (White 1986). Whenthejarrah andkari forestscame to by Kimber andChristensen (1977), for which dominatethe Darling Plateauis not known,but presumably only a small numberofhabitat t)?es were they cannotbe older than 5 Ma. recognized. The habitatsin which the 8l landbirdspecies presenl Climatic changesin south-westWA havebeen in the primaevalforest have been recorded were listedin extensivein the past(Wyrwoll 1979;Bowler 1982). From the speciescommentaries presented earlier. 80 to 20 ka BP therewas an onsetofarid conditions, Elevencategories wererecognized: janah, karri, wandoo, yarri which intensified20-14 ka BP. Wetterconditions tingle, and bullich forest;heath; sedgeland; wetlands; flooded gum prevailedbetween 6 and 5 ka, with anotherarid phaseup alongrivers; and rock outcrops.The numberofspecies to 2.5 ka BP, followedby furtherwet/arid fluctuations up recorded in each habitat type varied from 5 to 70, with to the present(Churchill 1968). Thus,with suchclimatic janah forest(70 speciesout of8l species)having instability,it is no surprisethat manybird speciescannot most speci€sand rock outcrops(5) the least(Fig. l5). These differencesprobably r€flect the extentofeach habitattlTre s Ma = 106yea|sica = 1o,'€ars; ka = 1O.yoars. and the nurnberofobservations made in each.

CALMScionce lan Abbott, The avifaunaof the torests of south-west WesternAusttalia

No specieswas recordedfrom all l1 habitattypes ho\ey eater),P et ro i ca cu c u I I a t a (Hooded r obin), (Fig. 16). Pardalotus punctatus (Spotted pardalote)was Pachycephalarufivenrrir (Rufous whistler) a\d Crqcticus the mostbroadly disftibuted, being recorded in 9 types. /ir,'c€r (Australian magpie). Six specieswere recorded in 8 habitat tlpes: Phylidonyris novaehollandiae (New Holland honeyeater), Acanthorhyrchussuperciftbsas(Westemspinebill), ABUNDANCE A nt h oc h ae ra ch rys o p t erc (Little w "ttlebft d), Co nu s coronoides (Australianraver), Hirundo nigricans (Tree Early literature emphasizedthe scarcity ofbirds in the marlilo) ard Zostercps lateralis (Grey-breastedwhite-eye). forestsofsouth-west WA: (7 The next mostversatile suite ofspecies habitattypes . 'Bird and animallife are scarcein theseforest peregrinus(P.eregdne occupied)comprised Falco falcon), solitudes,(Campbell 1g90, referring to his (Australian Platlcercus zonalius ringneck), Platycercus observationsin lggg in karri lbrest between Karridale (Red-cappedpafiot), (Westem sprrias Platycercus.icterolis and Cape Leeuwin). rosella).Todiranphus saacras (Sacred kingfi sher). 'There Climacteris rttfa (Rufous treecreeper),Ma lurus elegans ' are not many birds about' (Campbell 1890, (Red-wingedfairy-wret), Stipiturusmalacrrru.r (Southem refening to his observationsin 1889injanah forest emu-wren),Pqrdalotusstriqtus(striatedpardalote), nearQuindalup). (Vy'hite-browed gon 'The Ser ic o mi s fr onta I is scrubwr err), Gery e dense,dark Jarrahforests are peculiarly destitute ,sca (Westem gerygorc), Acanthiza apicalrs (Broad-tailed ofall birds'(Carter 1987, p.63). thombill), Melithreptus chloropsis (W estemwhite-naped 'areas honeyeater),Petroica mult icolor (Scarletrobin), oflarge Janahtimber..., which forestsare very Pachycephalapectoralis (Golden whistler), Colluricincla dark and gloomy,and usually devoid ofbird life to a great harmonica (Grey shrike-thrush),jtirpldr ra fuliginosa very extent...' (Carterin Mathews1922-23, 10, (Grey fantail) and Strepera versicolor (Grey cunawong), p.3s8). l8 speciesin all. Birds generally,both for numbersand species,were Five specieswere associatedwith only onehabitat t'?e remarkablyscarce'. (Campbell [in White l92l], in the primal foresf Circus approx.hnans(Swamp harrier) referringto his observationsin 1920in jarrah forest (wetlands),Niror cozzivezs(Barking owl) (anah forest), nearBarabup). Tyto albo (Bam owl) (flooded gum woodland along rivers), '...the Acrocephalus stentorers (Clamorous reed warbler) strikingthing aboutthe avifaunaofthe district (wetlands) and Megalunts gramineus (Little grassbird) wasthe numberofabsentees and the compantiv€ (wetlands).Seven species were recorded in only 2 habitat scarcityofmany speciespresent'. (Ashby and Le types: Leipoa ocellara (Malleefowl), Cacatuqpqstinator Soeuf1928, refening to karri and tingle forestnear (Westemlong-billed corella), Tyto novaehollandiae DeepRiver). (Masked owl), Mel,p haga ornata (Y ellow-p\tmed

1000 an ul 6 o.UJ 100 o oll. t ul o 10 O EASTERNAUSTRALIAN FORESTS = In(SPECIES)=0.1714.1n(AREA)+2.61 05 R^2=0.91 f z . WESTERNAUSTRALIAN FORESTS

1000000 10000000 100000000 AREA(ha)

Figure 14. Numberofbreeding landbird species(as deJinedin lexl) regressedagainst area for forcsts/woodlandin south-east Australia and south-westAustralia.

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Theseimpressions have been confirmed for jarrah acrossAustralia are needed to addressthis issuein a forcstrelative to openforest in Victoria (Wykes 1985), comprehensiveway. with total densityof birdsof 5-7l ha vs 14/ha. Similarly, Like manybird communitiesarcund the world, thosein kani foresthas a total density35ofbirds of5.6/ ha in jafiah and kari forestsshow a skewedstatistical contrastto I1.4/ ha in mountainash for€st in Victo a distributionofspecies densities: most bird sp€ciesoccur at (Wykes1985). low densities(Fig. 17). Sedgwick(1955) establish€d the The probableexplanation for this reductionin density samepoint in a slightly differentway forjanah forcst. ofbirds in WesternAustralian forests is that therearc Forestsalong watercourues support more speciesand insufficientr€sources to supportlaryer densities. Evidence greaterdensities ofbirds thanupland forests (e.g. Smith, P. for this for canopyarthropods comes from Rechere/ a/. 1985;Recher et a/. l99l;Loyn l993tLaR\e et al. 1995; (1996),though the NSW vegetationtype studiedis not Whitakerand Montevecchi 1997). Availabledata from structurallycomparuble to jarrah forest. Anoth€rpossible south-westWestem Australian forests support this. In the factoris that thercis no year-roundsupply ofnectar in northemjarah forest,jarrah forestsupported 252 birds WestemAustralian forests (Wykes 1985). Better (26 species),much lessthan forestalong streams int€grated,plofbased studiesofbird and insect (431birds, 32 sp€cies,Wardell-Johnson 1982). Farther populationsand nectarand othercarbohydrate sources south,but still in the northemjarrah forest,yarri forest supported60-80 birds (22 26 species)whereas upland $ The densiriospr€ssnr€d in Table3 ol Waderr-Johnson(1984) hav€ be€n janah forestsupported only about25 birds (20 species, miscalculal€dfom lho data prcvidodin his Tabls 1. Accodinq to my Abbott andVan Heurck 1985b). In both cases,the number und€rsrandingolrhemerhods,lheconectdivisoris163 (=144.r[.601101. ofbird speciespresent is similar but birds arc abouttwice as abundantin forestalong streams. Near Collie, riparian foresthad 155individual birds presentin contrastto only 63 in uplandforest (Worsley Alumina 1985,p. 90). E70 Differencesin waterand nutrientavailability and amount €60 ofunderstoreybetween th€ two landscapepositions (Havel 1975a,b) areprobably responsible. There 3E50 is also seasonal :; vadation: in summerthe differencein abundancebetween !i'-40 streamand upland forests is greaterthan in winter *t 30 (O. Nichols,personal communication). This may rcflect a needfor waterin summerand lessflowering ofupland plantspecies in summer. !10 Thosebird speciesthat arewidespread generally occur d0 locally at higherdensities than specieswith limited ranges z (Brown 1995,p. 106). In the forestsofsouth-west WA, no suchrelationship is €vident(Fig. 18),as is the case Figure 15.Habitat typesin theforests ofsouthwestWestern elsewherein Australia(Ford 1990). This conclusion Australiavary in lhe numberoflandbird species present. shouldbe treatedtentatively, as it restson the assumption J,jarrah (Eucalyptts marginata) ll, wandoo forest: that the densityestimates made by differentobservers are (E. wandoo)/or"e.s/,K &arri (E. diversicolor) H, heath: forest: comparable(I attemptedto addressthis by calculatingthe T, tingle (E. jacksonii,guilfoylei andbrevistylis)forest; medianmther than the adthmeticaverage). y, yarri (8. patens)forest; B, bullich (E. megacarpa)forest; Attemptsto definebird communitiesusing multivariate S,sedgeland: Wet,wetland; F, floodedgrz (8. rudis) woodland:R, rock outcrop. techniqueshave not beenencouraging. In the beststudied example,at Mt Saddleback(Worsley Alumina 1985),bird 20 associationswere linked with habitattyp€s but were not 918 stablefrom seasonto season.The frameworkdevised by Havel(1975a, b), Strelein(1988) (1990) 916 andInions el c/. may be a moreappropriate approach. '6

310 E8 REPRODUCTIVECAPACITY, NESTING ZONE,AND NESTINGSUBSTRATE Reproductivecapacity (or potential)can be indicated 0 crudelyby modalclutch size. Most of the bird species 12 present 3 4 5 6 7 6 910 11 in the original forestsofsouth-west WA havea Number of habftat typas occupted modalclutch size of2 or more eggs(Ston 1991).Those specieswith Figure 16. Most landbird speciesoccur in 3 7 ofthe 11 a modalclutch sizeofone are: Calptorhynchusbanfu ii (Red-tailedblack cockatoo), habitat typespresent h theforests ofsouth-wesl ,l'estern A stralia. C. baudinii (Baudin's cockatoo), Eurostopodus argus (Spottednightjar), I trichoruisclomosus Gloisy scrub-bird)

CALMScience lan Abbott, The avifauna of the forests of south-west Westem Australia ajid Anthochaera chrysoptela (Little wattlebird). Prina Landbirds theseshould be amongthe leastcommon bird /acre, Merops ornatus speciesin the forcst. This is indeedthe casefor all except Climacteris rufa A. chrysopterq.To this list shouldbe added Malurus splendens Calyptorhluchuslat'rosrns (Camaby'scockatoo) - Malmts elegans althoughthis specieshas a modal clutch sizeof2, only one Pardalotus striatus youngis reared. Sericornis A more sophisticatedmeasure ofreproductive capacity frontalis Smicrornis breviros*is is the numberofyoung raisedto independenceper female Aca hiza chrysorrhoa eachyear; this, however,is known for only a few species Me I i t hrcptus ch I oropsi s (Long nd; Rowley and Russell1991). lt appearsto be P hyI idonyrk novae ho I landi ae lower than in northemhemisphere bird species.Higher Anthoc haera chrys opterq adult survivaland repeatednesting in the samebreeding Anthoc haera caruncu lata seasonapp€ar to compensatefor the poor rateof fledging Eopsaltria oustralis (Rowley and Russelll99l). Eopsaltria georgiana Twenty-twospecies (20 per centofthe primaevalforest Dqp ho enos i I tq ch opI era avifauna)are known to practiseco-operative breeding. rys Fslcunculus This involvesmore than two individualsproviding carc in frontatus Artamus cyanopterus the readngofa singleclutch or brood,unlike the more Cracticus libicen usualsituation where one pair is responsiblefor the rearing ofthe young. Thesespecies are (Clarke 1995): LYaterbirds

Tachyb aptus novaehol I andiae Porphyrio porphyrio

30 25 lt o ur20 EuJ H fi15 Sro z3 5

30 25 lt O (420 eU EEtu 5 Sro z 5

0{.10 0.11.0.20 0.2t-0.30 0_31.0.40 0,4i{.50 0.5'{.f0 0.6t-0_70 0,714.80 DENSITY(birds/ha)

Figte 17. Most bird species i jarrah (A) and kari (B) foresls occur at low densilies. Sources: A llykes ( 1985); B llardell- Johnson (1984), site 1 in unloggedforest, spring 1982.

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foliageor on a branchin the understorey(27 species), The reasonsoffered to explainco-operative breeding midstorey(17 species), or oventorey(10 species).Nine havean uncertainbasis (Clarke 1995).There is alsono speciesnest on the ground. Hollows, usually in the trunks obviousecological characteristic linking all ofthe above or branchesofthe overstoreytrees, are used by 18 species speciesand at the sametime excludingspecies that do not (22 per centofthe landbirdavifauna). No speciescan breedco-opelatively. excavatea hollow; insteadthe supplyof hollows depends Structuralclasses in south-westforests are defined in on the size(and hence age) ofthe tree,and damagecaused termsofheight and projectivefoliage coverofthe tallest to the treeby fire, t€rmitesor fungi. stratum(Beard l98l). Both characte sticsinfluence the This infomation providesthe essentialcontext for degreeto which lower strataare developed. Four strataare forestmanag€ment: prescribed buming in springis likely recognizable:ground, understorey, midstoroy and to impactmost on specieswhich nestin understorcy, overstorey.The limits ofthes€ stratavary with foresttyp€. whereasprescribed buming in autumnis more likely to Thus,in jarrah foreststhe heightofthe understor€yis modify midstoreyand evenoverstorey, as well as 2-3 m, that ofthe midstoreyis 5-12 m, andthe ove$torey understorey,and thus also may impacton bird species reachesa maximumheight ofc. 30 m. Towardsthe eastem which nestin thesestrata. Wildfires (generallyoccuning sectorofthejanah forest,overstorcy height d€clines to in summer)should have the most severeand hencethe 20 m and midstoreyand understoreyelements become longesflastingeffect on nestinghabitat. Shelterwood infrequent(Havel 1975a,b). In kani forests,the logginginjanah forestshould impact moston spcciesthat understoreyis very denseand, depending on when last nestin overstorey,particularly in largehollows; whereas burnt, may be as tall as 5-10 m. The midstorcy(10-30 m) cuttingto gapsin jarrah forestand clearfellingin kani is sparse.The overstoreycan attaina heightof80 m, forestshould impact on all bird speciesuntil the thoughmean codominant height is 45 m. In partsofthe rcgeneratingforest once again supplies the nesting(and southemforests there ar€ extensiveareas ofshallow soils other)resources indispensable to eachspecics. with impededdrainage. Such areas suppot low, open The proceduresin placeto ensur€that thereis an janah forest(<10 m tall). ongoingsupply of suitablehollows for hollow-nesting Alongrivers and streams there is a riparianzone speciesare not well appreciatedby somoornithologists consistingofwoodland and densethicket (3 m tall, (e.g.Blakers er a/. 1984,p.277;Saunders el a1.1985). dependingon when last bumt). Swampsvary in sizeand The existenceofa specificpr€scription (CALM 1989c) in amountofopen waterpresent, but generallythey are wasnot acknowledgedby Gamett(1992a, p. l0l ), fringedby woodlandand densereedbeds, which may Mawsonand Long (1994), Mawson (1995), Recher (1996), extendsome distance into the swamp. Saundersand Ingram (1995, pp. 116,118)orCalver The nestingrequiremcnts ofeach bird speciestend to (1997).A plentifulsupply ofhollows is oftenlinked with 'old be satisfiedprimarily by one ofthesestrata (Table 9), growth', a North Americanconcept not applicableto thoughmost species show someflexibility in selecting eucalyptforests (Christens€n 1992, p. 34; Bradshawand nestingsites. Rayner1997b). Someomithologists also believe that jarrah tre€slive to 1 000 yea$, so that largehollows are Lundbirds presumedto takehundreds ofyears to form andto be availablefor furtherhundreds ofyears (Mawsonand Long Most species(77 per cent)construct a nestthat is placedin 1994). ln fact,few largejanah and kani treesare older than 250 350 years(Abbott and Loneragan1984a: Rayner 1992;Bunows el a/. 1995;Stoneman et al. 1997).Large E4 hollowsbegin to developat 120years, becoming common ;. by about200 years(Whitfordr6 unpublished; Bradshaw and 6 Rayner1997a). Stands bccome senescent by 300 ycars (Bradshawand Rayner 1997a). The main safeguardfor z g1 hollow-nestingspecies after clearfelling ofkani forestis o the retcntionof buffersaround all coupes(well depict€din =0 Christensen1981, p. 18and in Figure14 of Wardell- 75 100 125 150 175 200 Johnsonand Christensen 1992). Maximum coupe size is NUMBEROF OCCURRENCES restrictedto 80 ha and wherepossible there is a maximum distanceof 400 m betweenareas of matureforest (CALM Figure 18.Abundance (measured as mediandensilyfor 26 1994a).About 6 100ha ofpre-1940 regrowthand speciesof landbirtl for vhich densityestimates are available Ior 6 000 ha ofregrowth forestregenerated between 1940 and N2 5 localities) bears no significant relationship to distribution 1975are to be managedon a rotationlength ofat lcast 100 (numberofoccurrences, meximum possible = 187)in theforests years(CALM 1994a,1995c). The extentthat thesestands ofsouth-west WeslernAustralia. Numberofoccurrences for a speciesrefbrs to lists I 1, 20, 22, 24-27 (inclusive), 38, 4149, will developlarge hollows depends on how often th€y are 53-61,6490,92 107,t10 120,122-129, 157-165, t67 t85, 188-258,260-270 in TablesI and2. Theselisls are considered 3 K.W Whiliod, Oepartmentof Conservalionand Land Managemont,Dw6l ingup. to be lhe mosl cothprehensive.

CALMScience lan Abbott, The avifauna of the torests of south-west Westem Australia to be thinned. with subjectivecounts, made from the ground,ofhollows Since 1989,following the introductionofcutting to in 218 standingtrees. The latter flaw hasbeen avoided in a gapsinjarah forest,hollow-nesting species have been studycurently beingprepared for publication(Whitford safeguardedby leaving3 markedhabitat trees/ ha (CALM personalcommunication), 1989c). New knowledgeled to this prescriptionbeing improved,so that hollow nestersare now cateredfor by ll/aterbirds retentionof4 markedhabitat trces/ ha and 6-8 marked Ninety per centofwaterbird species(Table potentialhabitat trees/ ha over the areaofthe gap (CALM 9) build a nest that is placedin understorey(reedbeds or rushesin water, 1995a).This providesa total of40 habitattrees and 60-80 15 species),in overstorey(fees in or nearswamps, potentialhabitat trees in eachgap. Many otherpotential 7 sp€cies),on the ground(4 species), water habitattrces are retained but ar€not marked(Armstrong or on (2 species).Three species will usehollows in treesin or and Abbott 1996). In shelterwoodjanah forest(cut to nearswamps for nesting. encouragegrowth of existinglignotuberous seedlings) the The nestinghabitat ofmost waterbirdspecies is samearrangement applies, with a largepart ofthe rulnerableto buming of swampsor otherdparian habitat. midstoreybeing retained. These smaller cohorts oftrees, However,this risk is minimal ifprescribedbuming takes becauseoftheir advancedsize and the reductionin placein springwhen soil is moist. Note, however,that competition,may takeonly 20 40 yearsto attainthe aborigineswere recorded by G. F..Moorebuming swamp thresholdsize (60 cm d.b.h.o.b.)before large hollows vegetationin summer(Meagher 1974,p.62). Timber fom. In the existingmultiple usejarrahforest, the density harvestinggenerally has little rclevanceto waterbirdsas oftrees largeenough to form a suitably-sizednesting swampscontain no timber ofcommercial significance hollow hasbeen estimated as follows: Calyptorhynchus and loggingofadjacent forest does not impacton waterquality. bcn&.sli(Red-tailed black cockatoo)(13.31 ha); Cacatua Stoateand Bednall(nd) mentionthe conversionof pastinqtor(W estemlong-billed corella) (4.5/ ha); paperbark(Melaleuca preissiana) flats ln the upper reaches Platycercuszonqrius (Australian ringneck) (3'1.91 ha); ofsome streamsin the northemjarrah for€stto wetlands P. sparlas(Red-capped panot) (22.5/ha); andP. icterotis dominatedby sedges.They attributedthis to wildfire (Westernrosella) (37.9/ ha) (basedon dataprovided by removinglitter in theseflats and thinning out the forest Mawsonand Long 9941,Abbott [998b, c], and CALM canopy,causing a rise in watertable. U992a, p.t72l). Limited informationis availableabout the homerange ofhollow nesters.Mawson (1995) established that Platycercusspurius (Red-capped panot) (l l5 g body FORAGINGNICHE weight) hasa corehome range of 15 ha. This fact, The locationofspecies in food chainsand food websis, combinedwith the densityoftrees largeenough to form a afterhabitat, the most importantway that biodiversityis suitably-sizednest hollow (22.5/ha), indicatesthat a pair structured.Information on food hasbeen summarized in shouldhave a choiceofmore than 300 nesttrces within the Table9 from Serventyand Whittell ( 1976),Ba*er and homerange. Abbott (1998c)estimated, on certain Vestjens(1989, 1990), and RAOU (1990-1996).Foraging assumptions,that a pair of Calyptorhynchusbanksii habit generallyfollows the terminologyof Recheret al. (Red-tailedblack cockatoo)(600 g) shouldhave a choice fi985). ofmore than 100nest trees within the homercnge. Retainedhabitat trees ofjanah and marri, beingdeep- Landbirds rooted,will not readily be blown down. Of the 400 habitat treesmarked and retained after loggingof 100ha ofjanah About half (42 species)ofthe land bird speciespresent in forest,it is estimatedthat only 96 will fall down within a the pdmal forestofsouth-west WA areinsectivores 100-yearperiod (Whitford and Williams 1997). Thus,loss (Table9). However,they sepanteout on substrate(air, ofsome retainedhabitat trees is unlikely to havea major ground,foliage, bark), habitat(forest, heath, riparian), and impacton hollowavailability during rhis period. feedingmethod (glean, pounce, snatch). Furtherniche Recher( l99l) speculatedthat nestingresources such as subdivisionis probablyeffected by differencesbetween deadwood, logs on the ground,dead branches, bark, speciesin dimensionsofthe beakand verticalstratification cobwebsand lichenmay be in shortsupply in logged in their useoffoliage in the for€st(Wooller and Calver forcsts.However, in my experiencein regrcwthja[ah and 1981). This predominanceofspecies foraging for insects kani forestsofall agesthese resources are abundant. on foliageis not surpdsing,given the vast surfac€area of Moreover,those species (e.g. Eopsaltria australis (Yellow gfeenleaf matterin the forest, For example,a jarah tree rcbin), Rhipidura fuliginosa (Grey fantail)) that use such with d.b.h.o.b.of30 cm (andheight of l9 m) hasa total materialsin or for their nestsarc commonand widespread. single-sidedleafarea of56 m'(Whitfordl99l); an average Although the studyby McComb (1994)of Platycercus hectareof forcstwould havec. 40 trees/ha with d.b.h.o.b. zonarius (Atrlstralian ringneck) and Patdalotus stiatus 30 cm (CALM 1992a). Becausejanahfor€st has a leaf (Striatedpardalote) indicated that sufficientsuitable areaindex of l-2 (Stonemane! al. 1996),the total areaof hollows/ha remainedafter timber harvesting,it restson leavesper hectareshould be 10 000-20 000 m'. Detailed invalid methodology.Reliable data on the occurrenceof analysesofvetical useof forestby bid specieshave been hollows collectedfrom 145 felled treeswere amalsamated presentedforjanah by Wykes (1985),forjarrah and

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999) wandooby WorsleyAlumina (1985),and for karri by audax(Wed,ge-tailed eagle). In contmstbeak size ofthe Wardell-Johnson(1985). Most activity is concentratedin sexesof Haliastur splerirrus (Whistling kite) diverges,as two zones:near the grcund(0 5 m) and in the mid and doesbeak size ofthe sexesaf Falco berigora (Brown upperstoreys. falcon). The south-westpopulation of ?l,ro Seedeaters (13 species)mainly separateout on the oraehollandiae(Masked owl) r€semblesthe Tasmanian basisofbeak size(for breakingopen fruits), habitat,and populalionin itslarge body size and degree ofsize sizeand hardnessofthe seedconsumed. Some ofthese dimorphismbetween the sexes;in both featuresit is most speciessubsist also on nectar,insects and soft fruits. unlike the populationin south-eastAustralia (Debus 1993). The next largestgroup consistsofpredators: species Keast(1976) documents other morphological(bill, which kill and eat other birds,reptiles and mammals. wing andtarsal) shifts ofsouth-west species ofpasserines TheseI I speciestend to separateout on degreeof rclativeto those(or comparable)species in Victoria. Some generalizationofdiet and whetherforaging takes place speciesalso showed increased size dimorphismbetween duringthe day or at night. the sexes.This was attributedto a needto minimize Thereare 8 speciesofnectar feederspresent. They intraspecificcompetition for food, thus enablingthe subdividethis resourceon the basisof habitat,bill length, speciesinvolved to maintainhigher population numbers. degreeof specializationon particularplant speciesand degreeofdependence on insects. Five speciesare omnivores, eating insects, fruits, seeds, POPULATIONMOVEMENTS v€getablematter and evencarrion. They subdivideon the basisofhabitat, substnteand bcak size. Nearly 20 per centofthe landbirdspecies (all insectivores) One speciesis a specialiston fruit of mistletoebut will in the primal forestshow somedefinite seasonalmovement alsoconsume insects. (migration)within or from the forest. Four species- Todiramphussanclus (Sacred kingfisher), Metops omatus lYaterbirds (Rainbowbe€-eater), Hirundo nigricans(Trce martin) and Acrocephalusstentorers (Clamorous reed warbler) - are primal The 31 speciescomprising the forestwaterbird completelyabsent ftom the forestin winter presumably primarily (13 faunaare insectivores species),herbivores becauseofa declinein numbersofaerial insects.For two ofvegetablematter such as leaves,tubers and [consumers other species,,4ccrpi ter fasciatus (Brown goshawk)and (10 predators(8 seedsl species)or species).These species Cuculuspallidus (Pallid cuckoo),nearly all ofthe separateout on beaksize, habitat, feeding behaviour, and populationdeparts for the winter with only a few depthofwater requiredfor feedingin. individualsresident all year. The reasonfor this is not known. Niche Shifts and Expdnsions The remainingl0 species CacomantisJlabelliformis The absenceofparticular speciesfrom south-westWestem (Fan-taifed cuckoo),Chrysococcyx basahs (Horsfield's Australianforests has apparently allowed ecological and bronzecuckoo), C. lucidus(Sbiningbronze cuckoo), morphologicalrelease in someofthe speciesprcsent. Patdalotuspunctatus (Spotted pardalote), P. stiatus The Westem white-n apedhoney eater Melithreptus (Striatedpardalote), Gerygone fusca (Westemgerygone), clloropsis hasevolved from a populationof M. lunatus Rhipidura fuliginosa (Crey fantail). Coracina isolatedin south-westWA in the absenceof M. gularis. lt nov a e ho I I an di a e (Black-facedcuckoo-shrike), Art amus hasa longerbill and foot thanM /zzalzs (Keast1968) and cyanopterus(Dvsky woodswallow)and Zosterops laterclis sp€ndsmore of its foragingtime probingbark for insects (Grey-breastedwhite-eye) more or lessspend winter in (personalobservation), just asM. gularis doesin east€rn only pad of the forest. Usually thesespecies move to the Australia(Keast 1968). warmerand drier forests,though with Ca.Jlabelliformis, ln south-westWA thereare only 3 speciesof thombill Ch. basalis, Ch. lucidus and A. cyanoplerus a few birds comparedwith 5 speciesin eastemAustralia. Acanthiza rcmainin the southcrnforests all year. apicalis atjidA. inornatahave broader niches than their Otherkinds ofmovementsare also evident. All species eqtivalents A. pusilla and A. reguloides in eastern ofcourse exhibit dispersalof independentyoung from the Austmlia. They foragemore in foliage in all stratain the nestingtenitory or homerange of the parents.These forest(Keast 1961,1976; personal observation). moyementsprobably resemble diffusion, are more or less A. chrysothoa, the anespeci€s common to both sidesof local,and ensure that any adult mortality (andconsequent the continent,also feedsrelatively more in the branches vacanciesin homerange) is compensatedfor. Species and foliageof treesthan it doesin eastemAustralia (Keast dependenton pollen andJornectat (Glossopsitta 1976; personal obsewalion). Zosteropslateralis can also p orp hyr o cep ha I a (Purple-crownedlorikeet), some be particularlyversatile in its fomging niche(Mees 1969; honeyeaters)usually show irregularmovements as they Keast1975). trackthe seasonalflowering of eucalypts,banksias, Severalspecies ofraptor in south-westWA show grevilleasetc. Particularlyimportant is the floweringof differentratios ofbeak sizebetween sexes and between mani in autumn,a seasonwhen nectaris in shortsupply. species(Olsen 1995). Beak sizeof the sexesof Accipltet Many speciesofwaterbird tend to concentratein the wctter citocep halus (Collaredsparrowhawk) converges (relative south-westduring summerand then disperseinland during to south-eastAustralia), as is alsothe casefor Aquila winter. Most ofthesemovements take Dlace at nisht and

CALMScience lan Abbott,The avifauna of the forestsof south-westWestern Austnlia tendto go unnoticed. Probablythe mostextreme type of subtenaneanclover. It was not until a changein movementis the inegular iffuption into the south-westof govemmentin 1924that substantialareas offorest Gallinula ventralis(Black{ailed native-hen)(Ston 1991). becameState forest. By 1930,almost 1.2M ha of Comprehensiveand co-ordinatedbird banding forcsthad been pemanently withheld from agricultural programsare needed ifpopulation movementsare to be purposes(Forests Department 1969). After World War II, elucidated. bulldozersincreased the mte of deforestationon farmland. The geographicalextent ofdeforestation can be DISTURBANCEECOLOGY gaugedby examiningthe differencebetween the original distributionof forcstand the extentofstate forest(Fig. l). In a forest,a disturbanceis a more or lessdiscrete event Much ofthejanah andwandoo forest betweenMundaring that kills treesand/or other organisms. The spaceopened andJulimar has been cleared, as has forest in the eastem up canthen be utilized by organismsofthe sameor sector,particularly east ofDwellingup, betweenDarkan differentspecies. and Boyup Brook,between Boyup Brook and Albany Before 1829,disturbance gradients in the forestwere (Jarvis1979), and alongmajor river valleyssuch as the probablyrelatively simple, being caused by spatial Prestonand Blackwood(e.g. Christensen et al. l98l). variationin wildfire (initiatedby lightningstrikes) and About 1.5M ha or 42 per centofthe odginal forestis windthrow,fires setby aborigines,and senescenceof either partiallyor completelycleared (Beard and Sprenger individualtrees and patchesoftrees. Gapsproduced in the 1984). More detailedestimates ofclea ng, in particular for€stby theseprocesses were then filled by r€generation, forcstecosystems, are tabulated in Commonwealthand leadingto diversityin standstructure. ln the subsequent WestemAustralian Regional Forest Agreement Steering 170years disturbance gradients have become considerably Committee(1998, p. 125). Regenerationoftrees is complicated,with up to 15 factorsinteracting in a single preventedby continualgrazing by stock. Significant locality. A broadspectrum of sitesnow exists,from those portionsofhigh quality foresthave been removed in th€ continuouslydisturbed (e.g. pasture, towns, saline vicinity of Collie, Kirup, Bridgetown,Manjimup, wetlandsand rivers)to thoseinfrequently distufted Pembeton,Northcliffe and Walpolefor agricultural (e.g.forest unbumed for 60 years,forest unlogged). purposes.Riparian habitat has also been destroyed or Whitlock(1914) raised the important issue ofwhy a extensivelymodified by orchards,particularly in foresteast small and feeble-flyingspecies such as .S/ipilurus ofPerth (McArthur and Mulcahy 1980). malachnas (Southememu-wren) is ableto persist, whereaslarger species stJch as Atrichornis clamosus River regulation. Dammingofrivers for watersupplyto (Noisy scrub-bird)ard Dasyofltislongiroslris (Westem towns,cities and irrigat€dfarms has destroyed significant bristlebird)in the samehabitat veryed on becomingextinct. amountsofriparian habitat.Such habitat does not re- The answeris likely to be found in how and for how long a developupstream of dams. Waterwaysaffected include species'habitat is changedby disturbancesuch as frre. MundayBrook (dammedl89l ), HelenaRiver (1902), Bickley Brook (1921),Churchman Brook (1928), CanningRiver ( 1940),Wungong Brook (1979),Seryentine 1. Scale,Intensity and Frequencyof River (1961),Dandalup River (1974 and 1994),Drakes Disturbancesin the Forest Brook(1966), Samson Brook (1941), Logue Brook (1963), HarveyRiver (1916 and 1948),Collie River (1933 and The major environmentalimpacts in the forestsofsouth- 1960)and Harris River (1990). By my calculation westWA areas follows: c. 192km ofriparian habitathave been destroyed. The watersurface ofall dams(when full) totals9 200 ha PermunentDestruction of Forest (Watts37,pe$onal communication). aredeep, cool Agriculturc. This is the most significantfactor, as it has waters in domesticsupply reservoirs poor, in water level resultedin deforestation(clearing offorest). Ittook the andnutrient and largefluctuations prevent (Laneand Bussells,pioneer settlers at Augustain 1829,4 yearsto establishmentofreeds and s€dges thustend to be clear 1.2ha ofkani forestin orderto grow vegetablesfor McComb 1988). Theseimpoundments waterbirdspecies. their own consumption(Cullity 1979). As markets unsuitablebreeding habitat for most exist in the Harvey,Collie, developed,settlers in the forestleamed that stockingrates Potentialdam sitesstill Wanen, andDenmark could be improvediftre€s were ringbarkedand later Preston,Donnelly, Shannon, AustralianWat€r bumedto promotethe growthof nativeherbage. The rate waterresource basins {Westem 1989; and Westem ofclearing offorest wasslow, however,until earlythis ResourcesCouncil Commonwealth ForestAgreement Steering Committee century,when the Govemmentpurchased Millars' timber AustralianRegional the humanpopulation ofsouth-west concessionnear Denmark for agriculturalsettlement. After 1998,map 18). As it isdifficult to imaginethat furtherriver the GreatWar, despiteParliament introducing the Forests WA incrcases, lossofdparian habitatwill not Act in 1918,the Govemmentof WA activelypromoted regulationand consequent land settlementat the expenseofjanah andkani forest, takeDlace. aidedby the introductionof superphosphateand ' P warts,warer Corporalion,Lesd€tuillo.

CALMScience CALMscienceSupplement 5 (1999)

coalfieldsis a networkof 330 kV transmissionlines, which Urba ization. Clearingof foresthas taken place, at hasnecessitated clearing of 200 m wide conidors throush vaious scales,to enablehumans to settlein villages, forest. townsand cities. Early this centurydeforestation was very local and at a scaleof c. I ha to suppot one forester TemporaryModirttafion of Forest (hut, pasturepaddock for horselthe only modeof Pastoralism,Pioneer farmers transportl;see Havel 1989,p. 290). Next in the scaleof in the forestalways settlednext to a river disturbancewas the small spotmill. The areacleared of and allowedtheir stockto browse in the forest. lbrest would not haveexceeded 2-3 ha. This type of Stockwould havepreferentially browsed natrvegrasses village was temporary,being dependent on the local andother soft nutritiousfeed, but the concurrence availabilityofsuitable timber. The third rypeofurban of continuousgrazing and droughtyears led to stockbeing forced developmentwas the largetimber mills. Thesehad several to eat lessnutritious scrub (Cullity 1979). By the 1860s hundredpeople resident (Ednie-Brown 1896) and some ricketsin catrle,from eating MacrcTamia, (suchas Ja.rahdale,Dwellingup, and Pemberton) was widespread.It was found that cattle depasturedon eventuallyachieved permanence. The areacleared of coastalvegetation near the forestfrom Decemberto forestwas initially of rheorder of 50-100 ha. Finaly, Augustimproved in condition. Large pastonl leases townsdeveloped at Glen Fonest,Jaffahdale, Dwellingup, werewidespread last centurythroughout the fbrest,as evidenced Pemberton,Denmark, etc. and seNedas a focusfor the by inspectionof official maps. Flocks of sheep establishmentof otherindustries. In somecases wereshepherded to preventdepredation by dingoesand foraging polson horticulture,mining and other industriescame first and on pea(Gastrolobium species).Because timbermilling developed later, e.g. Stoneville, Bickley of the rough forage,the densityof sheep was low (c'. andKarragullen, Donnybrook (orchards); Collie and l/ 5 ha, K. Smith personalcommunication). Shepherds Greenbushes(coal andtin mining respectively);Boyup adoptedthe aboriginal practiceof burning patches Brook (sheepfarming); and MargaretRiver (dairying). of vegetationeach year in Iatesummer and autumnto green In the forestimmediately adjacent to Penh,extensive encoumge pick (cl Glover lg79), Catrle wererun in the wetter fragmentationtook placefollowing settlementaround forcsts. Palatableplant species would have preferentially villagesat Darlington,Mundaring, Kalamunda, Lesmurdie been grazedand the ground and Roleystone. vegetationand lower understoreyshould have become moreopen. By my calculationthere are 32 townssituated within The impactof thesechanges on bird populations the original forestboundary; the total areaof forest is unknown,but presumablywas minor and clearedis estimaredat c. 3 000ha. temporary.Most grazingleases were resumed by Govemmentfollowing the Homestead Act of 1893,and releasedfor Pineplantatiotts. Pinus radiata hasbeen extensively closersettlement and agricultural development plantedin partsof the high quality original forest, entailingdeforestation. particularlynear Dwellingup, Collie and Nannup. Some Logging. 23 000 ha havebeen affected in this way ( Kaye33,personal Timber extractionfrom the forestcommenced last century,and parts communication).No publicly-ownednative forest has many of the foresthave been cut over beencleared for pine plantationssince 1983. up to 3 or 4 times (Heberle1997). The mostheavily impactedforest is the high quality forest(Fig, l). In the periodbefore Tramway,road, railway aru|powergid construction. the ForestsAct of 1918,logged forests received An extensivetemporary light lailway systemradiated no silviculturalmanagement (Abbott and Loneragan1986). fromtimber mills in theperiod 1870-1950 (Heberle 1997), Up to the secondworld war, mostofthe high qualityjanah 'regeneration totallingc. 4 800km (Gunzburgand Austin 1997). Many forestwas given a cleaning'in whichlarge of thesetramways were converted to tracksand roads after marli treesor senescentjarrah treescontaining World War II. Railwayswere extended into rheforest after no merchantabletimber wereeither ring- barkedor removed(Abbott 1893to supportthe mining and timber industries, and by and Loneragan1986). The structure 1897the south-westrailway (from Penhand Bunbury)had of the forestbefore logging took place wasapparently open, resembling parkland, reachedBridgetown. Thereis an extensivenetwork of exceptalong streamswhere bitumenizedroads through the forest,connecting towns. undergrowthwas dense.Lane-Poole (nd) notedthat the 'a Within the forestthere are many secondary roads and virginjarrah foresthad very scattered lower storey' 'number tracksused by loggers,tourists, miners, conseryationists, with a small of groupsof pole and pile wood' and was 'open farmers,fishers, energy suppliers (electricity, gas), water enoughto ride througheasily a horse]... the suppliersand apiarists.The total lengthof roadsthat had [on old handsreport that the forestwas still more openin the beenconstructed and was still maintainedin 1968was earlydays of the colony. Therewas less saplinggrcwth say c. 27 000 km (ForestsDeparrment 1969, p. 36). Many they'. Hutchins(1916) recorded that thejarrahforest is 'open, roadswere closed, however, in the 1970sto preventfurther so much so as to be generally traversiblein spreadofdieback disease. Radiating from the Collie any direction,on foot, or on horseback, withoutpaths'. Theseremarks are supported by my interviewswith landholders r and forestersbom before J. Kaye,Oeparlment ol Conservationand Land Management,Bunbury 1928.

CALMScience lan Abbott, The avifauna of the torests ot south-west WesternAustralia

Foreststructure in the virgin forestappears to have l0 per centof retainedtrees are marri and that under-and beengreatly influenced by fire, setby lightning, mid-storcytrees of otherspecies are protected. Some aboriginesand the early settlers,interacting with soil and ofthe malri retainedare crop trees(CALM 1995a).In litter moisturegradients determined by topography,aspect, gap creation,gaps have to be 50-100 m apat so that climate,time of year,and weatherconditions (Wallace theyare su[ounded by corridorsof forest(oldgrowth, 1966;Talbot 1973; Underwood 1978; Hallam 1985, p. l5). old regrowth,shelterwood or thinned). Gapscannot Most of my informantswho lived in the kari orjanah exceed10 ha, Habitattrees, retained at the rateof 20 forestsin the 1920srecalledthat fires werelit by farmers trees/5 ha over the gap,must be largerthan 70 cm aroundtheir propertiesin autumnafter a little rain had d.b.h.o.b.and be in senescencestages 2-5 (out of an fallen and could be as frequentas every2-4 years. 8 point scale)where possible. Potentialhabitat trees are Although largeareas were burnt, burning was patchyand retainedat the rateof 6-8 trees/ha over the gap and of low intensity. Oncethe forestcanopy was reduced mustbe in senescencestages 2-4 (CALM 1995a). throughlogging and the spreadof diebackdisease, In karri foresteven-aged regrowth stands taller than understoreyproliferated (Abbott and Loneragan1984b), 30 m aresubject to thinning (CALM 1992b),with the pafiicularlyafter the policy of excludingfire from regrowth retainedbasal area varying from l6-22 m'/ha, dependent standswas adoptedin the late 1920s. on standheight. All sheoak,habitat trees and marri are The major differencein strueturebetween the retained.Because kari regeneratesonly from seed,it is primaevalforest and the modernforest is the limited necessarywhen regeneratingstands to removecompeting distributionof understoreythickets (especially in the understoreyvegetation by buming or mechanical northernforest), a lessopen forest canopy, and the disturbanceso as to createa suitableseedbed (CALM greaterdensity of very largetrees in the originalforest. 1997d).Mature standswith a singleoverstorey are All forestlogged in Stateforest is regeneratedsoon clearcutand regenerated by one of threemethods: retained afrerrimber harvesting is completed.within 5 yearsof seedtrees (CALM 1997c);a ificial spreadingof seed;or loggingin jaffah forest,both overstoreyand total cover plantingof nursery-raisedseedlings (CALM 1995b). exceeded80 per centof the valuefor unloggedjarrah Potentialhabitat trees could be grown by scorchingtheir (Stonemanel al. 1989a).In karri forestoverstorey cover crowns(CALM 1995b),thereby promoting development of reachedthe valuefor unloggedkarri forestby 8 yearsand epicormics,which over severaldecades senesce. The total coverwas the sameas in unloggedkarri forestby 5 ensuingdead branch stubs could then beginto form years(Stoneman er a/. 1989a).The amountof Stateforest hollows. Suchtrees are capable of living for another150 loggedeach year is c. l-3 per cent. About 33 per centof years. jarrah forestand 46 per centof karri foresthave been Regrowthkani forestin the establishmentphase has a excisedas nationalparks, nature reserves, and road, river veryhigh density of kani (5000stems/ ha, c 6-10 m tall) and streamreserves and will not be loggedin the future. by 8 yearsafter clearfelling (Bradshaw and Rayner 1997a). Logging systemsvary in intensityand purpose,and have Thejuvenile stagethen commences with crown closure, changedconsiderably during the past 120years (Abbott andthe standgradually self-thins to a densityof 400-500 andLoneragan 1986i Stoneman et al. 1989b:Christensen stems/ha (dominantsc. 30 m tall) at 25-30 years.The 1992;Breidahl and Hewett 1995). remainingtrees continue to reducein densityto 150 300 Timber harvestingis an operationbased on the science stems/ha (at 50-60 years)and increasein stemdiameter. of silviculture,longterm planning,and careful Coverof the overstoreymatches that of unloggedkarri management.Roading is constructedor selectedso as stands l0 yearsafter cutting and aftera further l0 years to minimizeecological damage. Stream zones, diverse stabilizesat l0 per centgreater than that in unlogged ecotypezones (heath, sedgeland, herbland, rock outcrops, stands(Stoneman et al. 1989a). Dominanttrces achieve swamps,lakes, woodlands), and dieback-freeforest are 90 percent of theirfinal heightat60 70 years avoided(CALM 1996). Beforeany logging ofjarrah (Rayner1991). For a montageof colour photographs lbresttrkes place. lhe status oI existingregeneralion showingthe regeneratingkarri forestup to 100years (advancegrowth) is assessed(CALM 1997b).By marking after clearfelling,see White and Underwood(1974), the treesto be retained,the foresterlargely determines Anon.(1976, pp. 8-9) andChristensen (1981). Recher how the standwill develop afterlogging (CALM 1995a). (1991)pointed out that marri is not retainedas seed Eachstand ofjarrah forestis currentlyharvested in one treesin clearfelledkarri coupes,implying that wildlife of threeways, depending mainly on the structureof the valueswere being neglected. However. marri forest:(a) thinning- to promotegrowth on retained regeneratesreadily from lignotubersand stumps lreesi(b) gapcreation to releaseexisting (White and Underwood1974), making the provisionof regenerationby completeremoval [except for habitat seedtrees unnecessary (CALM 1995b). trees]of competingoverstorey trees; and (c) shelterwood- All cutoverforest is subjectto detailedsurvey of to promoteestablishment of seedlingsby partialremoval of regeneration.Any understockedareas are infill-planted. competingoverstorey trees. Selective harvesting takes placein dieback-affectedforest and low rainfalljarrah wiklfrc. Althoughthe forestis subjectevery year to forestwhere some harvestable trees are present, but not lightningstrikes (Abbott andLoneragan 1986i enoughtojustify thinning or creatinga gap(CALM Underwood1990; CALM 1994b), fires developing 19979). Careis takenduring thinningto ensurethat up to wereprobably not of significanceto Europeansettlers

CALMScience CALMscienceSupplement 5 ('1999)

until the 1860s,when aboriginalpopulations declined afterthe 1961Dwellingup wildfire, supportedby precipitouslyas a resultof intrcduceddiseases. Their recommendationsof a Royal Commission.Planned burning3eof the forest(prcsumably to providefood suchas burningis basedon scientificknowledge accumulated kangaroo,tubers and berries)then ceased, resulting in sincethe 1930s.Information on soil moisture.litter widespreadbuild up of litter and brancheson the forcst depth,soil drynessindex, rate of spreadof fire for various floor. Under the right combinationofcritical foresttypes, etc hasbeen tabulated (Sneeuwjagt and peet circumstances(dry soil, denselitter and undergrowth,high 1985). Stateforest is burnedat the forestblock scalein a ambienttemperature, wind), a fire startedby lightning, mosaicpattem (DRSG 1982,p. 196),currently ar an arsonor other factor will quickly developinto a high intervalof l2-17 years(Commonwealth and Westem intensityor crown fire. The bestexample in the past AustralianRegional Forest Agreement Steering Committee 50 yearsis the Dwellingup wildfire of 196l in which 1998,pp. 156and 159). Areasto be harvestedmay be 136000 ha of forestwere burned by 22 known fires over a burned(preferably one seasonprior, and at low intensity) periodof 5 days. in orderto reducedensity of scrub(thereby allowing easier By about 1870European settlement began to spread andsafer access for treemarkersand fellers,CALM 1996, and strategic(albeit Iimited) clearingof woodlandon the 1997a).Such fires areusually planned to occurduring adjacentSwan Coastal Plain and wheatbeltcommenced normalprescribed aerial burning. (Jarvis1979). Fireslit by settlersto cleartheir land of Loggingcoupes are burned within 2 yearsof logging nativevegetation and encourage fodder would havespread ('tops disposalburn'). Fire is excludedfrom regrowth into the forestsand causedcrown fires. In the absenceof kad standsfor about15 years. Forestaround towns is loggingdebris, large trees ofjarrah and marri respectively burnedmore frequentlythan elsewhere in orderto protect arenot or rarely killed by suchhigh intensityfires Iife andproperty from summerwildfires. Recentyears (Bunows1987). haveseen more effort put into varying the seasonof From the 1870stimber harvesringat Jarnhdale buming (Burrows 1990). Much ofthe foresris subjectro a increasedthe amountof wood debrison the forestfloor periodfrom mid-Decemberto mid-Marchwhen buming is and therebyensured that wildfires wereable to burn out prohibitedby law and is permittedonly underspecial largerareas of forestthan wasprobably the casein the first circumstances.As the south-westof WA experiencesa few decadesof Europeansettlement (McCaw and Bunows Meditenaneanclimate, it is normally impossibleto 1989), This impactcommenced later farther south, once undertakewidespread prescribed burning in winter. Most timber harvestingbegan at Dwellingup,Manjimup and burningis thereforedone in late spring(October- Pemberton(1910-12). In the presenceoflogging debris, December)and late autumn(Apdl-May). high intensityfire degradesthe conditionof treecrowns Fire intensityduring springburning shows very and facilitatesthe developmentof hollows. markedspatial variation (Underwood and Christensen A map of all (143) detectedlightning-caused fires in 1981,p. 16),being influenced by aspect,locarion in rhe the forestsof south-westwA for the years1987-93 landscape,and ageof the forest. With fires setin spring, demonstratesthat suchignition pointsare geographically the natureconservation intent is to producea mosaicin extensive(CALMtrc 1994unpublished). If it is assumed intensityof burn (Figure I in Mccormick 1972;Figure I in that thesefires wereleft to burn for 4 daysin moderate Kimber 1974; (Tablel7 and Figure l1 in Christensenand summerconditions, more than50 per centof the forest Kimber1975; Underwood and Christensen 1981, p. 15; could be burnedina 6-yearperiod. This is a very VanHeurck et a/. 1998),with about20-30 per centof the conservativeassumption because summer fires arelikely to total groundarea left unburnt. Much of the overstoreyis burn for more than4 dayswithout suppressionactivities. left unscorched(see, for example,Underwood and Thus,the largescale forest fires of the late 19,hand Christensen1981, p. 11).Any localizedscorching oftree early 20'hcenturies were the combinedresult of crownsis followed by denserefoliation in summer.Full clearingof forestfor agriculture,pastoral activity, refoliationof groundvegetation takes 2-3 years. Autumn dispossessionof aboriginalpeople, and unregulated fires resultin morecrown scorchingand often almost logging. The ForestsAct of l9l8 broughtthe forest completecombustion of groundvegetation (e.g. Van underprofessional management, eventually leading to He$ck et al. 1998found rhat 10,30 per cenrof leaf litter the modernpolicy of usingprescribed burning to minimize was unburned).In karri forest,the covercontributed by the occurrenceof largescale wildfire. groundvegetation and the overstoreyreturns to pre-fire 'severe' levelsby 19 monthsafter fire. Cover contributed Prcscrlbedburning. Although introducedin 1954,this by the shruband lower understoreytakes longer managementpractice was not fully implementeduntil (Christensenand Kimber 1975),with maximumdensity of shrubsachieved by 6 yearsafter a prescribedfire (Tingay " The delailsol Noongarburning praclices are !nkn@n, aparl trom the iact lhat andTingay 1984). mosrtook pracein summor(Burows etal1995). Presumaby ihei. use ot tire The impactof variousfire intensitieson regeneration was both skiluland managed.otherwise bi.d speies reskicredlo riparianhabitat in lhe drier nonhernjarah (oreslrcltd nol havo psrsisledwilh lrequentand following the fire, particularlythe verticaldistribution broadscaleburning ol lhis habilat. Indeed,ir is tiketythatspecies such as of foliage,has been summarized diagrammatically by Irri.hords c/arrosls (Noisy sctub-bnq, Matutus sptendens (Sp endid tairy.wen), Matutus etegans \aed-winged lany-wten), Eopsaitia georgiara (whire,br€asred Underwoodand Christensen (1981, p.24). Thecurrent robin) and Slagorople!'" o.u/ara (Fled-eared iierait) had grea y insutarized standardsto be achievedwith hazardreduction fire and dsrriburionsin lhe norrhernjaiiah to€st.

CALMScience lan Abbott,The avifauna of the torestsof south-westWestern Austrclia silviculturalfire usingaerial prescribed buming in the by Stolr (1991,p. l0) that Stateforest is 'managedfrom southemforests are clearly setout in CALM (1997h). the viewpointof timber production' is only panially Vegetationin and aroundswamps can burn very conect.Regenerating forests do needprotection ftom fire intensely.Kimber (1974) noted that a prescribed if they areto developinto standscapable of producingboth (spring)fire will not generallyrun througha swamp timberand habitat,as well asescaping the destructive until the vegetationis 7-8 yearsold. Refoliationfrom impactsof periodicwildfire. rcotstocksis rapid; e.g.Agonis linearifulia exceeds 1.5 m in heightone year aftera fire in springand is Diebackdisease. Probably introduced soon after denseenough to makewalking difficult. Plantspecies Europeansettlement, the fwr9]usPhytophthora that dominatethe understoreyoi riparianareas, forming cinnamomihas spreadthrough much of the forestwith thickets2.5-5 m tall, and regenerateafter fire only from suitableenvironmental conditions (Shearer and Tippett seed(e.g. Acacia pentadenia, Banksia seminuda,Bossioea 1989). LowJying pansof the forestin the higher aquifulium, B. laidlawiana.Trymalium fl oribundum) rainfall zoneare most prone to infection (Havel 1975b). flower within 4-6 yearsof fire (Bunowsao,unpublished More than225 000 ha havebeen extensively affected; data;personal observation). Clearly,these species are resultingin deathof susceptibleplant species,including adaptedto fire frequenciesof 8-12 years. Thesespecies janah,Banksia grandis, Xanthorrhoea preissii and other alsoattain a heightof at least2 m as soonas 2-4 years prominentcomponents of the groundflora. Normally such afterfire (Skinner1984). 'graveyard'sites are colonized by resistantspecies such as Recentresearch by Bunows and Friend(1998) has mani, yani, andbullich (photographsof graveyardsites examinedreproductive characteristics of key plantspecies areprovided in Shea19751Postle et ol.1986,p.48; afterfire injanah forest. They proposethat the time to Shearerand Tippett 1989;Beard 1990,p.84). The cause flowering and fruiting of the slowestmaturing species of 'jarrahdieback' (asit was then known) was only could be usedas a biologicalstandard for definingfire establishedin 1965;this discovery'was a watershedin frequency.Based on suchdata, the sustainableminimum forestmanagement, as it necessitateda re-examinationof fire frequencyfor uplandjarah forestreceiving rainfall all existingactivities in the forest' (Havel 1989). > 900 mm,/yearis c. 6 years;that for uplandjarah forest Developmentsin policy and managementofdieback with < 900 mm/yearis c. 8 years;and that for riparian diseaseare outlined in Bradshawer al. (1991). forest(> 900 mm,/year)is c, 12 years. Burrowsand Friend The mostimportant principle regarding dieback (1998)therefore have proposed a more diversifiedfire diseasein relationto timber harvestingis the needto regimethan that currentlyapplied: fire in spring,followed minimizethe risk of soil being transportedfrom areas 6 yearslater by anotherfire in spring,followed 6 years infestedwith the diebackpathogen to areasfree of later by a fire in autumn,followed by 12 yearswith no fire, dieback(CALM 1997f). During silviculturaloperations in after which the cycle is repeated. dieback-affectedforest (CALM 1989a),retention of Ratesof litter accumulationinjarrah forestafter fire resistanttree species (including any resistantjarah)is indicatethat the minimum possiblefire intervalis 2-3 emphasizedin orderto maintain forestcanopy. Of equal years(high rainfall forest)or 2-5 yeals(low rainfall priority is the protectionofexisting saplingregeneration forest)(Burrows et a/. 1995). Studiesofblack bandson from fire or loggingdamage (CALM 1989a)and the the stemsof Xcrt orrhoeapreissli andhistoricalrecords creationof ashbedsto promoteregeneration (CALM appearto indicatethat aboriginalbuming beforeEuropean 1989b). settlementwas triennialover muchofthe south-west(Ward and Van Didden 1997;Ward 1998). Mrnrrg. Although mineralleases are extensive within Somebiologists (Woinarski and Recher1997) Stateforest, economic deposits of mineralsand orestend evidentlyconfuse edge burning (CALM 1993)by hand to be highly localized. The areaof forestso far removed of forestblock boundariesalong public roads(no for mining is 13 400 ha (bauxite),2000 ha (coal,open cut unbumedunderstorey remaining for a distanceofc 100m since1943), I 600 ha (tin) and 280 ha (gold) (Caporna', from the edge)with aerialburning in the interior of the personalcommunication). After mining, rehabilitationof forestblock (many unburned palches remaining. crown the site takesplace (Stedman 1988; Bartle and Slessar scorchvariable). The purposeofhand burningalong such 1989). The objectiveis to re-establisha standof treeswith boundariesis to minimize the risk of fire escapesfrom structumlvariety; increasing effort is involved in using aerialburning into adjacentunburned forest (The escape local speciessuch as jarrah and mani and in promotingan ratefrom prescribedburns is 5 per cent- CALM 19979, abundantlyflowering understoreywith a leguminous p,82). In the southernforests, scrub rolling is also used component(Kabay and Nichols 1980;Koch and Ward alongthe perimeterof areas to be prcscriptionburned. 1994;Ward and Koch 1995). In summary,prescribed burning has been spectacularlysuccessful in reducingthe extentof wildfire, Ab original Utilizatio n usuallycaused by lightningor arson(Bmd.shaw et al. l99l), and in producingan intricatemosaic of variousages Aborigineshunted several bird speciesfor food (Meagher of regeneration(Robenson 1998). The opinionexpressed 1974). The flesh of Drcmaiusnovaehollandiae (Emu) was o Dr N.O Bur@q Depa h6nl of ConseNalionand Land Managemenl,Crawley. .' N. Capon, Deparhent of Consetualjonand Land Manageme.t,Como.

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

'fhe highly esteemedfor eatir'9. Cygnusatral,s (Black swan) Introducedprey speciesfor nativepredators. was also takenwhen it was moulting. Otherspecies anival of the rabbit in the forestsof south-westWA particularlyrecorded in early colonialtimes as being eaten increasedthe food supplyof someraptor species,and wereAquila audax(Wedge{ailed eagle) andPhaps may havecompensated for the contractionin distribution, chalcoptera (Commonbronzewing) (Meagher 1974). anddecline in abundance,of many speciesof native Abodginesregarded yo]dlng Platycercus zonarius mammalsfollowing the arrival of the fox. Introduced (Australianringneck) as a greatdelicacy and climbed trees mice,rats and rabbitshave also contributedto the diet of with the aid of a tomahawkto obtainthem (Green1989a, owls (Barkerand Vestjens1989; Debus and Rose 1994; pp.24-25). Quail, cockatoosand waterfowlwere recorded Debus1997). without detail asfood items,and eggsand youngof raptors,parrots, pigeons and waterfowlwere collected Pollution fromJune to January{Meagher 19741. Salinationof steamJ. Extensiveclearing of native Introduced Species vegetationin the wheatbelt/sheepbelthas resulted in rivers (Avon,Muffay, Collie, Blackwood,Warren, Frankland) Predators.Cats would very likely havecolonized the drainingthis areabecoming saline (Westem Australian forestsoon after Eurcpeansettlement commenced in 1826. WaterResources Council 1992). The connexionbetween Foxesarrived overland (from SouthAustralia) in the late clearingof nativevegetation and the developmentof 1920s(Long 1988),following colonizationby rabbitsin secondarysalination was notedin WA as early as 1897 1916-1921 (Stodart and Parer1988). Agricultural (Wood 1924). Although clearingcommenced early rhis disturbancemay havefacilitated the spreadof foxesand centuryand peakedin the 1960s,widespread salinarion of catswithin the south-westforest region. Rabbitsbecame a freshwaterlakes is a relativelyrecent event, e.g. Lake seriouspest in the 1950sin the south-westand were Toweniningwas still freshin 1966(Froend and '1080' McComb controlledby poisoning(King 1990).The fox l99l). Otherlarge lakes at the easternmargin have also becamevery numerousin the 1970sonce the myxoma becomepermanently saline; in primaevaltimes, they virus replacedpoison baiting of rabbits(King et al. 1981), probablybecame salty in summer/autumnbut rcvertedto thoughit was alwaysleast numerous in karri forest. Feral freshwater in winter/spdng. Now the only freshwetlands catsmay be abundantin forest,c.9.40 werekilled during a rcmainingin naturereserves on the fringe of the forestare periodof 3 yearsaround a houseat Smith Brook southof Kukulikup,Dobadeny swamp, Yarnup lagoon, Poorginup Manjimup (Webster1948). Both predatorsare likely to swamp,and Grasmere Lake (Halse"/ al. 1993a).Streams impacton the 9 speciesof landbirdsand 4 speciesof andswamps draining habitats totally within Stateforest waterbirdnesting on the groundin the forest(Table 9; remainfresh (Peck and Hurle 1973;Schofield et a/. 1988; Burbidgeand Fuller 1990). However,broadscale aerial Laneand McComb 1988), and timber harvesting baitingby CALM ('WestemShield' Project)is beginning operationsare designed to avoid risk to waterquality to bring fox numbersunder control (Bailey 1996). (Bradshawet al. 1991,Underwood etal. 1991). The LaughingKookaburra was introducedin Increasingand then permanent salination eventually south-westWA in the 1890sand soonestablished in causesdeath of emergentvegetation (e.g. Froend and the forest. Its impacton nestingbirds hasnot been Mccomb 1991),impacting particularly on thosewaterbird investigated. speciesrequiring dense rushes, reeds or trees(see Table 9; Sanders1991). Halse (1987) indicated that only 6 species Competitors.Very few introducedbird speciesare - Cygnusatratus (Black swan),Tadorna tadornoides apparentlyable to establishpermanent populations in (Australianshefduck), Anas gracilis (Grey teal), the forestsof south-westWA, evidencedby the A. rhynchotis(A\stralian shoveler),Phalacrocorax informationpresented in Table4. The Rainbowlorikeet melanoleucos(Little pied cormorant)and FLtLicaata (Trichoglossushaenalodus), introduced to Perthin the (Eurasiancoot) - would be abundantand breedin saline 1960s,now occursthroughout the metropolitanarea lakes. Most waterbirdspecies, however, are associated (Lamontand Burbidge 1996).Presumably it will with brackishwaters and breedsuccessfully in suchwaters spreadsouth along the SwanCoastal Plain. Predictive (Goodself1990: Halse et al.1993b) apparentlybecause of modellingbased on Bioclim indicatesthat muchof largerpopulations of invertebratesin brackishwaters. south-westWA hasa climatethat would suit T. haematodus.If it invadesthe karri forests,it may Creatian of New Habitats competewith the nativelorikeet species, Glossopsitta porphyrocephala.According to Lamont (1996)and Europeansettlement has introduced extensive areas of new Lamontand Burbidge(1996), G. porphyrocephalais habitats.These are open areas of grassland(pasture), open unfikely to be displacedas it is smallerthan T. haematodus, areasof croplandand stubble(wheat, oats), woodland feedson small eucalyptflowers, and apparentlycoexists (orchards),parkland in and aroundtowns, and gardensin with T. haematodusin south-eastAustralia. Nonetheless townsand on farms. Agriculturaldevelopment has also this specieshas been recorded feeding at flowersofjarah createdmany small and relativelyshallow waterbodies and mani. It is alsoaggressive to otherbird species (fam dams)throughout parts of the forest. Theseare used (Lamont 1996).

CALMScience lan Abbott, The avilauna of the forests of south-west WesternAustralia by 8 duck species(Jaensch and Vervest1988b). Damming patchyand varying in quality, and so do not havedifficulty ofdvers hascreated large areas ofoligotrophic deepwater copingwith a modified landscape.See, in addition,many usedtransiently by 4 duck species(Jaensch and Vervest ofthe speciesaccounts so far publishedin RAOU 1988b). (1990-1996). The subtle(and shaightforward)distinction betweenhabitat ftagmentation and variegationis well H abitat F r agm e ntatio n ? illustratedby Eopsalr/iaaustralis (Yellow robin). In the extensivelycleared Westem Australian wheatbelt, Yellow To somebiologists (e.g. Recher 1996; Russell and Rowley robinsoccur only in fragmentsofnative vegetationlarger 1998),forest management (logging, prescribed buming) than20 ha and lessthan 2 km from other patchesofnative fragmentsforcst andthereby has the potentialto impacton vegetation20 ha or more in area(Lambeck 1997). In the persistenceofsome bird species.However, this useof contnst, Yellow robinsinjarrah forestoccur throughout the conceptof fragmentationis inappropriate. the mosaicofavailable habitatsresulting from loggingand Fragmentationrefers to the creationofremnant parcelsof buming at varioustimes in the past(see Tables l, 2, l1). land containingnative vegetation, as are lt of permonent clearingofnative vegetationfor agricultureand 2. Changesto Bird SpeciesRichness following urbanization.The interveningnew habitat(wheatfields, pasture,buildings) is unsuitablehabitat for mostofthe bird European Settlement speciespresent prior to clearing. Individualbirds ofthese Therehave been extensive changes to the forestavifauna speciesseem unable or unwilling to dispersethrough following the inroadsofEuropean settlement, mainly in hostilehabitat. Populationseffectively remain marooned the arrival of speciesnot prcviouslypresent. Someof in the remnants(sink populations,Pulliam 1988,in which thesechanges reflect habitat change in adjacentareas, reproductiondoes not compensatefor mortality). Thereis particularlythe wheatbeltand SwanCoastal Plain. This a considerabledifference between a small numberof fatms hasenabled open country sp€ciesto penetrat€into cleared surroundedby forest(as for exampleat Janahdale)and an forest. The 12 speciesof landbird involved areAquila agriculturalarea (such as the wheatbeltnear Kellerbenin) morphno ides (Little eagle), Cacatua roseic api I la (Galah), containingfew largeremnants ofnative vegetation.lt is Neophemaelegans (Elegar't parrot), Meliphaga virescens the permanentclearing ofnative vegetationthat creat€s (Singinghoneyeater), Epthianura albifron.r (White-fronted habitatfragmentation. chat), Rhipidura leucop,trys (Willie wagtail), Grallina Becauseofsubtle variationin wateravailability and cyanoleuca (Magpie-lark), Lalage tricolor (White-winged physicaland chemicalproperties ofsoils acrossthe triller), Crccticus torqralrs (Crey butcherbid), Anthus landscape,the primaevaleucallpt forestsofsouth-west novaeseelandiae(Richard's pipit), Cinclorhamphus WA exhibitedan extensivemosaic ofnatural patchinessat mal,[e]rsi (Rufous songlark) and C. cruralis (Brown many scales(Mattiske Consulting 1997): site-vegetation songlark).The six speciesofwaterbird involvedare types(Havel 1975a,b; Strelein1988); vegetation Chenonettajubata (Australianwood duck), complexesand ecologicalvegetation systems (Mattiske Malacorhynchus membranaceus(Pink-eared' dv'ck), Ardea and Havel 1998,Commonwealth and WestemAustralian pacifca (\Nhite-necked heron), Threskiornb spinicollis RegionalForest Agreement Steering Committee 1998); and (Straw-neckedibis), Gallinula tenebrosa(Dusky moorhen) forcstecosystems (Bradshaw et al. 1997). This, together a\d l/anellustricolor (Bandedlapwing). with the islandlike naturcofthe original forest,is why the Only one ofthese species(A, morphnoides)actually North Americanconcept ofobligate forest-interiorbird breedsin standsof foresttlees; the othersare dependent on species(often requiringold growth) is not applicableto the pasture,remnant trees on farmland,gardens in townsand forestsof south-westWA. aroundfarm buildings,or the prcvision ofdams (earth With loggingand prcscribedbuming, further tanks)for stock. heterogeneityis imposedon the landscape,but at a A furtherfour specieswere introducedinto Perthand diversityofspatial scales(up to l0 ha for jarrah logging; have spreadeither unassisted(Streptopelia senegalensis up to 80 ha for kani clearfelling;upto c. 5 000 ha for (Laughingturtle-dove), S c/rraensu(Spotted turtle-dove) prescribedbuming, itselfnot uniform but containing or assisted(Columba /lvic (Domesticpige on'1, Dacelo unbumtpatches varying in areafrom severalm'to 104m'). novaeguineae(Laughing kookabura)) into areaswith Thesedisturbances arc then allowedto initiateecological suitablehabitat within the forestedpart ofthe south-west. successionwhich is well advancedbefore the next A fifth species,Neochmio temporclis (Red-browed finch), disturbanceis imposed,5-100years later. wasreleased directly into forest/farmland.Ofthese This twe of disturbanceis well accommodatedby the species,onlyD. zovaeguineaeand N. temporaliscan live conceptofhabitat variegation(Mclntyre and Banett 1992). in unclearcdforest. Disturbedvegetation is more aptly perceivedas a modified Many otherspecies occur regularly in farmlandwithin versionofthe original vegetationand thus doesnot pres€nt the forcstbut arenot yet known to breed. Examples a permanentbarrier to mostbird species.Recently include Elauus caerulels (Black-shouldercd kite), Falco harvestedcoupes and bumedblocks are embedded in a cenchrcides(Atlustralian kestrel), F. longipennis (Austlahar' forestedlandscape offe ng a spectrumof post-disturbance hobby), Polytelis anthopeplus (Regent panot) and Petroica successionalstages. As notedby Ford and Barrett(1995), go odenovii (Red-cappedrobin). many Australianbid speciesview their original habitatas The remainingspecies (Table 4) aremainly vagrantor

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999) infrequentlyrecorded. ln the future someof thesemay farmingor mining constitutesa permanentadditional colonizethe south-westof WA and establisheither on habitat,intimately part ofthe original forestas mappedin clearedland surroundingState forest or in naturalhabitats Figure 1. Overall,the presentpatchwork ofeucalypt within Stateforest. forest,pasture, cropland, gardens and pine plantationshas On the debit side,one forestspecies, Ral/us pectoralis led to an increasein the divercityofbird speciescompared (Lewin's rail) is presumedto hav€become extinct in south- with that in 1829. westWA (disappearingfrom wetlandirrespective ofland tenure;after 1850near Perth, after 1880near Albany, after 3. Contracted Distributions of Species 1907near Margaret River, and after 1932at'lr'ilgarup). following European Settlement Judgedby the small numbersofspecimens collected or sighted(8) and the few locationsat which the specieswas Basedmainly on infomation synthesizedby Storr( l99l ), recorded(4), this speciesseems to havebeen very rare 4 speciesout ofthe 112species present in the primordial from its discoveryin the 1840suntil the last recordin forcstnow havesmaller geographical distributions. 1932. It is possiblethat this species,with its apparent greatly-insularizedgeographical range, was sensitiveto too Leipoaocellata. Malleefowlno longeroccur nea! frequentbuming ofits habitatas Europeanfarming Yelvertonor LakeMuir. Clearingof forestfor agriculhrre advanced.Blakers el a/. (1984)mention predation ofthis and the anival ofthe fox are probablyresponsible for these speciesby cats. extinctions. A secondspecies, ,4 trichornis clamosus (Noisy scrub- bird), disappearedfrom its habitatwithin forestand almost Calyptorhynchusbanfull. The Forestred-tailed black everywhereelse probably before 1900(Smith 1985a).This cockatoono longeroccurs east of Chidlow-Boddington- specieswas evidentlyvery rare in colonialtimes - only Boyup Brook-Mt Barkeras a breedingspecies (see also c. 20 specimenswere collectedand it was recordedfrom Abbott 1998b,c). Excessiveclearing of forestfor only 6 localities. lts apparentexcessively-insularized agricultureis probablyresponsible for this dccline. geographicalrange left it l'ulnerableto a changein fire regimeonce European settlement advanced npidly in the Cacatuapasti ator. The Westemlong-billed corella is no 'Blackwood 1890s.ln that decadetbe populationof WA trebled longerrecorded in the district' [Bridgetown] 'Lower following the discoveryofgold (Jarvis1979). The ensuing or Blackwooddistrict' lNannup](Curr 1886)and it shortagesoffood led the govemmentto encourage no longervisits the alluvial and swampflats between agriculturaldevelopment. This would havegreatly Augustaand Pt D'Entrccasteauxin summer. Poisoningby increasedthe clearingofnative vegetation,buming ofl farmersis thoughtto be responsiblefor this. and fire escapes. The numberofspecies extinctions in Stateforcst is Climacterisrufa. The Rufoustrcecreeper no longeroccurs much lessthan in the adjoiningSwan Coastal Plain, in the forcstbetween Julimar and Wooroloo. This decline wheatbelt,and subcoastalregion from CapeNaturaliste to may be attributableto fragmentationoffor€st through Hopetoun(Fig. 19). Of the 27 extinctionslisted for the agriculturaldevelopment (see map in McArthur and SouthWest Land Division (Table l0), only 2 (7 per cent) Mulcahy 1980and McCncken and Astley-Boden1982). occunedin the primaevalforest. Armstrongand Abbott (1995)attdbuted this to extensivepermanent clearing of Two presumedextinct species (Ral/as pectoralis a\d nativevegetation (78-93 per cent)in theseareas rclative to Atrichornisclomosus) have been discussed above. Stateforest (2 pe! cent). In addition,extinction is an ongoingprocess (Fig. 20): thereare many specieson the 4. Speciesthat have taken Advantage of SwanCoastal Plain and in the wheatbeltthat havedeclined Disturbancescaused by EuropeanSettlement dramaticallysince European settlement began, and now S€veralspecies that appearto havebeen rare in the occurin few areas(Abbott 1997;Table l0). Someofthese primordialforest have increased in distributionand specieswill becomelocally extincton the SwanCoastal abundancein the forestfollowing disturbancesgenerated Plain and in the wheatbeltduring the next few decades, by Europeansettlement', Acanthiza chrysorrhoa (Yellow- e.g.in the wheatbelt(c. 95 per centcleared), island rumpedthombill), Lichmeraindisti cta (Brcwn biogeogmphytheory predicts that only 5l per cent honeyeater),Anthochaera cawculota (Red wattlebird), (0.05o's) ofthe original avifaunawill persist(Rosenzweig Anhinga melanogaster(Dafter), and Fulica aha (Eurasian 1995). Ofthe 64 contracteddistributions listed, only 4 coot). Most bird spe.ciesofthe pdmordial foresthave also (6 per cent)are from the primaevalforest. This is in exploitedopportunitiei provided by Europeansettlement. strikingcomparison to elsewherein the world, whereforest Table I I is a synopsisofavailable information. is the habitatfor 65 per centofall threatenedbird species Most species(69) appearto use(to varying extent) (Collat et al. 1994). The main reasonfor this is that farmlandand towns situatedin the forcst. This illustrates tropicalforests are rapidly beingfragmented by clearing the importanceofthe scaleofclearing relativeto the for agricultureor ranching. matrix offorest reservedas Stateforest. nature reserye or In summary,the original avifaunaof I 12 breeding nationalpark (see,for example,Underwood and species(81 land,3l water)now totals 134breeding Christensen1981, p. 2). Most public roadsthrough species.This recognizesthat forestnow clearcdfor

CALfiiscience lan Abbott, The avifauna ol the forests ot south-west WesternAustralia

Figure 19.South-weg lfestern Australia showing the areas designatedas SwatlCoastal Plaih, v,heatbe , Staleforest and lhe Drimaevallbrest.

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

farmlandprovide a corridorof remnantoverstorey trees, 1986). Otherspecies making useofroads and roadside togetherwith understoreyin varying degreesof habitatare discussed in RAOU (199G-1996).The degradationthrough weed invasionand diebackdisease. suppositionthat roadsimpede the movementsofsouth- The farmsthemselves may havepatches offorest 1eftbut west forestbirds (Recher1996) lacks empiricalsupport usuallythe understoreyhas been grazed. Drainagelines and is in any caseinconsistent with the openskucture of may providea degradedcorridor ofriparian habitat. both the virgin janah and karri forests. Paddocksmay haveone or two largetrees left per l0 ha to Pineplantations are known to be usedby 43 bird offer shelterfor stock. Similarly,townsites in the forest species.Regarded by someas 'biological desert', havepatches ofremnant forestor trees,planted trees, softwoodplantations are more accuratelydescribed as parkland,and gardens.Evidently this type of disturbance simplifiedecosystems (Friend 1980). Pine treesprovide suitsmore than half ofthe landbirdfauna ofthe primal nestingsites for somespecies, there are small glades forests. throughoutwhere pines have died, and the networkof Brcwn and Brown (1986-1987)noted that pines tracksmay be lined with nativeplant speciesable to persist 'unexpectedly plantedon farmsnear Manjimup provided in edgehabitats. In the first few yearsafter planting, pines acceptable'habitat for Acanthizachrysorrhoa (Yellow- providedense thickets suitable for many smallbird species. rumpedthombill), I nthochaeracarunculata (Red, Plantationshave also provided a largefood resourcefor w attlebird), P et ro i ca muI t i co I or (S carlet robitr), Calptorhynchuslati,'oslnJ (Camaby's cockatoo). Friend Gymnorhinatibicen (Australian magpie) and (1982)provides a synthesisofmany eastemAustralian Stagonopleura oculata (Red-earedfiretail). Vegetation studiesofbirds in pine plantations;his dataand review are alongroads traversing farmland in the samearea was used consistentwith usageby birds of WestemAustralian pine by 24 landbirdspecies ofthe primal forest(Brown and plantations. Brown 1978-79);this utilizationwas frequentenough for Artificial watersupplies such as reservoirsand farm thesespecies to be killed by moving vehicles(Brown et a/. damsprovide utilizable habitat for 30 species.Thirteen

12 l0 _lr- SwanCoastal Plain qogl o 6*8 6 =-a 1 z2 0 12 b "t: StateForest Eog o EfrF: =lt z2 0 12 10 qo |rta Hg$e =.0 tt4 z 0

|ll g!i"E'3 @ 6 E "Ei z 0

DECAOEWHEN LAST RECORDED

Figure 20. Extinctions conlinue lo occur regularly in the mosl heavily cleared parts ofsotth-west Westem Australia. Note the extinctiorl ofone species hypothesized to have occurred in Statefore.rt fAtrichomis clamosus (Noisy scrub-bird), arbitrarily set at decade l89l).

CALMScience lan Abbott,The avifauna of the forestsof south-westWesten Australia speciesof swan,duck, grebe,cormorant, heron, crake, rail 5. Impactsof Disturbanceon Biodiversityand and waderhave been recorded breeding on farm dams Total Abundanceof Bird Species within th€ forest. Other speciesuse the thicketsaround damsas breeding habitat. Disturbanceis commonto all ecosystems(Attiwill 1997; Fifty speciesofprimaeval forestbirds havebeen Stott 1998)and biodiversity is influencedby disturbance recordedusing bauxite minesites within 5 yearsof regime. Long periodsof little changeor ofcontinuous rehabilitation. disturbanceresult in lossofspecies (Huston 1994). When consideredcollectively as habitatsnot Currenttheory holds that intermediatelevels ofdisturbance representedin the forestbefore 1826,farms, towns, dams, (in termsofmagnitude, frequency or duration)tend to rescrvoirs,permanently saline lak€s, pine plantations, maximizebiodiversity (Connell 1978). Forestmanagers in rehabilitatedminesites, roads and cuttingsprovide habitats south-westWA, well beforethese theories had been usedby 75 landbirdspecies and 19 waterbirdspecies. This proposed,were imposingdisturbance at intermediate is 84 per centofthe primaevalforest avifauna. The species scales,both spatialand temporal. The reasonsfor this for which I could find no primary recordofuse ofsuch werethe comparativelyslow growth mte of treespecies of 'new' habitatswithin the original extentofthe primal commercialsignificance (especially janah) and the gradual forestare: increasein combustiblefuels after fire. Oncea standhad beenlogged, it was not profitableto Landbirds harvesttimber againuntil the treesretained had grown into largersawlog sizes. Thus,overstorey was disturbedevery Leipoa ocellata 20-30 yearsin janah and karri forestfor thinning. With Ninox connivens fire management,forests were nominallyto be bumedon Atrichornis clanosus averageevery 5-7 years(high qualityjarrahforest), ? l0 Petroicacucullata years(low qualityjanah forest)and 5-10 years(kani), Ponat os t otlus superc i li o sus oncelitter and otherpotential fuel itemshad reached 8 V ha (anah) and at least 15 t/ ha (karri). The rationaleis Wsterbirds describedin CALM (1994b). The total areaofjarrah and Oxyura australis karri forestprcscription bumed each year has declined Anas rhynchotis from 370 000 ha in 1979to 150000 ha in 1993(CALM Nyct ico rax cal edoni cu s 1994b). Thus,understorey and to a lesserextent midstorcy Ixobrychusminutus weredisturbed every 5-26 years(CALM 19979,p. 83). logging and buming (before I. flavicollis In the eraofunregulated B otaalts po ic i I op t i lus 19l9), disturbancewas intensebut the cut-overforests Ralluspectoralis werethen left, to be disturbedagain at intervalsby summer wildfires. Much ofthejanah forest(for example,around Porzanafluminea Gallinula ventralis Dwellingup)was effectivelyclearfelled before the Great Himantopushima/ttopus War, but the r€gen€ratingforests were left undisturbed 'regeneration Ch aradrius rujicap i I lu s until the cleaning' ofthe Depressionyears, Erythrogonys ci ctus selectivelogging in the 1960s,and the introductionof prescribedbuming in the 1960s(Abbott and Loneragan However,elsewhere in Australia,some ofthese species 1986;Heberle 1997). havebeen recorded as benefiting (to varyingextent) from Avian biodiversity,in the faceofongoing disturbance, Eurcpeansettlement (RAOU 1990-1996). is maintainedat the landscapescale but at local scales The demonstratedversatility of a largefraction ofthe usuallydecreases immediately after disturbance (depending primaevalavifauna ofthe forestsofsouth-west WA agrees on the magnitude,scale and transienceofthe disturbance). with someother studiesof changefollowing European Successionalchange (regeneration) in vegetationis then settlement,e.g. south-westUSA (Brown and Davis 1995) initiatedand bird speciesrecover their pre-disturbance and WestemAustralian rungelands (Saunders and Curry abundanceor recolonizethe previouslydisturbed arca as 1990).Affected speci€s can be either'losers'or'winners', their shelterand food requirementsare satisfied. thoughusually most species in an avifaunaappear Disturbancescaused by fire and timber harvestingin indifferentto changesimposed by Europeansettlement. In the south-westforests of WA areconsidered by someto be otherregions following Europeansettlement, avifaunas processesthat threatenbiodiversity. However,the supporta lower diversityofspecies than beforesettlement, considerablebody ofscientific evidence(the information as in the WestemAustralian wheatbelt (Saunders and collatedfor this review) againstthis viewpoint is Curry 1990),Perth metropolitan area (How andDell 1993), overlookedor not cited; insteada political, forensicand CountyofCumberland, NSW (Hoskin1991), semi-arid ideologicalagenda has been followed to oppose,exclude NSW (Smithe, a/. 1994),and well-vegetated suburbs of or minimizeplanned buming and timber harvestingin nativeforests (see also examplesdiscussed in CALM Brisbane,Queensland (Sewell and Catterall 1998). Such differencespresumably reflect the extentand intensityof 1990a;Abbott and Ch stensen1994, 1996;Christensen disturbancesimposed by Europeansettlement pattems. 1997a;Underwood 1998). ln sornecases, e.g. Tingay and Tingay(1984), the conclusionsreached by autho$ arenot

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

supportedby the datapresented. Fire This review found that somepublications by Davies(1979) omithologistsabout forest birds revealoversimplified, reviewedthe breedingseason ofbird species in southemWA. limited or inconectunderstanding ofhow fire and timber Using datafor only 6 commonspecies which weremembers primaeval harvestingare managed by professionalforesten. The ofthe forestavifauna, he concludedthat jeopardized main reasonfor this inadequateconceptualization appeam buming in spring breeding effort, damagedfuture food to be lack offamiliarity with cunent andpublicly available supplies,and was therefore more damaging informationon forcstmanagement presented in thanbuming in autumn(when little breedingoccurs). However, managementplans, prescriptions, guidelines, codes of for 4 of thesespecies most breeding place practice,and annualreports to Parliament. took beforeOctober (see below). Empiricaldata do not Someofthe literaturedealing with impactsof supportDavies' conclusions. Prcscriptionbuming disturbanceon birds injanah and kari forestscan be undermoist soil conditions(spring in jarah forcst,early summerin karri forest) legitimatelycriticized because ofsome incorect species had no impact on bird speciesrichness injarrah (Kimber identifications(e.9. Kimber 1974;Norwood 1992)and forest 1974), largelybecause patches(in methodologicallimitations, including insufficient unbumed two dimensions) within the replication(e.g. Tingay and Tingay 1984), bumedforest and unbumedforest blocks adjacentto the bumed pseudoreplication(e.9. Abbott and Van Heurck 1985b; forestact as a reservoirfrom which birds repopulate Wardell-Johnson1985), lack ofan appropriatecontrol bumedareas as soonas they refoliate. In kani forest,however, species richness increased for 3-6 (Rowleye/ al 1988;Wooller and Calver 1988)and 'fhis yearsafter fire (Figs inappropriatesampling technique and scale(e.g. Wooller 21,22). type of fire tendsto incrcasetotal andBrooker 1980;McComb 1994). Theseimperfections abundanceofbirds injarrah forest (Fig. 23) andkani forest(Fig. 24). (Wooller ofcourse vary in their importanceand thusdetemine the Otherstudies andBrooker 1980; Wooller and extentthat conclusionsdrawn from eachstudy need to be Calver1988) are difficult to interyretreliably as samplingwas qualified. Nonetheless,taken together, analysis ofthe data biased,being based on mist-netting. collectedin most ofthese studiesproduces remarkably Kimber's (1974)study (actually passerine consistentconclusions (see the individualspecies of 12 11) commentariesand below). species,which were resident,breeding injarrah forcstand easilyidentified, grouped these Altemativeconclusions offered by Mawsonand Long speciesinto 4 classes: (1994),Recher (1996) and Calver(1997) are derived from 30 a restrictedinformation base and reston misconceptions o25 aboutsilviculture, the strategicmanagement of forcst g structure,and the spatiallyand temporally dispersed nature fizo offorest operations.These enoneous perspectives have beenaddressed where appropriate in the species brs commentaries,in the sectionstreating reproductive e. .o '10 capacityand temporarymodification offorest, and in = (1996) Abbott and Christensen and Abbott and Bunows 2s -BURNTJANUARY I97f (1999). '.....UNBURNTCONTROL Forcstmanagers undertake to upholdnature 0L- conservationvalues in forests,particularly biodivelsity. Jun-70 Dec.70 Jun.7l Dec-71 Jun.72 Dec-72 Jun_73 Dec-73 Therehas not beena commitmentgiven to maintaining MONTHOF SURVEY abundanceofall speciesat levelsin unbumtor unlogged Figute 2I . Numberof bird speciesin karri forest decreased forest,for the obviousreason that thereis no single initially afterJire and thenprogressively increased abundanceof a species. Thusthis criticism (e.g.Tingay (Chrislensehand Kimber 1975). and Tingay 1984,p. 9) is void ofmeaning. Moreover,the few detailedpopulation studies ofbird speciesin south- westWestem Australian forests have demonsfated that naturalmortality is appreciablewithout disturbanceby fire, ,o 3o with c. 9-17 per cent ofjuveniles bandedof Malurus g Hrs elegans,Sericornis frontalis and Eopsaltia georgiana in o- karri forestsdead within one yearofbanding (Brown and Brown 1990). Someindividual birds areknown through bandingstudies to be ableto survivelow intensity Hrs = presc bed fire (Wooller and Brooker 1980). z10 Overall,the dataassembled in this review upholdthe suggestion (1985b) ofAbbott andVan Heurck that most 5 forestbird speciesin south-westWA havea high threshold 0 3 6 11 level oftoleranceto disturbanceand arethus resilient to YEARSAFTER FIRE habitatchanges caused by timber harvestingand prescribed buming. Figure 22. Numberof bird speciesin mature karri forest was grealest6 years afterlire (Tingay and Tingay 1984). ?8

CALMScienc€ lan Abbott,The avifauna ol the totestsof south-westWestern Austrclia

thosepresent in the0-10 m, l0-15 m. l5-25 m, and > 25 m strata.Not unexpectedly,the only goup that fr80 decreasedin abundanceimmediately after the firc \trasthe 60 groupofbird speciesin the 0-10 m statum. By oneyear ?E 40 after the fire, this group was once again as abundantas EU beforethe fire. The group ofspeciesin the 10-15 m 2E 20 stratumdeclined in abundancebetween I and 12 months 9o after the fire, but appearedto recover by 2 years after the 30 fire. b,E"-^ xHZ=' The other reasonthat mild fires haveno or few '' detrimentaleffects on speciesrichness/total abundance is =H;E that most fires arelit after September(Fig. 25). Most 0 forestbird speciescommence nesting in July andAugust 120 (Fig.25; alsoKimber 1974). This fact, togetherwith the ho 100 NORTHERNFOREST deliberatespatial and annualdispersal ofbuming, ensures E6F 80 6EP 60 that any mortality causedto speciesnesting on the ground 363 4 or in foliagescorched can be madegood by dispersalof 20 0 newly fledged birds from nearby unbumed forest. Monitoring of l5 nestslocated prior to buming in late 120 ho 100 CENTRAL FOREST November-earlyDecember demonstrated that nestinghad ;

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

30 The conclusionof Rowley and Russell( 1991)that most passednespecies'are not capableofa rapid reproductive 25 effort to re-establisha devastatedlocal populationafter a major disasteror to recolonizean areafrom which the B,20 dU populationhas been eliminated' is not supportedby the HHts empiricalevidence summarized in this review. They also =* 'could 2" ro advocatedbuming in autumnif suchfires be controlledsufficiently'. It is difficult to reconcilethis 5 viewpointwith pastfrequent buming by aboriginesin summer(Hallamaz 1975; Ward and Van Didden 1997)and the prevalenceoffires setby lightning strikes,both of 1979 1980 1981 1982 rS83 which shouldhave selected for rapid reproductiveeffort in YEAROF MEASUREMENT orderthat bumedareas can be repopulated. Figure 26. Number ofbird species increased after autumnJire This viewpointhas been reiterated by Russelland injarrahforest (Christensenet a\. i'985b), Rowley (1998),who alsocite a long-termstudy by Brcoker 30 (1998)in support. Both studieslack a controland arenot t, relevantto g fire managementin forests. The studysite at (, Smith Brcok is not in Stateforest but is a naturereserve H20 andconsists ofkani andjarrah forestwithin farmland0.5 o and 1.0km from the nearestState forest. In addition,the histodcalrotation period ofprescribed buming in kani Hro = forestis mainly 0 or I fire in a 2O-yearperiod (Robertson z 1998),much less than the nominal 2 3. The studyby Brooker(1998) is in heathadjacent to an urbanarea and 0 thussubject to buming by arsonists. BURNT14 MILDLYBURNT BTJRNTBY YEARSPRIOR 6 MONTHS WILDFIRE1 Christensenand Kimber (1975)conectly pointedout TO STUDY PRIOR YEARPRIOR that no singlebuming regimewill encoumgemaximum Figure 27. Number ofbird species in jaftah forcst increased populationlevels ofa// the speciespresent. after a low intensityJire bul decreased after wildfire The actualor potentialresponse ofbird speciesto (Christensehet al. 1985D. wildfire andprescribed buming in termsofearly, mid or 80 late successionwas tabulatedby Christensen(1997b). He judg€d 70 79 speciesto be reducedin abundanceby wildfire and45 speciesto be affectedby presqiption buming. 60 rr. Q Sornespecies were favouredby buming (his Appendix2b). ;s* In the late stageofthe succession,nearly all bird species Hdo were populations. => consideredto haveattained stable 22?0 20 Timber Hawesting 10 Thinningofjanah forestdoes not impacton bird species 0 richness(Fig. 30) but creatinggaps and establishinga 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 regeneratingstand either has no impact(Fig. 3l) or tends YEAROF MEASUREMENT to incleasethe numberofbird speciespresent Figure 28. Abundance of birds increased after autumnJirc ih (Fig. 32). The mostsevere impact on bird speciesrichness jalruh forcst (Christensenet al. 1985b). is causedby clearfellingin karri forests,as predictedby = 80 ForestsDepartment (nd ?1973). About halfofthe speciesprcsent before harvesting are unable to utilize the J regrowthavailable a few monthsafter clearfelling uaro (Fig. 33). By 12 yearsafter clearfelling, 85 per centofthe bird speciespresent in maturekarri forestare recorded in ioo karri regrcwth(with time sincefire the same). After 50 E years,regrowth karri still lacksc. 15 per centofthe bird Hzo speciespresent in matureforest. Bird speciesdependent = 2 0 4 Ths obs€rvalions ol Gsoq€ GEy in 1839 east ol Hatu€y (quol6d in HallaF 1975, SURNT14 MILDLYBURNT BURNTBY p.26) aro otlen cil6d as evid6nc6or lack or aboiginal bu.nins in jamh ror6st. YEARSPRIOR 6 MONTHS WILDFIREI Grsy actuallym€nrions lh€ groundv€g€lation and und€rstoreyas ,in som€ ptaces TO STUDY PRIOR YEARPRIOR @mpl6l€ly d€slroyed by nalive tues'. His obseNalion ol many lallen trunks ol lress may havs simply Elleled rhs passage ol storm torc€ winds in the recent Figure 29. Abundance ofbirds injatahforest was lowest past. ll is nol an indicalionol lack oflire, ascontempoEry obseruations a,fter wildlire and highest inforcst not burned forl4 years d€monslElorhal log residueson lh6loresl lloor lasi many decad€swith lr€qu€nt (Christensenet al. 1985,].

CALMScience lan Abbott,The avifauna ol the torestsol south-westWestern Austrulia

on largenesting hollows areunable to breedin unthinned regrowthkarri standsbefore c. 120years. They arecatered for by both the formal reserve system and the informal rcservesystem, which includesextensive reserves of q 1s (.) mature karri forest along roads, vers and streamsadjacent ul to coupes,At the landscapescale these reserves form a B ro continuousnetwork of unloggedforest. Initially, individualcoupes were to be no largerthan 800 ha (Forests = = Depafimentnd ?1973).but in practicecoupes average z only 50 ha (Abbott and Christensen1994), with the maximumallowable size being 80 ha (CALM 1994a). Total bird abundancefollows a similar pattemof recoveryafter clearfelling (Fig. CONTROL THINNED CONTROL THINNED ofkani forest 34). In janah foresttotal abundancecan eitherdecrease or Figure 30. Numberofbird specieswas not affectedby increasefollowing thinning (Fig. 35). After logging,jarrah thinning ofianah forest (basedon data in Norwood 1991). forestbirds wereeither unaffected (Fig. 36) or most abundantin loggedareas and ecotonesbetween harvested andunlogged forest (Fig. 37).

Eru 30 H20 IJJ 625 15 !t B l/,20 o = d 15 .o =10 0 z- 1983 Figure 31.Nunber ofbird speciesinjarrahforest was 0 -,0 -,6 -,12 3,51 0,- 3,. 6,- unaffectedby intensivelogging. Note that streamsideforest 11,_ (dominatedby yarri) consistentlyhad more bird species YEARSSINCE FIRE, YEARS REGROWT{ presenttha jarrah (from data in Abbott yon forest and Figure 33. Number of bird species in karri forest increased Heurck 1985b). steadily after clearfelling (datafrom Append* 2 ofTingay and Tingay 1984).

12 800 3 700 iz S o soo 6E a E soo oo fiur b f,ooo @o =ur ! soo =d. A glll 2oo =H <@ . z 100 Ho' 0 0 -,12 GAP('06) GAp(3on) EDGE FOREST(3On) FOREST(a0m) r0 16 3,51 0,- 3,- 6,. 11,- OBSERVATIONPOSITION YEARSSINCE FIRE, YEARS REGROWN Figure 32. Number ofbitd species injaftahforest was least in Figure 34. Abundahceof birds in karriforest ikcrcased unlogged forest and grealest al the ecotone between logged steadilyafter clearfelling (datafrom Appendix2 of Tingay and unloggedfofest. The numerals in the columns are the and Tingq) 1984)-The Purple-crowned lo,"*ee, (Glossopsifta total number ofbird species recorded duing each month porphyrocephala)rJ a blossomnomad and contibutes in some (April to Septethber inclusiye) ofthe study (based on data in years to muchof lhe abundanceoJ birds in matrrc kati Norwood 1992). SEMs are shown. forest.

CALMScience CALMSo|enceSupplement 5 (1999)

It shouldbe no surprisethat mostbird speciescan indicatingthat it regeneratedin a singledominant cohort utilize karri forestregenerated after clearfelling,as this is (Bradshawand Rayner1997b, their Fig. 3). The remainder similarto how mostkari forestregenented primaevally. hasmultiple cohorts; as the dominantcohort dies a Unloggedkarri forestoccu$ in patchesof varying size youngersubdominant cohort will becomethe dominant reflectingthe severityand extentofpast fires causedby one. lightningand aboriginalbuming. Accordingto Bradshaw In the infrequentdroughts experienced in the kani andRayner (1997a, b), patcheslarger than 20 ha constitute forest(as in 1937),fires would havebeen fierce and haye only c. 20 per centof the kani forest. Nearly 60 per cent killed largepatches (several hundreds ofhectares) of ofthe existingunlogged karli foresthas a structure matureforest. In otheryears fires setby lightningstdkes might only havekilled small (<10 ha) patchesof forest. 125 In addition,kani forestofthe Donnelly and Gardner/ Chudaluptlpes was naturallyinsular in occurrence,being d 100 sunoundedbyjarrah forestand other non-forestvegetation types(Bradshaw and Lush l98l). Firesin suchpatches would haveled to somenatural selection enhancing = dispemalcapability of bird species.Climatic fluctuations (Churchill 1968)would presumablyhave also partially ?uoul @ insularizedthe broadestkarri foresttype, the Warren/ Dombakuptype. z DiebackDisease CONTROL THINNED CONTROL THINNED In 'graveyard'sites injarrah forest,tree density is reduced Figrle 35.Abundance ofbirds injarrahforesl showed by about90 per cent(Nichols and Watkins 1984), valiable responseto thinning (basedon data fu Norwood dramaticallyreducing foliage. Bird speciesrichness is 1991). almosthalfthat ofhealthyjarrah forest(Figs 38, 39). Total abundanceofbirds in someyears in thesedegraded sites is alsoreduced (Figs 40, 41). Otherdieback-affected forest, 80 in which tr€edensity is only reducedby about25 per cent, 70 may or may not impacton both speciesrichness and total ,60 abundanceofbirds. Marri becomesa more significant !so componentofthe understoreyafter the forestbecomes (McDougall z3m infectedby Phytophthoradisease 1996). aofin -_ Althoughthe overstoreyofkarri forestis unaffectedby <20 diebackdisease, many plant communitieswithin the 't0 southemforests are susceptibleto this disease(Christensen 1992). 1983 Mining Figure 36. Abundanceof birds (mediannumber ofindividuals countedpel 100 m of trcnsectline per hour) injatah forest Becauseit is the mostdisruptive disturbance injarrah was unalfectedby intensivelogging. Note that streamside forest,mining providesan instructiveillustration ofthe forest (dominatedby yarri) consistentlyhad more birds versatilityofmany bird species.After open-cutbauxite presentthan jarrah forest (basedon data i Abboll and Van mining hasbeen completed, the pits arere-shaped, Heurck1985b, p. 234). overburdenand topsoil areretumed, and the site is t8 revegetated(Bartle and Slessar1989). The proportionof jarrah forestbird speciesrecorded feeding, r€sting, or t6 breedingin rehabilitatedbauxite minesites increased from e2 14 >o 75 per centin 1980to 85 per cent in 1987,and to 93 per 6= 12 Z- centin 1992(Kabay and Nichols 1980;Nichols and ^< 10 Watkins 1984;Nichols 1994). Speciesrichness in 8 rehabilitatedminesites (16-19 species)was similar to that =4 in adjacenthealthy janah forest(18-21 species),but total =B abundancewas more variable(7-12 birds/ ha vs l3 birds/ha) in healthyjarrahforest (Ward et al. 1990). |lt = Althoughonly 12 bird specieswere provento breedin 0 GAP(30n) cAP(3on) ED6E FoREsTl3om) FoREst(aom) revegetatedminesites (compared with 19 speciesin OBSERVATIONPOSITION adjacentjarrahforest), density ofbreeding birds was Figure 37. Abundanceof birds injarrahforesl wasgreatest in similarto that in unminedforest (Curry andNichols 1986). loggedforest and in the ecotohebetvreen logged and unlogged This studywas conductedin 1981;more speciesshould forest (basedon data in Norwood 1992).SEMs are shown. now nestin rehabilitatedforest. Severalriparian species

CALMSdence lan Abbott. The avifauna of the forests of south-west WesternAustralia

(Malurus elegans (Red-winged fairy-wren), Sericornis Logging in karri and jarrah forests createsecotones and torld/rs (white-browedscrubwren) and Eopsaltfia thesehave been demonstrated to increase,temporarily, bird georyiana(White-breasted robin)) werc recordedbreeding speciesrichness and total abundance(Vy'ardell-Johnson and in thoseminesite areas with denseunderstorey (Curry and Williams 1995;Norwood et al. 1995). ln kani forest Nichols1986). beforelogging, no gradientin bird species chnessor total A relatedstudy (Wykes 1985)similarly found little abundancewas detectedalong an 800 m long transect differencebetween janah forestand rehabilitatedminesit€s within the forest. Two yearsafter clearfelling more species in bird speciesrichness (26 vs 25 species)or total wererecorded within the forestclose to the edgethan in abundance(66 vs63 birds).Several riparian species were the forestinterior. In subsequentyeals most specieswere more abundantin the rehabilitatedareas. recordedc. 200 m away from the edge, On the clearfelled sideofthe edge,bird speciesrichness was greatestwithin Creation of Ecotones 50 m ofthe edgefor 2 4 yearsafter logging,indicating that manyforest bird specieswere feedingin regrowth Ecotonesrepresent zones oftransition, usuallysteep, ilose to the edge. Total abundanceshowed similar trends unlik€ patchesofvegetation (Risser 1995). They between (Waldell-Johnsonand Williams 1995). havelong beenheld to be importantthrcugh the provision Injanah forest,most bird specieswere r€corded at the ofresourcesfor species(e.g. Abbott and Christensen edgebetween logged gaps and unloggeda3forcst (Norwood 1994). Forest-edgesprovide importanthabitat for many e/ al 1995tsee also Fig.32). Total abundancewas also bird species(e.g. in eucalyptforest 1980],rainforest lBell greatestat the edge(Fig. 37). in New Guinea[Beehler et al. 1995]). Ecotonescan occur at differcnt scales,from local clumpingofvegetation units 3 That is, unlogg€dat rhar pojnrol lime - it had b6€n loggsdsev€El d6€des to largerscale disjunctions betwe€n vegetation types (as betweena wetlandand surroundingforest). Clearly, disturbancesuch as loggingand buming createsmany edges. 8

6 zl

22 =1 0

Figure 40, Abundance of birds injarrahforest is rcduced by about one lhird whereforest is severely degraded ('graveyard Figure 38.Number of bird speciesis muchlower injarrah (based on data in Wykes 1985). severelydegraded ('graveyard sites') by dieback sites') by dieback diseese forest SEM| are show . clis ea s e (ll/y kes I 98 5 ). 1.4

d E 0., Lot UI o 0.4 z ur 0.2 0 DIEBACK AFFECTED DIEBACX DIEEACK SEVERELY JARRAH AFFECIED AFFECTED DI€BACX FOREST J. FOREST AFFECTCD J. FOR€Sl Figure 41. Abundanceofbirds in jarrah forest is least in severelydegraded ('graveyqrd siles') by dieback Figure 39. Numberofbird speciesinjarrahforest ts reduced forest disease(based on data in Nichols and Walkins1984: Wardet as a resull ofprogressivedegradation ofoverslorey crowns al. 1990:Nichols personal communication). SEMs 1981 and lossof susceptibleu derstoreycaused by diebackdisease for are shou'n.Those 1987 could not be calculatedas lhe raw (Nicholsand Watkins1984; ward et al. 1990; Nichols for dataare unavailable. DersonaI cotfi municat i o n ).

CALlvlscience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

6. PossibleImpact of Long Term Climatic mostdecomposition occurs (Stoneman4, personal Changeon ForestBird Species communication), Incrcasing (Vitousek concentrations 1994)in the global 7. Conservationof Bird Speciesin Forests atmosphereofcarbon dioxide,the most abundant greenhousegas, may leadto increasedtemperatures in The long-tem preservationofviable populationsofbird south-westVy'A. Although the magnitudeofglobal speciesin the forestsofsouth-west WA - as theseforests warming is uncertain,the mostrecent estimates are ofan existcurently - is managedfor in severalways. increaseof0.l-0.35' C per decadein the period First,the dedicationofthe forestsremaining in the r990-20500Pcc 1996). 1920sas Stateforest prevented any furtherloss offorest to 'a Given the inverserelationship between annual rainfall agriculturaldevelopment, hard slog by an insularForests andmean annual tempemture in south-westWA (Specht Departmentagainst many opponents'(Rundle 1996). This and Specht1995), it appearsthat annualrainfall could without doubtwas the most significantchange in policy in decreaseby l0-30 per cent. This would decreaseleafarea. termsofthe long term conservationofbird species. In the past50 yearsthere has been a decreasein winter Second,there is an extensivearea offorests Drotected rainfall in the south-west(Nicholls and Lavery 1992; from futurelogging. as nationalparks, nature reserves, Gentilli1995). Yet, the period l87G-1910 was also a dry road,river and strcamreserves, diverse ecotype zones and period(Allan and Haylock 1993). The questionis whether otherinformal reserves(Christensen 1992; CALM 1994a). the rec€ntdecrease in rainfall is part ofnatural variability. Continualimprovements in reservationare underpinned by The major currentuncertainty appears to be whether new knowledge.Thus in 1977,56ecologically summerruinfall may increasenext century. Oneglobal rcpresentativeareas of Stateforest were setaside (total climatemodel in contmstpredicts a 5 per centincrease in area284 000 ha) in which conservationofflora, faunaand rainfall by 2050 in south-westWA in both summerand landscapewas the prime purpose(Forests Department winter onceCO2 levels in the atmosph€rehave doubled 1977). Five yea$ laterthese 56 areaswere increasedto (IPCC1996, p.308). 294 000 ha (ForestsDepartment 1982). Subsequent Becauseofthese and otherconsiderable uncertainties developmentsare outlined by Bradshawet al. (1991). (Eamusand Jarvis 1989;O'Brien 1990),it is not possible Anotherexample concems the informal reservesystem. to do more at this stagethan speculate about the potential Road,dver and streamreseryes were developedin 1970 impactsofsuch changes on birdspecies: andwere 800 m wide (alongmajor roads),400 m wide (alongrivers) and 200 m wide (alongselected streams). . Incrcasingtemperature should increase competition for The conceptwas reviewedin 1988(CALM 1988)and waterby plant species.In the long term this may redistributionto maximizeconservation values was decreasethe basalarea offorest stands,with stands recommended,principally on the basisthat most becomingmore open. Sucha changein forest biodiversityoccurs in ripadanbabitats, These structuremay allow greaterpenetration ofbird species recommendationswere refi ned further (Wardell-Johnson curently restrictedto the eastemsector ofthe forestor et al. l99I; CALM 1992a Fig. l7 with occurringto the eastofthe forest. [contrast Fig.l8l) beforebeing adopted (CALM 1994a).The . Increasinglevels ofCO, shouldincrease rutes of conservationvalue ofthese reserveswas further photosynthesisofsome plant species.This may lead demonstratedby CALM (1995d,e). Thesesteam reserves to changesin floristic compositionof foreststands. In havea total lengthof l7 610 km (G. Stoneman,pe$onal addition,plant tissuemay containlower concentrations communication). ofnutrients, reducingthe densityoffolivorous insects Third, the WestemAustralian Govemment endorsed upon which manybird speciesfeed. the NationalForest Policy Statementin 1992. This commitsthe Govemmentto retainingthe integrityand . Increasingtemperature should increase the frequ€ncy biodiversityof WA's forestsand ensuring that forest and intensityofunplanned fires. This may resultin resourcesarc usedin an environmentallysensitive and changesin foreststructurc, tending to favour somebird sustainablemanner (Commonwealth of Austmlia 1992). speciesand disfavourothers. Fourth,the overallmanagement of commercialforcsts . Increasingtemperature (?and decreasing rainfall) (Stat€forest, timber reserves)is subjectto a formal shouldalter the distibution ofBassian speciesof managementplan (CALM 1994a)approved by the birds. The geographicrange ofthese speciesshould Minister for the Environment.In placeare foreststructural contracttowards the higherrainfall sectorofthe lower goalswhich setgoals for the proportionof forestin the south-west(Amold 1988). variousstages ofdevelopment: establishment 0anah 5 per cent,karri 4 per cent);juvenile(15 per cent,8 per cent), Recentmodelling (McMurtde 1998)suggests, immature(40, 48 per cent);and mature/senescent(40, however,that increasingtemperature in nutrientlimited 40 per cent)(CALM 1994a). forestssuch asjarrah rnay be beneficial(increasing growth Fifth, particulartypes oflogging operationsare rutesoftrees) becauseit stimulatesdecomposition of managedby detailedguidelines (CALM 1989a,b; 1995a; organic matter. However,a reductionin rainfall should ! Or G. L. Stongman,D€panhent ol Con$rvation and land Manag€msnt, counterthis effectby truncatingthe moist period in which

CALMScienco lan Abbott,The avifauna of the torestsof south-westWestem Australia

1997a,b forjanah forest;CALM 1990b,1992a, 1995b, Schedule4 - Other SpecificallyProtected 1997c,d for karri forest). The bestscientific knowledg€ Fauna availableunderpins the ManagementPlan and these guidelincs.For example,up to 1995,3 habitattrces Landbirds per hectareduring timber (speciallymarked) were rctained Falcoperegli us Peregrinefalcon harvestingin jarrah forests. ln 1995this numberwas advice increasedto 4 trees/ha following scientific Since1985 only C latirostris, Co.pastinator and (CALM 1995a).CALM is fumishedby CALM scientists F. peregrinushave been subj€ct to offencesagainst WestemAustralian alsocontributing to the fundingofa provisionsof this Act. Penaltiesmnged from a letterof Museumstudy ofthe nestingecology offorest cockatoos; warningto a conviction(with fine of$2 500). Att€mpted ofnest treeswill new informationabout the characteristics illegal exportof C /atiroslfi.rhas led to 18 months' guidelinesonce the studyis be incorporatedinto logging imprisonmentunder Federal law. Referenceto the completed. individualspecies commentaries (above) shows that none planned the Prescribedfires are so asto diversify ofthe 8 specieslisted is (or hasbeen) directly or indircctly within eachofthe spatialand temporalextent of buming threatenedby forestmanagement practices. threeCALM forestregions. Adjacentforest blocks ar€ not year. fuels resultingfrom bumedin the same The reduced 8. Birds asIndicators of Ecologically this managcdfire systemserve to minimizethe risk of extensiveand high impactsummer wildfires. SustainableUtilization of Forests Furthermore,forests in south-westWA aremanaged Birds asa groupoffer many advantagesover othergroups: compatiblywith ecologicalprinciples (Abbott and they arewell-known taxonomically and no new speciesin Christ€nsen1994, 1996). the south-westfor€sts are likely to be discovered;they can Finally, the Ministcr for the Environmentin the bereadily identilied wilhout recourse to microscopeor WestemAustralian Govemment issues from time to time a dichotomouskeys; many speciesoccur in the south-w€st list of speciallyprotected fauna. Any personwho takes for€sts;they arc conspicuousand do not usuallyneed to be without license,or unlawfully possesses,protected fauna is collectedin orderto be studied:their distributionand liableto a penaltyof$10 000(Wildlife Conservation Act ecologyis relativelywell unde$tood;most speciesare not of WestemAustralia, Sect. l4 ba (ii)). The currentnotice impactedon by extraneousfactors such as fox predation; (GovernmentGazette, WA, l4 July 1998)includes 8 bird andthey canbe profitably studiedby both amateursand speciesoccurring in forcst; professionals. Variousbird speciescan be selectedto indicatehow ScheduleI - Faunathat is Rare or Likely to complet€lyforest habitats have recovered (especially in BecomeExtinct structure,Wardell-Johnson and Nichols 1991),after being disturbedby for€stmanagement pmctices such as Landbirds prescribedburning, thinning, gap logging,shelterwood logging.and clearfelling. Furthermore. some sensiti\e Leipoaocellata Mdleefowl frulnerable]45 speciescan serve to indicatethe adequacyofforest Calyptorhynchuslati,"osrns Camaby's cockatoo managementpractices integrated over landscapescales. Iendangered] Basedon this review ofliterature, severalspecies are C. baudinii Baudin'scockatoo [vulnerable] recommendedfor furtherassessment (Table l2). In Cacatuopastinator pastinator Westemlong-billed corella addition,the continuedfailure of speciescharacteristic of Iendangered] disturbedor sparsely-woodedhabitats and woodlandto Atrichornisclanosus Noisy scrub-bird frrulnerable] establishin loggedforests could be usedas an indicatorof ll'uterbirds ecologicalintegrity of rcgrcwth forests. Examplesofsuch speciesare Elanus caeruleus (Black-shouldered kite), Botauruspoiciloptilus Australasianbittem [wlnerable] F aI co ce n c h r o i d es (Austr alian kestre1), M eI ip ha ga virescens(Singing honeyeater), Epthianura al bifrons - to be Extinct Schedule2 FaunaPresumed (White-frontedchat), Pehoica goodenovii (Red-capped lYaterbirds robin), Rhipidura leucophrys (Willie wagtail), Grallina cyanoleuca (Magpie-lark), Lalage tricolor (White-winged Ralluspectorulis Lewin's rail trlller), Cracticus torqratas (Grcy butcherbird) and'Anthus novae s e e I an diae (Richard'spipit). Schedule3 - Birds Protectedunder an InternationalAgreement No forestspecics listed PRESSINGUNANSWERED OUESTIONS Althoughthe forestavifauna of south-westWA is well- 15 These rankinsswsr€ dglorminedby lhe ]h€alened SPeci€sScienlific Commiltee acco,dingloworld Cons€ru.lionUnion rluCN) ct ls'ia studicd,some aspects ofit remainpoorly understood.Both amateursand professionalscan contributeto rcmedying

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999) this at variouslevels. Most ofthe speciesrcquiring further the forestdo not appearto havebeen surveyed, e.g. studyare either cryptic or uncharismatic,and thusevade NalyerinLake, Yourdamung Lake, Lake Ngartiminny and humanattention. CamballanSwamp.

Leipoaocellata. As populationsoffoxes decrease Taxonomy.Some changes in speciesconcepts can be following the progressiveimplementation of CALM's expectedas DNA technologyis applied. Already therc WesternShield Project, the small numberof Malleefowl appearsto be a trendtowards the speciesconcept prevalent cunently presentin or nearkani rcgrowthstands should earlythis century,when manysouth-west taxa were incrcaseand then expandinto morc openhabitats such as regardedas distinctfrom elsewherein Austmlia. It is southcoast heaths, woodland andjanah forest. This essentialthat taxonomyhas an objectivebasis; the '[u]nless predictedexpansion should be monitored. rctionalethat threatenedpopulations have separateidentity, efforts to conservethem may be deemed CoturnLrnovaezelandlce. The distributionof Stubble unnecessary'(Ford 1987b)is spurious,unscientific, and quail rcquiresattention - is this speciesmore widespread oughtto be rejected.Priodty taxa requi ng DNA analysis than the few valid recordsindicate? Hasthis speciesbeen include Dromaius novaehollandiae (rothschildi), Leipoa confusedwith C.ypsilophora or Turnix varia in the ocellata, Calyptorhynchusbanksii (naso), Platycercus noihem jarrah forest? icterotis (icterotis a\d xanthogenys),Pomatostomus superciliosus and Rallus pectoralis (clelardt. The status Ninox connivens and Tyto novaehollandiae. The of Acanthizapus illa leeuwinensis reg:J'iresinvestigation distributionofthe Barking and Maskedowls requires (cl Serventy1953). ls this taxonthe end ofa cline in elucidation,using appropriatecensus methods such as variationin l. aprca,/tsor doesit representan isolateof playbackofraped calls (Debus lq95). A. pusilla (Campbell1922)? The taxonomicstatus ofall endemictaxa needs re-appraisal with additionalcollections Eurostopodusargus. The distributionof Spottednightjars and with moleculargenetic techniques. requiresspecialized srudy is thisspecies more widespreadthan the few recordssuggest? Distributlonand abundence.With the recentproduction of l:250 000 forestassociation maps (Bradshaw et al. Stipiturusmalachurrs. The map publishedby CALM 1997),1:500 000 scaleforest ecosystem maps (1997e)showing the locationofdiverse ecotypeslarger (Commonwealthand WestemAustralian Regional Forest than 5 ha may assistomithologists to ascertainwhether the AgreementSteering Committee 1998), and l:250 000 scale Southem€mu-wren occu$ more widely in the forest. vegetationcomplex maps (Mattiske and Havel 1998),there now existsa detailedframework in which informationon PomatostomussuperciliosllJ. Are the sunklands densitiesofbird speciescan be collectedmore strategically (BlackwoodPlateau) and karri forestpopulations ofthe andsystematically than was possiblein the past. The White-browedbabbler connected? vegetationcomplex maps in particularshould allow valid modellingofthe distdbutionofmost bird speciespresent Falcunculusfrontatus. Given that the densityofthis in the south-westforests. It would also be usefulto speciesalong the BlackwoodRiver betweenBridgetown improveunderstanding ofhabitat usageby bird speciesat and Boyup Brook was estimatedat one pair/ 200-300 m of the finer scaleof site-vegetationtypes (Havel l9?5a,b), river frontage(G. Lodge,quoted by Gamett 1992a),does particularlythe impactofdieback disease.Recent the Crestedshrike-tit occur in similar habitatwest of ass€ssmentsofthe environmentalvalues ofwetlands and Bridgetownand alongother rivers to the north?In eastem waterwaysin the south-westalso provide a valuablc Australiathis speciesfeeds extensively on decorticating frameworkfor more detailedstudy ofthe bird faunas bark of eucalypts.In the last decadeE, calyptusglobulus associatedwith thesehabitat types (Pen 1997;Bosvetd hasbeen planted extensively (90 000 ha) in south-westWA el a/. in press). within the naturalrange ofthe CrestedShrike-tit. Will this speciescolonize bluegum plantations? ln addition, Crested Homerange. The core homerange of speciesrequiring shdke-titshave been rccorded in eastemAustralia feeding largehollows in standingtrces for nestingshould be on caterpillarsofAutumn gum moth (Mresampelaprivato) determined.This informationwill then allow more (Barkerand Vestjens 1990); these larvae are sometimes detailedestimates ofthe availabilityofhollows requiredto commonin WestemAustralian bluegum plantings. aonservethese species tbroughout the forest.

Oreoicagutturalis, Doesth€ Crestedbellbird occurin Unijieddatasets. It would be valuableifall recordsof suitablehabitat in the sunklands? specimensand eggsofbird speciescollected from the South-westWestem Australian forcsts were collatedfrom Waterbirds. Secretive speciesof heror. (Nycticorax the world's museums,and combinedwith the recordscited caledonicus), bittem (lxobrychus minutus, I. Jlavicollis, in this reviewand those held by the WestemAustralian Botaurus poiciloptilus), and crake (Ponana pusilla, chapterofthe RAOU (Birds Australia). P.fluminea) requirespecial €ffort. Somewetlands within

CALMScience lan Abbott, The avifauna of the forests ol south-west WesternAustralia

Although knowledgeofthe forestavifauna is founded This paperis dedicatedto the memoryof on severalhundred bird lists.some arcas remain H.M. Whittell(1883 1954)and G.M. Stor (1921 1990). inadequatelycovered. Bird watchersmay find Figure I Their punctiliousattention to detail, 'indomitablepursuit helpful in decidingwherc to profitably directfuture of facts' and 'high standardof scholarship'(to quotefrom samplingeffort. Serventy1954) has expedited the preparationofthis paper. I am gratefulto A.H. Burbidge,R.E. Johnstone, G.F. Meesand G.L. Stonemanfor reviewingthe ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS manuscript. I thankC. Fisher(Liverpool Museum),R. Johnstone (WestemAustralian Museum of NaturalScience), REFERENCES S. Nonington (MacleayMuseum) and R. O'Brien (MuseumofVictoria) for informationabout specimens Abbott, l. (1974).Multiva ate analysesofgeographical held in their institution'scollections; L. Wright for variationin someAustralian passerine birds: Simultaneous ananging.libraryloans; R. and M. Brown, A.H. Burbidge, examinationofsix characters.Memoirs ofthe Natioaal T. Burbidge,N. Capom,P. Christensen,M. Craig, Museumof Vicloria 35, 121-135. A. Danks,B. Elwin, P. Horton; R. Johnstone,J. Kaye, Abbott, I. (1981).The avifaunaofthe PorongurupRange, P. Kimber, c. Langfield,K. Lee,G. Liddelow,G. Lodge, an isolatedhabitat in south-westemAustralia. Emu 81, B.S. Mahon,N. Marchant,D. Mell, K. Mordson; 9t-96. O. Mueller, O. Nichols,S. Penfold,F. Pridham,T. Pryor, (1983). plant R. Smith,G. Stoneman,A. Walker,P. Watts,and Abbott, l. Aboriginal namesfor speciesin south-westemAustralia. Forests Departm€nt of Westem I. Wheelerfor information:B. Can, D. Daams,S. Hay, AlustraliaTechnical Paper No. 5 . P. Pigott,S. Pop-Markov,S. Rowlands,H. Smith and R. Wilson for GIS-cartography;A. Wills for preparing Abbott, t. (1984).Comparison ofspatial pattem,structure, graphs;and J. Raynerand K. Dyson for wordprocessing andtree composition between virgin and cut-overforest in muchofthe fiIst versionofthe manuscript. WestemAustralia. Forest Ecologt and Management9, I also thankthe following residentsand workersin the l0l - 126. forest(bom in theperiod l90l-1928) who readilyshared Abbott, I. (1995).Long-term monitoring ofthe bird fauna their recollectionswith me: A. Ashcroft (cunently living ofthe PorongurupRange, Westem Australia. Llestern at CanningVale), F. Bamess(Pembefion), T. Birmingham AustralianNaturalist 20, 125-132. (Dwellingup),D. Blythe (Nannup),L. Canoll (Collie), R. Charteris(Bo1.up Brook), W. Chitty (Toodyay), Abbott, I. (1997). Extinctionsin WestemAustralia. H. Cook (Toodyay),S. Cook (Toodyay),L. Court Landscope12(3),49 53. (Mandurah),A. Dawson(Mandurah), J. Dearle Abbott, l. (1998a).Avifauna ofthe lrwin Inlet-BrokelnleG (Busselton),W. Fonest(Busselton), G. Gardner Mt Franklandregion ofsouth-west Westem Australia, (Manjimup),R. Ga$tone(Albany), H. Green l9l2- 1913. CALMScience2, 373-386. (Bridgetown),B. Hanekamp(Unicup), K. Jones(Wambro), Abbott, I. (1998b).Counting cockatoos: The statusofthe A. Kem (Mandurah),R. Korn (Mayanup),A. McEvoy Forestred-tailed black cockatoo.Landscope L3 (2),10-16. (Australind),T. Mills (Collie),B. Mitchell (Newlands), C. Mitchell (Newlands),H. Moyes(Mokerdillup), R. Muir Abbott, I. (1998c).Conservation ofthe Forestred-tailed (WestPalgarrup), C. Newman(Waroona), K. Nix (Boyup black cockatoo,a hollow-dependentspecies, in the Brook), J. Outddge(Bo1up Brook ), G. Padman eucalyptforests of W€stemAustralia. Forest Ecologt and (Donnybrook),D. Peny (Victoria Park),J. Purse(Bo),up Management109, 115-185. Brook), V. Roberts(Scott River), J. Schinzig(Moodiamrp), Abbott, I. and Bunows, N. (1999).Biodiversity Lew Scott(Busselton), Lionel Scott(Busselton ), conservationin the forestsand associatedvegetation types A. Simmonds(Collie), R. Simmonds(Collie), K. Smith ofsouth-westWestem A\sfialia. AustrqlianForestry 62, (Bridgetown),L. Talbot (Cwelup),B. Tame(Busselton), 27-32. G. Treloar(Bo1.up Brook), B. Trigwell (North Dinninup), Abbott, I. and Christensen,P. (1994).Application of T. Warren(Dwellingup), H. Whistler(Boyup Brook), ecologicaland evolutionaryprinciples to forest E. Young(Yomup) W. Young(Manjimup). I and managementin Westem Alustralia.Australian Forestry 57, appreciatethe help ofK. Low (CALM Kelmscott), r09 t22. K. Morris (CALM Woodvale),R. Round-Tumer(CALM Kirrup), R, Smith (CALM Bunbury),M. Stukely(CALM Abbott,l. and Chdstensen,P. (1996).Objective Como),H. Tumbull (Collie), l. Wilson (CALM knowledge,ideology and the forestsof WestemAustralia. Manjimup),T. Wood (CALM Como)and B. Young Austral ian Forestry 59, 206-212. (Manjimup) in suggestingcontacts and D. Jackson Abbott,I. and Loneragan,O. (1984a).King janah.Forest (McAlinden),G. Lodge(Kununurra), E. Riley (Collie), Focus31, 12-20. R. Walker(Albany), P. Wells (Denmark)and A. Wood (Collie) for recentinformation.

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

Abbott, I. and Loneragan,O. (1984b).Growth rateand Amstrong, J.A. and Abbott, I. (1995).Sustainable long term populationdynarnics ofjanah (Eucolyptus conservation- a practicalapproach to conserving marginataDoli'], exSm.) rcgenerationin Westem biodiversityin WestemAustnlia. In. Consenation Ausfalian forest.,4rstralian Journal of Botany 32, throughSustainable Use of Lltildlife.(ed. G.C. Crigg, 353-362. P.T. Haleand D. Lunney),pp. 2l 28. Centrefor ConservationBiology, Abbott, I. and Loneragan,O. (1986).Ecology ofjanah Universityof Queensland. (Eucalyptus marginala) in the northemjarrah forcst of Armstrong,J.A. andAbbott, I. (1996).Habitat trees and WestemAustralia. Department ofConservation and Land logging ecologyof the Brush-tailedphascogale in janah Managem€ntBrl/et,a No. 1. forest.Unpublished Report lodged in CALM library, Woodvale. Abbott,I. andVan Heurck,P. (1985a).Tree species preferencesofforaging birds injanah forestin Westem Amold, G.W. (1988).Possible effects of climatic change Australia. Australian Wildlife Research 12, 461466. on wildlife in WestemAustralia. ln: Greenhouse:Planning ClimateChange (ed. G. Pearman),pp. 375 386. Abbott, I. and Van Heurck,P. (1985b).Response ofbird for CSIRO/Brill,Leiden. populationsinjarrah and yarri forestin WestemAustralia "extinct" following removalofhalfthe canopyofthe janah forest. Ashby,E. (1921).Notes on thesupposed birdsof AustralianFolestry 48, 221134. the south-westcomer of WestemAustralia, Enu 20, 123-t24. Alexander,W.B. (1914). The history ofzoology in Westem Australia.Part I. Discoveriesin the l1h cent.rry.Jownal of Ashby,E. andLe So€uf,A.S. (1928). Birds observed the lYesternAustralian Naturcl History Society5,49-64. duringthe R.A.O.U.camp-out at Nomalup, South-West Atstralia. Emu 27 266 2'70. Alexander,W.B. (1915).New recordsfor South-Westem , A\shalia. Emu 15, 251'7. Aston,H.I. andBalmford, R.A. (1918).A Bird Atlas of the MelbourneRegion. Victorian Omithological Alexander,W.B. ( l9l6). History of zoologyin Westem Research Group,Melboume. Australia.Part lI. 179l-1829. Joumal and Proceedingsof the Royal Societyof WesternAustrqlia 1,83-149. Attiwill, P. (1997).Management ofdisturbance and biodiversityin productionforests and forest Alexander,W.B. ( l9l8). History of zoologyin Westem rcserves.In: Conservationoutside Natwe Reset-ves(ed P. Hale and Australia.Part 3. 1829-184O.Joumal and Proceedingsof D. Lamb),pp. 463+66. Centrefor the Royal Societyofllestem Australia3,37 -69. ConservationBiology, Universityof Queensland. Allan, R.J.and Haylock, M.R. (1993).Circulation features AUSLIG (1990).Vegetation. Atlas Australian associatedwith the winter rainfall decreasein of Resources.3'd series. Volume 6. AustralianSurveying and SouthwestemAustralia. Journal of Climate6, 1356-1367. Land Infomation Grcup,Canberra. Anderson,S. and Marcus,L.F. (1992).Aerography of Bailey,C. (1996).Westem Shield: Bringing wildlife back Austnlian tetmpods.Australian Joutnal ofZoologt 40, from the 627 65t. brink of extination.La dscopel1(4), 4148. Baird,R.F. (1991). Holocene avian assemblage from Skull Anon. [= 3.11.yToo6ward] (1900). Birds. I/esrerr Cave(AU-8), south-westemWestem Austrulian Yearbook1898 1899,pp. 177-190. Australia.Records of the lyesternAustralion Museum 15,267-286. Anon.[: A.W. Milligan](1902). The birds of Westem Baker,G.B., Dettmann, E.B., Scotney, B.T., Hardy, L.J. A\s;ralia. ltresternAustralian Yearbook I 900- I 90 I , pp.220J61. and Drynan,D.A.D. (1995).Repon on the AustralianBird andBat BandingScheme, 1984-95. Australian Nature Anon.(nd). [= H. Butler,c. 1972].A provisionallist ofthe ConservationAgency, Canberra. vertebrat€fauna for the StateForests of WestemAustralia. Baker,G.8., Dettmann,8.8,, Scotney, B.T., Hardy, ForestsDepartment of WestemAustralia, Perth. L.J. and Drynan,D.A.D. (1997).Report on the AustralianBird Anon. (1976).Focus on forestpolicy. Folest FocusNo. 17, and Bat BandingScheme, 1995 96. Environment Australia,Canberra. Anon.(1977). A Bild Atlas ofthe AdelaideRegloa. South AustralianOmithological Association, Adelaide. Bamford,M.J. (1989).The impactof damsin the Darling Rangeon the Red-eatedf[etail Emblena oculata.MOU Anon. (1979).Royal AustralasianOmithologists Union RepofiNo. 59. pilot atlasscheme. Corella 2 (supplemefi),97-162. Barker,C. (1830).Joumal, Fredericks Town, King Gcorge Anon. (1997).Options for the Tasmanian-Commowealth Sound.In: CommandantofSolitude: TheJournals of Regional Forest Agreement: a Strategic Approach. CaptainCollet Barker 1828-1831(ed. J. Mulvaney and Tasmanian-CommonwealthJoint RegionalForest N. Creen1992), pp.247-407. MelbourneUniversity Press, AgreementSteering Committee, Hobart. Melboume. Barker,R.D. andVestjens, W.J.M. (1989).The Food of AustralianBirds l. Non-passerines.CSIRO, Melboume.

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Barker,R.D. andVestjens, W.J.M. (1990).The Food of Bindon,P. andChadwick,R. (1992).A NyoongarWordlist AustralianBilds 2. Passenres.CSIRO, Melboume, from the Soulh-Ife$ of lyestem Australia. Westem AustralianMuseum, Perth. Banett, B. (1990).Flynn Roaddiscovercd. ll/A Bird Notes 56,5-6. Blakers,M., Davies,S.J.J.F. and Reilly, P.N. (1984). fne Atlas ofAustralian Birds. MelboumeUniversity Press, Bartle,J. and Slessar,G.C. (1989).Mining and Melboume. rehabilitation.ln: TheJarrah Forest: a complex mediterraneanEcosyslen (ed. B. Dell, J.J.Havel and Bolton, G., Vose,H. and Jones,G. (1991). The llollaston N. Malajczuk),pp. 357-377.Kluwer, Dordrecht. Joumals.y ol\lme I 1840-1842.Univelsity of Westem AustraliaPress, Nedlands. Beard,J.S. (1979a). The yegetationofthe Albany and Mt. Bqrker Areqs WesternAustraliq. Map and Explanatory Bolton,G., Vose, H., Watson,A. andLewis S. (1992).Iie Memoir. 1:250,000Serles. Vegmap Publications, Perth. llollaston Journals. Volume21842 1844.University of WestemAustralia Press, Nedlands. Beard,J.S. (1979b). The Vegetationofthe Pinjara Area WesternAustralia. Map and Explonatory Memoil. Bosveld,T., Hill, A. and Luke, P. (in press).A systematic I : 25 0, 000 Sertes.Y egmapPublications, Perth. overviewofthe naturalnessand representativenessof riversand creeks in the Perthto Bunburyregion. Water and Beard,J.S. (1979c). The Vegetationofthe Perth Area RiversCommission R€port WRAP 8 WesternAustralia. Map and Explanatory Memoir. I 250,000Series.Yegmap Publications, Perth. Bowler,J. (1982).Aridity in the lateTertiary and of Austlalia. h: Evolution of the Flora and Beard,J.S. (1981). The Vegetationofthe SwanArea. Quatemary Faunaof Arid Australia (ed.W.R. Barkerand P.J.M. VegetationSumey of WesternAustralia 1:1 000 000 Greenslade),pp. 35-45. PeacockPublications, Adelaide. VegetalionSeries. Explanatory Notes to Sheet7. University of WestemAustralia Press, Nedlands. Bradshaw,F.J. and Lush,A.R. ( 198I ). Conservationof the Karri Forest.Forests Department of WestemAustralia, Beard,J.S. (1990). Plant Life of ll/esternAusttalia. Perth. KangarooPress, Kenthu$t. Bradshaw,F.J. and Rayner, M.E. (1997a).Age structureof Beard,J.S. and Springer,B.S. (1984).Geographical data the kari forest: l. Defining and mappingstructural for the vegetationsurvey of WestemAustralia. Part I developmentstages. Australian Forestry 60, 178-187. Area calculations.Vegetation Survey of WestemAustmlia, OccasionalPaperNo. 2, Applecross,WA. Bradshaw,F.J. and Rayner,M.E. (1997b).Age structureof the karri forest:2. Projectionsof future foreststructure and Beehler,8.M., Pratt,T.K. andZimmerman, D.A. (1986). implicationsfor man^EementAustralian Forestry 60, Birds of New Guinea.Princeton University Press, 188-195. Princeton. Bradshaw,F.J., Adams, R., Sneeuwjagt,R., Low, K., Beehler,8.M.,Sengo, J.B., Filardi, C. andMerg, K. Havel,J.J., Bartle, J.R. and Stoneman, G. L. (1991).The (1995).Documenting the lowland rainforcstavifauna in jarrah forest:a casestudy in multiple use.In'. Foresl PapuaNew Guinea- Effectsofpatchy distributions, Managementin Austrclia (ed.F.H. McKinnell, E.R. surveyeffort and methodology.Ez?, 95, 149-161. Hopkinsand J.E.D. Fox), pp. 1-20. SurreyB€atty, Sydney. Bell,H.L. (1980).The effects ofa powerJineclearing on Bradshaw,F.J., Collins, P.M. andMcNamara, P.J. ( 1997). birds of dry sclerophyllforest at Black MountainReserve, Forestmapping in the southwest of WestemAustralia. AustralianCapital Tenttory. Corella4,8-15, Departmentof Conservationand Land Management, Bellanger,B.J.A. (1980).Chaupagne and TingleTrees. Como. Apollo Press,Nedlands. Breidahl,R. and Hewett,P.J. (1995). A review of Benshemesh,J. (1990).Management ofmalleefowl with silviculturalresearch in the karri (Eucalyptusdiversicolor) rcgardto fire. Inr TheMallee Lands:A Conservation forcst.CALMScience 2, 5l-100. Perspective(ed- J.C. Noble, P.J.Joss and G.K. Jones), Britton,E.B. and Stanbury, P.J. (1981). Typc specimens in pp. 20G21l. CSIRO,Melboume. the MacleayMuseum, University ofSydney. VIII. Insects: BHP-UtahMinerals Intemational (1990). Hear.ry minerals Beetles(Insecta: Coleoptera). Proceedings of the Linnean mine B€enupEnvironmental Review and Management Societyof New South lVales105,241-293. Programme. Brooker,M.G. (1998).Fire and birds in a Westem Biddiscombe,E.F. (1985). Bird populationsof farm Australianheathland. Enu 98, 276-287. plantationsin the HothamRiver Valley,W.A.Ilestern Brown, D.E. and Davis, R. (1995).One hundredyears of Austra l ian Naturalis t 16, 32-39. vicissitude:Terrestdal bird and mammaldistribution Biggs,E.R. and Wilde, S.A. (1980).Geology. h\i Atlas of changesin the Americansouthwest, 1890-1990. USDA Natural ResourcesDalling SystemlYestern Austfalia. ForestService Gezeral Technical Report RM-CTR-264, Depatment of Conservationand Environment,Perth, 23t-244. pp.3-1 l.

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Brown,E.M., Burbidge, A.H., Dell,J., Edinger, D., CableSands (WA) Pty Lrd (1989).Jangardup heavy Hopper,S.D. and Wills, R.T. (1997).Pollination in mineralsmine EnvironmentalReview and Management WesteruAustralia: A DatobaseofAnimals visiting Programme. F/olrer,r.Westem Australian Naturalists' Club (1988). Handbook15. CALM TheRoad, River and StreamZone System in the Southeln Forest of llestem Australia: A Review. Brown, J.H. (1995).Ma uoecologt. UniversityofChicago Departmentof Conservationand Land Management, Press,Chicago. Como. Brown,R. andBrown, M. (1976-1991).Repots (l-13) of CALM (1989a).Treemarking injarrah forestaffected by the MiddlesexField StudyCentre. Phytophthoracinnamom i in the centml and northemforest regions.CALM SilvicultureSpecification Brown, R.J,and Brown, M.N. (1980).Eurasian coots 3/89. breedingon irrigationdams near Manjimup, Westem CALM (1989b).Reg€neration in forestaffected by Austalra. CorelI a 4, 33-36. Phytophthoraci namomi.CALM Silviculture Specification4/89. Brown,R.J., Brown, M.N. andPesotto, B. (1986).Birds killed on somesecondary roads in WestemAustralia. CALM (1989c).Maintenance ofhabitat for holenesrerc in Corella 10, l18-122. timberproduction areas ofthe jarrah forest.CALM SilvicultureSpecification 5/89. Brown,R.J., Brown, M.N. andRussell, E.M. (1990). Survivalof four speciesofpasserine in karri forestsin CALM (1990a). Four Corners: The Exposd Exposed. southwestemAustmlia. Corella 14, 69-78. Departmentof Conservationand Land Management, Como. BuUer,K.G. (1954).Occunence ofRed-eared firetail and Red-wingedwren in the Darling Ranges.I/eslerz CALM (1990b).Kani regenerationsurveys. CALM AustraIian Naturalist 4, 9 I. SilvicultureSpecifi cation I /90. Burbidge,A. and Boscacci,L. (1986).A biologicalsurvey CALM ( 1991).Flora and faunasurvey ofJohn Fonest of landsproposed for releasefor agriculturein the NationalPark and the Red Hill Area. Reportto Heritage Manjimup region.Intemal Repon,CALM. Councilof WA.

Burbidge,A. and Fuller, P. (1990).Possible effects offox CALM (1992a).Management Slrategies for the South-west (and/orcat) prcdationon groundnesting birds in Western Forestsoflyestern Australia: A Review.Department of Australia.CALM l,andnote2190. Conservationand Land Management,Como. Burrows,N. (1990).Seasoned with flre. Landscope5(2), CALM (1992b).Kani thinning.CALM Silviculture 28-34. Specificationl/92. Bunows, N.D. (1987).Fire causedbole damagetojanah CALM (1993).Fire protectioninstruction 40. Edging.Fire (Eucalyptus marginata) and marri (Eucalyptus calophylla). Op€rationsManual, Volume 2. Dspartmentof CALM ResearchPaper No. 3. Conservationand Land Management,Como. Burrows,N.D. (1997).Predicting canopy scorch height in CALM (1994a).Forest Manageme t Plan 1994-2003. jarrah forests.CALMScience 2, 267-274. Departmentof Conservationand Land Management, Como. Burows,N.D. andFriend, G. (1998).Biological indicators ofappropriatefire regimesin southwestAustralian CALM (1994b).Fire Managementon CALM Landsin the ecosyst€ms.In:Fire in EcosystemManagement: Shifting South-Westof tl/estemAustralia. A Submissionto the lhe Parodigmfrom Suppressionto Prescriptiol (eds T.L. Ministerial ReviewPanel inquiring into CALM's Prudenand L.A. Brennan).Proceedings ofthe Tall Timbers Prescribed Burning Policy and Practices and ll/ildlife Fire EcologyConference No. 20. Tall TimbersResearch ThreatAnaljsis. Departmentof Conservationand Land Station,Tallahassee, Florida. Management,Como. Burrows,N.D., Ward, B. andRobinson, A.D. (1995). CALM (1995a).Silvicultural practice in thejarrahforest. Jarrahforest firc history from stemanalysis and CALM SilvicultureGuidelines l/95. anthropologicalevidence. Australian Forestry 58, 7-16. CALM (1995b).Silviculturai practice in the karri forest. Burvill,G.H. (1979). The first sixty years, 1829-1889. In: CALM SilvicultureGuidelines 2/95. Agriculture in WesteruAusttalia: 150years of CALM (\995c). Annual Developmentand Achievement1829-1979 (ed. Report.Department of Conservationand Land Management,Como. G.H. Burvill), pp. 4-17. Universityof WestemAustralia Press,Nedlands. CALM (1995d).Special significance oflarger roadand riparianreserves in the SouthemForest Region Westem Busby,J.R. and Davies,S.J.J.F. (1977). Distlibution of of Australia.Report submitted to the Deferred Birds on the AustralianMainland: Dr D.L. Set-venty's Forest Assessment,Department Mcps. ABRS/CSIRO,Melboume. of Conservationand Land Management,Como.

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CALM (1995e).Special significance oflarger riparian Carter,H.J. (1933).Gulliver in the Bush: Il/anderingsofan reservesin the southemportion ofthe C€ntralForest AustralianEntomologisl. Angus and RobertsonLtd, Regionof WestemAustralia. Report submitted to the Sydney. DefeffedForest Assessment, Department of Conservation Carter,T. (1888).Notes from WestemAustralia. Zoologist and Land Management,Como. 12, t9l-t94. CALM (1996).Timber harvestingin WestemAustralia. Carter,T. (1903).Some south-west€m notes. Emu 3, CALM, Como. 38-40. CALM (1997a).Fire as a silviculturaltool in thejanah Carter,T. (1912).Notes on Licmetispastinalor (Westem forest.CALM SilviculturalGuideline 1/97. long-billedcockatoo)- Ibis, 6 (set.9), 627-634. CALM (1997b).Janah regeneration surveys. CALM Carter,T. (1920).On someWestem Australian birds SilviculturalGuideline 4/97. collectedbetween the North-W€stCape and Albany (950 CALM (1997c),Karri seedcrop ass€ssmentand milesapart). With nomenclatureand remarks by G.M. monitoring.CALM SilviculturalGuideline 2/97. Mathews.16is 2, 679-719;'3,48-81. CALM (1997d).Establishment guidelines for kard for€st Carter,T. ( l92l). Remarksand notes on someWestem regenerationfollowing harvesting.CALM Silvicultural AustralianBirds. tnu 21, 54-58. Guideline3/97. Carter,T. (1923).Birds ofthe BroomeHill District..En r, CALM (1997e).Forest Management Plar. 1994-2003. 23 t25 t42. Progressand ComplianceReport. Department of Carter,T. (1924a).Birds ofthe BroomeHill District.Part Conservationand Land Management,Como. 2. Enu 23,223-235. CALM (19970. Codeofpractice for timber harvestingin Carter,T. (1924b).Birds ofthe BroomeHill District,Part WestemAustralia. CALM, Como. lll. Enu 23,306-318. (1997g). Annual Report.Department of CALM Carter,V. (1987).No Sundaysin the Bush: an English Conservationand Land Management,Como. Jacketooin WesternAustralia 1887-1889.Fron the CALM (1997h).Objectives and standards.Aerial Diaries ofTom Carter. Lothian,Melboume. prescribedbuming - SouthemForest Region. Fire Catling,P.C. and Burt, R.J.(1995). Why arered foxes protectioninstruction 6l. Fire OperationsManual. absentfrom someeucalypt forests in eastemNew South Departmentof Conservationand Land Management, Wales?llildlife Research22,535 546. Como. Chapman,G. and Rowley,I. (1978).Co-operative breeding Calver,M.C. (1997).Hollow arguments? Em, 97, by Red-wingedwren . WestemAustrclian Naturalist 183-184. 14,74. M.C.and Wooller, R.D. ( l98l). Seasonal Calver, Chisholm,E.C. (1934).Birds ofthe ComboynePlateau, differencesin the dietsof small birds in the karri forest 1923-1934.Enu 34, 813. understorey.,4rslrQlianWildlife Research 8, 653 657. Chrisrensen.P.( 1972).New localityrecord for theWestem Cameron,J.M.R. (1979). Pattems on theland, 1829-1850. shrike-tit, Falcunculus WesternAus trul ian lni WesternLandscapes (ed. J. Gentilli), pp.203-219. frontatus. Naturclist12,96. Universityof WestemAustralia, Nedlands. Christensen,P. (1992).The Karri Fotesl: Its Conservation Campbell,A.G. (1922).New sub-speciesoftit-warblers SigniJicanceand Managemet, Depaiment of (Acanthizae).Enu 22, 63-66. Conservationand Land Management,Como. Campbell,A.J. (1890). A naturalistin WesternAustralia. Christensen,P. (1997a).Fauna conservation in production Anicles in TheAuslralqsian Melboume.I fnewspaper] forestsin WestemAustralia. In: ConsemationOutside March,15 March,22 March,29 March,5 April, 12Apdl, NalureReset'res (ed. P. Hale andD. Lamb), pp.466470- l9 April,26 April, 3 May, l0 May, 17May, 3l May,2l Centrefor ConservationBiology, Univenity of June. Queensland. A.J. (1900).Nests and Eggs ofAustralian Birds. Campbefl, Christensen,P. (1997b).A review ofthe knowledgeofthe Author, Sheffield. effectsofkey disturbanceson faunain the south-west "A.i. Campbell,A.J. ( 1913).The CampbellCollection" in forestregion. Report prcpared for the RegionalForest AustralianOology. Presentedto the NationalMuseum, Agreement, Melboume1915. Christensen,P., Annels, A., Liddelow,G. and Skinner,P. Carnaby,LC. (1954a).Nesting seasons of Westem (1985a).Vertebrate fauna in the southemforests of Australianbirds. tyesternAustralian Naturclist 4, WestemAustralia: a survey.Forests Department of Westem t49 156. AustraliaBrl/e/il? No. 94. Camaby,l.C. (1954b).Tawny-crowned honeyeater in forest Christensen,P., Pentony,K. and Schmidt,W. (1981).The country.Western Australian Naturalisl 4, 124. Blackwood:a Valleyin Transition.Forests D€partment, Perth.

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Marchant,N.G. (1990).The WestemAustralian collecting McArthur, W.M. andMulcahy, M.J. (1980).Land usein 'History localitiesof J.A.L. Prciss.l\ of SystematicBotany the Darling System,Westem Australia. In:ltlas of Natural in Austfalasia' (ed.P. Short),pp. 131 135,Australian ResourcesDarling Systemryestern Ausftalia. pp.77 85, SystematicBotany Society, Melboume. Departmentof Conservationand Environment,Perth. Marshall,A.J. (1932).Avifauna ofthe Cattai-Colo.tm, McCaw,W.L. andBunows, N.D. (1989).Fire 31,236-237. management.ln: TheJaftah Forest: A Comple:r MediterraneanEcosystem (ed. B, Dell, J,J.Havel and Marston,G. (1996).First reporton bandingactivities at N. Malajczuk),pp. 317-334. Kluwer, Dordrecht. MarradongTimber Reserve. McComb,B. (1994).Mapping potentialhabitat for Massam,M. and Long, J. (1992).Long-billed corellas have vertebmtesin forestsof WestemAustalia. Final report. an uncertainstatus in the south-westof WestemAustralia. Library, DepartrnentofConservation and Land WesternAustralian Naturalist 19, 30-34 , Management,Como. MasteN,J.R. and Milhinch, A.L. (1974).Birds of the Shire Mccormick, J. (1972).A post-bumfauna count in the of Northam,about 100km eastof Perth,W A. Enu 74, northemjarrah forest.Forest Notesf0(2), 5-8. 228-244. McCracken,K.G. and Astley-Boden,C.E. (1982).Satellite Mathews,G.M. (1910-21).The Birds ofAustralia. ImagesofAustralia. HarcourtBrace Jovanovich, Sydney. Vols l-12.Witherby & Co.,London. McDougall,K.L. (1996).Vegetation Pattems in the Mathews,G.M. (1912).A referencelist to the birds of NorthemJanah Forest of WestemAustralia in relation Australia.Norilcles Zoologicae18, 171-455. to DiebackHistory and the Cunent Dist bution of Mathews,G.M. (1946).A ll/orkiq List of AusttalianBirds Phylophthoracinnamomi. Ph.D. thesis,Murdoch includitlgthe AustralianQuadrant and New Zealand. University,Perth, Westem Australia. Shepherdand Newman, Sydney. McEvey,A.R. andMiddleton, W.C. (1968).Birds and Matthiessen,J.N. (1973).Observations on the food of vegetationbetween Perth and Adelaide.E nu 68, 16l-212. somebirds ofsouth-westemWestem AusjJalia. Emu73, McGillivray, D.J. (1975). l9l-193. JohannAugust Ludgwig Preiss (181I -1883)in WestemAustralia. Telopea l,l-18. MattiskeConsulting (1997). Review and Integrationof Mclntyre, S. and Banett, G.W. (1992).Habitat variegation, FloristicClassifications in the South-WestForest Region of an altemativeto fragmentation.Conservation Biolog) 6, WestemAustmlia. Report prepared for AustralianNature t46-147. ConservationAgency (Regional Forest Agreement). McMurtrie, R.E. (1998).Forest model to predictglobal Mattiske,E.M. andHav€I, J.J. (1998). Regional Forest changeimpacts on ecosystemproductivity and carbon AgreementVegetation Complexes (6 rnaps).Govemment storage.Project No. 93-6562 National Greenhouse of WestemAusaalia and CommonwealthGovemment, Advisory Committee,Final Report. Departmentof Conservationand Land Management, Como. McNee,S.A. (1997).Damage to Xanthorrhoeapreissii (Blackboy)by the Port Lincoln Ringneckin the south-west Mawson,P. andJohnstone, R. (1997),Conservation status of WestemAustralia. Report to Bolup Brook Land ofpanots and cockatoosin WestemAus:dalla. Eclectus ConservationDistrict No. 2,4-9. Committee. Meagher,S.J. (1974). The food resources Mawson,P.R. (1995). The Red-cappedpanot ofthe aborigines ofth€ south-westof WestemAustralia. Records of the Purpureicephalussparils (Kuhl, 1820):A Pestby Nature llesrcrn AustralianMuseum 3, 14 65. or Necessity.Ph.D. thesis, Geography Department, Universityof WestemAustralia, Nedlands. Mees,G.F. (1963).Status and distributionofsome spccies of owls in WestemArstr^lia, WesteruAuslralion Mawson,P.R. and Long, J.L. (1994).Size and age Nqtwalist 8, 166-169. panmetersofnest treesused by four speciesof parrotand one speciesofcockatoo in south-westAustralia, Emu94, Mees,G.F. (1964a). A revisionofthe Australianowls 149-155. (Strigidae and Tytonidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen No. 65,3-62. Mawson,P.R. and Long, J.L. (1995). Changes in thestatus and distributionof four speciesofpanot in the southof Mees,G.F. (1964b).Two hithertounrecorded specimens of WestemAustnlia dlfirlg 1970_90.Pacifrc Conservalion the Noisy ScrubBird, Atrichornis clamosas(Gould). Biologl 2, 19l-199. llestern AustralianNaturalist 9, 77-7 9. Mawson,P.R. and Long, J.L. (1997). Size and age ofnest Mees,G.F. (1969).A systematicrcview ofthe lndo- trces:a rcply to Stoneman,Rayner and Bradshaw ( 1997). Australian Zosteropidae (P art lll). Zoologishe Enu 97, l8l-182. Yerh an de l i nge n No. lO2, 3_390. Mazanec,Z. (1988).Natural enemies ofthe jarrah Meise,W. (1951).Notes on the omithologicalcollections leafmirer Perthida glyphopa (Lepidoptera: Incurvariidae), ofPreissin theSwan River Colony, 1838-1841. Ezra 51, with emphasison the biologiesand immaturestages of 148-151. larvalparasitoids. Ph D thesis,University of Westem Australia,Nedlands.

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

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Postle,A.C., Majer, J.D. and Bell, D.T. (1986).Soil and Ritson,P. (1995).Panot damageto bluegumtree crops: A litter invertebratesand litter d€compositioninjarrah reviewofthe problemand possiblesolutions. Agriculture (Eucalyptusmarginaz, forestaffected byjanah dieback WesternAustralia Resource Managemenl Technical Repofi (Phytophthoracinnambmi). Pedobiologia 29, 41-69. No. 150. Pulliam,H.R. (1988). Sources, sinks and population Robertson,D. (1998).Fire regimesin the Manjimup forcst regulation.Ameican Naluralist 132,652 661. districtof WestemAustralia: 1954-1974.Development andanalysis ofa geographicinformation system (GIS) Ramsay,E.P. ( 1888).Tabular List ofall theAustralian database.B. Sc. (Honours)thesis, Department of Birds at prese t knotrn lo the author: showingthe Geography,University of WestemAustralia, Nedlands. Distribution ofthe Speciesover the continentofAustralia and adjacentislonds. Privately published, Sydney. Robinson,A. (1956).The annualreproductory cycle ofthe Magpie, Gynnorhina dorsalis Campbell. in South-westem RAOU (1990-1996).Handbook of Australian,New Arxtr alia. E mu 56, 233-33 6. Zealand& AntarcticBirds. Volumes lA, 1B,2,3.Royal AustralasianOmithologists Union/ Oxford University Robinson,F.N. and Srnith,G.T. (1976).TheNoisy Scrub- Press,Melboume. bid - Factand fiction. WesternAustralian Naturalist 13, lt9-123. Rayner,M.E. (1991).Site index and dominant height growth curvesfor regrowthkalri (Eucalyptusdi\)ersicolor Rohan,P. (1979).Gnowangerup District Herilage F. Muell.) in south-westemAustralia. Forest Ecolog) and Ske tc hboo k. Author,Maylands. Management44, 261-283. Rooke,I. (1979).The socialbehaviour ofthe honeyeater Rayner,M.E. (1992).Application of dendrochronology, Phylidonyrisnovaehol landiae. Ph.D. thesis,Department of stemanalysis and inventorydata in the estimationoftree Zoology,University of WestemAustralia, Nedlands. and standages in karri forest.Department ofconservation Rooke,I. (1984).The Silvereye(Zosterops lateralisi Ayes'. and Land ManagementTechnical ReportNo.2'7. Zostercpidae):a review.Journal ofthe Royal Societyof Recher,H.F. (1991).The conservationand management of ll/esternAustrllia 66, 163-169. eucalyptforest birds: resourcerequirements for nestingand Rosenzweig,M.L. (1995).Species Diversity in Spaceand foraging. ln: Conservation of Australia's Forest Fauna (ed, ?uze.Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. D. Lunney),pp. 25 34. Royal ZoologicalSociety ofN€w Southwales, Mosman. Rowley,I. andRussell, E. ( 1991).Demography of passerinesin the temperatesouthem hemisphere. In: Blrd Recher,H.F. (1996).Conservation and management of PopulationStudies: Relevance to Conservationand eucalyptforest vgrt€btates, ln'. Conseflationof Faunal Managemet (ed.C.M. Perrins,J.D. Lebretonand G.J.M. Diversily in ForestedLandscapes (ed. R.M. De Graafand Hirons),pp. 22-44. Oxford UnivercityPress, Oxford. R.l. Miller)pp. 339-388.Chapman and Hall, London. Rowley,I., Russell,E., Brown,R. andBrown, M. (1988). Recher,H.F., Holmes, R.T., Schulz, M., Shields,J. and The ecologyand breeding biology ofthe Red-wingedfairy- KavanaghR. (1985).Foraging pattems ofbirds in eucalypt wrenMalurus elegans.Enu 88, 16l 116. forestand woodlandon the tablelandsofsouth-eastem A\stralia. AustralianJournal of Ecologt 10,399419. Rundle,G.E. (1996).History ofconservationreserves in the south-westof WestemAustmlia. Jorrnal ofthe Royal Recher,H.F., Kavanagh, R.P., Shields, J.M. and Lind, P. Societyof llestern Austrclia 79,225 240. ( l99l). Ecologicalassociation ofhabitats and bird species during the breedingseason in southeastemNew South Russell,E. and Rowley,I. (1998).The effectsoffire on a Wales.Australian Journal oJEcology 16,337152. populationof Red-wingedfairy-wrens Malurus elegansin karri forestin southw€stemAustralia. Paclrc Recher,H.F., Majer,J.D. andGanesh, S. (1996).Eucalypts, Conservation Biolog,, 4, 197108. arthropodsand birds:on the relationbetween foliar nutrientsand speciesrichness, Forest Ecologt and Russell,J. and Lisle, A. (1955).luntitled). Westeru Managenent85, l7'7-195. AustralianNaturalist 5, 45. Rice, M. (1995).The spectacularRed-tailed black Sanders,A. (1991).Oral historiesdocumenting changes in cockatoois runningout of forestand time...l!/ingspan, wheatb€ltwetlands. D€partment ofConservation and Land June,p. 40. ManagementOccasional Paper- 2/9 l. Riggert,T.L. (1975).The managementofthe emu Sargent,O.H. (1928).Reactions between bids andplants. Dronaius novaehollandi@ein WestemAustralia. Wildlife Enu 21, 185-192. ResearchBulletin WestemAustralia No. 4. Saunders,D.A. (1974).Subspeciation in the White{ailed Ripley, S.D. (1977).Rails ofthe World:A Monographof blackcockatoo, Calyptorhynchus baudinii, in Westem the Family Rallidae.M.F. FeheleyPublishers Ltd, Toronto. Atjjsthalia.Australian lti ldlife Research l, 55-69. Risser.P.C. (1995). The status ofthe scienceexamining Saunders,D.A. (1979).Distribution and taxonomyofthe ecotones.Bi?Scie,rce 45, 3 18125. white-tailedand yellow-tailedcockatoos, Calyptolhynchus spp.Emu 79,215-221.

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

Saunders,D.A. and (1990). Curry,P.J. The impactof Sedgwick,E.H. (1973).Birds ofthe HarveyDistrict. agricultural pastoral and industrieson birds in the southem WesternAustralian Naturalist 12, 13l-I39, half of WestemAustmlia: Past,present and future. Serventy, (1928). Proceedings ofthe Ecological Socie\, of Australia 16, D.L. Movementsof crowsin Westem 303-32t. Australi,a.E mu 28, 7 l -7 3. Serventy, (1948). Saunders,D.A. and Ingram,J.A. (1995).Birds of D.L. The birds ofthe SwanRiver district Westem Southv)esternAustralia: an Atlas ofchanges in the Ausrralia.Enu 47,241-2g6. Distributionand Abundanceof the lltheatbeltAvifauna. Serventy,D.L. (1950).Reports ofexcursions: Jarrahdale. SuneyBeatty, Sydney. lyestem Australian Neturalist 2, 164-165, Saunders,D.A., Rowley,I., and Smith,G.T. (1985). The Serventy,D.L. (1952).The southeminvasion ofnorthem effectsofclearing for agriculture on the distributionof birds during 1952.Western Australian Naturalist 3, cockatoosin the southwestof WestemAustralia. In: Brids t77-196. ofEucalypt Fotests and lloodlands: Ecologt, Consen'ation,Managemert (ed. A. Keast,H.F. Recher, Serventy,D.L. (1953).Some speciation problems in H. Ford and D. Saunders),pp. 309 321. Australianbirds: with particularreference to the rclations RAOU/Suney 'species-pair Beatty,Sydney. betweenBassian and Eyrean s' . Emu 53, 131-145. Schifter,H. (1973).Birds collectedby Dr L. preissin Australia.Emu 73, 184-186. Serventy,D.L. (1954).The late Major H.M. Whittell, O.B.E.- an appreciation.Emu 54,61-67. Schodde,R. (1982).Origin, adaptationand evolutionof Serventy, (1968). birds in arid Australia.ln: Evolutionof the Flore and D.L. Obituary.W.H. Loallng. Western Fauna of Arid Australra(ed. W.R. Barkerand p.J.M. AustralianNaturalist 11,4'1 48. Greenslade),pp. 191124. publications, Peacock Adelaide. Serventy,D.L. (1977).The useofdata on the distribution ofbirds jj,162-166. Schodde,R. (1990).The bird faunaofthe mallee- its to monitor climatic changes.Erz u biogeographyand futve.lni TheMallee Lands:A Serventy,D.L. andWhittell, H.M. (1948-1976).Birds of ConsenationPerspectlve (ed. p.J. J.C.Noble, Jossand WestemAustmlia. Editions l-5. patersonBrokensha-/ G.K.Jones), pp. 6l-70. CSIRO,Melboume. Universityof WestemAustralia press, perth. Schodde,R. and Mason, (1997). I.J. Aves (Columbidaeto Sewell,S.R. and Catterall,C.P. (1998). Bushland Coraciidae).ln:. Zoological Catalogueof Austlalia modificationand stylesofurban development:their effects Vol. 37.2(ed. W.W.K. Houstonand A. Vy'ells). CSIRO, on birds in south-eastQueensland. llildlife Research25, Melboume. 4t-63. Schofield,N.J., Ruprecht, J.K.and Loh, I.C. (1988). The Sharland,M. (1981).A cuide to the Bbds ofTasmania. impactofagricultural developmenton the salinityof DrinkwaterPublishing, Hobart. surfacewater resources ofsouth-west Vy'estem Australia. WaterAuthority of WestemAustralia, Reporr No. WS 27. Shea,S.R. (1975). Focus onjanah dieback- a thr€atto WestemAustralia's uniquejarrah forest. Fo rest Focus 14, Schorer,A. (1968).llrstory of the UpperBlackwood. 3-t4. SouthW€st P nting andPublishing Company, Bunbury, WesemAustralia. Shearer,B.L. andTippett, J.T. (1989).Janah dieback: the dynamicsand management of phytophthoracinnamomi in Sedgwick,E.H (1955).Birdlife part at Wooroloo: l. the janah (Eucalptus marginota) forcst of South-Westem lyelem AustralianNaturqlist 5, 3943. Australia.Department ofConservation and Land Sedgwick,E.H. (1956).Bird-life at Wooroloo:part II. ManagementResearch Bulletin No. 3. WesternAustralian Naturalist 5, 63J0. Sibley,C.G. andAhlquist, J.E. (1985).The phylogenyand classification Sedgwick,E.H. (1958).The introducedturtledoves in ofthe Australo-papuanpasserine birds. E ?u 85, WestemAustmlia. ,yesternAustralian Naturalist 6, l-14. 92-t00,tl2-r27. Sibley,C.G. andMonroe, B.L. (lg9O). Distributionard Sedgwick,E.H. (1965).Supplementary note on the Taronomy of Birds ofthe ll/orld. Yale University prcss, introducedturtledoves in W.A. ll/esternAustraliqn New Haven. Naturalist 9, 153-176. Skinner,P.R. (1984). Seed production and survivalofsome Sedgwick,E.H. (1968).A Coltie bird tlst. Westem legumesin the forestsof WestemAustralia. Forests AustralianNaturalis, 10, 189 194. Departmentof Westem AustraliaResearch paperNo.76. Sedgwick,E.H. (1969).Birds andkangaroo paws. lyester Slater,P. (1962).Brceding ofbirds in the lower Wongong yalley. A stralian Naturalist ll,65-66. lyesten Australian Naturalist 8, 124-126. yegetation Sedgwick,E.H. (1971).Movements of Pardalotus Smith,F.G. (1972). Map ofpembertonand substriatus,Red-tipped pardalote, in WestemAustralia. Irwi lnlet.WesteIJ'Australian Department of Agdculture, WesternAustralian Naturalist 12, | 4 Perth.

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Smith,F.G. (1973). VegetationMap ofBusseltonand Specht,R.L., Specht,A., Whelan,M.B. and Hegarty,E.E. Augusta. W estemAustralian Department of Agriculture, (1995).Conservation Atlas of Plant Communitiesin Perth. Ausftalia. Cettre for CoastalManagement, Southem Cross Unive$ity, EastLismore. Smith,F.G. (1974).Vegetation Map ofCol/ie. Westem AustralianDepartment of Agriculture,Perth. Staples,A.C. (1979).They Made their Destiny:History of Seulementofthe Shireof Haney 1829-1929.Shire of Smith,G.T. (1976).Noisy scrubbird Atrichotnis clamosus. Harvey,Harvey, Westem Australia. ln. Reader'sDigest CompleteBook ofAustralianBbds (ed. H.J.Frith), p.335. Reader's Digest, Sydney. Statham,P. (1979).Dictionary of lfeskm Australians 1829-1914. Yol. l. Early Seulers1829-1850. University of Smith,G.T. (1977).The effectof environrnentalchange on WestemAustralia Press, Nedlands. six rarebirds. Emr 77, l'13-179. Stedman,C. (ed.)(1988). 100 Yearsof Collie Coal. Curtin Smith,C.T. (1978).The Noisy scrub-bird.ln: The Statusof PrintingServices, Perth. EndangeredAustralasian ll ildlife (ed. M.J . Tyler), pp.l11-121.Royal Soci€ty ofSouth Austmlia, Adelaide. Stoate,T.N. and Bednall,B.H. (nd). Thejarrah and forestry pnctice (An histo cal record).Unpublished MS, Smith,G.T. ( 1985a).The Noisy scrub-birdAtrichornis Archives,Department ofConservation and Land c/aaosrs. Doesits pastsuggest a future?ln: Birds of Management,Woodvale. Eucalypt Forests qnd lloodlands: Ecologt, Conservation, Management(ed. A. Keast,H.F. Recher,H. Ford andD. Stodart,E. and Par€r,I. (1988).Colonisation ofAustralia Saunders),pp. 301-308.RAOU/Suney Beatty. by the rabbit.CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology ProjectR€port No. 6. Smith,G.T. (1985b).Fire effectson populationsofthe Noisy scrub-bird(llrichornis clamosus),Westem bristl€- Stoneman,G.L., Borg, H. andRose, P.W. (1989a). bird, (Dasyornis longirosl,.is) and Westem whip-bird Recoveryofvegetation cover following loggingand (Psophodesnigrogularis). In: Fire Ecologt and regenerationin the southemforest of WestemAustmlia Manageme t in WestemAustlaliatl Ecosystems(ed. andthe shorttelm hydrologic implications.Australian J.R.Ford), pp. 95-102. WestemAustralian Institute of Forestry 52,4-9- Technology,Perth. Stoneman,G.L., Bradshaw,F.J. and Christensen, P. Smith,G.T. (1985c). Population and habitat selection of (1989b).Silviculture . ln: TheJatah Forest:A Complex the Noisy scrub-bird,Atrichornis clamosus, 1962-83, MediterraneanEcosystem (ed,. B, Dell, J.J.Havel and Australian lltildlife Reseatch 12, 479485. N. Malajczuk),pp. 335-355. Kluwer, Dordrecht. Smith,G.T. (1991). Breeding ecology ofthe Westemlong- Stoneman,G.L., Crombie,D.S., Whitford, K., billed corella,Cacatua pastinator pastinator. Wildlife Hingston,F.J., Giles, R., Portlock,C.C., Galbraith,J.H. Research18,91-110. and Dimmock,G.M. (1996).Growth and waterrelations of Eucalyptusmarginata (iarah) standsin responseto Smith,C.T. and Moore, L.A. (1991).Foods ofcorellas thinningand fertilizatlon.Tree Physiologt 16,267-274. Cacatuapastinalor in WestemAustralia. Enu 91,87-92. Stoneman,G.L., Rayner,M.E. andBradshaw, F.J. (1997). Smith,G.T. and Robinson, F.N. (1976). The Noisy Scrub- Sizeand age parametels ofnest treesused by four species bird: an interim report.Emu 76,3742. ofparrot and one speciesofcockatoo in south-west Smith,P. (1985).Effects ofintensive loggingon birds in Australia:critique. trru 97,94 96. eucalyptforest near Bega, New SouthWales. Eza 85, Stor, G.M. (1954).South-westem bird notes.Westet'rl t5 2t. AuslraliqnNaturqlist 4, 142-144. Smith,P.J., Pressey, R.L. and Smith, J.E. (1994). Birds of Ston,C.M. (1977).Birds of theNorthem Territory. particularconservation concem in the WesternDivision of WesleruAustralian Museum Special Publication 7. New SouthWales. Biological Conse^)otion69,315-338. Ston, G.M. (1984).Revised list ofQueenslandbirds. Sneeuwjagt,R.J. and Peet,G.B. (1985).Forest Firc Recordsofthe lfesturn Auslraliqn Museum Supplement19. Behaviour Tablesfor WesternAustralia. 3'd edrl Departmentof Conservationand Land Manag€ment, Ston,G.M. (1991). Birds of theSouth-West Division of Como. WestemAustralia. Records ofthe lYeslemAustralian MuseumSupplement 35. Snell,L.J. (1986).Drakesbrcok Days and llaroona Years. Shireof Waroona,Waroona, Westem Australia. Stott,P. (1998).Biogeography and ecologyin crisis:the urgent need for a new metalang)age.Journal of Specht,R.J. and Specht, A. (1995).Clobal warming: Biogeography 25, l-2. predictedeffects on structureand speciesrichness and Mediterraneanecosystems in southemAustralia.I Time Stove,K. [editor] (1994).A secondbird atlasofthe ScalesofBiological Responsesto Water Constrainls (ed. Adelaideregion. Part 2: Distributionmaps 1984-1985. J. Roy,J. Aronson and F. di Castri),pp. 215-237. SBP SouthAustralian Ornithologist31, 195-265. AcademicPublishing, Amsterdam.

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Strelein.G.J. (1988).Site classificationin the southem Ward,D. andVan Didden,G. (1997).Reconstructing the janah forcstof WestemAustralia. Department of fire historyofthejanah forestofsouth-westem Australia. Conservationand Land ManagementResearch Bulletin Reportfor the RegionalForest Agreement. No. 2. Ward,S.C. and Koch, J.M. (1995).Early growthofjanah Talbot,L. (1973).Karri thickets,beforc settlement. Forert (Eucalyptusmarginala Donn ex Smith) on rehabilitated Noles,Forests Department of WesteruAustralia 11.(2), bauxiteminesites in south-westAustralia. Australian 6 r7. Forestry58,65J1. Tarr, H.E. (1948).A noteon the Red-ear€d.firetall. Emu Ward,S.C., Koch, J.M. and Nichols, O.G. (1990). Bauxite 48,l6l. mine rehabilitationin the Darling Range,Westem Anstr^lia. Proceedi gs ofthe Ecological Thomas,D. (1979).Tasmanian Bird Atlas. Fauta of Society of Australia 16, TasmaniaHandbook No. 2. Hobart. 557-565. Wardell-Johnson,G. (1982).A Thomas,O. (1906).On mammalscollected in south-west vertebrutefauna survey of the westemhigh rainfall forest Australiafor Mr. W.E. Balstor^Proceedings of the ofthe Serpentinearea. ForestsDepanment. Westem ZoologicalSociegt of London 1906,468478. Australia. Wardell-Johnson,G. (1983).The Tingay,A. andTingay, S.R.(1984). Brrd communitiesin effectivenessofa variablecircular-plot procedurc the karriforest of IlesternAustralia. Australian census for estimatingbird densityin ConservationFoundarion, Melboume. the kani tacalyptus diversicolorF.V.Muell. forestof South-westemAustralia. Department of Tree,t. (1991).The Ruling PassionofJohn Gould, Conservationand Enytonment Bulletin 153. 25-33. A Biographyofthe Bird Man. Bar,ie and.Ienkins,London. Wardell-Johnson,G. (1985).The compositionand foraging Udell, H. (1979).1Flitoty of Gingin 1830to 1960. ecologyofa bird communityin karri forestin south Gingin ShireCouncil, Gingin, WesternAustralia. WestemAustralia. M Sc thesis,Oxford University,UK. Underwood,R. (1990).Lightning strike! Landscope5 (4), Wardell-Johnson,C. and Christensen,P. (1992).A review 23-27. ofthe effectsofdisturbance on wildlife ofthe karri forest. DepartmentofConservation and Land Management Underwood,R. (1998).Straight and crookedthinking in Occasional Paper 2/92, 33-57. forestry,Institut€ of Forest€rsof Australia Newsletter39 (2),2v2r. Wardell-Johnson,G. and Nichols, O. (1991).Forest wildlife and habitatmanagement in southwestern Underwood,R.J. (1978). Natural fire periodicityin the Australia:Knowledge, research and direction,In: karri (Eucalyptusdiverslcolor F. Muell.) forest.Forests ConsenationofAustralia's ForestFauna (ed.D. Lunney), Departmentof Westem Austalia ResearchPaperNo. 4l. pp. l6l-192. RoyalZoological Society ofNew South Underwood,R.J. and Christensen,P.E.S. ( l98l). Forest Wales,Mosman. Fire Managementin l4,esternAustlalia. SpecialFocus Wardell-Johnson,G. and Williams, M. (1995). Logging No. l. ForestsDepartment of WestemAustralia, Perth. impactson bird communities,south-westem Austnlia: Underwood,R.J., Walker, A.W., Schuster,C., Sands,A. Comparingnaffow and wide remnantsofmaturc karri andLush, A. (1991).The kani forest,Westem Australia. forest.Report prepared for the DeferredForest ln: ForestManagement in Australia (ed.F.H. McKinnell, Assessment. E.R.Hopkins and J.E.D. Fox), pp.22-36. Surrey Beatty, Wardell-Johnson, ( Sydney. G.,Hewett, P.J. and Woods, Y.C. l99l). Retainingr€mnant maturc forest for natureconservation: A Van Delft, R. (1997). Birding Sitesaround Perth.2.d edn. reviewofthe systemofroad, dver and streamzones in the Tuart House,Nedlands, Westem Australia. kani forest. ln', Proceedings of a seminar - A revie,Atof road, river and stream zones in the south west VanHeurck, P., Friend, c. andWilliams, M. (1998).Fire forests, pp. 6 22. CALM, Manjimup. and invertebrateconservation in the centmljarrah forestof south-westemAustralia. Final reportto World Wide Fund WaterAutho ty of WestemAustnlia (1985).Repot on for NatureAustnlia, ProjectP199. the tefiestrialfauna ofthe Hanis Dam Reservoirarea. AppendixC 1lrHanis Dam Project.Environmental Review Vitousek,P.M. (1994).Beyond global warming: ecology andManagernent Progmmme. Report No. WP2. and global change.Ecolog) 75, 186l-1876. Webster,H.O. (1947).Tawny-crowned honeyeaters in Wdlace,W.R. (1966). Fire in thejanahforest a heavily-forestedarea. Emu 47,63. enyironment,Joumal of the Royal Society of lfesturn Australia 49,3344. W€bster,H.O. (1948).Field noteson Ma lurus elegans,the Red-wingedwren of WestemAustralia. tnu 47,287-290. Ward, D. (1998).Fire, flogging,measles and grass. Nineteenthcentury land useconflict in south-W€stem WestemAustralian Water Resources Council (1989). Water Australia.An essayon humanecology. Department of for the 21"'aentury:Supply options for the long telm water Conservationand Land Management,Como. requirementsofsouthem Westem Austnlia. Vol. 2. Appendices.WAWRC, Leederville.

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CALMScience lan Abbott,The avifauna of the forestsol south-westWestern Austrulia

WestemAustralian Water Resources Council (1992). The Whittell, H.M. (1941).Brush Bronzewingin South-Vy'est Stqte ofthe Riversofthe South l4'est.Vr'AWRC, Australia.,0m r 41, 165. Leederville. Whitteu,H.M. (1942a).Elegant Panot in the Bddgetown Whitaker,D.M, andMontevecchi, W.A. (1997).Breeding Distdct, S.W.A. E/rr 42,50-51. bird assemblagesassociated with padan,interior forest, Whittell,H.M. (1942b).A reviewofthe work ofJohn and nonriparianedge habitats in a balsamfir ecosystem. Gilbert in WestemAusta"alia. Part ll. Emu 41,216-242. CanadianJournal of ForestResearch27,ll59 1167, Whittell, H.M. (1943).The Noisy scrub-bird(Atrichornis White, B.J. and Underwood,R.J. (1974).Regeneration in clamosus).Enu 42, 217-234. theKarri Forcst Comrlrri{y. ForestsDepartment of WestemAustralia, Perth. Whittell, H.M. (1944).Black-shouldered kite in Westem Aluslralra.E mu 43, 29 4-29 6. White, J. (1991).Sdz ey l(illiam Jackson,Bush Photographer1873 to.l9ld. SevenPress, Scone, NSW. Whittell, H.M. (1950).Races of the White-tailedblack eockatoo. WesternAus tralian Naturalist 2, 92. White, M.E. (1986).The Greening ofGondwana. Reed, Sydney. Whittell,H.M. (1951).A reviewof thework of John Gilbertin WestemAustralia. PartlV.tmu51,17 29. White, S.A. (1920).The Life of Sanuel llhite, Soldiet Naturalist,Sai/o/.Pdvately published, Adelaide. Whittell,H.M. (1952).The visit of Sydney[sic] william Jacksonto WestemAustralia in l912 in searchofthe White,S.A. (1921). Birds observed during the visit ofthe Noisy Scrub-bird.Western Australian Naturalist 3,'13-80. R.A.O.U.to the south-westemdistrict Official report. Emu 20, 124 130. Whittell, H.M. (1954).The Literature of Aus*alian Birds: A History and a Bibliography of Au*ralian Omithologt. Whitehurst,R. (1992).Noongar Dictio ary. Noongar PatersonBrokensha, Perth. Languageand CultureCentre, Bunbury. Woinarski,J.C.Z. and Recher,H.F. (1997).Impact and Whitford, K.R. (1991).Crown assessmentsimprove response:a review ofthe effectsof fire on the Australian regressionestimates of leafareainjanah l,llees(Eucalwtus avifauna.Pacifc ConservationBiolog) 3, 183-205. marginata).Australian Journal of Botany39, 535-544. Wood,W.E. (1924). Increase ofsalt in soiland streams Whitford,K.R. andWilliams, M.R. (1997).Survival of following the destructionofthe nativevegetatlon. Joumal hollow-bearingjanah (Eucalyptusmarginara Sm.) and olthe Royal Societyof WesternAustralia 10,35-47. mani,(Corymbia calophylla) trees in the south-westforest regionof WA. Reportprepared for the RIA. CALM, Wooller,R.D. and Brooker,K.S. (1980).The effectsof Como. controlledbuming on somebirds ofthe understoreyin karri forest.rrna 80, 165 166. Whitlock, F.L. (1914).Notes on the Spotlesscrake and Westemground-parrot. Enu 13,202 205, Wooller,R.D. and Calver, M.C. (1981).Feeding segregationwithin an assemblageof small birds in the karri Whitlock, F.L. (1928).Peculiarities in the distributionof forest understorey.I ustralian Wildlife Research8, birds in WestemAustralia. Enru27,119-184. 401410. Whitlock,F.L. (1939). Birds ofthe BunburyDist ct, Wooller,R.D. and Calver,M.C. (1988).Changes in an WestemAustralia. Enu 39,47-56. assemblageofsmall birds in the understoreyofdry Whirtell, H.M. (1933a).The birds of the Bridgetown sclerophyllforest in south-westemAustmlian after fire. District, South-westAustralia. Ezra 32, 182-189. Australian WildlifeResearch 15, 331-338. Whittell, H.M. (1933b).The Mdlee-fowl (Leipoaocellata) WorsleyAlumina Pty Ltd ( l98l). Wo6ley Alumina in South-westAustralia. Emu 32,315-316. Project:Flora and faunastudies Phase I. Whittell, H.M. (1935).Cockatiels and bronzewingsin WorsleyAlumina Pty Ltd ( 1985).Worsley Alurnina WestemAustralia. Ena 35, 332. Project:Flora and faunastudies: Phase II. Whittell, H.M. (1936).The Red-cappedRobln(Petroica Wykes,B.J. (nd: 1985).The janah forcstavifauna and its goodenovii)in SouthWestem Australia. Emu35,356. re-establishmentafter bauxite mining. l(AIT Schoolof Biologt Bulletin 11. Whittell, H.M. (1938a).Notes on field{rips ofJ.T. Tunney. Enu 38,322 326. Wyrwoll, K.-H. (1979).Late Quatemaryclimates of WestemAustralia: evidence and mechanisms.Journal of Whittell,H.M. (1938b).The birds of theBridgetown lhe RoyalSociety of WestemAustrclia 62,129-142. Dist ct, South-westemAustralia. trx, 38, 54-59.

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APPENDIX1

Noongar names for bird species and subspeciespresent in the primal forestsand endemjc to south-westWesrern Australia.

ENDEMICTAXON RECOMMENDEDNAME APPROXIN/ATEPRONUNCIATION"

Species

yptohynch Cal us Iatiosttis Ngobyenook Gnaw-bye-nook Calyptohynch us baud ini i Ngoorlak Gnaw-lark Cacatua pastinatol I\,4anyte [,,larn-ile Plalycercus sputius Djarrilboordang Char-ill-bore-dan Platycercus icterctis Booldoonbooldoon Bool-doon-bool-doon Attichornis clamosu, Djimolook Chee-mawlook Malurus elegans Djidjal Cheer-chal Acanthiza inohata Djobooldjobool Jaw-bulljaw-bull Mel ithreptus chlo rops is Bangin Barn-een Acanthorhynch u s supe rciI iosu s Booldjit Bull-chil Eopsallria geotgiana Bodjil Baw-cheel Stagonopleun oculala Boorrin Bote-teen Subspecles

Calyptohynch us ban ksii Karrak Car-rark Platycarcus zonarius Dowan Daw-arn Stipiturusfialachutus Djurdiilya Chur-cheelya Pardalotusstriatus Widopwidop Wid-up-wid-up Phylidonyis nigra Bandoong Barn-doong Anthochae e chtyso pte ra Djangang Chan-an Petroica mukicolor Kooba Koo-bar Eopsall a austelis Bamboon Earm-boon Falcunculus lrontatus Koorbitkoorbit Koor-bil-koor-bit RhipiduG fuliginosa Kadjinnak Cad-chin-nark Ceclicus tibicen Koorbat Koor-bart Strepea vercicolol Djilak Chee-lark Co.us corcnoides Woordang War-dan Rallus pectotalis Nyoony En-yourn Porphyriopotplryrio Koolema Coolem-are 'Emphasize thefirst syllable; pronounce ng as in singer,not finger; ny as in onionioo as anbook.

The westem Australianforester c. E. Lane-Poolein 1920introduced the Noongarword Marri to rcplacethe settlers' descriptive gum. Red In doing so he was actingon an earlierprecedent when thi Noongarword Janahwas adoptedby timbermillers in the 1860sto replacethe settlers'term Mahogany.In preparingthis lisl I follow theseprecedents and Abbott (1983). Thereseems little inconvenienceto bird watche$and omithologistsifNoongar nameswere to replace English vemacularnames curently in usefor bird speciesendemic to west€m Australia. However,replacing English names ofendemic subspecieswill probablybe seenby someas too radical;notwithstanding this, Noongarna-mes have beentabulated for these.

Anotherreason for promotingthe useofaboriginal namesis that their useby all Austmliansis a symbolicand imponant g€sture that may assist,in a small way, the curent processof reconciliationbetween aborigines and later settlersof WestemAustralia.

Following the approachofAbbott (1983,Appendix), a namefor eachspecies and subspecieshas been taken from cilbert (MS). where therewere two or morc namesavailable, one was chosenon the basisofeuphony, brevity and pronounceability. Gilbert's phoneticorthography has been recast to conforn as far aspJssible with the conventions published (1992). in whitehurst This list shouldbe treatedas provisional. Constructive,documented suggestions for modification or extensionare invited. Otheraboriginal narnes for bird speciesare documented in Bindon-ind Chaowict< (1992).

104

CALMSci6nce lanAbbott, The avifauna of theforests of south-westWestern Australia

TABLE1 Speciesrecorded in the forestsof south-westWestern Australia, 1840-1932. Details of locations(1-17) and times of the listsare providedon pages4-7.

1234 56 7 a 910 11 12 13 14 1516 17

LANDBIRDS

Dro ma i us novaeholIa n di ae Leipoa ocellata Cotum ix novaezelan d i ae Cotumix ypsilophora Haliastut sphenurus Accipiter fasciatus AccipteI ci (hoceph al us Aquila audax Circus approximans Falco berigora Falco peregrinus Turnix va a Phaps chalcoptera Phaps elegans Calypto hynchus banksi i Calypto rhyn ch us Iati rosttis Calypto rhyn chus b aud i n ii Cacatuapastinatol GI ossopsi tta po rphytocephal a Platycercuszonarius Platycercus spurius Platycercus icterotis Cuculuspallidus Cacom antis flabe I I ifomis Chrysococcyx basalis Chrysococcyxlucidus Ninox connivens Ninoxnovaeseelandiae Tytonovaehollandiae Tytoalba Podargus strigoides Eurostopodusargus Aegotheles cristatus Todiramphussanctus Merops ornatus Attichomis clamosus Climacterisrufa Malurussplendens Maluruselegans Stipiturus malachurus Padalotuspunctatus Pardalotusstriatus Se cornisfrontalis Smicrcrnisbrevircstris Gerygonetusca

105

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CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

.l TABLE (continued) .t4 123 4 s 6 7 I910 11 12 13 15 16 17

Acanthiza apicalis Acanthiza inornata Acanthiza chtysothoa Lichmeru indistincta Meliphaga ornata MeI ithreptus chI o ropsis Phylidonyrisnovaeholl and i ae Phylidonydsnigra Phylidonyrismelanops Acanthohynchus supe rci liosus Anthochae ra chrysopte ra An thoch ae ra ca ru n c uI ata Petrcicamulticolor Petrcicacucullata Eopsaltriaaustralis Eopsaltiageorgiana Pomalosto mus supe rcil iosus Daphoenositta ch rysopte n Falcunculustrontatus Pachycephala pecto ral is Pachycepha! a ruliventris Col I uricincl a harmonica Myiagn inquieta Rhipiduru fuliginosa Coracina novaehol landi ae A amus cyanopterus Cracticus tibicen Strepera versicolor Corvus coronoides Stagonopleuraoculata Dicaeum hirundinaceum Hirundo neoxena Hirundo nigicans Acrcce p h al u s stento te u s Megalurus gramineus Zosterops lateralis

WATERBIRDS

Oryuru australis Biziura lobata Cygnus atratus Tadornatadornoides Anas gracilis Anas castanea Anas superciliosa Anas hynchotis Aythya australis Tachy b aptus n ovaeh oI I a n di a e

106

CALMScience lan Abbott, The avitaunaot the lorests of south-west WestemAustralia

123 456 7II l0 1112 13 14 15 16 17

Poliocephal us poliocephalu s Anhinga melanogaster Phalacrocoraxcarbo Phal acroconx sulcitostris Phal acrccomx mel anoleucos Ardea novaehollandiae Nycticorax caledonicu s lxobrychus minutus lxobrychus flavicollis Botaurus poiciloptil u s Ralluspectonlis Pozana pusilla Porzana tluminea Potzana tabuensis PorptVrio potphytio Gallinula ventralis Fulica atra Himan@ushinantopus Chandrius ruficapi I lus Charad us melanops Erythrogonyscinctus

107 CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

TABLE2 Speciesrecorded in the forestsof south-westWestern Australia, 1950-1998. Details of locations(1g-272) and timesof the listsare providedon pages7-13. x indicatesthat a moreaccurate identification to speciesis not Possible.

18 19 20 21 222324 272A293f 31 32 33

LANDBIRDS

Dro mai u s novaeholland i ae Leipoa ocellata Cotur n ix novaezeIand iae Cotumix ypsilophon Haliastur sphenurus Accipiter lasciatus Accipter ciff h ocephal us Aquila audax Circus approximans Falco be gora Falcoperegrinus Turnix va a Phaps chalcopterc Phaps elegans Calyptorhynchu s banksii Calypto rhynch u s latirostr i s Calypto rhynchu s baudinii Cacatuapastinator G lossopsitta porphyroce phal a Platycercuszona us Platycercusspurius Platycercus icterotis Cuculuspallidus Cacom antis fI abe I I ilomi s Chrysococcyx basalis Chrysococcyxlucidus Ninox connivens Ninoxnovaeseelandiae Tytonovaehollandiae Tyto alba Podargusstrigoides Eurostopodusargus Aegothelesc status Toditamphussanctus Merops ornatus Atrichornis clamosus Climacterisruta Malurus splendens Malurus alegans Stipiturusmalachutus Pardalotuspunctatus Pardalotus st atus Se corni' frontalis Sm icrcrn is brev i rostris Getygone tusca

108

CALMSci€nce lan Abbott, The avitaunaot the torestsof south-west WesternAustralia

18 19 20 2't 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

Acanthiza inornata Acanthiza inornata Acanthiza chrysorrhoa Lichmeru indistincta Meliphaga ornata MeI ithreptus chlotopsis Phyl i dony ri s novaehol I and iae Phylidonyrisnigta PMidonyris melanops Acanthohynch us superci I iosu s Anthochae ra chrysopte ra Anthochaeru caruncu Iata Petroica multicolor Petroica cucullata Eopsaltria australis Eopsalta georyiana Pomatostom u s superci I iosu s Daphoenosifta chtysopte ra Falcunculustrontatus Pachyceph al a pectomlis Pachycephal a rutiventri s ColI u tici ncla harmon ica Myiagra inquieta Rhipidura fuliginosa Coracin a novaeholIand i ae Artamus cyanopterus Cracticus tibicen Strcperavercicolol Cotvus coronoides Stagonopleuraoculata . Dicaeum hirundinaceum Hirundo neoxena Hirundonigricans Acrccephalusstenlorcus Megalurusgrumineus Zosterops lateralis

WATERBIRDS Oxyura austrulis Biziura lobata Cygnus atntus Tadornatadornoides Anas gacilis Anas castanea Anas supetciliosa Anas rhynchotis Aythya austmlis

109

CALMScience I

CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

Tachy b ap tus novae h oI I an d i ae Poliocephal us poliocephalus Anhinga melanogaster Phalacrocorax carbo Ph al acroco nx sulci rostti s Ph al acrocoax me I an ol e ucos Ardea novaehollandiae Nycticoax caledonicus lxobrychus minutus lxobrychus llavicollis Botauruspoiciloptilus Fallus pectoralis Porzana pusilla Porzana tluminea Porzana tabuensis Porphyrio porphyrio Gallinula ventralis Fulica atra Himantopushimantopus Ch and rius ruficap i ll u s Charadriusmelanops Erythrogonyscinctus

34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 4s 46 47 48 49

LANDBIRDS

Dromai u s novaehollandi ae Leipoa ocellata Cotu rn ix novaezelandi ae Cotunix ypsilophora Haliastut sphenurus Accipitet tasciatus Accipter cirrhoceph alus Aquilaaudax Circus approximans Falco berigora Falco peregrinus Turnix varia Phaps chalcoptera Phapselegans Calyptorhynch u s banks i i Calyptorhynchu s latirostri s Calypto rhynchus b audi n i i Cacatuapastinator Glossopsiftaporphyrccephal a Platycercus zonarius Platycercusspurius Platycercus icterotis

110

CALMScience lan Abbott, The avifaunaol the lorcsts ot south-west WesternAustnlia

34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 424344454647 4849

Cuculus pa idus Cacomantis I Iabe ll ifo r m i s Chrysococcyx basalis Chrysococcyxlucidus Ninox connivens Ninox novaeseelandiae Tyto novaehollandiae Tyto alba Podargus strigoides Eutostopodus argus Aegotheles c status Todiramphus sanctus Merops ornatus Atrichornis clamosus Climacte s ruta Malurus splendens Malurus elegans Stipiturus malachurus Pardalotus punctatus Pardalotus striatus Sericornistrontalis Sm icro rn i s brevi ro st ri s Gerygone fusca Acanthiza apicalls Acanthiza inomata Acanthiza chrysorrhoa Lichmeru indistincta Meliphagaornata MeI ithre ptu s chloropsi s Phyl i dony ri s novaeholand i ae Phylidonyrisnigra Phylidonyris melanops Acanthohynch us supe rci I iosu s Anthochae ra chrysopte ra Anthochae ra carunc u I ata Petroica multicolol Petrcicacucullata Eopsaltriaaustrulis Eopsaltria georgiana Pomatosto mus supe rci I io su s Daphoenosifta chtysopten Falcunculusfrontatus Pachyceph ala pectoral is Pachycephal a ruliventris Col lu ri cincla har mo n ica Myiaga inquieta Rhipidura tuliginosa Corudn a novaeholland i ae Artamus cyanopterus Cructicus tibicen

111

CALMSci€nce CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

TABLE 2 (continued)

3435 36 373839 4041 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49

Strcpera veBicolor Corvus cotonoides Stagonopleun oculata Dicaeum hirundinaceum Hitundo neoxena Hirundo nig cans Acrocephalus stentoreus Megalurus gramineus Zosterops lateralis

WATEBBIRDS

Oxyura australis Biziura lobata Cygnus atratus Tadoma tadomoides Anas grccilis Anas castanaa Anas superciliosa Anas rhynchotis Aythya australis Tachybaptusnovaehollandiae Poli ocephal u s pol iocephalu s Anhinga melanogaster Phalacrccoruxcarbo Ph al acrocotax sulci tostris Phalac rocorax meI anole ucos Ardea novaehollandiae , Nycticorax caledon ic us Ixobrychus minutus lxobrychus tlavicollis Botaurus poiciloptilus Rallus paclorulis Pozana pusilla Porzana fluminea Potzana tabuensis Porptvrio porphyrio Gallinula ventrclis Fulica atra Himantopus himantopus Ch arad ri us rulicapi ll u s Charadrius melanops Erythrogonys cinctus

!L2

CALLlScienc€ lanAbbott, The avifaunaof the forestsof south-westWestem Austrulia

50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 6263el 65

LANDBIRDS

Drom aius novae hol I and iae Leipoa oce ata Cotumix novaezelandiae Coturnix ypsilophora Haliastursphenurus

^eetProt 'arutaru. Accipter cirrhoce pha I u s Aquila audax Circus approximans Falco berigota Falco pereg nus Turnix varia Phaps chalcoptera Phaps elegans Calyptorhynch us ban ksii Calypto hynch us baudi n i i Calypto rhynch us latirost ris vdtdtud Paruttatwl G lossopsitta p orphy rcce ph aI a Platycercuszonarius Plaucercus spurius Platycercus icterotis Cuculuspallidus Cacomantis flabe ilotmis Chrysococcyx basalis Chtysococcyx lucidus Ninox connivens Ninox novaeseelandiae Tyto novaehollandiae Tyto alba Podargus strigoides Eutostopodus argus Aegotheles ctistatus Todiamphus sanctus Merops ornatus Attichomis clamosus Climacteris rufa Malurus splendens Maluruselegans Stipiturusmalachutus Pardalotus punctatus Pardalotus striatus Sericornisfrontalis Smi crornis b revirostris Gerygone fu6ca Acanthiza apicalis Acanthiza inornata Acanthiza chrysorrhoa

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

TABLE 2 (continued)

50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65

Lichmera indistincta Meliphaga ornata MeI ith reptu s chI o ropsis Phylidony ri s novaeholland iae Phylidonyrisnigra Phylidony s melanops Acanthorhynch u s s upe rci liosu s An th ochaera chrysoptera Anthochae ru carunculata Petroica multicolor Petrcica cucullata Eopsaltria australis Eopsaltria geoeiana Pomatostomussu pe rciI iosus Daphoenosifta chrysopte ra Falcunculusfrcntatus Pachyce p h aI a p ec toral i s Pachyceph ala rufiventri s Colluricincla harmonica Myiagra inquieta Flhipidura tuliginosa Coracina novaeholIandiae Artamus cyanopterus Cncticus tibicen Streperu versicolor CoNus coronoides Stagonopleuraoculata Dicaeumhirundinaceum Hirundo neoxena Hirundo nigrbans Acrocephalus stentoreus Megalurus gramineus Zosterops latenlis

WATERBIRDS

Oxyura australis Biziuta lobata Cygnus atratus Tadorna tadornoides Anas gracilis Anas castanea Anas superciliosa Anas hynchotis Aythya australis Tachybaptusnovaeh ol I and i ae

114

CALiiScience lan Abbott, The avitaunaof the forests of south-west WesternAustralia

50 5'1 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 Al 65

Polioceph al us poli ocephal us Anhinga melanogaster Phalacroconx carbo Ph alacroco rax sulcitost ri s Phal acroco rax meI anol eucos Atdea novaehollandiae Nycticorax caledonicus lxobrychus minutus lxobrychus flavicollis Botautus poiciloptilus Ballus pectonlis Porzana pusilla Pozana fluminea Porzana tabuensis Poryhyrio porphyrio Gallinula ventralis Fulica atta Himantopus himantopus Charadri u s tuf icapi| | us Chatadrius melanops Erythrogonys cinctus

65 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81

LANDBIRDS

Dromai u s novaeh ol I and iae Leipoa ocellata Coturn i x n ovaezelandiae Cotumix ypsilophora Haliastut sphenurus Accipiter fasciatus Accipter cirrhocepha Ius Aquila audax Circus apptoximans Falco berigora Falcopereg nu6 Turnix va a Phaps chalcoptera Phaps elegans Calyptorhynchus ban ksii Calyptorhynchus Iati tostris Calyptorhynch u s baudi ni i Cacatuapastinatol Glossop sitta p orp hy rocep h ala Platycercuszona us Platycercusspuius Platycercusicterotis Cuculuspallidus Cacom anti s flabe I I ito rm is

CALiiscience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

TABLE 2 (continued)

66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 T7 78 79 80 81

Chrysococcyx basalis Chrysococcyx lucidus Ninox connivens Ninox novaeseelandiae Tytonovaehollandiae Tyto alba Podaeus sttigoides Eurostopodusatgus Aegotheles c status Todinmphus sanctus Mercps ornatus Atrichornis clamosus Climacteris ruta Malurus splendens Malurus elegans Stipiturus malachurus Pardalotus punctatus Pardalotus striatus Sericomis frontalis Smicrcrnis brevircstris Gerygonefusca Acanthizaapicalis Acanthizainornata Acantllizachrysonhoa Lidmeaifrislinda Meliphagaornata Mel ithre ptus chlotopsis Phyl idony ri s novaehollandiae Phylidonyrisnign Phylidonyris melanops Acanthohynch us supercil iosus Anthochaera chrysopteru Anthochaen carunculata Petroica multicolor Petroica cucullata Eopsaltria australis Eopsalt a georgiana Pomatostomussupe rci liosus Daphoe n ositta chrysopteta Falcunculusfrontatus , Pachycephal a pectoruli s Pachycephalarufiventris ColI urici ncl a harmonica Myiagra inquieta Rhipidura fuliginosa Co rac in a nov a e h o l I a nd iae Attamus cyanopterus Cracticus tibicen Strepen versicolor

CAL Science fan Abbott, The avitaunaof the forastsof south'west WesternAustnlia

66 67 68 69 70 71 72737475 76 n 78 79 80 81

Cowus coronoides Stagonopleuraoculata Dbaeumhirundinaceum Hirundo neoxena Hirundo nig cans Acrocephalu s stentorcus Megalurus gtamineus Zostercps lateralis

WATERBIRDS

Oxyua australis Biziura lobata Cygnus alratus Tadornatadornoides Anas gncilis Anas castanea Anas superciliosa Anas rlwchotis AWa austrulis Tachybaptusnovaeholland iae Poliocephalus poliocephalu s Anhinga melanogaster Phalacroconx carbo Ph a I ac roco rax su lc i rost t i s Phalactocorax melanoleucos Adea novaehollandiae Nycti co rax cal edo n i cu s lxobrychus minutus lxobrychus tlavicollis Botaurus poiciloptil us Rallus pectorulis Porzana pusilla Poaana lluminea Pozana tabuensis Porptryrio potphyrio Gallinulaventrulis Fulica atra Himantopushimantoqus Charadrius ruticapillus Charadriusmelanoqs Erythrogonyscinctus

111

CALI'rScienc€ CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

TABLE 2 (continued)

82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97

LANDBIRDS

Drcm aius novaehol landiae Leipoa ocellata Coturn i x novaeze landiae Coturnix ypsilophora Haliastur sphenurus Accipiter tasciatus Accipte r cirrhoceph al u s Aquila audax Circus apprcximans Falco berigoru Falco peregrinus Tumix varia Phaps chalcoptera Phaps elegans Calyptothynchus bankii Calyptohynch us Iatircstris Calyptohynch us baudinii Cacatua pastinator Glossopsittaporphyrccephala Platycercuszonarius Platycercusspurius Platycercus icterotis Cuculuspallidus Cacom anti s flabe ll ifotmi s Chrysococcyx basalis Chrysococcyx lucidus Ninox connivens Ninox novaeseelandiae . Tyto novaehollandiae Tyto alba Podaryus strigoides Eurostopodus argus Aegotheles cristatus Todiramphussanctus Merops ornatus Atrichornis clamosus Climacteris rufa Malurus splendens Maluruselegans Stipiturus malachurus Pardalotuspunctatus Pardalotusst atus Se cornis tronklis Smicromisbrcvirostris Gerygonetusca Acanthizaapicalis Acanthizainornata

118

CALMSc|ence lan Abbott, The avifaunaofthe forcsts of south-west WestemAustralia

82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97

Acanthiza chrysorrhoa Lichmera i ndistincta Meliphaga ornata MeI ith reptus chlo topsis Phylidony ris novaeho I landi ae Phylidonyrisnigra Phylidonyris melanops Acanth o tlvnch us su pe rcili osus Anthochaea chrysoptera Anthochaeru caruncul ata Petroica multicolor Petrcicacucullata Eopsaltria australis Eopsalt a georgiana Pomatostomus superc i I losu s Falcunculusfrontatus Daphoe nositta chrysopte ru Pachyceph ala pectoral is Pachyceph ala ruliventris Colluticincla hatmonica Myiaga inquieta Rhipidura tuliginosa Co ruci n a novaeholland i ae Artamus cyanopterus Cracticus tibicen Strcpera vercicolol Cotvus coronoides Stagonopleuraoculata . Dicaeum hirundinaceum Hirundo neoxena Hkundo nig cans Acrcceph al u s stentore us Megalurusgrumineus Zostercps latenlis

WATERBIRDS

Oxyura australis Biziura lobata Cygnus atrutus Tadoma tadornoides Anas gacilis Anas castanea Anas superciliosa Anas rhynchotis Aythya aust'e,lis Tachybaptusn ovaeholIand iae Polioce phal us pol iocephalus

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

93 94 95 96 97

Anhinga melanogaster Phalacrocorax cafuo Ph al acroco rax s ulci rostri s Phal acrcco rax melanole ucos Ardea novaehollandiae Nycticorux caledonicus lxobtychus minutus Ixob rych us tlav icol I is Botau rus poi ciI opti I us Rallus pectoralis Pozana pusilla Porzana fluminea Porzana tabuensis Poehyrio porphytio Gallinula ventralis Fulica atra Himantopus himantopus Charad us tuticapillus Chaad us melanops Erythrogonys cinctus

98 99 100 101 102 103 t04 105 106 t07 108 109 110 111 112 113

LANDBIRDS

Dromai us novaeho I la n di ae Leipoa ocellata Coturn ix novaezeland i ae Coturnix ypsilophora Haliastur sphenurus Accipiter fasciatus Accipter ckhocephalus Aquila audax Circus approximans

Falco peregrinus Turnix varia Phaps chalcoptea Phaps elegans Calyptohynch us banks i i Calyptorhynchu s latirostri s Calyptorhynch us baudinii Cacatua pastinator Glossopsitta porphyrocephala Platycercuszonarius Platycercus sputius Plawercus icterotis Cuculuspallidus Cacomantis fI abe ll ifo rm is

120

CALMScience lan Abbott, The avitaunaol the lorcsts ol south-west WesternAustralia

'113 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 11't 1't2

Chrysococcyx basalis Chrysococcyxlucidus Ninox connivens Ninox novaeseelandiae Tyto novaeho andiae Tyto alba Podargus strigoides Eurostopodus argus Aegotheles cristatus Todiramphus sanctus Mercps ornatus Atrichornis clamosus Climacteris rufa Malurus splendens Maluruselegans Stipiturus malachutus Pardalotus punctatus Padalotus striatus Sericornisfrcntalis Smi cro rn is brevi rostri s Gerygone fusca Acanthiza apicalis Acanthiza inornata Acanthizachrysoffhoa Lichmera indistincta Meliphaga ornata MeI ith rcptus chlo ropsi s Phylid onyris n ovaeh olI and i ae Phylidonyrisnigra Phylidonyris melanops Acanthorhyn chus su p erci I i osus An thochaeta chrysopte ra Anth ochaera caru nc u lala Petroica multicolor Petroica cucullata Eopsaltria australis Eopsaltdageorgiana Pomatosto mu s s upe rciI i osus Daephoe n ositta chryso p tera Falcunculusfrontatus Pachycephala pectoral is Pachycephalarufiventris Collurici ncl a harmonica Myiagra inquieta Rhipiduru tuliginosa Coraci n a novaehoI lan di a e Artamus cyanopterus Cracticus tibicen Strcpea versicolor Cowuscoronoides

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

TABLE 2 (continued)

98 99 100 101 102 103 10t 105 106 .107108 109 110 111 112 1t3

Stagonopleura oculata Dicaeum hirundinaceum Hirundo neoxena Hirundo nig cans Acrocephal us stentorcus Megalurus grumineus Zosterops latemlis

WATERBIRDS

Oxyua australis Biziuru lobata Cygnus attalus Tadorna tadornoides Anas grucilis Anas castanea Anas superciliosa Anas rhynchotis Aythya australis Tachybaptusnovaeholl and i ae Poliocephal u s polioceph al u s Anhinga melanogaster Phalacrocorax cabo Phalac rocorax su lci rostris Phalac rocorax melanol eucos Ardea novaehollandiae Nycticorax caI edonicu s lxobrychus minutus lxobrychus flavicollis Botaurus poiciI opti I us Rallus pectoralis Porzana pusilla Porzana tluminea Porzana tabuensis Poryhyrio porphytio Gallinula ventralis Fulica atta Himantopus himantopus Charadrius tuticapi us Charudrius melanops Erythrogonys cinctus

CALMScience lan Abbotl, The avilauna of the forests of south-west WesternAustnlia

'128 '114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 1 127 129

LANDBIRDS

Dro mai u s novaehoII an di ae Leipoa ocellata Cotumix novaezelandiae Cotumix ypsilophora Haliastur sphenurus

^vvtu'rct taro'atu. Acciptet ciffhocephalus Aquila audax Circus apprcximans Falco berigora Falco peregrinus Turnix varia Phaps chalcoptera Phaps elegans Calyptorhyn chus ban ksii Calyptorhynchu s lati rostris Calyptorhynchus baudinii Cacatua pastinatol Glossopsift a po rphyroceq h ala Platycercus zona us Platycercus spurius Platycercus icterotis Cuculuspallidus Cacomanti s tlabel lifo rm i s Chtysococcyx basalis Chrysococcyx lucidus Ninox connivens Ninox novaeseelandiae Tyto novaehollandiae Tyto alba Podargus sttigoides Eurostopodus argus Aegotheles cristatus Todiramphus sanctus Mercps ornatus Atrichornis clamosus Climacteris ruta Malurus splendens Malurus elegans Stipiturusmalachurus Pardalotus punctatus Pardalotusstriatus Sericornis trcntalls Sm icro m is brevi rostri s Gerygone lusca Acanthiza apicalis Acanthiza inomata Acanthiza chrysofihoa

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 ('1999)

TABLE2 (continued)

.t2s 114 115 1'16 117 118 119 120 121 12 123 124 126 127 .128 12g

Lichmen indistincta Meliphaga ornata Mel ith re ptus chloropsis Phyl i donyri s novaehollandi ae Phylidonyrisnign Phylidony s melanops Acanthorhynch u s superc i liosu s Anthochaeru chrysoptera Anthochae ra caruncul ata Petroica multicolor Petrcicacucullata Eopsaltria australis Eopsaltria georgiana Pomatostomu s s upe rciI ios u s Daphoe nositta chrysopte ru Falcunculusfrontatus Pachycephala pectoralis Pachyceph ala rufive ntri s Collu tici ncla hamon ica Myiagn inquieta Rhipiduta fuliginosa Coracina novaehol landiae Artamus cyanopterus Cracticus tibicen Strepe@ vercicolor Co.us corcnoides Stagonopleuta oculata Dicaeum hirundinaceum Hirundo neoxena Hirundo nigricans Acrccephal us stentore u s Megalurusgrcmineus Zosterops lateralis

WATERBIBDS

Oxyura australis Biziura lobata Cygnus atratus Tadorna tadomoides Anas gncilis Anas castanea Anas superciliosa Anas rhynchotis Aythya austnlis

L24

CALMScience lan Abbott, Theavifauna of the forests ol south-west western Australia

'123 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 124 125 126 127 129 129

Tachybaptu6 novaeho I lan di ae Polioceph al u s polioceph alus Anhinga melanogaster Phalacrccoraxcarbo Ph alacrocorax sulci tostris Pha I acrocorax melanoleucos Ardea novaehollandiae Nycticorax caledo n icus lxobrychusminutus lxobrychu s tlavico I I is Botau rus poiciI optil u s Ra us pectorulis Porzana pusilla Porzana fluminea Porzana tabuensis Porphyrio porphyrio Gallinula ventralis Fulica atra Himantopus himantoqus Charadri us ruficapil lus Charadriusmelanops Erythtogonys cinctus

130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 t39 140 141 142 143 144 145

LANDBIRDS

Drom aius novaehoIland i ae Leipoa ocellata Cotun ix novaezeIand iae Coturnix ypsilophora Haliastur sphenurus Accipitet tasciatus Accipte I cirrhocepha Iu s Aquila audax Circus apptoximans Falco berigora Falco peregrinus Turnix va a Phaps chalcoptera Phaps elegans Calyptorhynchus banks i i Calyptorhynchus latkostris Calyptorhynchu s baudin ii Cacatua pastinator G lossopsift a po rp hyroceqh a Ia Platycercus zonarius Platycercus spurius Platycercus icterctis Cuculus pallidus

CALMScienc€ CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

TABLE 2 (continued)

't30 't4g 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 144 145

Cacomantis tlabelliformis Chrysococcyx basalis Chrysococcyx lucidus Ninox connivens Ninox novaeseelandiae Tyto novaehollandiae Tyto alba Podargus sttigoides Eutostopodus argus Aegotheles cristatus Todinmphus sanctus Merops ornatus Attichornis clamosus Climacteris rufa Malurus splendens Malurus elegans Stipiturus malachurus Pardalotus punctatus Padalotus striatus Sericornisfrontalis Smicronis brcvirostris Gerygone fusca Acanthiza apicalis Acanthiza inornata Acanthiza chrysorhoa Lichmera indistincta Meliphagaornata Mel ithre ptu s chloropsis Phyl i dony ri s novaehol landiae Phylidonyris nigra Phylidonyris melanops Acanthorhynchu s supe rci liosu s Anthoch aera chrysopte ra Anthochae ra carunculata Petroica multicolor Petroica cucullata Eopsaltria australis Eopsaltria geoeiana Pomatostomus s upe rciliosus Daphoenositta chrysopte m Falcunculus frontatus Pachyceph ala pectoralis Pachycephala rutiventris Collu ricincl a hamonica Myiagrainquiek Bhipiduru fuliginosa Co racin a novaehol landi ae Artamus cyanopterus . Cncticus tibicen

L26

CALMScience lanAbbott, The avitauna ot theforestqot south'west WestPfn Austdia

130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137.138 139 -140141 142 143 144 145

Strepera versicolol CowUs coronoides Stagonopleuru oculata Dicaeum hirundinaceum Hirundo neoxena Hirundo nigricans Acrocephalusstentorcus Megalurusgramineus Zostercpslatenlis

WATERBIRDS Oxyura austrulis Biziura lobata Cygnus atratus Tadorna tadornoides Anas grccilis Anas castanea Anas superciliosa Anas hynchotis Aythya australis Tachyb aptu s n ovae h olI an d i ae Poliocephalus poliocephalus Anhinga melanogaster Phalacroconx carbo Phalacrocorax sulcitostris Phalacrocotaxmelanoleucos ,, Ardea novaehollandiae I Nycthomx caledonicus \ i'' lxobrychusminutus lxobrvchusllavicollis I I BotaurusPoiciloqtilus \ FlallusPectorali' ,, Porzanapusilla Potzanafluminea ' Potzana tabuensis PorptryrioPorPhYtio ' Ga inula ventralis / Futica at' Himantopushimantoqus Charadtiusruficaqillus ) Charadtiusmelanoqs ErythrogonYscinctus

L27

CALMScience i I CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

TABLE2 (continued)

146 147 14A 149 .t56 150 15.t 152 153 154 155 157 158 159 160 161

LANDBIRDS

Drom aius n ovaehol la n di ae Leipoa ocellata Coturn i x novaezeland i ae Cotutnix yp'ilophora Haliastur sphenurus Accipiter fasciatus Accipte r cirrhocephal us Aquila audax Citcus approximans Falco berigora Falco peregrinus Turnix varia Phaps chalcoptera Phaps elegans Calyptothync h us ban ksii Calypto rlrynch u s latiro st ri s x Ca lyptohynch us baudin i i x Cacatua pastinator Glossopsitta porphyroce ph ata Platycercuszonarius Platycercusspurius Platycercus icterotis Cuculus pallidus Cacomantis f|abe itormis Chrysococcyx basalis Chrysococcyx lucidus Ninox connivens Ninox novaeseelandiae Tyto novaehollandiae Tyto alba Podargus strigoides Eurostopodus argus Aegotheles cristatus Tadiramphus sanctus Merops omatus Atrichomis clamosus Climacteris rufa Malurus splendens Maluruselegans Stipiturus malachurus Pardalotus punctatus Pardalotusstriatus Sericornistrcntalis Smicrcrnisbrevircstris Getygone tusca Acanthiza apicalis Acanthiza inornata Acanthiza chrysorrhoa

CALMScience lan Abbott, The avilauna ol the forests ot south-west Westen Austalia

'157 '158 146 147 148 149 150 151 t52 153 154 155 156 159 160 161

Lichmera indistincta Meliphagaornata Mel ith rc ptu s chloropsis Phylidony s novaehollandiae Phylidonyrisnigra Phylidonyris melanops Acanthorhynchus su pe rciI i osus Anthochaera chrysopteta Anthochae ra caruncu I ata Petroica multicolol Petroica cucullata Eopsalt a australis Eopsaltria georgiana Pomatostom u s superci I i osus Daphoenosi tta chrysopte ra Falcunculus lrontatus Pachycephala pectoral i s Pachycephalaru|ivent s Colluricincla harmonica Myiagra inquieta Bhipidura luliginosa Coacin a novaeholl an d i ae Artamus cyanopterus Cacticus tibicen Ctra^6r. wor.i^^l^r Corvus coronoides Stagonopleura oculata Dicaeum hirundinaceum Hirundo neoxena Hirundo nigricans Acrocephal us stentoreus Megalurus gramineus

1e-tervP> ratctaur

WATERBIRDS

Oxyura australis Biziua lobata Cygnus atrutus Tadorna tadornoides Anas gracilis Anas castanea Anas superciliosa Anas rhynchotis Aythya austtalis Tachybaptusn ovaehollan d i ae Polioce ph alus poliocep h al us Anhinga melanogaster

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

TABLE 2 (continued)

'147 146 MA 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161

Phalacrocotax carbo Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Pha I acroco rax meI anole ucos Ardea novaehollandiae . Nyctico rax caledonicus lxobrychus minutus lxobtychus tlavicolis Botaurus poiciloptilus Rallus pectoralis Porzana pusilla Porzana fluminea Porzana tabuensis Porphyrio potphyrio Gallinula ventnlis Fulica atra Himantopus himantopus Charadri u s tuticapi| | us Chaad us melanops Erythrogonys cinctus

'167 162 163 164 165 166 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175't76 177

LANDBIRDS

Dromaius novaeholIandi ae Leipoa ocellata Cotum ix novaezelandi ae Cotumix ypsilophora Haliastursphenurus Accipiter tasciatus Accipter cinhoce phal us Aquila audax Circus approximans Falco berigora Falco pereg nus Turnix varia Phaps chalcoptera Phaps elegans Calyptorhynch u s banks i i Calypto rhynchus I atirosttis xxx. Calypto rhynchus baudi n ii xxx Cacatua pa'tinator Glossopsinaporphyrccephala Platycercus zonarius Platycercus spurius Platycercus icterctis Cuculuspallidus Cacomantis tlabelliformis Chrysococcyxbasalis

130

CALMSci€nce lan Abbott, Theavikuna of the forestgol south-west WestemAustralia

'176 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 177

Chry^ococcyx lucidus Ninox connivens Ninox novaeseelandiae Tyto novaehollandiae Tyto alba Podargu' strigoides Eurostopodus argus Aegotheles cristatus Todiramphus 5anctus Mercps omatus Attichornis clamosus Climacte s rufa Malurus splendens Malurus elegans Stipiturus malachurus Pardalotus punctatus Pardalotus stiatus Sericornis frontalis Smicromis brcvirEtris Gerygone fusca Acanthiza apicalis Acanthiza inornata Acanthizachrysofihoa Lichmera indistincta Meliphagaornata Mel i thrc ptu s chloropsis Phylidonyris novaeholIand i ae Phylidonyris nigru Phylidonyris melanops Acanthorhynchus superci I iosu s Anthochae ra chrysopte ra Anthochae ra caruncu lata Petroica multicolor Petroica cucullata Eopsaltria australis Eopsaltriageorgiana Pomatostom u s supe rcili osus Daphoenositta chrysopteru FalcunculusIrontatus Pachycephal a pectoru I is Pachycephala rutivent ri s Coll u rici ncla harmon ica Myiagra inquieta Bhipidura fuliginosa Coracinanovae hol land i ae Artamus cyanopterus Cncticus tibicen Strepera varsicolor Cotvus coronoides Stagonopleuraoculata

1?1

CALMscience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

TABLE2 (continued)

162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 17/

Dicaeum hirundinaceum Hirundo neoxena Hhundo nigricans Acrocephal u s stentore u s Megalurus gramineus Zosterops lateralis

WATERBIRDS Oxyun austalis Biziura lobata Cygnus atratus Tadomatadornoides Anas gracilis Anas castanea Anas superciliosa Anas rhynchotis Aythya australis Tachybaptusnovaehol Iand i ae Poli ocephal us pol iocephal u s Anhinga melanogaster Phalacrocorax carbo Ph al acrocorux sulcirostris Phalac rocorax melanoleucos Ardea novaehollandiae Nycticorax caledonicus lxobrychus minutus lxobrychus flavicollis Botaurus poiciloptilus Rallus pectoralis Porzana pusilla Porzana lluminea Porzana tabuensis Porphyrio potphyrio Gallinula ventnlis Fulica atra Himantopus himantopus Ch aradri u s tuf icapilI us Charadrius melanops Erythrogonys cinctus

178 179 r80 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193

LANDBIRDS

Dromai us novae ho I landiae Leipoa ocellata

1,32

CALMScience lan Abbott, The avilauna ot the torcsts of south-west WesternAustralia

'178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193

Coturn ix n ovaezeIand i ae Cotumix ypsilophora Haliastut sphenurus Accipiter fasciatus Accipter cinh ocep hal us Aquila audax Circus approximans Falco berigota Falco percgrinus Turnix varia Phaps chalcoptera Phaps elegans Calypto rhy nch u s ban ksli Calyptorhy nch us Iathost ri s X.X Calyptorhynch us baudi n ii .x,x Cacatua pastinator Glossopsitta poryhyrocephaIa Plaucercus zonaius Platycercus spurius Platycercus icterotis Cuculus pallidus Cacomantistl abell i foI mi s Chrysococcyx basalis Chtysococcyx lucidus Ninox connivens Ninox novaeseelandiae Tyto novaehollandiae Tyto alba Podargus strigoides Eurostopodus aryus Aegotheles cristatus Todiramphus sanctus Merops ornatus Atrichornis clamosus Climacterisruta Malurus splendens Malurus elegans x, Stipiturus malachurus Pardalotus punctatus Pardalotus striatus Sericornis trontalis Smicror n is b revirostri s Getygone lusca Acanthiza apicalis Acanthiza inornata Acanlhiza chtysorrhoa Lichmera indistincta Meliphaga ornata MeI ith reptu s chloroqsis Phy lidony ris novaeh olI an d i ae

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

TABLE2 (continued)

178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193

Phylidonyris nigra Phylidonyris melanops Acanthorhynch u s superciliosus Anthochae ra chtysopte a Anthochae ra carunculata Petrcicamulticolor Petrcica cucullata Eopsaltriaaustrulis Eopsaltria georyiana Pomatostomus su pe rcil iosus Daphoenositta chrysoptera Falcunculus frontatus Pachycephala pectoral is Pachycephal a rufiventri s Colluricincla harmonica Myiagra inquieta Rhipidura fuliginosa Coracin a novaeholland i ae Attamus cyanopterus Cracticus tibicen Strepera vercicolor Cowus coronoides Stagonopleura oculata Dicaeum hirundinaceum Hirundo neoxena Hirundo nigricans Acrccephalusstentorcus Megalurus gnmineus Zosterops lateralis

WATERBIRDS

Oxyun austnlis Biziun lobata Cygnus atratus Tadorna tadornoides Anas gracilis Anas castanea Anas superciliosa Anas rhynchotis Aythya austnlis Tachybaptus novaeholIandiae Poliocephal us poliocephal u s Anhinga melanogastel Phalacrocorax cabo Phalacrocorax sulcitosttis Phalacroco nx melanole ucos

134

CALMScienc6 lan Abbott. The avifaunaof the foresE of south-west WeslernAustralia

'178 179 r80 181 182 '183 1&r 185 185 '187188 189 190 191 192 193

Ardea novaehollandiae Nycticorux caledonicus lxobrychus minutus lxobrychus flavicollis Botaurus poiciloptilus Rallus pectoralis Porzana pusilla Porzana fluminea PoEana tabuensis Poryhyrio porphytio Gallinula ventralis Fulica atra Himantopus himantopus Charad r i us ruticapil I us Charadrius melanops Erythtogonys cinctus

194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 204 209

LANDBIRDS

Drom aius novaeholland i ae Leipoa ocellata Cotum ix novaezelandiae Cotumix ypsilophoru Haliastursphenurus Accipiter tasciatus Accipte r cirrhoceph alus Aquila audax Circus apprcximans Falco betigora Falco percgrinus Turnix varia Phaps chalcoptera Phaps elegans Calyptortvnchus banksii Calyptorhynchuslatirostris Calyptorhynchus b audi n ii Cacatua pastinatol Glossopsitta porphyroce phal a Platycercuszonaius Platycercusspurius Platycercusicterctis Cuculuspallidus Cacomantistlabell ito rm is Chrysococcyxbasalis ChrysococcyxI ucidus Ninox connivens Ninox novaeseelandiae . Tyto novaehollandiae

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

TABLE 2 (continued) 'r94 195 196 197 198 199 2N 201 202 203 n4 205 206 207 2@ 209

Tytoalba Podargusstrigoides Eurostopodusargus Aegothelescristatus Todircmphussanctus Meropsornatus Alrichomisclamosus Climacterisrufa Malurussplendens xx.xxxx. Malurus elagans xx,xxxx, Stipiturusmalachurus Pardalotuspunctatus Padalotusstriatus Se comis trontalis Smicrcmisbrcvirostris Gerygonefusca Acanthizaapicalis Acanthizainornata Acanthizachrysoffhoa Lichmeraindistincta Meliphagaornata Melith reptu s chlo ropsis Phylidony s novaeho|Iandiae Phylidonyris nigru Phylidonyris malanops Acanthorhynchus supe rciI iosu s Anthochaen chrysopteru Anthochaen caruncul ata Petrcica multicolor Petroica cucullata Eopsaltria australis Eopsaltriageorgiana Pomatostomus supe rcil iosus Daphoenositta chrysopte ra Falcunculus trontatus Pachycephala pectoruli s Pachycephala rufive ntris Collurici ncl a harmonica Myiagninquieta Rhipidura fuliginosa Coracina novaehol landiae Artamus cyanopterus Cracticus tibicen Strcpera vercicolor Cowuscoronoides Stagonopleun oculata Dicaeum hirundinaceum Hhundo neoxena Hirundo nig cans

136

CALI'[Science lan Abbott, The avitaunaof the fotests ol south-west WesternAustralia

'194 195 196 197 198 199 2@ 201 202 203 m4 m5 206 207 26 209

Acroce ph alus stentore us Megalurusgramineus Zosteropslateralis

WATERBIRDS

Oxyura austrulis Biziura lobata Cygnus atratus Tadorna tadornoides Anas gracilis Anas castanea Anas superciliosa Anas rhynchotis Aythya austrulis Tachybaptus novaehollandiae Poli ocephal us poli oceph al us Anhinga melanogastel Phalacrocotax carbo Phalac rocorax sulci rostri s Phalacrocorax melano I eucos Ardea novaehollandiae Nycticorux caledonicus lxobrychus minutus lxobrychus tlavicollis Botauru s po iciloptiI us Rallus pectoralis Potzana pusilla Porzana tluminea Potzana tabuensis Porphyrio porphyrio Gallinula ventnlis Fulica atta Himantopus himantopus Chaad us tuficapillus Charad us melanops Erythrogonys cinctus

210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 22s

LANDBIRDS

Dtomaius novaehollandi ae Leipoa ocellata Co tu r n i x novaeze I an d i ae Coturnix ypsilophon Haliastur sphenurus Accipiter fasciatus

CALMScienc€ CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

TABLE 2 (continued)

210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 21a 219 2o 221 222 229 224 25

Accipter chrhocephal u s Aquila audax Circus approximans Falco berigora Falco peregrinus Turnix varia Phaps chalcopteru Phaps elegans Calyptorhynchus banksii Calypto rhynch u s lati rostris Calypto rhynch u s baudi ni i Cacatuapastinator G/ossopsfia poehyrocephala Platycercus zonarius Playcercus spurius Platycercus icterotis Cuculus pallidus Cacomantis flabelliformis Chrysococcyx basatis Chrysococcyx lucidus Ninox connivens Ninox novaeseelandiae Tyto novaehollandiae Tyto alba Podaryus sttigoides Eurostopodus argus Aegotheles cistatus Todiramphus sanctus Mercps ornatus Atrichornis clamosus Climacteis rufa Malurus splendens Malurus elegans Stipiturusmalachutus Pardalotus punctatus Pardalolus striatus Se cornis ttonkli, Smicrorni s btevi rostr is Gerygone fusca Acanthiza apicalis Acanthiza inornata Acanthiza chrysorrhoa Lichmerc indistincta Meliphagaomata Melithreptus chlotopsis Phyl idonyris novaehol landiae Phylidonydsnign Phylidony s melanops Acanthorhynchus superciliosus

CALMSci6nce lan Abbott, The avifaunaof the forcsts ol south-west WesternAustralia

210 211 212 213 214 21s 216 217 218 219 20 2't m. 23 24 25

Anthochaera chrysoptera Anthochaera caruncu I ata Petroica multicolor Petrcicacucullata Eopsalt a australis Eopsalta georyiana Pomatostomu s superci I iosu s Daphoenosifta chrysoptera Falcunculus trontatus Pachycephala pectonlis Pachycephalarutivent s CoI I u ricincl a harmon i ca Myiagruinquieta Rhipidun tuliginosa Concin a novaeholland i ae Artamus cyanopterus Crccticus tibicen Strepeta versicolor Cowus corcnoides Stagonopleuruoculata Dicaeum hirundinaceum Hiundo neoxena Hirundo nigricans Acrocephalus sten toteus Megalurus grumineus Zostercps lateralis

WATEBBIRDS Oxyura australis Biziua lobata Cygnus atrutus Tadorna tadornoides Anas gncilis Anas castanea Anas superciliosa Anas rhynchotis Aythya australis Tachybaptusnovaehollandiae PoI ioce phal u s poliocephaIu s Anhinga melanogastel Phalacrocorux carbo Phal actocorax sulci tosttis Phalacrocorax meI ano I eucos Ardea novaehollandiae Nycticonx caledonicus txobrychus n;inutus lxobrychus flavicollis

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplemenl 5 ( 1999)

TABLE 2 (continued)

210 211 212 213 214 215 2't6 217 218 219 20 21 22 23 24 225

Botauru s poiciloptil u s Flallus pectoralis Potzana pusilla Pozana fluminea Porzana tabuensis Porphyrio porplvrio Gallinulaventrulis Fulica atra Himantopus himantopus Charudrius tuficapillus Charadrius melanop, Erythrogonys cinctus

226 227 228 229 23A 231 232 233 234 235 236 297 238 239 240 241

LANDBIRDS

Dromai u s novaehol landiae Haliastut sphenurus Accipitet fasciatus Accipter ci rrhoceph al u s Aquila audax Circus approximans Falco pereg nus Falco berigora Leipoa ocelata Coturni x novaezeIandi ae Coturnix ypsilophota Turnix varia Phaps chalcopteta Phaps elegans Calyptorhynchu s banks i i Cal y pto rlv nc h us Iat host ri s Calypto thy nch us baudinii Cacatuapastinator Glossopsittaporplryrocephala Platycercuszonarius Platycercussputius Platycercusicterotis Cuculuspallidus Cacom antis flabell iformis Chrysococcyx basalis Chrysococcyx lucidus Ninox connivens Ninox novaeseelandiae Tyto novaeho andiae Tyto alba Podargus sttigoides Eutostopodus argus

140

CALMScienco lan Abbott, The avifaunaof the forests of south-west WesternAusttalia

226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241

Aegotheles cristatus Toditamphus sanctus Merops omatus Attichornis clamosus Climacte s rula Malurus splendens Malurus elegans Stipiturus malachutus Patdalotus punctatus Pardalotus striatus Sericornis frontalis Smicro n i s b revirost ri s Gerygone fusca Acanthiza apicalis Acanthiza inornata Acanthiza chrysonhoa Lichmera indistincta Meliphaga ornata Melith reptus chI o rops i s Phy I idony ris novaeh olI and i ae Phylidonyrisn19ra Phylidonyris melanops Acanthohynch us supe rciI i osus Anthochaerachrysoptera Anthochae n caruncu lata Petroica multicolol Petroica cucullata Eopsaltria australis Eopsaltriageorgiana Pomatostom us superc i I iosus Daphoe n ositta chrysopte ra Falcunculust rontatus Pachycephala pectorulis Pachycepha I a rutivent ri s Col I u r ic i n cl a harmo n i ca Myiagra inquieta Bhipidura fuliginosa Coracinanovaeho I landi ae Artamus cyanopterus Cracticus tibicen Strepera versicolol Corvus coronoides Stagonopleuraoculata Dicaeum hirundinaceum Hirundo neoxena Hirundo nigricans Acrocepha I u s stentorcus Megalurus gramineus Zostercps lateralis

CALMScisnco CALMScienceSupplemenl 5 (1999)

TABLE 2 (continued)

26 27 225 29 230 Z3.l 232 2r3 2U 23s n6 297 298 239 240 241

WATERBIRDS

Oxyura australis Biziura lobata Cygnus atratus Tadomatadornoides Anas gracilis Anas castanea Anas superciliosa Anas rhynchotis Aythya australis Tachybaptusnovaehollandiae Poliocephalus poliocephalus Anhinga melanogaster Phalacrocorax cabo Phalacrocorax sulcirosttis Ph al acrocorux melanole ucos Ardea novaehollandiae Nycticorax caledonicus lxobrychus minutus lxobrychus flavicollis Botauru s po iciloptilus Rallus pectonlis Pozana pusilla Porzana tluminea Potzana tabuensis Porphyrio porphyrio Gallinula ventralis Fulica atra Himantopus himantopus Ch arad ri us ruticapi llus Charcd us melanops Erythtogonys cinctus

242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 2s6 257

LANDBIRDS

Dromai us novaehollandi ae Leipoa ocellata Coturn ix novaezelandiae Coturnix ypsilophora Haliastursphenurus Accipiter fasciatus Accipter cirrhocephalus Aquila audax Circus apprcximans Falco be goa Falco peregrinus Turnix va a

L42

CALMscionce lanAbbott, The avilauna of theforesE of south-westwesternAustralia

242 243 244 245 246 247 24 249 0 251 252 253 2U %5 zffi 257

Phaps chalcoptera Phaps elegans Calyptohynchus banksii Calyptohynchus latircstris Calyptorhynchus baudinii Cacatua pastinatot Glossopsifta pory hyroce phal a Platycercus zonarius Platycercus sputius Platycercus icterotis Cuculuspallidus Cacomantis flabellitormis Chrysococcyxbasalis Chrysococcyx lucidus Ninox connivens Ninox novaeseelandiae Tyto novaehollandiae Tyto alba Podargus strigoides Eurostopodus argus Aegotheles c status Todiramphus sancta Mercps ornatus Atrichornia clamosus Climacte s ruta Malurus splendens Malurus elegans Stipiturus malachurus Pardalotus punctatus Pardalotus striatus Se comis frontalis Smicrcrnis brevhostris Gerygona .tusca Acanthiza apicalis Acanthiza inomata Acanthiza chrysorhoa Lichmen i ndistincta Meliphaga otnata MeI ithreptus chlo ropsis Phyl idonyri s novaehollandiae Phylidonyrisnigra Phylidonyris melanops Acanthorhynchus supe rci liosu s Anthochae ra chrysopte ra Anthoch aera caruncuI ata Petrcica multicolor .Petrcicacucullata dopsattia australis Eopsalda georgiana Pom atostom u s sup erc i I i o s us

L43

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

TABLE2 (continued)

242 243 244 245 245 247 248 249 o 251 252 259 254 255 2ffi 257

Daph oe nositta chrysoptera Falcunculus trontatus Pachyceph al a pectoralis Pachycephala rufive ntri s Colluricincla hamonica Myiagra inquieta Rhipiduta fuliginosa Co racin a novaeholIandiae Artamus cyanopterus Cracticus tibicen Strepera versicolor Corvus coronoides Stagonopleura oculata Dicaeum hirundinaceum Hirundo neoxena Hirundo nigricans Acrocep h al us stentoreus Megalurus gramineus Zosterops lateralis

WATERBIRDS

Oxyura australis Biziura lobata Cygnus atratus Tadoma tadomoides Anas gracilis Anas castanea Anas superciliosa Anas rhynchotis Aythya australis Tachybaptusnovae ho I landi ae Polioce ph alus poliocephal u s Anhinga melanogaster Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Phal ac rocorax melanole ucos Ardea novaehollandiae Nycticorax caledonicus lxobrychus minutus lxobrychus flavicollis Botauru s po iciloptilus Rallus pectorulis Porzanapusilla Porzana lluminea Potzana tabuensis Porphyrio porphyrio

L44

CALMSci€nce lan Abbott, The avifaunaof the forests of south-west WestemAustralia

242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257

Gallinulaventrclis Fulica atra Himantopus himantopus Charadrius ruf icap i ll us Chaad us melanops Erythrogonys cinctus

258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 26A 269 270 271 272

LANDBIRDS

Drcm ai us n ovaehol I and iae Leipoa ocellata Coturni x novaezeIand i ae Cotumix ypsilophora Haliastur sphenurus Accipitet fasciatus Accipte r cinhoce phal us Aquila audax Circus approximans Falco be gora Falco peregrinus Tumix va a Phaps chalcopteru Phaps elegans Calyptorhynchus ban ksii Calyptorhynchuslatircst s Calyptorhynchus bau di n ii Cacatua pastinator Glossops itta potphyroce phal a Platycercus zona us Platycercus spurius Platycercus icterctis Cuculuspallidus Cacomantis fI abel I ito rm is Chrysococcyxbasalis Chtysococcyx lucidus Ninox connivens Ninox novaeseelandiae Tytonovaehollandiae Tyto alba Podargus strigoides Eurostopodus argus Aegotheles cristatus Todhamphus sanctus Mercps omatus Attichornis clamosus Climacteris ruk Malurus splendens Maluruselegans

145

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

TABLE 2 (continued)

258 259 260 261 262 m3 & 255 266 7 268 I 270 27't 272

Stipitutus malachutus Patdalotus punctatus Pardalotus stiatus Sericornis trcntalis Smicrc rnis brevirostris Gerygone tusca Acanthiza apicalis Acanthiza inornata Acanthiza chrysonhoa Lichmera indistincta Meliphaga ornata Melith reptus chlo ropsis Phylidony ris novaehollandiae Phylidonyris nigra Phylidonyris melanops Acanthohynch us supercilios u s Anthochaen chrysoptera Anthochaera carunulata Petroica multicolor Petroba cucullata Eopsalt a australis Eopsalt a georgiana Pom atostom u s s upe rci I iosu s Daphoenositta chtysopten Falcunculusfrontatus Pachycephala pectoral is Pachyce p ha I a rul ivent r i s Collu rici ncla harmonica Myiagru inquieta Bhipidura fuliginosa Co ruc i n a novaeho I l an d i ae Aftamus cyanopterus Cracticus tibicen Strepen versicolol Co|us coronoides Stagonopleua oculata Dicaeum hirundinaceum Hirundo neoxena Hirundo nig cans Acroc e ph al us sten torc us Megalurus grumineus Zostercps lataralis

145

CALMSci€nce lan Abbott. Theavifauna of the loresls of south-wastWestern Austtalia

m 259 2@ 261 262 263 M N 26 Zi7 28 28 nO 271 272

WATERBIRDS Oxyun austmli' Biziun lobata Cygnusatratus Tadornatadomoides Anas gracilis Anas castanea Anas superciliosa Anas hynchotis Aythyaau€ttalis Tachybap tu s novae h o I I a nd iae Polioceph al u s poliocephal us Anhingamelanogaster Phalacrocoraxcatbo Phal acrocorax su lci tostris Phalacrccoraxmelanoleucos Ardea novaehollandiae . Nycticoruxcaledonicus lxobrychusminutus lxobrychusflavicolis Botautuspoiciloptilus Ralluspectoralis Pozana pusila Potzanafluminea Pozana tabuensis Porphyrioporphytio Gallinulaventralis Fulica atru Himantopushimantopus Charadriusruticapillus Chamdriusmelanops Erythrogonyscinctus

CALMSci€nco CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

TABLE3 Hypotheticalcore areas occupied by the Noisyscrub-bjrd in 1830,based on the occurrenceof steepsouth-facing sropesT.

No. LOCATION APPBOX LENGTH ESTIMATED SUBSEQUENT SLoPEf) (m) No.ol PAIRS. TENURE

1 BrockmanR (trib.) 1 000 10 Farmland 2 BrockmanR (lrib.) 1 000 10 Farmland 3 BrockmanR (kib.) 15 3 200 32 Farmland 4 SpiceBk 7 1 100 1l Farmland 5 BrockmanR (trib.) I 650 6 Farmland 6 BrockmanR l1 3 000 30 Farmland '10 7 BrockmanR (hib.) 9 1 000 Farmland 8 BrockmanR (trib.) 10 550 5 Farmland I BrockmanR (kib.) 1 300 Farmland 10 AvonR 15-18 23 000 255 9 000 NationalPark; 2 500 rest Farmland 11 JimperdingBk 2 000 20 Farfiland 12 AvonR 17 I 000 90 2000 NationalPark; rest Farmland '13 WoorolooBk 27. 750 7 Farmland 14 WoorolooBk 15. 1 750 17 Farmland 15 SwanR (trib.) 13-15 750 7 Farmland 16 SwanB (trib.) 17 250 2 Farmland '| 17 HelenaR 6-18 1 000 11 000 Parklands; 12500 245 12 500 Stale Forest; 5 000 5 000 StateForest 18 WhistlepipeGully 250 2 Parklands 19 LosmurdieBk 20 500 NalionalPark 20 BickleyBk 10-13 2 250 22 1 000 Farmland; 1 250 Parklands 21 CanningR 11500 115 5 500 Parklands; 6 000 Farmland 22 Wlngong Bk (trib.) 24 1 000 10 Farmland 23 WungongBk 18 3 000 30 Farmland 24 Beenyup8k l1 750 7 Farmland 25 CardupBk 17 1 000 10 Farmland 26 ManjedalBk 20 750 7 Farmland 27 GooralongBk 1l 1 250 NationalPark 28 SerpentineR 16 16s00 165 4 500 NationalPark; 12 000 State Forest 29 Dhk Bk 10 1 000 10 Farmland 30 MyaraBk 20 1 000 10 Farmland 31 N DandalupR (trib.) 10 250 2 Farmland 32 coomaljerupCk I 1 000 10 Farmland 33 N DandalupR 16 1 250 12 State Forest ' 34 ConjurunupCk 500 5 Farmland 35 S DandalupR 17 2 500 25 2 250 Farmland: 250 State Foresl 36 OakleyBk I 500 5 250 Farmland;250 State For€st 37 OakleyBk (trib.) 500 5 Farmland 38 MarrinupBk 6 1 250 Farmland 39 MurrayR (trib.) l'l 1 000 10 Farmland 40 MurrayR 14000 140 5 500 Farmland; 3 000 StateForest; 750 Farmland; 2 500 Farmland; 2 250 Stat€ Forest 41 MurrayR 500 25 State Forest

148

CALMScience lan Abbott, The avitauna of the forests ot south-west WesternAustralia

No. LOCATION APPROX LENGTH ESTIMATED SUBSEOUENT sLoPE f) (m) No.of PAIRS. TENURE '10 42 NangaBk 2 250 22 State Foresl 43 DrakesBk 14 4 750 47 Farmland 44 SamsonBk 9-10 3 750 37 3 500 Farmland;250 State Forest 45 l\4cKnoeBk 18-20'l 750 17 Farmland 46 YalupBk 8 1 000 10 Farmland 47 BancellBk 9-11 1 250 Farmland 48 BancellBk (trib.) 1l 1 500 15 Farmland 49 ClarkeBk 10 1 000 10 Farmland 50 HarveyR 22 5 000 50 2 000 Farmland; 3 000 State Forest 51 CollieR (trib.) 22 500 5 Farmland 52 CollieR (trib.) 14 500 5 Farmland 53 CollieR 1 250 Farmland 54 CollieR 22 12 250 122 4 250 Farmland; 6 000 Stato Forest; 2 000 Farmland CollieR 6 4 000 40 Farmland 56 NearCape Clairault 8 1 000 10 NationalPark 'tl 57 EllenBk 750 7 Farmland 58 MargaretR 11 750 7 NalionalPark 59 BoodjidupBk 750 7 NationalPark 60 Boranup 5 2 500 25 NationalPark '1 NearAugusta 2 500 25 500 NationalPark; 1 000 Farmland 62 BlackwoodR 13 4 000 40 Farmland 63 BlackwoodR 13 1 750 17 Farmland 64 BlackwoodR 4 000 40 Farmland 65 BlackwoodR 2 000 20 Farmland 't6 BlackwoodR 4 000 40 Farmland BlackwoodR 14 3 000 30 Farmland 68 DonnellyR I 5 000 50 State For€st 69 DonnellyR I 7 000 70 State Forest 70 WarrenR 11 2 000 20 State Forestand Farmland 71 WarrenR 18 1 750 17 Slate Forest '1 '10 Mt Chudalup 8 000 NationalPark DeepR (trib.) 16 2 000 20 State Forest 74 l\4itchelllorest block 7 3 000 30 State Forest Franklandforest block l1 5 000 50 State Forest '1 Soholorest block 250 State Forest 77 Sohoforest block 3 750 37 Stats Forest 't8 78 Keystonelorest block 1 500 15 State Forest 79 Keystonoforest block 6 1 500 15 State Forest 80 DeepR 9 5 250 52 NationalPark 81 Gianlsforest block 6 3 000 30 State Forest a2 llt Lindsay I 4 000 40 State Foresl 83 HappyValley Bd 6 1 750 17 Farmland 84 Loc.2090 10 750 7 Farmland 85 Scotsdale 8 1 750 17 750 Slate Forest;1000 Farmland 86 Mt Shadforth 8 2 000 20 1 000 Parklands;l000 Farmland a7 lvltHallowell 9 3 000 30 Parklands 88 Tennessee I 1 200 Farmland 89 SouthDowns 1l 700 7 Farmland 90 NearLako William ll 1 700 17 NationalPark 91 Northol Tennessee 10 1 750 17 Farmland

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CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

TABLE 3 (continued)

No. LOCATION APPROX LENGTH ESTIMATED SUBSEQUENT SLOPEf) (m) No.of pAtBS- TENURE

92 WilgieHill 8 | 500 15 Farmland 93 Mt Barker 5 1500 Farmlandand Parklands '10 94 St WErburgh 5 1 000 Farmland 95 Mt Barrow 11 1 250 Farmland 96 PorongurupRange 22 10 5OO 105 NationalPark 'r 97 WillyungHill r 700 7 Farmland 98 l\rt Clarence 14 600 6 Pa.klands 99 PeakHead 9 1300 NationalPa.k 100 Ml Martin 11 1400 14 NationalPark 101 MtTaylor 8 3 000 30 NationalPark 102 l\4tMason I 2 300 23 Farmland 103 Ml Gardner 20 5 000 50 NatlonalPark 104 Mt Manypeaks 10 7 5OO NationalPark 105 NearwaychinicupR t4 3 OOO 30 NationalPark 106 WarriupHill 8 4 500 45 Farmland

'.Giv-en thal lhe core areaot the homerange oflhis speciesaverages 1.25 ha (Smith1985a), I haveconverted th€ lengthof the hypothetical distributionto numberof pairsas follows:each 1-oo m of habitallength is assumedto supportat leastanother 125 m upsl;peof suitabtehabitat, giving1.25 ha. The habitatlength divided by 1OOthereforo gives ths populationsize in pairs.

t Some slopesbetween CapesNaturaliste and Leeuwinlace easl, and supportkarri forest.These have b€en includ€dhere.

CALMScience lanAbbott, The avitauna ot theforests of south-westWestern Australia

TABLE4 Speciesnot consideredto havebeen part of the originalforest avifauna (with occurrence indicated). *Speciesnot nativeto WesternAustralia

SPECIES BEASON LIST/REFERENCES

LANDBIRDS

Pandion haliaetus Breedingoccasionally in forestbut 81,263 feedingin coastalwaters

Elanus caeruleus No habitat(now vagrant) 22,29, 31, 38-9, 47, 61, 84, Brown& Brown(1976-91)

Hamirostra isura Vagrant 31,33, 47-8, 51,107,'t82-3,235, 259,263, Serventy (1948);WABN 29, p. 11;33,p. 9; 37, p.7i 41,p.2i 42, p.2; 51,p.2;53, p.2i 61, p.3;72, p.2.

Hamirostra melanosternon N,4isidenlification

Milvus migruns Vagrant WABN26, p. 10

Aquila morphnoides Self-introduced(now breeding) 2,10,20-1,23,26-7,31, 33, 38-9, 47,66-7,71,75,79,80, 115, 117, 1224,169,182,185, 188-9, 234, 239,259-60, 269, Serventy (1948), Dell (1971),Brown & Brown(1976-91)

Haliaeetus leucogastel Breedingoccasionally in forestbut 4,6,8, 11,74,A1, 167 feedingin coastalwaters

Circus asslmilis Vagrant 2, 73,Serventy (1952)

Falco cenchrcides No habitat(now vagrant) 11,17, 29, 31, 33, 46-7,73-:7,79, 83-5,157, 165, 168, 179,260, 2634

Falco longipennis Sell-introduced(now non-breeding visitor) 2,11,20-2,24,27,31,33, 39, 41, 66,73-5,77,157,165, 184, 259-60; WABN6l, p.31i7A,p.22i80, p.21

Otis australis Vagrant Serventy& Whittell(1976), Talbot (pers.comm.)

Burhinus gralla us No habjtat(now vagrant) 4,11-'t2,17,21-2,39 .Columba livia Self-introduced 31-3, Long(1988) 'Streptopelia senegalensis Self-introduced 2G-1,31, 40, Serventy ('1948), Sedgwick (1e58) 'Streptopelia chinensis Self-introduced 20-1, 176,Serventy (1948), Sedgwick (1958,1965), Storr (1991)

Ocyphaps lophotes Self-introduced(now vagrant) 22, 184

Geopelia cuneata Vagrant

Cacatua rcseicapilla Self-introduced (now vagrant) 22,33,39,169, 1714, 176,259, Storr(1991)

Cacatua sanguinea Self-introduced(now vagrant) vdtatua gatetla Self-introduced(now vagrant) Storr(1991)

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

TABLE 4 (continued)

SPECIES REASON LIST/REFERENCES

Nymphicus hollandicus Vagrant 17;WABN37, p.8

Polytelis anthopeplus No habitat.Self-introduced (now vagrant) 1, 17,21-2,27,39,Serventy (1948)

Platycercus elegans Vagrant 271

Neophema elegans No habitat.Self-introduced (now vagrant) 1,3, 4, 17,21 -2, 26-7,3'1, 33, 38-9, 41-2,46-7, 49,73-5,83, 130,.156, 160,165, 167-8, 173, 182-3,259, 272, Foley(1928r, Serventy (1948), Dell (1s64)

Melopsittacus undulatus Vagrant 21-2,182 "Dacelo novaeguineae Bothintroduced and self-introduced 11-12, 16-27, 31-3, 38-9, 4'1-6, 48, 51,53, 56, 58, 61, 64-7, 71-86, BB, 90,95-9,101-2, 105-7, 110, 1'13-6, 119,122-3, 125-6, 128, 154-5,157, 165-7,169-174, 176, 179-180, 182-5, 188-9, 191-7, 200-1,204-7 , 209-16,218-9, 221, 224-5, 227-A, 230-1, 233-5, 237 -8, 240-3, 259-7 2

Malurus leucopterus Vagrant Lit e (1990)

Certhionyx nigel Vagrant 21

Meliphaga virescens No habitat.Vagrant 12,17, 19-22,31, 33, 38-9, 46, 61, 95, 101,182, 213, 234, 239, 243, 259,Biddiscombe ('1985), Brown & Brown (1s76-91)

Melithreptus brcvirostris Vagrant(Some misidenlif ication) 20-1, 27,38-9, 56, 61, 182,243, 259

Phy I ido ny ris alb itron s Vagrant WABN74, p. 5

Manorina flavigula ?Misidentification/vagrant 12,73

Epthianura albitrons Vagrant 3, 8-9, 1 1, 17,20-22,31-33, 39, 46, 108,126, 157, 165, 167-8, 265, Biddiscombe(1985)

Epthianuru tricolor Vagrant Milhinch(1983a)

Micrceca lascinans Misidentification; vagrant 13,16,243, Storr (1991)

Petroica goodenovii Vagrant 1, A,17,21-2,31,33, 40-1,77, 111, 17O,1 42, 243, 259, Serventy(1 948), McEvey& Middleton(1968)

Oreoica gufturulis Misidentification 26

Rhipidun leucophrys No habitat 3, 7, 16,17, 22, 27, 31-33, 39, 41-2, 4A-7,61, 72-7, A3,157, 165, 1 67, 182-5,243,259,264

Gtallina cyanoleuca No habitaYvagrant 2, 3, 1't,17, 20-2, 24, 26,29, 31-3, '167-8, 41, 47,73-7 , 834, 157, 165, 1824, 243, 259-62,Serventy(1948), Storr(1954)

Pteropodocys maximus Vagrant 17,171

L52

CALMScience lan Abbott,The avitauna of the forestsof south-westWestem Austnlia

SPECIES REASON LIST/REFERENCES

Lalage lricolor Vagrant 3,4,17,22,27,31,38-9,41, 60-1 , 75,'121,157-8,'165, 142, 145, 237, 259-60,Biddiscombe (1985)

Artamus perconatus Vagrant 21, Serventy(1948), lililhinch (1983b)

Artamus cinercus Vagrant(some misidentitication) 40,47,61,165,234, 243, Slater (1962)

3-5,'t1-'t2,'14-5,2W2, 24,29, 31, Cracticus totquatus Nohabitayvagrant '159,'165, 33,38-9, 46-7, 73, 157, 167-8, 170-4, 176, 182, 243, 259,

Cracticus nigrogula s Vagrant 61,Serventy (1948)

Corvus bennetti Vagrant 31-2,38-9 't Anthus novaeseelandiae Vagrant 3,8, 10-12, 5, 17, 21, 25-6,29, 31 , 33,46-7, 68,72-7,79-85, 108,126, 157,168, 243-5, 260, Serventy (1948)

Taenorygia guttata Vagrant 11

Neochmia temponlis lntroduced Dell(1964), WABN 4s, p.3

Che ra mo eca Ieucoste r na Vagrant Dell(1980), Storr (1991) '152,200, Hirundo ariel Vagrant(occasional breeding) 10-12,31,33,182, 202

Ci n clo ramph u s mathewsi No habitat(vagrant) 40-1,168, 182

Cincl o ramph us crural i s No habitat(vagrant WABN71, p.2

WATERBIRDS

Stictonetta naevosa Visitor 72

Cygnus olor Introducedand vagrant Storr(1991)

Nettapus pulchellus Vagrant 11

Chenonetta jubata lrregularvisitor (now breeding) 2, 4,'t1, 17,22, 24-6,3H, 39-41, 62-3, 75, 77, 79, A4-5, 108-9, 132-4,136, 138, 141,143, 157, 165, 16a,'182,2Oo,243,259, 272, Dames & Moore(1978) '1 '136, Mal aco rlry nchus membran ace u s lrregularvisitor (now breeding) 1,31, 34, 132, 134, 139,141, Serventy(1952)

Podiceps cristatus Self-introduced 11,34, 1324, 136,'l39,141, 186, 259,WABN 82, p. 16 '10, Phalacrccoraxva us Vagrant(marine species) 76, 8 !, 133

Pelecanus co nspi ciI I atu s Visitor(non-breeding) $, a4,1324,136,139, 141, 186-7

Ardea pacilica Visitor(occasional breeding) 4, 17,21,30-1,34,40,75, 79, 80-1, 83-4, 133,135, 139, 141, 167-8

Ardea alba Originallyirregular visitor 26,73, 133-6,139, 141, 152, 186-7, (stillnon-breeding) 259 '132, Ardea ibis Vagrant 141,Jenkins & Ford(1960)

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

TABLE 4 (continued)

SPECIES REASON LIST/REFERENCES

Threskiomisaethiopicus Selt-introduced 34,72,132-3,141,1A6 't Threskiomis spinicollis Setf-introduced 1, 21, 31-2, 34, 40, 72, 7 5-7, 1324, 141, 167, 186, 259, Serventy (1948,1952), WA BirdReport 1982, 12 Plataleia regia Seltintroduced

Plataleia flavipes Self-introduced 132-4, 136, 141, 152, 186-7, 259, WABN82, p. 16

GalliruIusphilippensis Visitor(one breeding report) 132,Brown & Brown(1976-91)

Gallinula tenebrosa Self-introduced 1't, 17, 30-2, 34, 40, 77, 132, 140-1

Cladorhynchus leucocephalus Visitor 63,132, 139, 141, 151, 186

RecuNirostranovaehollandiae Non-breedingvisitor 3, 132,138-9, 187 'l Vanellus tricolor No habitat;seltintroduced 1, 17, 22, 31, 33, 73, 75, Serventy (1s48)

Chandrius rubricollis Visitor WABN77, p. 13;79suppl., p. '14;81, p.3

Larus novaehollandiae Visitor(marine species); 8, 11, 73, 76, 81, 132-3,136, 138-9, occasionalbreeding 14'l , 18A-7, 259

Sterna bergii Visitor(marine species) 11,76,81

Stema hybrida Visitor 133,134, 186, Brown & Brown(1987-9)

WABN= VVsslgrn4ustralian Bird Notes

CALMScienco lan Abbott,The avifauna of the fotestsof south-westWestern Australia

TABLE5 Occurrenceof specieswithin the primaevalforests ol south-westWestern Australia.

DISTRIBUTIONPATTERN LANDBIRDS WATERBIRDS ALLSPECIES

Throughout 42 'l'r

Northernforests only 0 0 0

Southernforests only 7 13 Easternforests only 32

Westernsector in northernlorests & southernforests 5

Easternsector in northernlorests & southernforests 0 3

Uncertain/Very disjunct 6

CALMSci€nca CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

TABLE6 Extentof breedinggeographical range of birdspecies present in the primaevaltorests of WesternAustralia outsrde of the forestsin WesternAustralia, elsewhere in Australia,New Guinea, Africa, mainland Eurasia, and the Americas. W N, E andS referto theoccurrence of speciesto thewest, north, east or southof theprimaeval forests of south-west westernAustralia. Occurrence elsewhere in Australiais codedSouth Australia (SA), Northern Territory (NT), Victoria (Vic), Tasmania(Tas)' New South Wales (NSW) and Queensland (Qld). occurrence in Newcuinea, Africa, miinrino Eurasra or theAmerican continent is indicatedunder columns headed NG, AF, EU and AM. Biogeographicelement is coded as B (Bassian),E (Eyrean) orT (Torresian)

SPECIES OCCURRENCEOUTSIDE THE FORESTS

WESTERNAUSTRALIA W N E S SA NT VIC TAS NSW QLD NG AF EU AIVI LANDBIRDS Dtomai us novaehollandiae Leipoa oce ata (E) Cotum ix hovaezelan d iae \B) C. ypsilophora Haliastursphenurus Acciptet lasciatus A. cirrhocephalus Aquila audax Chcus apprcximans Falco berigon E percgrinus Turnix vaia lBl Phaps chalcoptera P elegans (B) Calyptorhynchus banksii (1) C. latirosttis \B) C. baudinii(B) Cacatua pastinatot \B) G lossopsitta p oryhy roce phal a lBll Plalycercus zona us lEl P sputius P icterctis (Bl Cuculus pa idus Cacomantis flabe lliforni s (8, Chrysococcyx basalig C. lucidus lB)

N. novaoseelandiae TyIo novaehollandiae

Podaryus ,trigoides Eurostopodus argus Aegothelas c status Todiamphus sanctus Merops onatug Artichornis clamosus (B) Climacterisruh, (E)3 Malutus splendenslEl3 M. 9legans (81 Stipitutusmalachurus (B) Padalotus punctatus (Bl

CALMScience lan Abbott,The avitauna of the forestsof south-westWestem Austrulia

SPECIES OCCURRENCEOUTSIDE THE FORESTS

WESTERNAUSTBALIA W N E S SA NT VIC TAS NSW QLD NG AF EU AM

P sfr,alus (B) Sericornb frcnlalis(B) Smicrohis breviosttis \El Cetygone tusca (El\4 Acanthiza apicalis (E)3 A. inornata lBl A. chrysonhoa Lichmora indistincta (1) Meliphaga onata (E\. Melithrcptus chlotopsis lBl Pltylidonyis novaehollandiae(Bl P niga (8, P melanops \Bl Acanthorlvnchussuperciliosus (Bl. Anthochaerachrysopten lB) A. carunculata(B) Pettuica multicolot lB, P cucullata Eopsalttia austalis (B) E. georgiana Pomatostomus superciliosus (E)' Daphoenosttta chrysopteta Falcunculus lrcntatug Pachycephala peclo@lis (B) P. rufiventis Colluricincla harmonica (8, Myiag@ inquietd Rhipidua fuliginosd Corccina novaeholland iae Artamus cyanoptetus lB)' Cacticus tibicen Strcpe@ versicolor(B)1 Cowus corcnoides3s Stagonopleun oculata (B) Dicaeum hiundinaceunl Hirundo neoxena(Bl H. nigrican€ Acrccephalus slentoraus Megalurusgamineue Zostercps laterclis (B)

WATERBIRDS Oxyuaaustralis (Bl Biziua lobata (B) Cygnus atatus Tadona tadohoides (8) Anas g@cilis A. castanea (Bl

CALMScisnce CALMScienceSupplement 5 ('1999)

TABLE 6 (continued)

SPECIES OCCURRENCEOUTSIDE THE FORESTS WESTERNAUSTRALIA W N E S SA NT VIC TAS NSW QLD NG AF EU AM

A. superciliosa A. thynchotis (B) Aythya australis f achybaptus n ovaeholl a ndi ae Poliocophalus poli ocephalu s Anhinga melanogastel Phalacrocomx cafuo P sulcirostris P melanoleucos Ardea novaehollandiae Nycticorax caledonicus lxobrychus minutus I. flavico is lfl Botaurus poicilopti I us (B) Ra us pectoralislBl Pozana pusilla P fluninea lBl P tabuensis (B) Porphyrio porphytio Ga inula ventralis (E) Fulica ata Himantopus himantopus Charad rius tuficapil I us C. nelanops (E) Erythrogonys cinctus (E)

WA - WesternAustralia (Source; Storr 1991) SA- SouthAustralia (Condon 1969, Patket et al.1979,1985)) NT - NorthernTerritory (Storr '1977) VIC- Victoria(Emison el at 1987) '1979, TAS-Tasmania (Thomas Sharland1981, Green 1989b) NSW- NewSouth Wales (Blakers etal 1984) QLD- Queensland(Storr 1984) NG- NewGuinea (Beehler etat 1986) AF - Africa(generally Sibley and l\4onroe1990) EU - Eurasia(mainland) (generally Sibley and Monroe1990) AM - America(generally Sibley and Monroe1990)

I Treatedas Eyreanby Serventyand Whittell(1976) 2 Treatedas Eyreanby Schodde(1990) 3 Treatedas Bassianby Schodde(1990) 4 Treatedas Torresianby Schodde(1982, 1990) s Treatedas Bassianby Serventyand Whittell('1976) 6 Treatedas Bassianby Serventy(1953)

158

CALMScienco fanAbbott, The avifauna of the foresisof south-westWestem Australia

TABLE7 Geographicalpattern of breedingoccurrence ot originalforest bird species outside ot the torestin south-west WesternAustralia (W = West,N = North,E = East,S = Southof forest).Based on informationprssented in Table6.

PATTERNOF OCCURRENCE LANDBIRDSPECIES WATERBIRDSPECIES '11 WN,E,S WN,E 16 17 WE,S 6 N,E 2 2 E,S '| 1 Notbreeding outside forest 1

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 ('1999)

TABLE8 Occurrenceof breedingbird species in the primaevalforests of south-eastAustralia, south-west Western Australia. MountLofty Banges, and Tasmania Sequenceof speciestollows Christidis and Boles(1994), and namesfollow Christidis and Boles(1994) and Johnstone(in press).

SPECIES SEAUST SW AUST

LANDBIRDS Dtom aius novaeholl and i ae Alectura lathami

Coturnix pectoralis Coturnix ypsilophora Coturnix chinensis Aviceda subcristata Haliastur sphenurus Circus approximans AccipiEr fasciatus Acci p i ler n ovaeh oI I an d i ae AccipteI cirrhoceph al u s Eryth rotriorchis nd iatu s Aquila audax Aquila morphnoides Falco berigora Falco longipennis Falco peregrinus Turnix varia Columbaleucomela Macropygia amboine n sis Chalcophapsindica Phaps chalcoptera Phaps elegans Geopeliast ata Leucosarciame lanole uca Ptilinopus magniticus Ptilinopus rcgina Lopholaimus antarcticus Calypto dvnch us banksii Ca I y p to rhyn ch u s Iat h am i Calyptorhynch us fune re us Calyptorhynch us Iati rosttis Calyptorhynchus bau di n ii Calocephalon fimb atum Cacatuapastinator Cacatuagale ta Ttichoglossushaematod u s Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus Glossopsittaconcinna Glossopsinapusilla G lossopsift a po rphyroceph al a Alisterusscapula s Platyce rcu s caledonicu s Platycercuselegans

CALMSciencs lan Abbott, The avifauna ot the forests of south-west Weslern Australia

SPECIES SEAUST SW AUST MLR

Platycercus eximius Platycercus icterotis Platycercuszonarius Platycercus spurius Lathamus discolor Pezoporus wallicus Neophema chrysogaster Cuculuspallidus Cacomantis variolosus Cacomanti s fI abe I I ilor m i s Chrysococcyxbasalis Chrysococcyx lucidus Eudwamys scolopacea Wh rops novaehollan d i ae Centropusphasianinus Ninoxstrenua Ninoxconnivens Ninoxnovaeseelandiae Tylo tenebricosa Tytonovaehollandiae Tytoalba Podaeus strigoides Eu tosto p odus mystacali s Eutostopodus argus Aegotheles cristatus Alcedo azurea Dacelo novaeguineae Todirumphussanctus Mercps onatus Eurystomusorientalis Pina versicolor Menuru novaehollandiae Atrichornis rufescens Attichomis clamosus Comobates leucophaeus Climacteris erythrops Climacterispicumnus Climacteris rula Malurus cyaneus Malurus splendens Malurus lamberti Malurus elegans Malurusmelanocephalus Stipiturusmalachurus Pardalotuspunctatus Pardalotus quadragi ntus Pardalotus striatus Dasyornis brachypteru s Pycnoptilus floccosus Origma solitaria Sericon is citreogularis

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

TABLE 8 (continued)

SPECIES SE AUST SWAUST I\,418 TAS

Sericornis trontalis Sericornis humilis Sericorn is magni rcstris Acanthomis magnus Hylacola Wrhopygia Chthonicolasagittata Smicro rnis b revi rostris Gerygone mouki Gerygonefusca Gerygone olivacea Acanthiza pusi a Acanthiza apicalis Acanthiza ewingii Acanthiza inornata Acanthiza reguloides Acanthizachrysorhoa Acanthiza nana Acanthiza lineata An thochaera caruncul ata Anthochaerapamdoxa Anthochae rc chrysopte ra Plectrorhynch a Ianceol ata Philemon corniculatus Phi I emon citreogu lari s Xanthomyzaphrygia Entomyzoncyanotis Manorina melanophtys Mano na melanocephala Meliphagalewinii Meliphaga chrysops Meliphagaleucotis Meliphaga flavicollis Meliphagamelanops Meliphagaornata Meliphaga fusca Meliphagapenici ata Melithrcptus gula s Melith reptus valid i tostris Melithreptus b revirostris Melithreptuslunatus Melithreptu s chlo ropsi s Melithreptusatfinis Lichmeru indistincta PhylidonyrisWnhopteru PhyI idony ris novaeholland i ae Phylidonyrisnigra Phylidonyrismelanops Acan th o rhy n c h us len ui rostt i s Acanthorhynchussupe rci I iosus Myzomela sanguinolenta

r62

CALMScience lan Abbott, The avitauna of the forests of south-west Westem Australia

SPECIES SEAUST SWAUST MLR

Epthianuraalbilrcns Microeca lascinans Petroica multicolor Petroicaphoenicea Petroica rcsea Petroica rcdinogastel Petroica cucullata Pettoica vittata Tregellasiacapito Eopsaltria australis Eopsaltriageorgiana Orthonyx temminckii Pomatosto mus temporal is Pomatostomus superci liosu s Psophodesolivaceus Cinclosomapunctatum Daphoenos ilta chrysoptera Falcunculustrontatus Pachycephalaolivacea Pachycepha I a pectoral i s Pachycephal a rufiventris Collu ric i ncla ha rmon ica Monarcha melanopsis Monarcha trivirgatus Myiagra rubecula Myiagra cyanoleuca Myiagra inquieta Rhipidura rufifrons Rhipiduru fuliginosa Dicrurus megarhynchus Coraci n a novaehol I and iae Coracina papuensis Coracina tenuirostris

Otiolus sagittatus Sphecotheresviridi' Artamus cyanopterus Cracticus totquatus Cracticus tibicen Strepera graculina Strepera tuliginosa Strepera versicolol Ptiloris paradiseus CoNus coronoides Corvus tasmanicus Corvus melloti Corcoraxme I ano rh a m p h os Ailu roedus c russirostris Sericu I u s chrysoceph alus Ptilo norhynch us violaceu s

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

TABLE 8 (continued)

SPECIES SEAUST SW AUST MLR TAS

Taeniorygiabichenovii Neochmia temporalis StagonopleuH guftata Stagonopleurabella Stagonopleun oculata Lonchuru castaneothorux Dicaeum hirundinaceum Che ramoeca leucosternus Hirundo neoxena Hirundo nigricans Hiundo ariel Acrccephalusstentorcus Megalurus gramineus Cisticola exilis Zostercps laterulis Zoothera lunulata

't72 TOTAL 81 90 69

WATERBIRDS Oxyura australis Biziun lobata Cygnus attatus Tadornatadornoides Chenonettajubata Anas superciliosa Anas hynchotis Anas gracilis Anas castanea Malacohynch us membranaceu s Aythya australis TacM ap t us n ovaeh olI a n d i ae Poli ocephal us poli ocephalus Anhinga melanogaster Phalacrocorax mel anol eucos Phalacrccorux varius Phal acrcconx sulcirostri s Phalactocoraxcafuo Ardea novaehollandiae Ardea pacitica Nycticorax caledonicus lxobrychus minutus lxobrychus tlavicollis Botaurus poiciloptilu s Ga i ral lus phi lippensis Ralluspectoralis Potzana pusilla Porzana fluminea Porzana tabuensis Porphyrioporphyrio

154

CALlilScience lan Abbott, The avifauna of the lorcsts ot south-west WesternAusttalia

SEAUST SWAUST MLR TAS

Gallinulatenebrcsa Gallinula ventralis Gallinula mottieri Fulica ata Bostntula benghale nsis lrcdiparra gallinacea Himantopushimantopus Charadrius ruficapi us Charad us melanops Erythrogonyscinctus Vanellusmiles Stema hybrida

. GRANDTOTAL 206 112 109 92

165

oALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

TABLE9 Foragingniche, nesting zone and nestingsubstrate of birdspecies present in the primaevalforests of Western Australia.

SPECIES FOBAGINGHABIT NESTINGZONE NESTING SUBSTRATE LANDBIRDS

Drom ai us novaeholland i ae Omnivore(ground) Ground Leipoa ocellata Omnivore(ground) cround(mound) Cotu r n i x novaezeland iae Seedeater, Insectivore (ground) Ground Coturnixypsilophora Seedeater, Insectivore (ground) Ground Haliastur sphenurus Predator,Scavenger, lnsectivore Overstorey Accipiter fasciatus Predator(birds), Inseclivore Overstorey Acci p ter ci rrh ocep h al us Predator(birds) Overstorey Aquila audax Predator,Scavenger (mammals) Overstorey Circus approximans Predator Ground(swamp) Falco beigora Predator,Insectivore Overstorey Falcoperegdnus Predator(birds) Rockledge, Overstorey Largehollow Turnix va a Seedeater, Insectivore (ground) Ground Phapschalcoptera Seed eater,Insectivore (ground) Midstorey Phaps elegans Seedeater (ground) Midstorey Ca ly ptorhynch u s banks i i Seedeater Overstorey Largehollow Calypto rhynch u s latirost I i s Seedeater Overstorey Largehollow Calypto rhy nchus b audin i i Seedeater, insectivore Overstorey Largehollow Cacatuapastinatol Seed,corm, bulb eater Overstorey Largehollow GI ossopsitta po ryhyroc ephal a Eucalyptnectar feeder Overstorey Smallhollow Platycercuszonarius Seed,lruit eater,cambial tissue Overstorey Mediumhollow Platycercusspurius Seed,fruit eater Overstorey Mediumhollow Platycercus icterotis Seed,fruit eater Overstorey Smallhollow Cuculuspallidus Insectivore(ground pouncer) Understorey Caco manti s fI abe ll i form i s Insectivore(ground pouncer) Understorey Chrysococcyxbasalis Insectivore(foliage) Understorey Chrysococcyxlucidus Insectivore(foliage) Understorey Ninoxconnivens Predator,Insectivore Overstorey Largehollow Ninoxnovaeseelandiae Predator,insectivore Overstorey lvlediumhollow Tytonovaehollandiae Predator,Insectivore Overstorey Largehollow Tytoalba Predator,Insectivore Overstorey Mediumhollow Podargu' strigoides Insectivore,Predator Understorey Eurostopodusargus lnsectivore Ground Aegothetes cristatus Insectivore Overstorey Smallhollow Todiramphussanctus Insectivore,Predator (ground pouncer) Overstorey Smallhollow Merops ornatus Insectivore(aerial) Ground(burrow) Atrichornis clamosus Insectivore(ground gleaner) Understorey Climacteris ruta Insectivore(trunk gleaner) Overstorey Smallhollow Malurus splendens Insectivore(foliage gleaner) Understorey Malurus elegans Insectivore(foliage gleaner) Understorey Stipiturusmalachutus Insectivore(foliage gleaner) Understorey Pardalotuspunctatus lnsectivore(foliage gleaner) Ground(burrow) Pardalotus striatus lnsectivore(foliage gleaner) Overstorey Smallhollow Sericomis frontalis Insectivore(foliage gleaner) Understorey Smicrornis brcviostris Insectivore(foliage gleaner) Midslorey Gerygone tusca Insectivore(foliage gleane0 Midstorey Acanthiza apicalis Insectivore(foliage gleaner) Understorey

CALMScience lan Abbott, The avilauna ot the torcsts ot south-west WesternAusttalia

SPECIES FORAGINGHABIT NESTINGZONE NESTING SUBSTBATE

Acanthiza inornata Insectivore(foliage gleaner) Understorey Acanthiza chtysorrhoa Insectivore(ground gleaner) Understorey Lichmen indistincta Nectarleeder, Insectivore Understorey Meliphaga ornata Nectarfeeder, Insectivore Midstorey Melithreptuschloropsls Insectivore(bark prober), Nectar leeder Midstorey Phylidonyrisnovaehollandiae Nectarfeeder,Insectivore Understorey Phylidonyrisnigra Nectarfeeder, Insectivore Understorey Phylidonyrismelanops Nectarfeeder, Insectivore Understorey Acanthorhynchussuperciliosus Nectarfeeder,Insectivore Understorey A nthochae ra chrysopte ra Nectarfeeder, Insectivore Midstorey A nthochae ra caru n cuI ata Nectarfeeder, lnsectivore Midstorey Petroica multicolor Insectivore(ground and trunk pouncer) Understorey Petroica cucullata Insectivore(ground pouncer) Understorey Eopsaltria australis Insectivore(ground and trunk pouncer) Understorey Eopsaltriageorgiana Insectivore(ground pouncer) Understorey Pomatostomussuperciliosus Insectivore(foliage gleaner) Midstorey Daphoenosittachrysoptera Insectivore(barkgleaner) Overstorey FalcunculusIrontatus lnsectivore(bark prober and prizer) Midstorey Pachyceph a Ia pectoral i s lnsectivore(foliage snatcher) Midstorey Pachyceph a Ia rufi ven tris lnsectjvore(fol jage snatcher) Midstorey Col I u rici ncl a hatm oni ca Insectivore(bark gleaner) Overstorey Myiagra inquieta Insectivore(aerial) Understorey Rhipidura fuliginosa Insectivore(aerial) Understorey Coracinanovaehollandlae lnsectivore (foliage snatcher), Frugivore Overstorey Attamus cyanopterus Insectivore(aerial/ground) Midstorey Cracticus tibicen Insectivore(ground gleane0 Overstorey Strepera versicolor Omnivore Midstorey Corvus coronoides Omnivore Overstorey Stagonopleuraoculata Seed eater Midstorey Dicaeumhirundinaceum Fruit eater and Insectivore(loliage gleaner) Midstorey Hirundo neoxena Insectivore(aerial) Midstorey Hkundo nigricans Insectivore(aerial) Overstorey Smallhollow Acrccepha I us stentoreus lnsectivore(foliage) Understorey(swamp) Megalurus gramineus Insectivore(foliage) Understorey(swamp) Zostercps lateralis Omnivore Understorey

WATERBIRDS Oxyuraausttalis Herbivore,Insectivore (diver) Understorey(swamp) Biziuralobata Insectivore,Predator, Herbivore (diver) Understorey(swamp) Cygnusatratus Herbivore(grazer) Understorey(swamp) Tadornatadornoides Herbivore,Insectivore (grazer) Overstorey Largehollow Anas gracilis Herbivore,lnsectivore (dabbler) Overstorey Mediumhollow Anas castanea Herbivore,Insectivore (grazer) Understorey(swamp) Anassuperciliosa Herbivore,Insectivore (dabbler) Overstorey,Understorey (swamp) Largehollow Anasrhynchotis Insectivore,Herbivore (dabbler) Understorey(swamp) Aythyaaustralis Herbivore,lnsectivore (diver) Understorey(swamp) Tachybaptusnovaehollandiae Predator,Insectivore (diver) On water Poliocephaluspoliocephalus lnsectivore,Predator (diver) On water Anhingamelanogaster Predator,Insectivore (diver) Overstorey(swamp, river)

CALMScience CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

TABLE 9 (continued)

SPECIES FORAGINGHABIT NESTINGZONE NESTING SUBSTRATE

Phalacrocorcx cafuo Predator(diver) Overstorey(swamp, river) Phalacrocoax sulci rostri s Predator(diver) Overstorey(swamp, river) Phalacroconx mel anol eucos Insectivore,Predator (dived Overstorey(swamp, river) Ardea novaehollandiae Predator,Insectivore (ground) Overstorey(swamp, river) Nycticonx caledonicus Predator,Insectivore Overslorey(swamp, river) lxobrychus minutus Insectivore,Predator Understorey(swamp, river) lxobrychus flavicollis Predator,Insectivore Overstorey(swamp, river) Botauru s poici I opti I us Predator,Insectivore Understorey(swamp, river) Rallus pectoralis Insectivore,Predator Understorey(swamp) Porzanapusilla Insectivore,Seed eater Understorey(swamp) Porzana tluminea Insectivore,Seed eater Understorey(swamp) Porzana tabuensis Insectivore Understorey(swamp) Porphyrioporphyrio Herbivore,Insectivore Understorey(swamp) Gallinula ventralis Herbivore,Insectivore Understorey(swamp) Fulica atra Herbivore,lnsectivore Understorey(swamp) Himantopushimantopus Insectivore,Seed eater Ground(wate/s edge) Charad ri us ruficap i I I u s Insectivore Ground(wate/s edge) Charadriusmelanops Insectivore,Seed eater Ground(wate/s edge) Erylhrogonys cinctus Insectivore,Seed eater Ground(water's edge) toonsideredbroadly lo includeinsects, cruslacea and otherinvertebrate groups Hollowsare classiliedby entrancediameter: small (up to 50 mm);medium (5G-100 mm); and large(>100 mm).

CALMScience lanAbbott, The avifauna of theforests of south-westWestern Australia

TABLE1O Birdspecies present in the SouthWest Land Division of WesternAustralia and which have changed in geographical rangesince European settlement (based on Storr1991, this paperr, Saunders and Ingram 1995' and Van Delft 19973).. indicatesspecies now vagranvirregular non-breeding visitor.

SWANCOASTAL PRIMAEVAL WHEATBEIT SOUTHCOAST4 PLAIN FOREST

Species extinct

Rallus pectoralis Pezopotuswallicus Ballus pectotalis Rallus pectoralisl Atrichornis clamosus Climacte s aftinis Dasyornis broadbenti Otisaustralis. Amytonis textilis Burhinusgrclla us Psophodes nig rog u I aris Phaps elegans' Psophodes occide nta I is Cacatuapastinator PachYceqhalainornata Pezoporus wallicus Artamus cyanopteru{ Ninox connivens Climacteris rufa* Dasyo rn i s Iong i rostris Me I ith rcpt us chI oropsi s' Eopsalt a australis' Pomatostom us supe rci I io su s Psophodesnigrcgularis Falcunculusfrontatus Stagonopleuraoculata Specieswith contracted distribution

174

Drcmaius novaehollandiae Leipoa ocellatal Dromaiusnovaehollandiae Leipoa ocellata lxobrychus tlavicollis Calyplorhynchusbanksii Leipoa oce atd Platycercus icterotis Botaurus poiciloptilus Cacatuapastinatorl lxobtychus tlavico is Neophemapetrophila Turnix varia Climacteris rufa Boaurus poiciloptilue Pezoporus wallicus Phapschalcoptera Hamirostta melanosternon Attichornis clamosus Calyptorhynchusbanksii Porphyrioporphyrio Psophodesnigrogularis Malurus splendene Otis australie Dasyornis longirostris Malurus elegans Burhinusgra ariug Meliphaga ornata PhaPselegans Phylidonyrisnigra Calyptorhynchuslatiostris Manorina flavigula Cacatuapastinator Petroica multicolor3 Cacatualeadbeateri Petroica cucutlata Glossopsittaporphyrocephald Pacfiycephalapectoralis Platycercussputius Colluricinclaharmonicd Platycercusicterctis Myiagra inquieta Neophemasplendida Strepera versicolor Climacteis rufa Malurus pulcherrimus Malurus leucopterus Sericornis frcntalis ApheI oce ph aI a Ieu cop si s Meliphagaplumula Meliphagaornata

CALMScienc€ CALMSci€nceSupplement 5 (1999)

TABLE lO (coniinued)

SWANCOASTAL PRIMAEVAL WHEATBELT SOUTHCOAST' PLAIN FOREST

Meliphagapenicillata Meliphagacrutitia Melith reptus chloropsis Petrcica multicolot2 Petroicacucullata Eopsaltriaaustralis Drymodes brunneorygiue Cinclosomacastanotus Falcunculusfrontatus Myiagra inquieta Ptercpodocysmaximue Streperu versicolor Dicaeum hiru ndi nace u rf

aThe areafrom Cape Naturalisteto Hopetoun,between the coastlineand the boundaryof the primaevalforest or wheatbelt (seeFig. 1 and l9).

170

CALMScionce lanAbbott, The avifauna of the forestsof south-westWestern Australia

TABLE11 Usageby speciesin the primaevallorest avilauna of disturbancescaused by Europeansettlement. egfiFFEE ilgEei, frE EE Eg,n+,r' Hf- H z LANDBIBDS

Drcm aius n ovaeh olI andiae

Cotum ix novaezeland i ae Coturnixypsilophora Haliastut sphenurus Accipiter fasciatus Accipte r cirrhoceph al u s Aquila audax Circus approximans Falco berigora Falco peregrinus Turnix va a Phaps chalcopteru Phaps elegans Calypto rhynchus banks i i Calypto rhynch u s latiostri s Calyptorhynchus baudinii Cacatuapastinatol Glosgopsittaporp hy roce phal a . Platycercuszonarius Platycercussputius Platycercusicterotis Cuculluspallidus Caco mantis fI abe ll iform i s Chrysococcyx basalis Chrysococcyxlucidus . Ninox connivens Ninoxnovaeseelandiae . Tytonovaehollandiae Tytoalba Podargussttigoides Eurostopodusargus Aegotheles cristatus Todiramphussanctus Merops ornatus Atrichornis clamosus Climacteris rufa Malurus splendens Malurus elegans Stipiturus malachutus Parddlotuspunctatus

L1L CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

TABLE11 (continued)

;'z., e3fisFFE fitEgg, ;EEE fir,gt, E* gr*E;3H?

Patdalotus striatus Sericornisftontalis Smicrcmis brevirostris Gerygone tusca Acanthiza apicalis Acanthiza inornata Acanthiza chrysonhoa Lichmera indistincta Meliphaga ornata Mel ith re ptu s ch loropsis Phylidonyrisnovaehollandiae . Phylidonyrisnigra Phylidonyrismelanops Acantho rhyn chus supe rciI i osus . Anth ochae ra chrysopte n Anthochae ta caruncu I ata Petroica multicolor Petroica cucullata Eopsaltria austtalis Eopsaltria georyiana Pom astomussu pe rciI iosus Daphoenos ift a chrysopte ru Falcunculusfrcntatus Pachycephala pectorali s Pachycephala rutiventris ColI u rici ncl a har mon ic a Myiagra inquieta Rhipidura fuliginosa Corac i n a novaeholland iae Attamus cyanopterus Cncticus tibicen Strepen versicolor Cowus coronoides Stagonopleuraoculata Dicaeum hirundinaceum Hirundo neoxena Hirundo nigricans Acrocephal us stentoreus Megalurus gramineus Zosterops lateralis

69 12 43 15 45 31 21 43 30 41 47 1850 6 4 o lan Abbott, The avifauna of the forcsts ot south-west WesternAustralia

-vo B= ;gfieF Ee EEEgt, gE EE gE,rC,g* F*"&6

WATERBIRDS

Oxyura australis Biziura lobata

Tadornatadornoides Anas gracilis

Anas superciliosa Anas rhynchotis Aythya australis Tachybaptu s novaehoIla n diae Poli ocephal us poli oceph al us Anhinga melanogaster Phalacrccoruxcatuo Phalactoco rax su lci rosttis Phal ac roco rax melan o I eucos Ardea novaehollandiae Nycticorux caledonicus lxobtychus minutus Ixobtych u s fI avicol I is Botaurus poiciloptilus Rallus pectoralis Porzanapusilla Potzana tluminea Porzana tabuensis Porphytio porphyrio Gallinula venttalis Fulica atn Himantopushimantopus Charadrius tu ficapi I I us Charad us melanops Etythrogonys cinctus

030000000000000021 CALMScienceSupplement 5 (1999)

TABLE11 (continued)

SOURCE:

Farmlandand lowns in forest Lisls 17,20,21,22,29; Masters& Mithincht974i HaI 1974;41;Christensen er al 1981;Nichots & Nichots1984;Chdstensen erar 1985;WorsleyAlumina 1981, 1985; 243; Biddiscombe 1985; Cabte Sands 1989; BHp-Utah l4inerats Int, 1990;Brown & Brown1986. Resetuoirsand farm dams 24, Dames& Moore1978;Worsley Alumina 1981, 1985; Christensen ef al 1981. Pineplantations 24; Christensenet a/. 1981. Roads,railways and cuttings 41, Christ€nseneaal 1985;Brown& Brown1986. Logging- clearfelledka(i lorest0-12 yr old regrowth 68-70, 126 Logglng- clearfell€dkarri forest 51 yr old regrowth 71 Thinning- iarrahforest 174 Selectionlogging - jarrahforest H yrs later 43-44,128 Cutlingto gaps- jarrahlorest G-3 yrs later '179,180 Prescrib€dburning - karrilor€stG6 yrs later Christensen& Kimber1975: 6,4-67, Christensen ea al t9B5; 1S4 Prescrib€dburning - jarah lorest0-3 yrs later 23,3s-37, s2, 121,131, 1A2 Dieback-affectedjanah lorest(severe) 59,124 Rehabilitatedminesites H yrs later Nichols& Watkins(1984);Wykes (1985);Curry & Nichols1986. Rabbits See sDeciescommentaries Rodenls See speciescomm€ntaries Salination 134,136, 138, 139. 141

L14

CALI[Scienc€ lan Abbotl.The avifauna ot the forestsof south-westWestem Austnlia

TABLE12 Birdspecies with potential for use as indicatorsof ecologicallysustainable utilization of forests.

SPECIES TYPEOF FOREST REASON

Cawtohynchus banksiinaso Easilyidentitied; requires larg€ hollows in livetrees for breeding;widespread

Climacterisruta Karri Smallhome range; requires smallhollows in livetrees for breeding; now extincton SwanCoastal Plain and nearlyextinct in wheatbelt

Malurus elegans Northernjarrah Largely restricted to riparian habilat

Malurussplendens Northernjarrah Largelyrestricted to riparianhabitat

Eopsaltriageorgiana Northernjarrah Largelyrestricted lo riparianhabitat

Pomato stomu s s up erci I i os u s Karri Colonialsocial organization; slow to recolonizeregrowth stands

Pachyce p ha Ia pe ctonl is Jarrah Numericalresponse to fire variable

Myiagn inquieta Karri Mobilespecies but slowto recolonize regrowth stands

Co tac i n a novaeh oI I an d i ae Karri Mobilespecies but slowto recolonizeregroMh stands

Stagonopleua oculata Northernjarrah Breedingrestricted to riparianhabitat

NOTES ON AUTIIOR

Dr Ian Abbott is ScienceAdviser in the CALMScience Division of CALM. He can be contacted at State Headquarters, Crawleyon (08) 94420309, fax (08) 93866399 or email: [email protected]'au

CALMSclence