Wirkung Von Sekretin Auf Neurotransmitter Im Hippokampus Der Ratte

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Wirkung Von Sekretin Auf Neurotransmitter Im Hippokampus Der Ratte Aus der Abteilung für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie im Kindes- und Jugendalter, Universitätsklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychosomatik der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Direktor: Prof. Dr. E. Schulz WIRKUNG VON SEKRETIN AUF NEUROTRANSMITTER IM HIPPOKAMPUS DER RATTE Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Medizinischen Doktorgrades der Medizinischen Fakultät der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg im Breisgau Vorgelegt 2003 VON ANDRÉ KUNTZ Geboren in Thionville (F) Dekan: Prof. Dr. med. Christoph Peters Erster Gutachter: PD Dr. rer. nat. H.-W. Clement Zweiter Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Dr. med. D. van Calker Jahr der Promotion: 2006 MEINEN ELTERN GEWIDMET I INHALTSVERZEICHNIS ___________________________________________________________________________ INHALTSVERZEICHNIS INHALTSVERZEICHNIS I ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS IV ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS VI TABELLENVERZEICHNIS VII GLEICHUNGSVERZEICHNIS VII 1 EINLEITUNG 1 1.1 SEKRETIN 4 1.1.1 GESCHICHTE 4 1.1.2 STRUKTUR 5 1.1.3 SYNTHESE 6 1.1.4 FUNKTIONSWEISE VON SEKRETIN 6 1.1.5 KLINISCHE ANWENDUNG VON SEKRETIN 7 1.1.6 SEKRETINREZEPTOREN 8 1.1.7 SEKRETIN BEI VERSCHIEDENEN SPEZIES 9 1.1.8 ZNS 10 1.1.9 FUNKTION IM GASTROINTESTINALTRAKT 12 1.1.10 SEKRETIN/ VIP/ PACAP-SUPERFAMILIE 13 1.1.11 HYPOKRETINE/OREXINE 14 1.1.12 AUTISMUS 15 1.1.12.1 Geschichte des Autismus 15 1.1.12.2 Häufigkeit 16 1.1.12.3 Krankheitsbild 16 1.1.12.4 Ursachen und Komorbidität 17 1.1.12.5 Therapie 17 1.2 NEUROTRANSMITTER UND AUTISMUS 20 1.2.1 GLUTAMAT 21 1.2.2 GABA 24 1.2.3 KATECHOLAMINE 25 1.2.3.1 Noradrenalin und Adrenalin 26 1.2.3.2 Dopamin 29 1.2.3.3 Katecholamine und Autismus 30 1.2.4 SEROTONIN 31 1.3 CARNITIN UND ACYLCARNITINE 33 1.4 HIPPOKAMPUS 35 1.4.1 ANATOMIE 35 1.4.2 FUNKTION 36 1.4.3 HIPPOKAMPUS BEI AUTISTISCHEN PATIENTEN 37 2 ZIEL DER VORLIEGENDEN ARBEIT 39 3 MATERIAL 40 3.1 CHEMIKALIEN 40 3.2 VERWENDETE HPLC-SÄULEN 41 3.3 EINGESETZTE GERÄTE UND ZUBEHÖR 41 II INHALTSVERZEICHNIS ___________________________________________________________________________ 4 METHODEN 44 4.1 HERSTELLEN DER ELUENTEN FÜR HPLC 44 4.1.1 HPLC-ELUENT 1 44 4.1.2 HPLC-ELUENT 2 45 4.1.3 HPLC-ELUENT 3 45 4.1.4 HPLC-ELUENT 4 46 4.2 EINFÜHRUNG IN DIE MIKRODIALYSE 46 4.2.1 ENTWICKLUNG DER MIKRODIALYSE 46 4.2.2 PRINZIPIEN DER MIKRODIALYSE 48 4.3 IN VITRO-MIKRODIALYSE 49 4.3.1 GRUNDLAGEN 49 4.3.2 VERSUCHSAUFBAU UND -BEDINGUNGEN 50 4.4 TIEREXPERIMENTELLE GEWINNUNG DER PROBEN 51 4.5 IN VIVO MIKRODIALYSEVERSUCHE 51 4.5.1 VORBEREITUNG 51 4.5.2 DURCHFÜHRUNG DER OPERATION 51 4.5.3 DURCHFÜHRUNG DER MESSUNGEN 52 4.6 HPLC 53 4.6.1 GRUNDLAGEN 53 4.6.2 HPLC–INSTRUMENTATION 53 4.6.3 PHASENUMKEHR-HPLC (REVERSED PHASE CHROMATOGRAPHIE) 55 4.6.4 MESSWERTERFASSUNG MITTELS ANALOG-DIGITALWANDLER UND MILLENIUM-SOFTWARE 56 4.7 ELEKTROCHEMISCHE DETEKTION 56 4.7.1 EINFÜHRUNG 56 4.7.2 ARTEN VON ELEKTROCHEMISCHER DETEKTION 58 4.7.3 PRINZIP DER ELEKTROCHEMISCHEN DETEKTION 59 4.8 BESTIMMUNG VON KATECHOLAMINEN, SEROTONIN UND DEREN METABOLITEN MITTELS HPLC UND ELEKTROCHEMISCHER DETEKTION 60 4.9 BESTIMMUNG VON GABA, GLUTAMAT UND ASPARTAT MITTELS HPLC UND FLUORESZENZDETEKTION 61 4.10 TANDEM-MS 62 4.11 STATISTIK 66 5 ERGEBNISSE 67 5.1 CHROMATOGRAMME DER VERSCHIEDENEN TRENNUNGSMETHODEN 67 5.1.1 METHODE 1 67 5.1.2 METHODE 2 68 5.1.3 METHODE 3 70 5.1.4 METHODE 4 71 5.1.4.1 Teilstandard A nach Methode 4 71 5.1.4.2 Teilstandard B nach Methode 4 72 5.1.5 EINFLUSS DER RINGER-LÖSUNG AUF DAS CHROMATOGRAMM 72 5.2 ERGEBNISSE DER IN VITRO MIKRODIALYSE-VORVERSUCHE ZUR ERMITTLUNG DER IN VITRO RECOVERY 74 5.2.1 IN VITRO RECOVERY VON AMINOSÄUREN 74 5.2.2 RECOVERY VON KATECHOLAMINEN, INOSITOLEN UND METABOLITEN 75 5.3 ERGEBNISSE DER IN VIVO MIKRODIALYSEUNTERSUCHUNGEN 77 5.3.1 UNTERSUCHUNG MITTELS TANDEM MS 77 5.3.1.1 Mittelwerte der extrazellulären Konzentration der Aminosäuren 77 5.3.1.2 Einzelne Ergebnisse der Tandem MS-Untersuchungen 78 III INHALTSVERZEICHNIS ___________________________________________________________________________ 5.3.2 ACYLCARNITINE 80 5.3.2.1 Isovalerylcarnitin (C 5) 82 5.3.2.2 Einfach ungesättigtes Dicarboxy-Isovalerylcarnitin (C5;1-DC) 83 5.3.2.3 Dicarboxy-Octanoylcarnitin (C 8-DC) 84 5.3.2.4 Einfach ungesättigtes Decanoylcarnitin (C 10;1) 85 5.3.2.5 Einfach ungesättigtes Hydroxy-Decanoylcarnitin (C10;1-OH) 86 5.3.2.6 Hydroxy-Dodecanoylcarnitin (C12-OH) 87 5.3.3 UNTERSUCHUNG MITTELS HPLC UND FLUORESZENZDETEKTION 88 5.3.3.1 GABA 88 5.3.3.2 Glutamat 89 5.3.4 METHODENVERGLEICH TANDEM-MS UND HPLC 90 5.3.4.1 Glutamat 91 5.3.4.2 Aspartat 92 5.3.5 UNTERSUCHUNG VON KATECHOLAMINEN UND INDOLAMINEN MITTELS HPLC UND ELEKTROCHEMISCHER DETEKTION 93 5.3.5.1 Noradrenalin 95 5.3.5.2 Adrenalin 96 5.3.5.3 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure 97 5.3.5.4 Homovanillinsäure 98 5.3.5.5 Dopamin 99 5.3.5.6 Serotonin 100 5.3.5.7 3-MT 101 5.3.5.8 5-HIAA/ 5-HT-Ratio 102 5.3.5.9 3-MT/ Dopamin- Ratio 103 6 DISKUSSION 104 7 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 130 8 LITERATUR 131 9 ANHANG 166 9.1 DANKSAGUNG 166 9.2 LEBENSLAUF 167 9.3 ORIGINALBEITRAG 168 9.4 POSTERBEITRÄGE 168 9.5 ERKLÄRUNG ÜBER BETEILIGUNG DRITTER 170 IV ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS ___________________________________________________________________________ ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS 3-MT 3-Methoxytyramin 5-HIAA 5-Hydroxyindol-3-Essigsäure (5-Hydroxy-indole-3-acetic acid) 5-HT 5-Hydroxytryptamin ADOS Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule AMPA α-Amino-3-Hydroxy-5-Methyl-4-Isoxazol Propionsäure (α-amino-3- hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid) APUD Aufnahme und Decarboxylierung von Aminvorstufen (amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation) CA Ammonshorn (Cornu ammonis) CaCl2 Calziumchlorid cAMP Zyklisches Adenosinmonophosphat (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) CO2 Kohlendioxid COMT Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.6) DOPAC 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylessigsäure (3,4-Dihydroxy-phenlyacetic Acid) DSM-IV Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders- Fourth Edition g Gramm GABA γ-Aminobuttersäure (γ-amino-butyric acid) GABA-T GABA-Transaminase (EC 2.6.1.19) GAD Glutamatdecarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.15) GHRH Growth hormone releasing hormone GIP Gastric inhibitory polypeptide GLP-1 Glucagon-like peptide-1 GLP-2 Glucagon-like peptide-2 GRF Growth hormone releasing factor h Stunde HClO4 Perchlorsäure Hcrt Hypokretin (hypocretine) He Helium HPLC Hochdruck-Flüssigkeitschromatographie (high performance liquid chromatography) HVA Homovanillinsäure (4-Hydroxy-3-Methoxy-Phenyl-acetic acid) i.c.v. Intracerebroventrikulär V ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS ___________________________________________________________________________ i.p. Intraperitoneal i.v. Intravenös IC50 Mittlere inhibitorische Konzentration ICD 10 The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, tenth revision IP3 Inositol 1,4,5-Triphosphat KCl Kaliumchlorid kg Kilogramm L-DOPA L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl-Alanin m/z Quotient Masse / Ladung MAO Monoaminoxidase (EC 1.4.3.4) mg Milligramm MgCl Magnesiumchlorid MHPG 4-Hydroxy-3-Methoxyphenyl-Glykol min Minute mM milli-Mol mRNA Messenger-Ribonukleinsäure (messenger-ribo-nuclein acid) MW Mittelwert Na2-EDTA Dinatrium-Ethylendinitrotetraessigsäure NaCl Natriumchlorid NMDA N-Methyl-D-Aspartat OPA Ortho-phthaldialdehyd p Wahrscheinlichkeit PACAP Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide PHM Peptide histidine methionine PKA Proteinkinase A (EC 2.7.1.37) PKC Proteinkinase C (EC 2.7.10) PNMT Phenylethanolamin-N-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.28) PRP PACAP-related peptide SEM Standardfehler des Mittelwertes (standard error of the mean) SSAD Succinatsemialdehyd-Dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.24) Tandem-MS Tandem-Massenspektroskopie TTX Tetrodotoxin VIP Vasoaktives intestinales Polypeptid ZNS Zentralnervensystem VI ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS ___________________________________________________________________________ ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS ABBILDUNG 1: ZUSAMMENSETZUNG VON SEKRETIN AUS EINZELNEN AMINOSÄUREN 5 ABBILDUNG 2: SCHEMATISCHE DARSTELLUNG EINES 7-TM-REZEPTORS 9 ABBILDUNG 3: SEKRETIN/VIP/PACPA-SUPERFAMILIE 14 ABBILDUNG 4: GENE DER SEKRETIN/VIP/ PACAP-SUPERFAMILIE 14 ABBILDUNG 5: VEREINFACHTE SCHEMATISCHE DARSTELLUNG DES STOFFWECHSELS VON GLUTAMAT UND GABA 25 ABBILDUNG 6: HAUPTSTOFFWECHSEL DER KATECHOLAMINE 28 ABBILDUNG 7: HAUPTSTOFFWECHSEL VON SEROTONIN 33 ABBILDUNG 8: DARSTELLUNG DES HIPPOKAMPUS IM RATTENHIRN 36 ABBILDUNG 9: SCHEMATISCHE ABBILDUNG EINER MIKRODIALYSESONDE 49 ABBILDUNG 10: CMA/120 SYSTEM FÜR FREI BEWEGLICHE VERSUCHSTIERE 52 ABBILDUNG 11: SCHEMATISCHE DARSTELLUNG DES AUFBAUS EINER HPLC-ANLAGE 56 ABBILDUNG 12: ELEKTROCHEMISCHER DETEKTOR „ANTEC LEYDEN INTRO“ 59 ABBILDUNG 13: SCHEMATISCHE ABBILDUNG EINER ELEKTRODE EINES ELEKTROCHEM. DETEKTORS 59 ABBILDUNG 14: BEISPIEL FÜR EIN TANDEM-MASSENSPEKTROSKOPIE-SPEKTRUM 65 ABBILDUNG 15: CHROMATOGRAMM NACH METHODE 1 67 ABBILDUNG 16: CHROMATOGRAMM NACH METHODE 2 68 ABBILDUNG 17: GRAPHISCHE GEGENÜBERST. DER RETENTIONSZEITEN DER EINZELNEN SUBSTANZEN 69 ABBILDUNG 18: ABHÄNGIGK. DER RETENTIONSZ. NACH METHODE 3 VON FLUSSRATE UND PH DES ELUENTEN 70 ABBILDUNG 19: CHROMATOGRAMM NACH METHODE 3 70 ABBILDUNG 20: TEILSTANDARD A NACH METHODE 4 71 ABBILDUNG 21: TEILSTANDARD B NACH METHODE 4 72 ABBILDUNG 22: VERSCHIEDENE KOMPONENTEN DER RINGER-LÖSUNG IM CHROMATOGRAMM 72 ABBILDUNG 23: BEEINFL. DER MESSUNG VON DOPAC BZW. MHPG DURCH DAS MIKRODIALYSEPERFUSAT 73 ABBILDUNG 24: IN VITRO RECOVERY VON ASPARTAT, GABA UND GLUTAMAT 74 ABBILDUNG 25: IN VITRO RECOVERY VON KATECHOLAMINEN, SEROTONIN UND METABOLITEN 76 ABBILDUNG 26: EFFEKT VON SEKRETIN 30 KU/KG I.P. AUF DIE EXTRAZELL. KONZ. VON CITRULLIN 78 ABBILDUNG 27: EFFEKT VON SEKRETIN 30 KU/KG I.P. AUF DIE EXTRAZELL. KONZ. VON ASPARTAT 79 ABBILDUNG 28: EFFEKT VON SEKRETIN 30 KU/KG I.P. AUF DIE EXTRAZELL. KONZ. VON C5 82 ABBILDUNG 29: EFFEKT VON SEKRETIN 30 KU/KG I.P. AUF DIE EXTRAZELL. KONZ. VON C 5,1-DC 83 ABBILDUNG 30: EFFEKT VON SEKRETIN 30 KU/KG I.P. A. D. EXTRAZELL. KONZ. VON C8-DC 84 ABBILDUNG 31: EFFEKT VON SEKRETIN I.P. AUF DIE EXTRAZELL. KONZ. VON C10;1 85 ABBILDUNG 32: EFFEKT VON SEKRETIN 30 KU/KG I.P. A.D. EXTRAZELL. KONZ. VON C10;1-OH 86 ABBILDUNG 33: EFFEKT VON SEKRETIN 30 KU/KG I.P.
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