Book Nine Handout The events in Books Nine through Twelve are flashbacks being told to the Phaeacians by Odysseus himself. The events of these books reveal how the trials Odysseus faces develop his character from the end of the Trojan War through his time with the Phaeacians. Activity 1: Text Structure One feature of the epic is beginning in the middle of the story (in medias res). Study the graphic below so that you will ​ ​ understand the text structure.

What is the effect of Homer’s choice concerning how to structure a text and the events within it?

​By beginning in the middle of things, the reader’s interest is piqued. It seems strange that such a famous warrior should be crying for home. Knowing how Odysseus’s men ended up creates suspense, compelling the reader to continue in the story. Activity 2: Close Reading of Book Nine, “In the One­Eyed Giant’s Cave,” pp. 211­214 Read the opening passage of Book Nine, which is reprinted for you below. Some lines have been removed, but the line numbers follow the original text. Follow the instructions below as you annotate:

1. For your first reading, define the terms that have been bolded for you. Write a synonym or definition directly above the bolded word. 2. For your second reading, use a handbook of mythological terms, the glossary of terms in the back of your text, or the Internet to look up background information for the shaded terms. Write the explanation directly above the term. 3. Finally, use the questions on the right side of the text to guide you as you record your insights and impressions about the text.

Grade 9: The Odyssey

What does the underlined portion 1 Odysseus, the great teller of tales, launched out on his story: tell you about Alcinous?

“Alcinous, majesty, shining among your island people, ​ ​ This participial phrase

​singer demonstrates that Alcinous is what a fine thing it is to listen to such a bard ​ well-respected by his people​.

as we have here­­the man sings like a god . … …

​questioning What kind of connotation does the 12 But now you’re set on probing the bitter pains I’ve borne ​ ​ word probing have? Why does ​ ​ Odysseus tell his tale? so I’m to weep and grieve, it seems still more. The word probing suggests that Well then, what shall I go through first, Alcinous has been insistent on hearing Odysseus’s story; 15 what shall I save for last? however, Odysseus was the one that requested the song about What pains­­the gods have given me my share. Troy even though he knew the

content of the tune would make Now let me begin by telling you my name … him weep. It seems like so you may know it well and I in times to come, Odysseus wanted Alcinous to ask him to tell his story. if I can escape that fatal day, will be your host, What is the tone (the speaker’s 20 your sworn friend, though my home is far from here. attitude toward the subject)?

​former king (Hint­­count how many lines I am Odysseus, son of Laertes, known to the world ​ ​ Odysseus uses to introduce himself):

Self-assured (6 lines) for every kind of craft­­my fame has reached the skies. Pretentious Sunny Ithaca is my home . Arrogant …

30 Mine is a rugged land but good for raising sons— Explain the underlined epithet. Who is it describing, and what does it and I myself, I know no sight on earth suggest about him? The appositive phrase details than a man’s own native country. that Odysseus is known as the

​nymph son of Laertes. In this culture, True enough, Calypso the lustrous goddess tried to hold me back, ​ ​ ​ ​ one was known by his family deep in her arching caverns, craving me for a husband. lineage.

​enchantress So did Circe, holding me just as warmly in her halls, The appositive phrase describing ​ ​

Grade 9: The Odyssey

​desiring Calypso communicates her the bewitching queen of Aeaea keen to have me too. ​ ​ ​ ​ shining beauty. The appositive

modifying Circe describes her But they never won the heart inside me, never. power over men.

So nothing is as sweet as a man's own country, What are some of the conflicts that

his own parents, even though he's settled down Odysseus has faced? Odysseus has been detained by 40 in some luxurious house, off in a foreign land women who wanted to keep him as a husband. and far from those who bore him. What does Odysseus claim about his No more. Come, experiences with Calypso and Circe?

​filled let me tell you about the voyage fraught with hardship He never actually loved them. ​ ​

​god of gods Zeus inflicted on me, homeward bound from Troy . . . Whom does Odysseus blame for his ​ ​ troubles? ​Troy The wind drove me out of Ilium on to Ismarus, ​ ​ Zeus ’ ​Trojan allies​ ​ fortress the Cicones' stronghold. There I sacked the city, ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ The appositive modifying

​booty Ismarus explains that this place killed the men, but as for the wives and plunder, ​ ​ is fortified and strong.

​load that rich haul we dragged away from the place— ​ ​ ​ For the rest of the portion on this

we shared it round so no one, not on my account, page, write a summary of events below: would go deprived of his fair share of spoils. On the way home from Troy, 50 Then I urged them to cut and run, set sail, Odysseus and his men stopped

​rebellious to raid Ismarus, the home of the but would they listen? Not those mutinous fools; ​ ​ Cicones. He allowed his men to

​drink there was too much wine to swill, too many sheep to slaughter steal food, wine, and women, but ​ ​ when it was time to go, his men down along the beach, and shambling longhorn cattle. would not obey. Because they delayed, a strong ally of the And all the while the Cicones sought out other Cicones, Cicones came and slaughtered many of their men. 55 called for help from their neighbors living inland:

The appositive communicates a larger force, and stronger soldiers too, ​ ​ ​

Grade 9: The Odyssey

that the neighbors are more in skilled hands at fighting men from chariots, ​ ​ ​ ​ number--there will be trouble

for Odysseus and his men. skilled, when a crisis broke, to fight on foot. ​ ​

Highlight patterns of violent diction. Out of the morning mist they came against us— ​ What was the consequence of the

60 packed as the leaves and spears that flower forth in spring— men’s choices? ​ ​

and Zeus presented us with disaster, me and my comrades ​ ​ Odysseus did not model good behavior for his men. Because of doomed to suffer blow on mortal blow. ​ ​ their rebellion, many of them

pay with their lives. Lining up, both armies battled it out against our swift ships, ​ ​

Describe the battle between both raked each other with hurtling bronze lances. ​ ​ Odysseus’s men and the Cicones.

Long as morning rose and the blessed day grew stronger The allies were warriors with 65 we stood and fought them off, massed as they were, but then, ​ ​ chariots. They were numerous and well-armed, and although when the sun wheeled past the hour for unyoking oxen, ​ ​ Odysseus’s men put up a good

fight, as the day wore on, they the Cicones broke our lines and beat us down at last. ​ ​ penetrated the Greek lines and

Out of each ship, six men­at­arms were killed; killed six men from each ship. ​ ​

the rest of us rowed away from certain doom. ​ ​ For lines 66­end, highlight the patterns of negative diction. Write 70 From there we sailed on, glad to escape our death ​ ​ notes about mood in the margin. yet sick at heart for the dear companions we had lost. ​ ​ ​ ​

The negative diction creates a But I would not let our rolling ships set sail until the crews foreboding mood. The men are

had raised the triple cry, saluting each poor comrade feeling pangs of grief and guilt, ​ ​ and as a storm whips up, the cut down by the fierce Cicones on that plain. emotional atmosphere of the text because ominous. 75 Now Zeus who masses the stormclouds hit the fleet ​ ​

​concealing This appositive, full of vivid with the North Wind—a howling, demonic gale, shrouding over ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ imagery and participles,

communicates the intensity of in thunderheads the earth and sea at once— ​ ​ ​

Grade 9: The Odyssey

the storm. and night swept down from the sky and the ships went plunging..., ​ ​

our sails slashed to rags by the hurricane's blast! ​ ​

80 We struck them—cringing at death we rowed our ships This participial phrase ​ ​ communicates how the sailors to the nearest shoreline, pulled with all our power. row: they are rowing with every ounce of strength all the while There, for two nights, two days, we lay by, no letup, cowering at the strength of the storm. eating our hearts out, bent with pain and bone­tired. ​ ​

Grade 9: The Odyssey

Activity 3: Style and Language of Book Nine Part of what makes The Odyssey so compelling is the syntax or sentence structure of the epic. In the Robert Fagles’ ​ ​ edition, the various phrases used add variety and interest to the story. Review the different kinds of phrases below. Then, go back through the passage and analyze the underlined phrases. For each phrase, label what kind it is, and ​ write the effect of the phrase in the right margin.

Phrase Type Definition Examples

participle a verb form with an “ed” or “ing” Crying, Penelope weaved the shroud. ​ added to it that functions like an Penelope surveyed the forgotten banquet hall. adjective ​ ​

The suitors, insulted, stormed from the assembly place. ​ ​

participial phrase a participle plus other modifiers Cursing his luck, Odysseus tried to command his men. ​

Defeated by the enemy, the troops took to their oars. ​

appositive a word that renames a noun or Odysseus’s son Telemachus had grown up without a ​ ​ pronoun father.

appositive words that rename a noun or Odysseus, the master tactician, schemed a plan. ​ ​ phrase pronoun

Grade 9: The Odyssey