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UC Santa Cruz Electronic Theses and Dissertations UC Santa Cruz UC Santa Cruz Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title An Exploration of the Pipa with a View Towards Expanded Integration into Western Musical Compositions Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/788610fb Author Griswold, Yunxiang Gao Publication Date 2021 Supplemental Material https://escholarship.org/uc/item/788610fb#supplemental Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFONIA SANTA CRUZ I. DISSERTATION ESSAY: AN EXPLORATION OF THE PIPA WITH A VIEW TOWARDS EXPANDED INTEGRATION INTO WESTERN MUSICAL COMPOSITIONS II: DISSERTATION MUSICAL COMPOSITION: FRAGMENTED JADE A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirement for the degree of DOCTOR OF MUSICAL ARTS in MUSIC COMPOSITION by Yunxiang. G. Griswold June 2021 The Dissertation of Yunxiang Gao Griswold is approved: ______________________________ Professor David Evan Jones, Chair ______________________________ Professor Karlton Hester ______________________________ Professor Ben Leeds Carson ________________________________ Quentin Williams Acting Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies Copyright © by Yunxiang G. Griswold 2021 Table of Contents Table of Figures and Tables ...................................................................................... iv Abstract ...................................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgment ........................................................................................................ ix Introduction ..................................................................................................................1 Overview .......................................................................................................................3 I. A brief history of the pipa ..................................................................................3 II. The Chinese pipa score system ..........................................................................6 Part I: The timbres produced by the pipa ...............................................................11 A. The timbres of the pipa are highly influenced by the craftsmanship and physical variations of each Pipa: ..........................................................................12 1. Physical description of the pipa: ................................................................12 2. Westernized pipa:.......................................................................................13 3. The use of metal strings: ............................................................................14 4. Different strings can produce different timbres in the same pitch: ...........14 B. The scope of the pipa’s range and correlated effects on timbre: ....................15 C. Various pipa techniques create various timbres: .............................................16 1. Basic right-hand techniques: ......................................................................16 2. Various timbres associated with right-hand techniques: ...........................20 3. Basic left-hand techniques .........................................................................36 4. Left-hand techniques and their associated timbres: ....................................36 Part II: Pipa techniques, as applied, in various stylistic categories ......................51 A. Chinese traditional repertoires interpreted by pipa performer: Wang Fandi ....53 B. Pieces composed by pipa performer: Liu Dehai ..............................................56 C. Examples of new pipa music combining Chinese music elements with Western compositional technique ..........................................................................70 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................83 Bibliography ...............................................................................................................84 Discography ................................................................................................................87 iii Table of Figures and Tables List of Figures Figure 1) Zhixiang pipa ..................................................................................................3 Figure 2) Tang Quxiang pipa .........................................................................................4 Figure 3) Tang Zhixiang pipa ........................................................................................5 Figure 4) Modern pipa ...................................................................................................6 Figure 5) Dots above or below the note define the different octaves ............................8 Figure 6) Chords represented in numbered notation......................................................9 Figure 7) Example of score in numbered notation.......................................................10 Figure 8) Example of score in modern Western notation ............................................11 Figure 9) Physical configuration of pipa .....................................................................13 Figure 10) Pipa range ...................................................................................................15 Figure 11) Illustration of single pluck .........................................................................17 Figure 12) Illustration of double-index finger pluck ...................................................17 Figure 13) Illustration of double-index thumb pluck with double-index finger pluck 18 Figure 14) Illustration of double-index thumb pluck with strumming ........................18 Figure 15) Illustration of five-finger rolling ................................................................19 Figure 16) Illustration of index-finger and thumb strumming .....................................19 Figure 17) Illustration of splitting and folding ............................................................20 Figure 18) Illustration of shaking ................................................................................20 Figure 19) Example from the music score “Spring Rain” ...........................................24 Figure 20) Example from the music score “A moonlit Night on the Spring River”.....26 Figure 21) Example from the music score “Ambushed from all sides” ......................27 Figure 22) Example from the music score “Green Lily Folk Song” ............................29 Figure 23) Example from the music score “The Five Heroes of Langya Mountain” ..34 Figure 24) Example from the music score “Wooden Duck” ........................................38 Figure 25) Example from the music score “The Moon Rises”.....................................42 Figure 26) Example from the music score “Chen Sui” ................................................43 Figure 27) Example from the music score “Romance of the Water of Wei” ...............44 Figure 28) Example from the music score “Chanting” ...............................................45 iv Figure 29) Example from the music score “Ambushed from all sides” .......................47 Figure 30) Example from the music score “The Conqueror Unarms” ........................48 Figure 31) Example from the music score “Xu Lai”....................................................50 Figure 32) Example from the music score “The Moon Rises”.....................................54 Figure 33) Example from the music score “Beyond the Great Wall” ..........................56 Figure 34) Example from the music score “Silkworms in Spring” ..............................58 Figure 35) Example from the music score “Silkworms in Spring” ..............................59 Figure 36) Example from the music score “Aged Child” ............................................60 Figure 37) Example from the music score “Aged Child” ............................................60 Figure 38) Example from the music score “Aged Child” ............................................61 Figure 39) Example from the music score “Swan” .....................................................62 Figure 40) Example from the music score “The Terracotta Warriors” ......................65 Figure 41) Example from the music score “The Terracotta Warriors” ......................67 Figure 42) Example from the music score “The Points” .............................................74 Figure 43) Example from the music score “The Points” .............................................74 Figure 44) Example from the music score “The Points” .............................................75 Figure 45) Example from the music score “The Points” .............................................75 Figure 46) Example from the music score “The Points” .............................................76 Figure 47) Example from the music score “The Points” .............................................77 Figure 48) Example from the music score “Pipa Words” ...........................................79 Figure 49) Example from the music score “Pipa Words” ...........................................80 Figure 50) Example from the music score “Pipa Words” ...........................................81 Figure 51) Example from the music score “Pipa Words” ...........................................81 Figure 52) Example from the music score “Pipa Words” ...........................................82 v List of Tables Table 1) Music notes represented in the numbered notation
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