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linshel ]raviilil* aL the L'hengdlc Summer Rrst-.:i Articles of the Month f\f, PUBLISHED MONTHLY IN ENGLISH, FRENCH, SPANISH, ARABIC AND BIMONTHLY GERMAN BY THE CHINA WELFARE INSTITUTE'N (sooNc CHTNG LING, CHAIRMAN) The lsrton vot, xxvlil No. 7 luLY 1979 Sy rhony in nlno CONTENTS The qnd Our Postbag exchonges betweeniU.S. Chinese musicions thot helped forge deeper friendship. Poge 6 Cartoons 3 Across the Land: The Luoyang Bearing plant 4 Music and Friendship - The Bbston Symphony Orchestra in China Tan Aiqing 6 o step bockword now for o run- Seiji Ozawa as I know Him Liu Dehai IJ orrow.- Poge 15 Economic Readjustment to Speed Modernization 15 Science"and Technology: Fossils Show Eucaryotes Earlier Than Thought; New Spectrum Lines of Fluorine Atom Laser; Multi-Antimycin Fungicide for Agriculture 18 Einstein's discoveries were received peiyuan in Chino Einstein and China Zhou 19 ond celebroted ot the recent l00th onniversory Stamps ol New China: Albert Einsteln Commemorative ZU itth. Poge li Einstein Commemoratlon Activities 21 With the Dong People of Guangxi you yuwen 22 Fable-s for-Today: The Race Of the Frog and the Tiger Guo Sijiu 26 South Fujian 3 Xiamen -(Amoy) Wu Tong 27 Three Senior Citizens Tell Their Stories 34 ln Our Condemn Unfeeling Sons 38 A-Han System Today bhen Rinong 40 Memori g Dehuai (part il) Sonior Citirens Hu 44 Sportsr American Basketball Team in China 47 An lmperial Moun in Resort at Chengde 48 Whot hoppens ofter retirement Iibet's Menba N ionality Zhang Jianghua _ - in Chino? How do and Wu elderly people spend their doys? Three senior citizens Congzhong 54 'Wild yuan describe their lives. poge 34 Man' - Fact or Fiction? Zhenxin and Huang Wanpo 56 2g u Know? Jiaozi, Known as Dumplings 60 Chi e History-X Culture from the Third to Sixth Centuries Jiao Jian 61 Brick painting Roliefs Reveal Lost Arts yang Hong 65 Ro*orl ol The Fabulous Reproductions by ihe Rong eao2nai Snop Chen Sheng Empelors 68 Chengde, A Major Musical Event Zhao Jinglun 74 the cool mountoin resort 250 Chinese Cookery: Almond Float (Xingren Doufu) 75 A Story of an Officer kilometers northeost ol 76 Beijing served os Language Corner: thot Lesson summer copitol of the 7: At the Fair 78 Ging dyno5ty emperors, COVER PICTURES: Poge 48 Front: The "Thousand-armed and Thousand_eyed,, Buddha in the pu Ni.ng Temple, Chengde. Xie Jun yulong Back: A cataract in the Mountains in Si_ chuan province. Jin Xuqi "Wild MEn" Ate .the elusive creotures seen in the mountoins of H.ubei proving-e or beost? fwo onthropologists Editoriol Office: Woi .Fon Wen Building, Beijing discuss their findings ond some theories. pige 56 (37), Chino. Coble: "CHIRECON,, beijing. Generol Distributor! GUOZI SHUDIAN, P.O. Box 399, Betjing, Chtno. descriptions of plants and animals. magazine and China Pictorial are But more important are the reports of unique and have won favorite comments the real life of China. More and more from readers. For l7 years I have read Germans are interested in the Chinese and kept all the issues_ of your people because of their ancient culture magazine, which are all the same size. and long history, but very little is Though the present new format is good known here about your country. We from the editor's point of view, it looks look forward to hearing more about the so similar to our magazines here that present condition your people. of it is no longer worth keeping. I feel so H.F. sorry about the change of format. Wurzburg, Federal Republic ol Germany R.P.R. We Had Chinese Guests Arcachon, France Writing Is More Human I am very happy to tell you that when the Chinese Youth Speed Skating Team Congratulations on the overall im- Eight-Year-Old Reader visited Grenoble to iake part in the provement in your magazine. The International Skating Championships writing style is getting lighter, more I have read your magazine and I last February, we invited them to our natural, more human. The addition of think it is very good. I would like to home. Two coaches and a translator of new features gives the reader more see more articles on how the children your team were present. What a happy variety. Would enjoy articles on train in China are taught in school. My evening we had together. My three travel, the performing arts, sports, and mother and father have been receiving sons and a member of the Grenoble particularly television the magazine for some time now. I joined Youth Speed Skating Team also A.H.G. Iiked Chairman Mao Zedong very much. us. A French codch yours and Minneapolis, U.S.A, I am eight years old and would like exchanged experience. I believe the one day to visit China. young people had a good time in my house. We also invited Miss Anne- In recent months, China Reconstructs A.L.R. has Marie Dubois, a member of the French changed-to my eyes-from a poli- Gtoent, U.K. practical team. My other son won third place in tical art form to reports on a real people the French skating tournament last and believable China. Real year. He did not take part in this with reasonable disagreements and On Little Zhenhuan agreements appear your pages. year's tournament because he is now in A in the army. The Chinese team gave China which is an attractive land to Of particular interest for its humane and enjoy us their team flag. It is now hanging visit is appearing. A Chjna and scientific viewpoint was the article which is freer to go about the business on the opposite wall as I write this on Zhenhuan (the baby born coverecl of life instead of talking about it. letter. with hair, in our March 1979 issue-Ed.). is appearing. J.M. K.I.M. "In Our Society" is a column to be retained at all costs. My daughter heard Grenoble, France Olirser, Canada about this child on the radio and came to me in some distress as to his future. Meeting Chinese Players Though a new subscriber, I have At the time I said in Chinese society known China Reconstructs for a long he would be loved and cared for time, and can say that the new size is I am a long-standing reader of China without exploitation (e.g. as a "freak"). more practical. The content always Reconstructs which I buy every month She will be greatly comforted not only improving is of the greatest- interest, from the bookstore run by a member to see that this is true, but to see since so little- was known in the West of the Sino-Venezuela Friendship pictures of this lovely child, who will about this large country with such an Association, whom you know very wel1. eontribute so much to our understanding ancient culture. Keep it up. f am a badminton fan. When your of evolution. Let us hear about him badminton team came to Venezuela in z'P' from time to time, as in a way he 1975, I had the honor to receive them zagreb, Yugoslaoia epitomizes our human brotherhood. and made friends with Wang Wenjiao M.F. and Tang Xianhu. In the same year. I welcome the slightly modified for- Banjul, The Gam,bia I as a member of oqr swimming and mat of your magazine. We have now a diving team visited Beijing. In 1928, I smaller, more attractive and more well- met some of your players in Mexico. rounded size to "devour." I iike the Medicine for the People You see, I am a good friend of your way you keep it alive and change it sportsmen. for the better. saw your magazine friend's I hope more articles on the technique Your new series on Chinese history I in my and development of badminton in China is excellent. The writers of it display home. It so attracted me that I have will appear in your future issues, a fine capacity for objective and subscribed to it myself. I enjoy the pictures, J.R.N. balanced reporting. Hopefully we will varied content and and read it from cover to cover. Caracas, Venezuelo find articles such as those from time to time in your magazine. As a medical student, I hope you will K.K. include in your magazine a column on providing on Real Life in China Kangasala., Finland medicine, information your system of medical education and your I was amazed to see the rich content how to make medicine serve and fine layout of your magazine. My Liked Old Format people. I believe these will help us greatly. friends and I especially appreciate the travel articles, pictures of beautiful I prefer the old format o! China S.M.M. scenery, reproductions of art works and Reconstructs, as both that of your 'Shibin El Kom, Egypt

2 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Ox-I'ractor (a comment on the lack ol spare parts) W ang Dozhttcttto

Jittg Du ( I hr. sign rt'arls : "r-o Snroking,,t

S.t,,tr,

"illommy, ytru forgot ClLe ru Xtanqi your ball of yarn !',

Grafting Shoots (a satire on people who don't investigate before doing something) Zhao Liong

.t tILY '1979 $ {_

Cutting the gear of a large bearing u'ith a machine made by the workers. ACROSS THE LAND

g .FHE Lucryang Bearing Plant, The Laoglang Beuring r which began operation in 1958, is a modern enterprise sup- plying thousands of factories, Bearings get an antirust spray, A bearing smallel than a wristwateh. mines and companies throughout the country. By 1978 its output had expanded 1.5 times and the range of lts products 5 times, both surpassing designed capaeity. In 1966 the piant was cited as an outstanding Daqing-type unit. As elsewhere in China, the Luo- yang Bearing Plant also suffered under the gang of four's disruptive policies. Production fell and even stopped altogether for eight months in 1976. After the gang's downfall the workers soon restor- ed production and have overful- filled state plans in the past two years. The quality of its products has also come up to its highesi standard. Last year it regained the title "Daqing-type unit."

( Production line. Music and Friendship The Boston Symphony Orchestro in Chino

TAN AIQING

smaller we didn't AN a wet March morning in coat, brought out his violin, ex- has become - \J snrrrehai two Arnericans, one plained it' to the children and speak much to them and theY with a violin case, walked into the played it for them. In his turn, understood us very we11." Huaihai Road Primary School just Silverstein played a Bach studY as the bell rang. They were and asked them to sing it with HE Boston Symphony Orches- Joseph Siiverstein, concertmaster him. They learned it in no time. tra was the first cultural of the Boston Symphony Orches- "Good! Good!" Silverstein said. group to visi.t China since the tra, and Gerald Elias, second vio- "Now listen to this: this simPle normalization of relations. After linist. They had arrived from piece can be made even more Vice-Premier Deng XiaoPing's Boston only the night before and beautiful." He played a variation surprise announcement in Wa- had given up a sightseeing tour of on the theme and the children shington that the orchestra would the city that day in order to go to clapped enthusiasticallY. visit China, they had canceled two a children's music class. Silverstein asked if anY of them and postponed three concerts in "Welcome! Welcome!" the 40 were learning the violin and how order to come earlier. In four con- third-graders greeted them in they studied. Xu Jie, a fifth- certs in Shanghai and Beijing be- English. While their teacher, grader, performed a Piece bY Viot- tween March 13 and 20 the 103 Zhang Yulan, played the organ, ti. Then the whole class sang musicians and their conductor they sang a song. Elias took off his "Flying Toward the Four Modern- Seiji Ozawa gave Chinese izations." Silverstein said, "They audiences some of the symphonY's not ab most noted classical works. TheY TAN AIQING i. n staff reporter for are lively and curious, and China Reconstructs, all shy. Fascinating! The world also performed together with the

A warm r,velcome at the Shanghal airport Cellist Martin Hoherman learns from his Chinese for the American musical ambassadors. colleague how to play the Chinese ban-hu. Zltu Y ongqitttJ Cui f.ioolr't

CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Outing at the Great Wall. Cui Baolin

Chinese pipa' player Liu Dehai, A group of about 500 in the mittee Theater before an audience pianist Liu Shikun and the Chinese auditorium included Tan Shu- of 1,800 people from Shanghai's Central Philharmonic Orchestra. zhen, China's oldest violinist and music circles, Hoherman picked up In the United States Arthur H. Deputy Director of the Shanghai the ban-hu instead of his cello and Rosen, President of the National Conservatory of Music and ten- played his solo. Perspiration ap- Committee on U.S.-China Rela- year+Id pupils from the primary peared on his forehead but he tions and vice-head of the Boston school attached to the con- came through well and expressed Symphony delegation to China, servatory. Silverstein and second the spirit of the piece. The had received several Chinese cul- violinist Marylou Speaker gave audience burst into applause. tural troupes. Now in China he demonstrations and discussed ac- When Hoherman breathed a sigh spoke of normalization as "some- curacy of tone, tone color and the of relief and wiped his face with thing we've worked for for many bow, interpreting with passages a handkerchief there were gales of yeans. been from classical works. Now that it has Iaughter and the atmosphere be- achieved everybody's happy and A big ovation greeted the sym- came warm and informal. wants to find a way to express phony's excerpts f.rom The White- didn't know the Chinese had their feelings." hazred Girl Suite in which the cel- "I good On March 15 a thousand musi- list Martin Hoherman, 58, played such a sense of humor," he good cians from groups in and around his solo on a ban-hu, a Chinese said later. It was too a Shanghai gathered in the Shang- violin something like the er-hu. A gesture to let go and he decided hai Conservatory of Music. Here very versatile artist, Hoherman to do it during the symphony's they divided into 15 groups ac- has been with the Boston Sym- premiere performance in Beijing cording to instruments to exchange phony for 26 years. He had never on March 17 in the Red Tower ideas dnd experience vzith concert- seen a ban-hu until the previous Theater. "My heart beat fast master Joseph Silverctein and the day, yet coached by a Chinese col- when I heard that Vice-Premier symphony's principal artists. Chi- league, he learned the solo in The Deng and Vice-Chairman Soong nese and Americans played for White-haired Girl Suite. Ching Ling (Mme. Sun Yat-sen) each other and learned from each The next morning at a dress re- were at our concert," Hoherman others'strong points. hearsal in the Revolutionary Com- said. "At the end of my perform-

JULY T979 ance I saw Deng smiling at me and This was Ozawa's third visit to He Wanqing's six-year-old son that was a big relief." China. He did indeed seem in- presented him with a bouquet of toxicated with happiness that narcissus, Boston Symphony's Beijing a Ozawa's eyes filled with THE burst out wherever he went. After I premiere included Gershwin's tears and he embraced the child. the performance of Beethoven's An American cn Paris and Berlioz's Fifth Sgmphony and an encore of Symphonie Fantastique, and the OR members the Stars and Stripes ForeueT by the all the of concerto for ptr,pa, Little Sisters of Boston Symphony except 277 musicians of the combined the Grasslands, with Liu Dehai as Oza:wa it was the first visit to Boston Symphony and Chinese soLoist. In response the en- China. Even though Beijing's cul- to Philharmonic orchestra before a thusiastic cries encores, the tural relics and scenic spots greatly for Beijing audience of 18,000, the American artists played Berlioz's attracted these cultural applause was thunderous. Ozawa them, Rakoczt March and excerpts from ambassadors poured most their was so pleased that he moved of The White-haired Gitl Suite. time energy exchanges Vice- around the audience clapping with and into Premier Deng and Vice-Chairman with Chinese musicians. They them. Later he said, felt like a Soong went up stage to "I held three open rehearsals with to the swimrner in a sea of thousands of shake hands with Chinese musicians drew Seiji Ozawa and people. I couldn't keep myself which the other artists. thousands of listeners, among them from going around the audi- Though past 1,700 parts it was ten when toriuin." musicians from all of their perlormance ended, the the country. Ozaw'a was certainly the busiest Americans headed for the Beijing During joint rehearsals friend- member of the orchestra during Duck Restaurant where the chefs ships grew up between the mu- the tour. Every day his schedule had prepared a whole banquet of sicians of the countries. At was packed. At noon on the 17th, two this famous specialty. Ozawa for example, finished one of these, for example, two raised his wine glass to say, he a re- young women, second violinist "We hearsal at the Capital Stadium, didn't expect the presence of Vice- Sheila tr'iekowsky Chinese then hurried over to the Central and Premier Deng Xiaoping and second violinist, Fu Xiaohong, Conservatory of Music to give a Madame Soong Ching Ling who is sat next to each other. Fu Xiao- class to the students of conducting. in her late 80s. The moment we hong had been learning English Over 40 conductors from all over arrived in Shanghai we asked for over the radio had only China had also come. Ozawa but two things in China: a Beijing managed to master some simple taught the class by coaching thr.ee duck dinner and visit the sentences, so she carried a pocket- a to students as they took turns at the Great Wall. Tonight our first wish dictionary with her and often had baton Schubert's Unfini,shed has come true and tomorrow with refer when she started our Sgmphony. to to it second will become a fact." Loud talking with Sheila. The two The people China, where applause and cheers supported his of found that they had much in com- Ozawa was born have always been speech. "We enjoy your duck," mon. Both were 21 years old. his As a small child he one American said to the waiters, in heart. Both were married but with no "just like you enjoy our music." had lived at No. 69 Xinkai Road children yet. Xiaohong's hobby When the waiters told them that in Beijing. Last year when he was knitting and Sheila knew Beijing Duck Restaur.ant had a visited China his mother, Seiji dressmaking. During rehearsals history of 130 years, someone said, Sakura, took him and his three they were sometimes so absorbed "Thirty years older than the brothers to Xinkai Road to meet in talking with the dictionary that Boston Symphony!" Conductor the four families now living there. they forgot to practice. They ex- Seiji Ozawa toasted the health of One of them, He Wanqing, told changed violins for the perform- the manager, the chef and the Ozawa, "We enjoyed your per- ances. Afterward, they exchanged waiters. One musician concluded, formance over TV immensely. We mementos, Sheila presented her "Beijing Duck is a form of Chinese were very moved." Ozawa with violin strings and Xiaohong art. Art, music and friendship are answered, "The next time I come gave Sheila a porcelain vase and three words that express the to China, I can't let you just see some Chinese silk. The two went hearts of everyone here tonight." it on TV, I must invite you to the shopping together in the down- @ncert." This year on the day town department stores and Xiao- FORTY-THREE-YEAR-OLD Sei- before the March 19 concert Oza- hong helped Sheila select a Chinese [' ji Ozawa had told reporters wa's rnother appeared again with cotton-padded jacket. on the plane from Shanghai to 12 invitations for everyone in the ' On March 20, when the Boston Beijing, "For.several years I have coirrtyard. At the performance the Symphony boarded their plane for dreamed of bringing the Boston 12 guests of Ozawa were seated home, Xiaohong dnd the entire Symphony to China 'and have on the rostrum. Central Philharmonic Orchestra them play with Chinese musicians On the day he was to return to were at the airport. Xiaohong and and exchange experi'ence. Now the U.S. Ozawa went to Xinkai Sheila embraced. "It is so unusual that dream has come true. No, Road to say goodbye to the four to travel half around the world to I'm still in a dream-you see, am families. He gave them autc- find a good friend,'j Sheila told I not still in the air?" graphed photos of himself. When her.

8 CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS Performing Tchaikovsky's S1'ntphon_t No 6 in B tninor (rhe parhetique).

Liu Shikun, Chinese pianist, playing Liszt's Piuno Concer to I in E flur ntojor with the Boston Symphony Orchestra.

Liu Dehai, Chinese piptt ptayer, performing Lirrlr, Sisters oJ the Grassl.ands, a concerto for piprt and orchestra, with the Boston Symphony Orchestra. Chinese leaders Deng Xiaoping and Madatne Sr-:ong Ching Ling. conte on sttrge to congratu late Nlr. Ozawa, his mother and the Boston Symphonl Orchestra on thcir perlormance

Zhou Xiaoyan (fiont, left), Deputy Director of Shanghai Enthusiastie Iisteners (Beijing). servatory of Music, with American musicians during their Exchanging experience with Chinese colleagues (Beijing).

Bernard Zighera coaching a Chinese harpist (Shanghai).

.trosep verstein playing for Chinese virilirisfs as {rf his coaching (Beijing). (Jzawa coaching a student conducror in a performance of Shubert's Lhtfnished i..-mphon,v by students of the middle schoor attached to the central conservatory of Music. Visiting the Palace Museum (Beijing).

The Bostonians on a Shanghai street.

Saying goodbye at the Beijing airport. Photos hy' Zltu Yongqirtg oriental i.nstruments with an orchestra of western instruments. Later Ozawa told us that he feli in love with our work the first time he heard it. After returning to the United States he wrote to the Central Philharmonic asking for the score.

T N JUNE 1978 Ozawa came to r China again as the Central Philharmonic Orchestra's guest conductor. Our first cooperative effort was when we performed Little Sisters of. the Grasslands. I was deeply moved by his en- thusiasm and serious attitude to- ward our experimental work. He tried hard to get at the depth of the piece and kept asking us to explain it passage by passage. Every morning he would get up nt five and study the score. Seiji Ozawu as I still remember our first re- hearsal. That morning I had re- hearsed with him accompanied by a piano. In the evening he con- f knou) Ilino ducted the orchestra through the entire piece without any interrup- tion. The members of the orchestra were so amazed that we could not LIU DEHAI help giving him a standing ovation. The next evening when the Cen- tral Philharmonic Orchestra gave its first performance, Ozawa con- ducted the piece without reading the score. In fact, on his stand in- stead of the score he had Pictures of his father and his familY! Ozawa was born in northeastern China and during his childhood T HAVE WORKED with the four was smashed. That very had lived for a time in Beijing. His I Boston Symphony orchestra month the Central Philharmonic father had dreamed of bringing conductor Seiji Ozawa several Orchestra began to rehearse it. him back to China and Ozawa was year, times in the last two years. This In December of the same happy that he had made this dream has given me a chance to know Ozawa came to China at the in- come true. The first evening was him and learn from him. vitation of the Chinese People's great with a success. In 19?2 Wu Zuqiang, Wang Yan- Association for Friendship In judging an artist we should qiao Foreign Countries. At a concert arid I ot the Central Philhar- not confine ourselves to his stage given by the Central Philharmonic monic Orchestra started to com- performance but, more imPortant, pose pipa concerto Little in his honor, we performed Little the take into consideration his activi- Sislers of the Grasslands a Sisters of the Grasslands for the ties stage and his artistic out- Chinese instrumental solo accom-- first time. At the end of the con- off has proved himself panied by western instruments. cert, Ozawa shook hands with me look. Ozawa The music, which has strong warmly and said that in Japan he very capable in handling his rela- Mongolian characteristics, presents had tried to combine the pipo and tions with members of the children's life on the steppes of tLre shakuhati (Japanese flute) with orchestra. At the first rehearsal I new China. But it could not be western music. He had not ex- was very nervous when I stepped we performed f or four years, until pected that we could do so well. onto the stage. But after October 19?6 when the gang of That was my first meeting with began I found that Ozawa, whose Ozawa. We became friends at style combines breadth and LIU DEHAI is a pipa soloist of the once. We found that we as Asians freedom, left room for the PlaYers Central Philharmonic Orchestra. were both interested in integrating to give their own very best. At

JULY 1979 13 each key point he would cue the this is one of the main reasons for musical terms. They did it with various sections. He told us to go his success here. We all felt that refinement, depth and passion. At ahead and p1ay, and not to be Ozawa's conducting was true ar- the end of each perf ormance nervous. "I'll be responsible for tistic recreation. Under his baton Ozawa would take me by the hand any mistakes," he said. "You just our orchestra becarne a new to answer the curtain caII. I was remind me if I do anything orchestra and the music we Per- clearly ard/are of the pains he had wrong." When I carried the theme, formed new also. taken and what an important role he held the orchestra in close ac- he was playing in bringing about companiment. When the orchestra T AST March Ozawa brought the the cooperation between the took over the theme, I followed. L] 16t1or. Boston Symphony American and Chinese mwicians a There was close rapport among us. Orchestra to China, his long- that made the performance In his one-week stay in China cherished dream. When he saw me success. Ozawa was like one of us. In every in the crowd waiting at the Shang- Talented and rich in knowledge, way he set high demands on him- hai airport, he rushed uP and Ozawa is now one of the worid's self as an ordinary member of the hugged me war"mly. "Our Per- famous conductors. But he shows orchestra. After rehearsals he formance this time will not only respect for conductors of different would bicycle all over the district be noted in America," he said. "but schools, their style and character- with us, laughing and enjoying also of the whole worId." istics. At a forum arranged bY the everything. He stayed one night in Ozawa somehow communicated Chinese People's Association for the home of Han Zhongjie, the this feeling to the orchestra and Friendship with Foreign Countries Central Philharmonic's conductor. enabled its members, trained in on his visit last year he exPlained He often had warm, heart-to-heart western music and with no ex- his technique to his Chinese col- talks with us. He dressed casually perience playing Chinese mrxic, to leagues without reservations, and and was sincere with people. We express the feeling of the Chinese then went on to discuss the work became very fond of him, I think people through the unfamiliar of other world-famous conductors. "You should know not onlY me, you should invite famous con- ductors throughout the world to Seiji Ozawa and the author ansu'ering curtain calls in Beijing. Zlllt \')nQqing visit your country," he said. Back in the United States at a meeting of the Boston SymPhonY Board of Directors, he said that the visit to China had been successful, but he felt a bit worried that he had aP' peared too consPicuous. Last March the Pianist Liu Shi- kun and I flew to Boston with the members of the Boston SYmPhonY for a 12-day' tour. With Ozawa conducting, we Performed with our American colleagues again. It may be a bit difficult for foreign- ers to understand China's instru- ments and ancient musil, but our experiment with the new form was warmly received. EverY Per- formance won long ovations. In spite of a Packed schedule, Ozawa found time to entertain Liu Shikun and me at his home in a Boston suburb. He served us iiaozi as made in north China where he used to live. After lunch we sat on the rug. His mother, Mme. Seiji Sakura. served us. tea in the Japanese style. Ozawa said to me, "Besides t},e Little Sisters of the Grqsslands I hope You'Il comPose many other Pieces in the future." Ozawa is a good bridge between oriental'and western music.

I4 CHINA EECONSTRUCTS Economic ReadlustmemE Eo Speed Modernization Xie Beiyi - lnterview with )(ie Beiyi, Vice-lvlinister of the State Capital Construction Commission

News about Chi,na's reailjustment oJ her plan Jor the national economg h'as brought many questions from readers on hogs the plan for capital construction utould be retsi,sed. Vice-Minister Xie Beiyi ansu)ers questions put bA'our rePorter. e. Why it is necessary to readjust the plan for the between the raw material, power and processing in- national economy for the next two or three years? dustries. Our capital construction is extended over too wide a front and has been beyond the capacity of A. Essentially it is necessary to create conditions in our manpower, natural and financial resources for which China's modernization can forge ahead on a a long time. This has caused a disproportionate rela- firmer basis, at a higher speed and along a path tion between accumulation and consumption and characteristically Chinese. Since the gang of four was affected the people's standard of living. We must ousted in 19?6 we have done much to restbre the readjust the economy so that all branches, including economy. Capital construction investment realized capital construction projects and production unlts, and capacity to turn out main products was greater in mesh smoothly. 19?7 than in 19?6. In 1978 the investment in capital This kind of readjustment is not without a prece- construction surpassed any previous year and was dent. In the early 60s when China was in economic 21.5 percent higher than in 19?6. The 1977 gross value difficulties due to natural disasters, we needed to of industrial output rose 14.3 percent over 1976, correct shortcomings and mistakes. The Iate Premier and the 1978 figure was up by another 13.25 percent. Zhou Enlai formuiated a policy of readjusting' con- There was also a substantial increase in agricultural solidating, filtiirg out and raising standards which production over the past two years' China's economy, brought the economy back to normal. Our present brought to almost total ruin by the gang of four, policy of readjusting, consolidating, reorganizing and has recovered and is turning upward. raiiing standards is being carried out in much the The economy, however, still faces many diffi- same down-to-earth spirit. It will allow us to guar- culties. China is a big country with 900 million peo- antee the completion of key projects using modern ple and a very backward economy. We want to keep technology, to balance the economy and to improve our economic development in line with our country's the people's standard of living more rapidly. actual conditions and possibilities. But a decade of readjust sabotage and disruption by Lin Biao and the gang of a. What specific measures will be taken to four left a legacy of iG own kind. capital construction proiects? The most serious problem is the lack of propor- A. We will make changes in both the scale of invest- tional balance. The development of agricuiture is ment and areas of investment. Based on actual needs far behind the needs of the economy as a whole. In and possibilities, we will add some projects and cancel agticulture itself the relation between f arming, or postpone others. We need to establish a proper forestry and animal husbandry is greatly ou! of pro- ratio between accumulation and consumption and to portion. The same is true of grain and industrial gear the scale of capital construction to the deveiop- crops. In industry we do not have the propor ratio ment of the economy &s a whole.

JULY 1979 15 Imported equipment in Tianjin's WooIIen MiII No. l.

For the present we must limit our proiects to too low a technical ievel or at too high a cost of what we can afford. We must also give priority to production. weak sectors such as coal, oil, power, transportation, Only this will allorv us to concentrate on con- Capital communications and building materials, and at the structing the most urgently-needed key units. be extended over same time give priority to agriculture, light industry construction forces wilL not then and heavy industry, in that order. We must also create conditions for setting up light industrial enter- A bridge on the nerv Changping-Tongliao rail line. prises, textile mills, housing and pubiic utilities, all of which are closely related to market supply and the people's livelihood. More than 100,000 projects with investments of over 50,000 yuan (1,000 of them of large or medium size) are now under construction. If continued, these will take all our manpower, material and financlal resources and will not be fi.nished for four to five years finished them all we would - yet even if we not have a balanced economy. Moreover. some of these projects are not of sufficiently high technical level. Therefore, we will cancel those projects which are not urgently needed for developing the national economy or thdse for which conditions are not fully ready, We lvill speed up those projects that are easy and quick to build and economically profitable, We wiil cut down some fuel, power, raw materials enter- prises. some that were constructed without proper planning, and those which would put out products of

16 such a wide front. This single step baekward will make it possible for us to take two steps forward in the future. It will enable us to carry our socialist construction forward at high speed on an even more solid base. a. What relation does this readjustment have then to the Ten-Year Plan for national economic develop- ment? Will it change any of the targets of the plan? Will cutbacks affect the 120 key projects listed in the plan? A. Total investment in capital construction will not be cut very much. It will actually inerease steadily year by year, but not much in the next two or three years. The targets of the plan will not be aband

A 200-too lloating crane made in Shanghal.

in one more beneficial to our socialist construction. We must consider what and what not to import and what to import first. The principles of equality, mutual benefit and honoring debts will be adhered to in importing funds. All sectors of the economy are being urged to increase production for export, a factor which will enable us to keep an import-export balance while importing a larger amount of advanced equipment and technology. Thus as our economy grows there will be a steady growth in our imports.

t1 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY If the formation of the earth 6348.5 and 6413.6 angstrom units. took place about 5 billion Years The measurement was accurate to ago, it is estimated that the earliest l-0.3 angstrom units. In the spring organisms appeared about a billion of 19?? the Anhui OPtical Instru- years later. Some Years ago in ments Institute discovered these southern part of Africa geologists new lines in the fluorine atom found fossils of unicellular or- laser and the xenon fluoride quasi- ganisms in the strata formed 3.2 molecule laser. billion lo 2.6 billion Years ago. The discoverY of these lines was Round or oval, theY were called reported in the U'S. magazine Eobacterium isolatum and Ar- Optics in MaY 197? and in the chaeospheroides barberstonensis. Soviet magazine APPLied PhYsics These were procarYotes, or simPle in October'1977. Cone-shaped algae sittian' diffused nucleic acids (enlarged cells with erlsis 160 times). i.e., with no nuclei and there- - possibilitY of sexual re- MULTI.ANTIMYCIN fore no FOR FOSSU-S SHOW production. FUNGICIDE EUCARYOTES EARLIER The appearance of eucarYotes, AGBICULTURE nucleus, that is organisms with a of THAN THOUGHT the evolu- rnHE MicrobiologY Institute marked a milestone in of in of l" the Chinese AcademY T) UCARYOTES are cells tion of life and develoPment pesticide F' the nucleic acids are The discoverY of these Sciences and agricultural *hi"h the earth. and Yanbian concentrated in a visibly evident fossils is of imPortance to the factories in Shanghai province have brought out nucleus. Scientists have long paleontological study of the strato- in Jilin of multi-antimYcin for argued over when they first ap- type section of Sinian suberathem a new kind diseases in plants' peared in evolutionary process. important in the theoretical treating fungus the and is of trial use in Some date this 900 million years stu.dy of the origin and evolution After several Years has to be oI ago, others put it much later. Now life. the fields, it Proved of Iow toxicitY and Chinese scientists have identified high efficacY, harmless to animals and humans' eucaryotes in fossils dated between NEW SPECTRUM LINES to 1,200 and 1,400 million years ago. Used on tobacco Plants Pre- OF' FLUORINE ATOM is from The well-preserved eucaryote vent red spots, its efficacY fossils were found in black chert LASER 60 to 80 Percent, thus raising the grade from the Wumi Mountains in qINCE the 60s more than a quality of tobacco leaves one today's Hebei province. The J thousand spectrum lines in higher. It also cures Powdery analysis was made by researchers laser have been found abroad. mildew and anthrax. On sugar of the Tianjin Geological and Ore Recently China's scientists have beets it is ?5 Percent efficient in in Research Institute, the Hy- begun to discover new ones. preventing ochronosis, resulting drobiology Institute of the Chinese In March 19?? researchers at the a 40 to 80 Percent higher sugar Academy of Sciences and bY Shanghai Precision OPtical In- content. It is 8? to 94 Percent ef- scientists from Beijing University struments Institute of the Chinese fective on ginseng scabs and in- an,C Nanjing University. Academy of Sciences observed creases the Yield of seed. With The eucaryote was identified as sPectrum lines bacterial teaf blight on rice it is multinucleate algae with mid- some ligtrt red a those of helium-neon ?5 percent effective. On PowderY stem from which wheel-like similar to (wave length 6328 angstrom mildew on wheat the result is branches grew in a row on both laser spots fluorine atom better than when colloidal sulfur sides. They were classified as units) in of the sPectrum lines of is used. belonging to the PolYchaeta Iaser. Since in the fluorine atom laser previously It is also fairlY effective family, of the Siphonal,es order in preventing some diseases of t};.e Chlorophyceae closs, and were reported abroad were of wave vegetables, fruits and tea bushes, Cone-shaped algae sini,a- lengths of more than 6900 named oranges, tangerines and nensis. Another type of eucaryote angstrom units theY susPected in storing and in pro'tecting rice fossil found belonged to the that these might be still undis- other fruits, seedlings. In concentrations less Chroococcaceae f amily of the covered lines. In MaY that Year million it does not Chroococcales (blue-green algae) they photographed these lines with than 50 Per grating sPectrograPh harm fish being raised in PaddY class. These were ball-shaped ag- a one-meter its gregates of cells the size of 4 made by the Shanghai OPtical In- fields. Moreover, Production no en- microns enveloped in a cotrorless. struments Factory and got new process causes PracticallY transparent colloidal sheath. ,lines with wave lengths of 6239.7' vironmental Pollution'

CHINA RECONSTRUCTS 1B THE l00th anniversary of Albert Einstein,s birth I was March 14 this year. The name. of this century's most eminent scientist has long been famil- iar to intellectual circles in China. The slogan "Science and Democlacy,, raised during the anti-imperialist and anti-feudalist May EINSTEIN Fourth Movement of 191g made me decide to study physics. Just about that time, through observations of eclipses of the sun, British astronomers verified Einstein's prediction that the rays of star light passing by the sun travel not in straight but curved lines caused by the gravitational field of the it was AND a confirmation of Einstein's theory of gravitation. This shook the whole world. Chinese papers carried many articles introducing Einstein,s theory. In the Physics Department of Beijing University a series of lectures introduced Einstein,s theory of relativity and contrasted it with Newton's concept of CHINA time-space. I attended these lectures with great enthusiasm, although I was only a boy of seventeen then. ZHOU PEIYUAN The theory of relativity was first introduced into China by Xu Chongqing ln an article in October 1917. The late Vice-President of the Chinese Academy of ,,The Elnstein at his Prinecton'home in 193?. Zltrttt l,'tt11111n Sciences Wu Youxun published his Fourth Di- mensiori" in February 1g19 when he was a student in Nanjing. Iri November 1g20 a special report by ,,Ruo .Yr" (u pen name) was published in China Times aod Iater in The Eastern Miscellany. It praised Einstein as the Copernicus and Newton of our time and a great revolutionary in science. It also described how he had been persecuted in Germany. A second report intro- duced Eirlstein's life, accompanied by photos. In its seventh issue Vol. lII, The Journal of the young China Association caried photographs of Einstein the scientist himself had given to the Chinese readers. Even more important was yang euan,s transla_ tion, Einstein's Theory oJ Retatiuity. In 1920 Eugene Higgins, ar1 American, offered $ b,000 for anyone who could put Einstein's theory into simple language within 3,000 words. The winner was L. Bolton, a clerk in the British Patent'Office, whose 2g19-word article was carried in the Scientific American maga- zine on February 5, L927. Yang's translation of this was published March 16 in China's Science magazine. In the 20s Professor Xia Yuanli of Beijing Uni- versity was one of the noted Chinese scholars on the theory of relativity. He had studied in the United States and later attended lectures by planck and Einstein in Berlin. He taught the theory of rela- tivity in Beijing University and other schools. In 1921 Xia and Cai Yuanpei, then president of the uni- versity, visited Einstein in Berlin and invited him to

ZIJOU PEIYUAN is Acting Chairman of the Scientific and Technical Association of the People's Bepublic of China, Vlce-President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and President of Beijing University.

JULY T97O 19 lbcture in China. But the;, did not comc to a def- and honest. When he talked with me, he showed deep inite decis:on at the timc. sympathy for the Chinese people and said he placed In 7922 on his way to Japan for a lecture tour high hopes on a nation which had had such a long Einstein stopped over in Shanghai. He expressed his history of civilization. willingness to deliver lecture.s lor two weeks in After the First Revolutionary Civil War (1924-27), China after his Japanese tour, Beijing University physics departments were established in China's uni- telegraphed him extendlng a warm welcome. The versities. The specific theory of relativity became invitation, however, was somehow delayed in part of the course on electrodynamics. Aimost every reaching him. Einstein, r,r,ho thought the University student studied it. As for the general theory of rela- did not want to invite him, changed his plans. "It tivity, only a few schools taught it, to say nothing was a great pity," he said later whenever he thought of doing research. Serious teaching and reseal-ch on of the missed opportunity in China. The Iate Presi- the general theory of relativity rvas started only after dent of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Guo Moruo the founding of the New China (Ko Mo-jo), who was then in Japan, attended Einstein's lectures there. From 1917 to 1923 some 100 articles on Einstein and his theory were carried in Chinese newspapers and journals. Fifteen books on his theory and his works were published. Science in China was still young and backward. The country was torn by the rule of feqdal warlords and suffered from imperia- list aggression and exploitation. Under such circum- stances it was quite extraordiqary that Einstein's achievements could have received so much attention. On a lecture tour in China on "The Analysis of Matter" in 1920, Bertrand Russell mentioned the Albert lJinstein theory of relativity. He referred to Lenin and Ein- Cotnnten orutiue stein as "two great men of our time" in social revolu- tion and scientific revolution. Such an appraisal as frN March 14. the 100th birthdav of lJ seen today 60 years later is still pertinent. tn" great scientist Albert Einstein. a commemorative stamp was issued. The stamp bears a portrait of Albert I INStntN showed great concern for the Chinese Einstein in sepia, with his eQuation E: I people. On stopcvers in Shanghai on his trip to mcl in gold at the bottom and Chinese characters also in gold on the right Japan back and forth in 1922 he saw with his own reading "Commemoration of the l00th eyes the suffering of the working people of old China. anniversary of the birth of Albert It aroused his deep sympathy and anger. He wrote Einstein." in his travel diary, "In Shanghai the Europeans have The stamp is of 8 Jen denomination and measures 30 X 40 rr,m. Perl. 11. forme,C a ruli.ng class, while the Chinese are their Color photogravured, Serial number: J slaves. This is the poorest nation on earth and its 36 (1-1). people have been treated no better than beasts of burden. The contrast in the social status of the Europeans and Chinese in Shanghai makes the recent revolutionary incidents in China especially under- standable. This is an industrious nation-groaning in slavery, yet it is an indomitable nation." We shall never forget Einstein's repeated Appeal to various countries after the "September 18th In- cident" in 1931 for unite'd economic boycott to stop Japanese miliJary aggression in China. Neither shall we forget how in 1937 he voiced solidarity with seven public figures in China who were being persecuted by the Kuomintang authorities for a'dvocating resistance to Japanese aggression. In 1936 I worked for a year in the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton and took part in the seminar on relativity under Einstein's direction. He always encouraged us, put forward comments with genuine sincerity and solicited the opinions of the young scientists on his work. He was modest, kind

20 CHINA RECONSTBUCTS ,.

tr.: i

i:i t Einstein Commem0ration Activities

The Einstein centennial meeting in Beijins. lr!'ui1q I'llt i rfiO COMMEMORATE Einstein's science has been realized by peo- tionary change in such broad I ccntennial. the Scientific and ple in ever-increasing numb€rs. fields." Yu also said, "A discovery TechnicaL Association of the Peo- "We are having this commem- such as relativity couldn't help but ple's Republic of China, the Chi- oration of Einstein not ohly be- have a great influence on philo- nese Physical Society and the Chi- cause the scientific cohtributions of sophical thinking. Numerous philo- nese Astronomical Societv held a his whole life had a profound im- sophers enlightened by Einstein's meeting in Beijing on February 20 pact on the development of mddern specific theory of relativity carried this year. Over 1.000 scientists science but also because he show- on philosophical studies of time attendeci. ed great courage in his exploring concepts and knowledge." Guests at the meeting were and pioneering efforts and dedica- Many other meetings were held Erwin Wickert, West German am- tion to truth and social justice. It in China to commemorate Einstein. bassador to China; East Germah is an example for us and a force There were reports such as "Ein- counsellor Dr. Heribert Kunz: encouraging 'us to strive for stein's Contribution to Physics" by Swiss charge d'affaires ad interim modernization. Dr. Hu Ning of Beijing University, Guy Ducrey; J. Stapleton Roy, "This universally esteemed "The Life and Thought of Einstein" then deputy director of the United scientist met with humiliation and by Zhao Zhongli of the Natural States Liaison Office in China; slander in our country during the Science History Institute, and "The Dr. Chieh-chien Chang, professor Lin Biao-gang of four period. It Gravitational Wave" by Qin Rong- of space science and atmospheric is with a view to restoring the xian of the Institute of Fhysics. physics at Catholi.c University of honored position of this great A new translation of Einstein's America in Washington, D.C., scientist in China that this meeting works has been published to com- who was in China on a Iecture in his honor is being held today." memorate the 100th anniversary of tour; and West German scien- Yu Guangyuan, Vice-President the great scientist. The first of the tists Dr. Hans-Jorg Deiseroth and of the Chinese Academy of Social three-volume Einstein Essoys was meeting, Dr. Wolfgang Gerhard Bauhofer. Seiences said at the "I republished. Zhou Peiyuan's pre- agree with the judgment that unfil Zhou Peiyuan, Acting Chairman face for it had been an article of the and Technical As- now only Copernicus, Newton and Scientific carried in the People's Daily last sociation of the People's Republic Darwin have matched Einstein's year on 99th anniversary of of China and Vice-President of the achievements in natural science. I the Einstein's Many academic Chinese Academy of Sciences, think this is objective and right. It birth. spoke at the meeting. "Having is not out of any special love for magazines printed articles by Chi made pioneering contributions to the theory of relativity that I seem nese scientists, including Wang modern physics," he said, "Albert to overestimate this great scientist. Zhuxi's "Einstein's Contribution Einstein was the most influential His theory of relativity was the to Statistical Physics", Fang Lizhi's natural scientist of the 20th cen- result of his courageous spirit of "A New Page in the lJniverse," tury. Though he died in 1955, breaking through old concepts. and Peng Hengwu and He Zuexiu's the fruits of his scientific research This in turn had a tremendous in- "Einstein and the Implicit Para- and the impression of his brilliant fiuence in the field of natural meters of Quantum Mechanics." thinking and the strength of his science and even in the ideological Popular publications reported on moral integrity are still vivid field. There are quite a number of Einstein's theory and life in sim- among our people. The far-reach- scientists who deserve commemora- pler language. A stamp commem- ing historical significance to human tion but few like Ei.nstein who orating Einstein was issued by life of the new epoch he opened in caused such a tremendous revolu- the Chinese Stamp Company.

JULY 1979 2L A Dong multistoried house built up a slope, with a village drum torver in lhe background.

With the I)ang People of Gutungxi

YOU YUWEN

qURELY these can't be models of guage of the lIans as spoken at tively in people's communes. There \J real buildings. They must be that time. In the isolation of the have been other changes, too: elec- examples of handicraft art, I mountains it evolved into the tricity instead of the old pine thought as I stood before scale Dong language as it is known torches, trucks and a rail line in- models of two structures built by today. They have no written lan- stead of donkeys to bring in much- the people of China's Dong na- guage. Since most of the popula- needed salt and cloth - and now tionality. I was in the Guangxi tion is conversant with the present- the same industrial products as are Zhuang Autonomous Region's mu- day language of the Hans, they use sold in the Han-inhabited districts, seum exhibiting the art and culture that in their writing. as weli as goods for special Dong of the dozen nationalities living in Wherever possible, when minori- customs. In Sanjiang countY the this southern border region. In the ties live in compact communities, Dongs grow paddy rice and are next few days I was to see many autonomous counties have been set developing production of tung and examples of such Dong drum up. Sanjiang county, where I was tea oil and timber. towers and the famous Chengyang to go, became one such county for Bridge, as I visited the villages of the Dongs in 1952. It has 128,000 The Bridge and the Tower the Dong people in the mountains Dongs in a total population of a of northern Guangxi. quarter-million, with people of I got my first glimPse of the The Dongs, one of China's 54 na- Han, Zhuang, Miao and Yao na- Chengyang Bridge, one of the two tionalities, originally lived in the tionality making up the rest. It is structures whose models I had fertile, temperate areas along Chi- the only autonomous Dong county seen, as the highway through San- na's southeastern coast. About 500 in Guangxi (there are others in jiang crosses the tinxi River. Even years ago they migrated to the other provinces). more impressive than the model barren mountains straddling the Before liberation in 1949 the had led me to expect, it is one of borders of Guangxi, Guizhou and Dongs were under feudal chief- the famous bridges of this area. Its Hunan provinces to escape national tains, generally one in each village, five pavilions are linked by tiled oppression from the feudal rulers, who claimed all the land and polit- roofs which make the entire bridge who were Hans, China's_majority. ical and economic power. After a covered walk. In all of its 64.6- They brought with them the lan- liberation the people had land re- meter length (width 3.4 m., height form, then iater went through the 10.6 m.) not a single nail is used. YOU YUWEN is a staff reporter ror stages of agricultural cooperation It is held together by mortise and China ileconstructs. and now farm their land collec- tenon construction. The br.idge ,, CHINA RECONSTRUCTS stands in a iovely setting of several times provided funds for of their efforts to help each other green mountains and tree-encircied repairs and redecoration. While a in the face of the national oppres- hamlets. new modern bridge serves the high- sion which they suffered. So every- Work on it started in 1906, the rvay, the o1d bridge is still used for one pitches'in for things iike caretaker, a Dong, told me. Before pedestrians and light traffic up to bridge-building and road-laying. that there was no bridge, and peo- hand tractors. And the whole village turns out to ple and stock were frequently help at weddings, f unerals and washed while fording during hguse-raisings, travelers away The Drum Tower Weary the high-water season. The village will find little wayside pavilions eLders proposed a Iarge covered one put up for pasSers-by in the moun- I was sobn to see the other struc- which would also give protection tains, with benches, braziers for ture that had impressed me. This from wind and rain. The Dongs is the drum tower at Mapang vil- chilly days and even an assortment highly-developed have a very lage, in one of the people's com- of new straw sandals free for those social sense when it comes to any- munes. Every village has its drum whose footgear has worn through. thing for the public good, so is ever tower, and the one at Mapang is I was told that nothing everyone pitched in, Some con- stolen from the fields, fishponds tributed funds, bthers labor. Peo- the largest. From it, in the days before electricity and loudspeakers, or stacks of lumber and firewood ple from neighboring villages came. in the hills. Lost articles are pick- bringing their own food. The best a long drum made of a hollowed tree trunk was beaten to call the ed up and "shouted" about the craftsmen pooled plans and sug- village until the owner is found, gestions. was completed village together. The square be- The bridge or simply left in a public place for 11 years product of many fore the tower in the center of the later, the the owner to collect. Eoliowing Ioving. painstaking hands. Its village is also the gathering place ancient custom, a hunter always many-eaved pavilions are crowned f or after-work socializing, story- shares his bag with whoever has with red baked-clay gourds, a sym- telling, songs. The wooden tower, gone hunting with him. bol of good luck, and its rafters, also lovingly made shows the pillars and ceiiings are decorated Dong's relatively high Ievel of cul- with intricate carved designs. tural achievement. Songs for All Occasions After liberation the people's The Dongs' tradition of public- govelnment put it under protection .spiritedness which has continued Singing is one of these shared ac- as an important cultural relic and down to today, I was told, grew out tivities. Weddings and celebrations

The Chengyang Bridge, the longest bridge of mortise and tenon eonstruetion in China. flr

,6, \ $,

&a s The national costume with bands of elaborate embroidery is still macle, but today put together on the sewing machine' Dong musicians with traditional reed-pipe. )":-..,1 of all kinds, working together in nothing comes bf it. Then he meets the fields all are occasions for a ballad singer who teaches him to singing, each- one taking his turn. sing. When he becorhes skilled at A few bars played on reed PiPes it he goes to sing under her in the middle of the night can get window. On the first daY she opens everyone out of bed for an im- the window to listen. The next daY ' :i';' (' I promptu songfest at the foot of the she leaves the door slightlY ajar' village drum tower. The Dongs On the third, the music apparently' have songs of all'kinds from his- so ovefcomes her comPunctions on torical epics to rousing drinking dolng what her Parents want that songs and love songs accomPanied she elopes with him. by the pipa, a mandolin-like in- The ba1lad singer is highlY strument. There are songs to wel- respected in Dong societY. I met come and songs to send off a guest one of them, the venerable Wu and songs for a chance meeting on Jujing who is both skilled in his the road. An unusual tYPe are the art and wise in the waYs of men, "flute songs," in which the singer In addition to singing many songs plays his own flute accomPaniment on the history of the Dongs and with his nose, their way of life, he makes uP Many marriages begin with many out of current life' During young peoplg meeting at song com- the land reform one of his songs, 'Woes" petitions; singing has been known "Grandma Li's helPed get to assuage the anger of quarreling the movement off to a good start, spouses and aid their making-uP. and he composed others satirizing There is a legend about a Young the despotic landlords and gentry. girl who cannot marry the man have she loves because her Parents Occasion for HosPitalitY arranged for her to marrY some- one else. The young man asks The Dongs say that to be hos- others to intercede f or him, but pitable is a rule laid down for them

CHINA RECONSTBUCTS by their ancestors. So naturally puffed rice and lried peanuts and whether they all belonged to the the arrival of myself and my re- beans are put in, or else bits ot same family. porter and anthropologist traveling salt pork and parched glutinous "You Dor-rgs certainly like sour companions in a village near the Courtesy requires guest rice, the pickled county town was the occasion for drink at least three bowls of this vegetables," I observed to a feast. Our host, a commune substantial broth. the young production brigade member, Iived in a four-story tile- Ieader sitting next to me during bowls roofed wooden house built in Dong As we sat talking over of the meal. This elicited the informa- tea, a fashion up a mountain slope. As a bailad singer struck up tion, accompanied by a huge grin, pipa is the custom in this part of the song on the - this one a song that he was a Zhuang, not a Dong. country, the ground level is for of welcome for visitors from afar. Then, in fluent Dong vernacular he young people chickens, livestock and fuel sforage. The began to troop went on to say that he couldn't the Above it are the living room and up the stairs swaying to even speak the language when he cadence of the music. kitchen, with bedrooms on the came here f our years ago. But third story and storerooms on the My host now led us to the dinner since then he had adapted to the fourth. table. I counted fifty dishes of life and, yes, he liked sour pickled food, among them such delicacies vegetables they were good for As our host led us up the stairs - as duck, chicken and meat salted the digestion. I noticed seven or eight women preparing according to a special Dong recipe, The minority nationality com- busy dinner in the pickled vegetables. kitchen. They wore the local-style and sour As munities I visited in Guangxi were we ate, women kept urging us collarless, wide-sleeved dresses of the al] more or less multinational in to try this or that dish. I was some- deep purple held in at the waist makeup. The same is true for their what puzzled their insistence with a belt, neck circlets and by my finely-wrought earrings of silver. until host explained that enter- taining guests gives the women a Tea-drinking is an indispensable chance to show off their culinary ritual for guests. The Dongs pre- skilIs. Almost every woman in the pare it in their own unique way. neighborhood contributes a ,few

& Pl-r.otos by Xinhua Prof" Fei Xiaotong (second lefi), a eontributor ta China Reconstructs, in a Dong commune member's home.

cadres, whose ranks included Zhuangs, Miaos; Yaos, Hans and others. Some were f ormer Peo- ple's Liberation Army men who had come with the units that Lib- erated this area nearly 30 years Fireworks festival, a Dong holiday on the 26th ago. They had stayed on to help day of the l0th month ol the luqar calendar. build up the region and many had married iocal girls. Others were Iike the young man above, who had First the tea leaves are browned dishes, then waits eagerly for the grown up in a nearby area and had slightly in tea-seed oil, and some- guest's comments. The proudest been assigned to this brigade by times a handful of boiled glutinous woman is the one whose dish is county leaders. AII had become rice is thrown in. Then boiling emptied first. That explained why part of this big f amily of na- water and salt are added and the there had been so many women in tionalities now working together to leaves are strained off. Then the kitchen: I had been wondering build a modern, socialist China.

JULY 1979 25 FABLES FOR TODA Another frog ahead of him t waY ahead Yhe Race of the Frog and the liger GUO SIJIU answered, "Tiger, I'm of you!" Frantic, the tiger ran for all he /1NE mornins as the sun mantled powwo!ff. How could theY outwit was worth until his fur was wet (J tn" Awa Mountains with a the tiger? Pooling their ideas and his tongue hung out of his golden sheen, the mist evaPorated together, they came uP with a way mouth. Thinking that this time and the dew droPs on the leaves to beat the tiger' he must have Passed the frog, he glistened, a little frog Perched on stopped again and called, ." a banana leaf sung merrilY. rf\HE next daY when theY arrived "Frog. the f orest A proud tiger strode out of the said, A frog waiting in I for the race the frog said, forest. When he saw how gaY the Call ahead jumPed out and "Tiger, let's start together. behind, Tiger!" frog was, he said quite annoYed, and if "You're way me from time to time You shook the tiger. He "Ha! So you're the little imP who that means This really don't hear my answer, himself, "Oh no! If I has kept me awake all night with behind thought to I've already fallen You." this race to the frog I'11 be the your noise !" rePlied lose "Okay." the tiger laughing stock of all the animals. Staring back at the tiger with his "You can start at eyes, the frog nonchalantly, It's better if I withdraw and sliP bright, shiny I'11 catch uP with You"after has taught me dawn. away without. anyone knowing' retorted, "My mama a good snooze." was I've had Then no one is the winner or the singing ever since the daY I The tiger you don't like it, The race began. Proud loser and I'1I still have some born. If curled up under a big green tree !" prestige left." VerY Pleased with scram and fell asleep. Then the little frog that the little frog dared his plan, the tiger looked as smug Seeing pals hurrie'd to their back, the tiger decided to and his Pre- as a weasel who has just got his to tatk places along the road to lesson. he arranged paws into a honeYcomb, but teach him a "Ahal" tiger's call. have the nerve to ask await the 'forgets about the bees. He ran to said. "You awoke to find the sun Leave the moun- The tiger a bend. and seeing no one around, me, the tiger, to He began to I'1I drive out first!" already very high. he tried to sliP into the deeP tain! You the After two Without a trace of fear, the frog start out after frog. Iorest. called out, replied, "My family has lived here strides he stopped and Seeing through the tiger's trick, loudlY for generations. What makes You "Frog. ." the frog hoPPed after him think you can drive me out?" A frog waiting ahead shouted crying, "You're lost, Tiger! I'm "I don't care about anY of Your Ioudly, "I'm here!" going to find someone who wiII stupid ancestors. I'm the king of Finding that the frog was decide who is right and who is these mountains ! Whoever doesn't ahead of him, the tiger began to wrong." listen to me I'11 kick out!" run as fast as he could. After a Afraid of being shown uP bY the Without letting the frog say distance, he stopPed, thinking he frog, the once-Proud tiger escaPed anything more, the tiger tried to had passed the frog and called, to another mountain and never force the frog to leave. But the "Frog. ." came back again. frog thought a bit and said, "Tiger' I have spent all mY life in these mountains. If you are really going to throw me out, I would like to have a last look at the fiowers and trees I know so weII. But let's run a race aiound this mountain; whoever loses has to leave this place." The tiger shook with laughter upon hearing this suggestion. "The only thing imps like You can do is jump. But one steP of mine is more than you'Il IeaP in a whole day ! You'II lose for sure, Frog, and I'11 stay here forever," the tiger bragged. The race was set for the next day. Upon returning home, the frog called all his pals together for a Drauing bY Chen Yongzhen

CHINA RECONSTRUCTS 26 s0tJTH rtJ.|rAN-l

Xiumeru (A*oy)

lsland City on the Southern Coast

WU TONG

YIAMEN (Amoy). a famous port tion hall. These changed Jimei, China and the reactionary rule of z\ city for centuries, Iies on arl formerly a poor fishing village, the Kuomintang. He supported the island of the same name in a large into an educational center known Ieadership of the Chinese Com- bay on the southern coast of Fu- in China and abroad. In 1921 he munist Party and the building of jian province. Since 1956 it has started Xiamen University. socialism, and did much to promote been connected with the mainland After liberation Tan Kah-kee the unity among overseas Chinese by a wide five-kilometer causeway felt there was even more signifi- abroad. In 1945 Chairman Mao for trains, vehicles and pedestrians. cance in developing education. With Zedong commended his patriotism The city limits on the mainland the help of the people's government and presented him with an in- include the town Jimei, of birth- he built BB school buildings in scription: "Standard bearer of the place of Tan Kah-kee (18?4-1961), Jimei and also expanded Xiamen overseas Chinese, a vanguard of a patriotic overseas Chinese leader University. Today Jimei has a the nation." He is buried behind who devoted his life to public edu- marine products institute, naviga- the cation in China. 28-meter-high Jimei Liberation tion school, college of finance and Tan Kah-kee went to Singapore Monument situated in Aoyuan economics, physical culture school, in 1890 and became a wealthy in- Park. This monument is decorated teachers' college, middle school, dustrial and commercial figure. a with many revolutionary stories in Hoping to save China by promoting an overseas Chinese continuation relief and inscriptions by revolu- education, he sent money to Yang school and others. These - all set tionary Ieaders. Xinrong and Chen Cunmu to up by Tan Kah-kee have trained scientists, teachers and- other skill- \f IAMEN has been a commercial organize and run a primary school A for him in Jimei in 1913. Later he ed people for the country. The port since ancient times. After established two teachers' training Xiamen Overseas Chinese Museum, the Opium War in 1840 it became schools, a middle school and also established by Tan Kah-kee, one of the five ports in China several technical schools specializ- tells people of the contributions opened to imperialist traders. The ing in aquatic products, navigation, made by the overseas Chinese to bay is wide and averages 20 meters forestry and commerce. He also set the cultural exchange and friendly in depth. Even when the tide is up a library and a science exhibi- relations between China and south- out 10,000-ton ships can berth. east Asian countries. In the old society Xianren was a WU TONG is a stafl reporter for AII his life Tan Kah-kee opposed typical semi-colonial, semi-feudal Chlna Reconstructs. the imperialists' aggression against consumer city with old-style pri-

JULY 1979 27 vate money houses, pawnshops and Xiamen is the home of many come here in the mornings to ballrooms. Its only industry con- overseas Chinese, who number exercise. sisted of small shops making ciga- more than half its 200,000 urban At the foot of Wulao Hill south- rettes, matches and batteries, and population. Natives of Xiamen east of the city is South Pu Tuo a few smithies. It counted only now living abroad number about Temple, one of China's renowned 800 workers. 100,000. ancient monasteries, built during the Five Dynasties period (907- liberation was The city has many interesting After the city 960). Damaged during the Ming gradually streets and places to visit. In its northeastern rebuilt. Its dynasty (1368-1644), it was rebuilt paved. now part there is Ten Thousand Stone lanes were The city in the Qing dynasty (1644-1911). because bef ore has 300 f actories manufacturing Park, so named Since liberation it has been textiles, foods, chemicals and other Iiberation it was a barren rocky renovated and maintained in good products. Its cod-liver oil, Iight- hil]. It is famous f

Jimei Miridle School set up by Tan Kah-kee.

{i s

.ligg @r# ll'be Flall offhe Jacie Buddha in rhe Pu Tuo Temple.

'I-he cestle where Zheng Chenggong set out in 1662 tt) drive the I)irich out of -l'aiwan province.

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A park on Gulangyu Island. Photos hy l,L'onq tlonq:tun meters high. Behind this is the concession jointly held by several trees and flowers. A bridge with Dabei Hall. famous for its carved imperialist powers. Today it is a some turns stretches out to pavi- and painted beams and pillars and people's resort. lions built on the sea. Several an octagon pavilion ten meters Half way up the island's Longtou thousand visitors visit the park high. Inside the hall is a many- HiII are the ruins of a castle where every day. armed seated Guanyin (Goddess Zheng Chenggong (7624-7662) Gulangyu has another name of Mercy) entirely in wood. The directed naval training before he "Music Island." The nights are- temple houses Buddhist relics and crossed the Taiwan Strait and took filled with singing and the sound religious classics of China and other Taiwan province back from the of pianos, violins, guitars, ac- vegetarian cuisine countries. The Dutch in 1662. Below the castle is cordions and flutes. Much of it developed by the monks of South the Zheng Chenggong Memorial comes from young people practic- Pu Tuo Temple is famous and sti1l Hall built in 1962 to house exhibits ing musical instruments at home enjoyed by visitors and tourists. of this campaign and of the close 300 pianos have been counted on- Xiamen University, expanded relationship between the people of the island. Concerts and perform- since liberation, lies southeast of mainland island ances are held holidays and Wulao HiII. With ten departments, the and the on province. 30 specializations and two scien- festivals. Several hundred people tific research institutes, it is one of At the foot of Longtou HiII is a from the island are today working the country's best schools. fine 300-meter beach and a park in other parts of China as per- with artificial caves and exotic formers or teachers of music. *, t*""1 ", O ii'"", o" :'ii; ffi Jinmen (Quemoy) Island"XJi["; is the Huangcuo production bri.gade. The Octagon pa$ilion at Dabei Hall in the South Pu T\ro Temple, brigade has 284 families in seven production teams growing vegeta- bles for the city. Before libera- tion the few people living here, most of them from Taiwan, Guang- dong, Zhejiang and Jiangsu prov- inces, Ied a poor life because of the infertile soil, bad weather and typhoons. The place was called "Beggars' Village." After liberation the brigade built four reservoirs for irrigation. Grain har.vests increased from 3.15 tons per hectare to 8.5 tons today. It became self-sufficient in grain in 1965. Since 1970 it has soid 100 tons every year to the state, dis- tributed 250 kg. per person and put 100 tons in reserve. There is a kindergarten and primary school. Medical treatment is free and every family has bank savings. The average money lncome per person in the brigade last year was 160 yuan. Half of its f amilies have built new houses. Gulangyu, an island 400 meters west of Xiamen Island, is also part of the city. About 20,000 people Iive on its 1.64 square kilometers, but it is a quiet and beautiful place with tree-Iined streets winding up and down the hills. Motor vehieles and carts from outside are forbidden: the island is called "the park by the sea." Before the anti-Japanese war it was a foreign

JULY 19?9 Three Senior Citizens Tell Their Stories

Many reailers ltape inquired, about the li.!e ol eld,eilg people in China, so our reporters t'nteroieused' th,ree seni.or citizens of Beiiing. These are thei,r stories.

For the first few years I looked My son-in-Iaw's monthlY PaY is after their children at home. Then over 80 yuan,, mY daughter's 60 and when our neighborhood set uP a my two grandsons' together around nursery, I began taking care of the 80 yuan. This gives us a familY children there. Now my grandchil-' income of more than 220 Yuan a dren are grown uP. When mY month. We have a nice aPartment granddaughter finished middle of two very big rooms, a kitchen, school she became part of the armY bath and balcony - a floor sPace production and construction corps of 60 square meters for which we in Inner Mongolia, mY elder pay 18 yuan a month including grandson served in the armY and water, gas and electricitY. Since and her husband then went to work in an auto Plant. both my daughter families, At the end of last year he was cited are from poor Peasant worker. The they are very economical. We as an outstanding a younger grandson works in an spend about 20 Yuan Per Person month food and general ex- tube factory. for electron penses, so we hav€ moneY left cultural revolution During the over to put in the bank. I Put aII some housewives in our neigh- my earnings in thq bank' TheY borhood got together and set uP a won't let me contribute to the group to make rubber wheels for family expenses. RecentlY when children's toys. Since I had nothing my granddaughter got inarried her to do at home I decided to join parents were able to sPend 300 them. My daughter and her yuan on things she would need to Li Shufen, Acupuncturist husband did not agree. "You're set up housekeeping. Out of mY old," they said. "We don't have own savings I bought her a to worry about food, clothing or transistor radio, some clothes and spending money. Why don't you a silk quilt cover. take it easy at home?" In 19?0 the residents' committeq "I'm bored with nothing much to in our neighborhood set uP a T AM 75 vears old. There are six do all day long," I said, "I want clinic. As I had ledrned something I *"*b"r. in our family mY to do my part for socialist about acupuncture when I was in mY grand-- daughter, her husband, construction too." But I didn't go the village, He ZhiYing, head of grandsons and daughtdr, two to work just then. the clinic, asked me to helP out. myself. As far as our life is concerned, With her encouragement I reallY was born in the countrYside I much better than before. We decided to do something. I at- outside Beijing and my husband it's we don't worry tended a course on acuPuncture at died 20 years ago. After Beijing have no debts and about the prices of rice, oil and the hospital where mY daughter was liberated in 1949, my daughter well so I came into the city to work in the coal always rising as theY did works. I don't write Chongwen District Hospital of before liberation. In our home we couldn't take notes for reference all Chinese. Traditional Medicine and have everything we need, decent and it was harder to remember her husband in the Beijing Grain furniture, bicycles, a radio and a the acupuncture Points. But with Bureau. When they had thd first sewing machine. Everyone in our help from my classmates and mY child they asked me to come and family has a wrist watch. Last daughter, I finallY finished the take care of the baby. year we bought a TV set. course and began work. CHINA RECONSTRUCTS 34 Our clinic also disseminates in- :a. :::' ': : , formation on prevention of com- "-r mon diseases and .on family :..w e planning and checks up on neigh- borhood cleanliness. In spring and autumn, when flu epidemics often occur, we usually make a big pot of Chinese herbal brew and go around to every family with it. Duan Xiuying, a woman worker in the heighborhood, had a pain in her heel. It was so bad that she could not even walk to work so I went to her house. After several treatments she was completely well. One day she met me on her way home and warmly called out, "Grandma, you are really good at acupuncture. If you had not helped me, I don't know how long I would have suffered." What I'm doing isn't very much, but everyone is so good to me. Sometimes wlien I come back after shopping people who live in the apartment building come over and help me upstairs. I am paid 24 yuaii a month by our residents' committee. At first I did not want to accept the mohey. I said, "This is what I should be doing. I'm not working for money. You know we have four wage earners in our family. We already have an adequate income." But ,they ' insisted. I like to go out and have a good time. On Sundays I often go to the parks. I've been in almost every park in Beijing. Last faltr I rode the bus an hour to Fragrant HilI in the city's western outskirts Grandma Li Shufen glves her nelghbor scupuncture treatment. to see the beautiful red maple 'leaves. My grandson jokingly remarked, "Giandma, by going out so much you add to the load of the public buses and others have grandson wants to see the TV After Volume V of the Selected, to get up to give you a seat." English classes and my younger Works of Mao Zed,ong was pub Since my home is near the grandson the electronics lectures. lished I got a copy and asked others Longtanhu Park, I often go there Then I give up my own program. to read it to me. My grandsorrs are with other elderly women in early I often remind my grandsons teaching me to read and write. I morning to do tai, ji quan (Chinese that the happy life of today was carry the textbook with me and shadow boxing). Once my daughter not come by easily. "You are very ask others for help when I need took me to the Beijing Zoo and luck5r to have grown up in the it. Some youngsters once said, the underground palace at the new society," I say. "Although you "You're wasting time studying at Ming Tombs. earn money, you should not be your age." I answered, 'iDon't I am also fond of the theater extravagant. You should wear look down on an old woman like and films. In the past my daughter nice clothes, but should not be, me. I'm old in age, but young in' and her husband used to buy flashy. You should eat good food, spirit. Society is different now and tickets for me. Since we got the but not waste any." , I'm going to keep on studying and TV set I watch many plays and I usually listen to the news on working for socialist construction films on it. Sometimes my elder the radio at home after lunch. as long as I can."

JULY 19?S 35 We continue to live in the city kind of education. Actually I did housing apartments near my plant, not have much education: In the where we have lived for many old society I had no money for years. We have two rooms total- schooling. After liberation I ing 30 square meters. Rent, water Iearned to read and write in our and electricity come to 3.20 yuan plant's evening school. Later I a month. We spend around 60 to was sent with full pay to an 70 yuan on household expenses. accelerated-course middle school. My elder son and daughter often The residents' committee elected ask me if we need money, but we me chairman and since then I have really don't. Knowing that I like been busy with its activities. One a drink once in a while, they often of our functions is to remind the bring over some good wine for me. people to take precautions againsf At the beginning I missed the fire, steaiing and coal-gas poison- people at the plant, but gradually ing from their stoves. We organize I got used to the new life. I'm not neighborhood residents to take really cut off from the plant. At turns patrolling the streets for the end of every year it calls us such things during the holidays. workers gathering retired to a We also spread inf ormation on Liu Jinxiang, Retired Worker where the leaders tell us about new hygiene, prevention of epidemics developments and ask for our and family planning. We mobilize suggestions. Last year I was one the people for neighborhood of the retired people invited to a WAS a printer at the Xinhua cleanups. For those people who do T conferenci: of outstanding workers. I Printing P]ant in Beijing before not have potitical study in their I was awarded a prize for my'work I retired in 1974 at the age of 61*. places of work, we have a weekly in the neighborhood. According to China's labor in- This is the way that got started. current events session. Sometimes surance regulations I get 75 quarrels Not long after I retired I went to we have to settle between percent pay, of my regular which the residents' committee in my husbands and wives or between a gives.me 67 yuan a month. At the neighborhood and offered my young wife and her mother-in-1aw. same time I continue to get free services. They said they were During the Spring Festival when medical care, either at our plant just in need of a person with my young people working ln the coun- clinic or a hospital. I have four children, all of them working. There'are only three of us at home now my wife, Liu Jinxiang (left) plays chess. myself and my youngest- daughter. My wife has always been a housewife. My daughter has. just started work at the Xinxing Garment Factory. With her wages our family income comes to 100 yuan a month, which is quite a comfortable living. If however, for any reason, my pension or family income should be insuf- ficient to cover temporary finan- cial difficulties, my former place of work would help out.

'The retirement age as set in the Labor Insurance Regulations of 1958 is -60 for men and 50 for women workers, and 60 and 55 for office and profes- sional workers. Retirement at this age is not mandatory, and people with- skills are encouraged to remain on the job if their health permits.

36 CIIINA RECONSTBUCTS tryside come back to visit their There are some 500 people here, parents, we committee leaders call and sorne disabled persons and on them' to find out how they're orphans. Of the staff of 200 getting along. We also arrange members, half are medical entertainments for them. workers. We are provided with As for myself, I spend some time food, iodging, clothing and medical reading the newspapers every day care, all free of charge. and listening to informative Our three meals a day are programs on the radio, trying to simple but good. The diet com- keep myseif well-informed as a mittee often asks for our opinions leader should be. I have many on how to improve the fare and outside interests like playing cards discusses them at its monthly and table tennis. On Sundays I meetings. We have meat and either play chess with a neighbor fresh vegetables every day. On or watch a game. There's a lot of holidays and festivals, we have special visiting back and iorth between the dishes and fruii, cakes and retired workers in the neigh- other sweets. For those unable to go to the dining room the food is borhood. Sun Zhen, Old Folks' brought to their rooms, Fishing is another pastime. In Home Resident As a rule we have four suits of summer and autumn I often take clothes for change. The home's a bus to the western suburbs to three 80 and because I have no washing machines do our fish in the canal. I also grow a T'M tr children left to care for me I clothing and sheets, but most of few flowers but cannot spend much live in the Beijing Social Relief us wash some of our own things. energy have time and on them. I Home. We help in the laundry, do the sorne 30 pots on the windowsill and In the old society my parents sweeping, fetch hot water and do balcony. ' particularly the I like never had enough for us to eat. At some light work, as these activities different kinds of cactuses, which help us to keep Some are part nine I became a slave girl in a fit. grow. of sewing group are easy to wealthy family. I ran away when a that mends clothes makes quilts, My younger daughter often I was 12 and became a beggar on and new you're you others make baskets says, "Pa, as busy as if the streets of Tianjin. When I was of wire. My eyes are still good, so sew. We had not retired." 15 I married a waiter in a re- I are paid staurant. All my life I did what- every month for this. At first we refused and said, ever job I could find washing "The Liu Jinxiang and some neighbor- - government is giving us everything and mending clothes, working as a hood housewives back from work. free, so we have no use for maid for well-off people. money." But the managei of the I bore nine children altogether home insisted that we take the only youngest daughter but my money. He said it is the govern- lived to see the liberation of ment poliqy to pay each according Beijing in 1949. The others died to his work. of starvation or illness, or I had The clinic in the home treats to give them away. One was minor ailments and has a ward for kidnapped and we never saw that severe cases. In case of serious child again. My husband died illness which our clinic cannrit before the liberation and my handle, the patient is sent to youngest daughter died of iilness hospital. Every year we have a not long after liberation, so I was physical checkup. The doctors Ieft alone. I was still strong then, from the Research Academy of so I became a maid again and was Traditional Chinese Medicine often able to save some money from my come to treat. patients with wages every month. When I got cataracts or bronchitis. In winter old the residents' committee where the medical staff gives us a Chinese I lived urged me to go to the herbal brew to drink. Social Relief Home where I would Every morning we do exercises, have people to care for me. practice tai ji, quan, or take a walk

JULY 19?9 al in the open air. We have an hour of political study in the morning. The leader reads newspapers, talks about current affairs or explains Chairman Mao's works to us, In the afternoon some listen to the radio, some go to read in the reading room. Those who can no longer see the print ask others to read fol them. In the evening we watch TV in the meeting hall. The mobile film projection team from the Civil Affairs Bureau often comes to show films. On summer evenings three or four peopie usuaily get together to play cards ,or chess. In recent years as a group we have visited the Summer Palace, the Beijing Zoo, the subway and other new projects. We all regard our home as a big happy family much better than Iiving outside alone. A place in the sun: the courtyarcl of trhe old folks' home. Sun Zhen is second right, Zh.atrg J ingdc

II{ flUR SOCIE Readers Condemn Unfeeling Sons

T AST February 22'the national Wherever I went I helped with the the above. She appealed to the I newspaper Zhongguo Qingnian cooking and babysitting. But by readers to criticize and educate her Bao (Chinese Youth) published a the time I was 69 and was no heartless sorls. letter it had received from a longer well enough to do much Grandmother Chen in Dasheng housework, they built a straw ITHIN two weeks of the People's Commuhe in Liuhe shack and forced me to live there publication of her plea, over county, Jiangsu province. The all alone. They gave me only an 300 letters, mostly from young letter read: old quilt. In winter I hu,Cdle in people, had come to the newspaper "I am 80 years old and have six bed, shivering from the cold; in office: Many expressed shock at sons. There is an old maxim which summer I'm tortured by the heat such inhurrian behavior in the new goes: 'People raise children for and mosquitoes. When I'm sick society. Four students from a their old age.' But I'm heart- none of them ever comes to see middle school in Nanjing wrote, broken when I think of the way me." "We young people of the new my children treat me. Grandmother' Chen continued, China will never act like her six "It . wasn't easy bringing them "AIl my sons have shirked their sons nor will we allow others to up before the liberation in 1949. responsibility of taking care of do so." They urged that the sons My husband and I hired ourselves me. When I had nothing to eat be punished. out in the busy farming season. and went to beg for something Xian Mobao and nine other When we could find no work to do from them, they shut their doors young workers in Yunnan province we went begging. We couldn't in my face. Once my youngest son- in the far south wrote to afford to see a doctor when we fell even pushed me to the ground. Grandmother Chen's production sick. My sons were all grown by Starvation and anger kept me brigade expressing their sympathy. the time of liberation and got confined to my bed. OnIy under "If we were not living so far married. the pressure from the Communist away, we would'take care of her "Then my husband died. I was Party committee of our production needs." They enclosed money to left alone, not strong enough for brigade did my sons begin to buy her a mosquito net. fieldwork. My sons decided to bring me food." Many letteis pointed out that take turns looking after me. I Someone in her commune had China is a nation with a long would spend three days in one's suggested she send a Ietter to the history and a highly developed house and then go to another's. newspaper, and she had dictated gulture where respect for the aged

38 CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS and love for the young are tra- Army pointed out that such son. The grandfather was over 60 ditional virtues. The Marriage behavior on the part of the six and very iII; he couldn't even Law of the People's Republic of brothers reflected the atmosphere take care of himself. "You are too China provides that "parents have created by the gang of four. They old for anything," the father said the duty to rear and to educate labeled traditional respect for the to him one day, "so I'm going to their children; the children .have aged and love for children "reac- take you somewhere." He asked the duty to support and to assist tionary Confucian doctrines" and the grandfather to sit in a basket their parents. Neither parents nor denounced as revisionist the idea and then he and his son carried children shall maltreat or desert of "bringing up children for one's him with a shoulder pole to a one another." old age." As a result, some young deserted place far from home. people thought shunning their There a pit had been dug already. qEVERAL letter-writers ex- parents demonstrated a spirit of He put the grandfather in the pit r./ pressed this theme: Those who rebellion against feudalism. What and took his son's hand to go work to create society's wealth had been relations of mutual help when the little boy cried, "Father', should be well-treated by the state and love between parents and why don't we take the basket back and by their children after they children in some iases came to be with us?" "Never mind, just Ieave are no longer able to Today work. viewed only in terms of money in . it here. Let's go!" said the father. urban workers and staff members a way reminiscent of capitalisrn. if we_ do, what shall I carry in state-owned factories and '"If "But we raise a pig we can sell it you when you get old?" the organizations have social security out in for money, but what can we get in the form of old-age pensions. son asked. from taking care of you?" the six But the collective economy The letters shamed the six in the countryside at present is sons, who do farming in the local brothers. They began to see that people's able to support only those aged commune, had asked of they were wrong so they took their mother. people who , have no children to their mother to live in the fifth son's take care of them. Those who have On hearing this, Song Guang- home. They agreed to share in her children must depend on them. In shan, a young worker at Beijing's living expenses and decided to give the future, as the collective Capital Iron and Steel Company her 150 kilograms of rice and 150 economy develops, it is hoped that wrote, "You are ungrateful' sons yuan a year. In addition, they elderly commune members will be who think only of money. You are planned to share her medical ex- able to enjoy old-age pensions and the types who would sell out our penses and take turns Iooking after other social benefits as urban country and people in wartime ! I her. The six brothers wrote a workers do today. am also married and have a child. conscience-stricken letter to Chi- Letters from workers and But I know how hard my parents nese Youth promising to make soldiers in the People's Liberation worked to bring me up. Although their mother happy in her old age. both of my parents are sti1l work- ing and I am not rich, I'often bring them presents.of fruit and cake." Shan Wen, a commune woman CORRECTIONS in Zhejiang province wrote, "I 1. The first three lines of col. have several brothers. When all of 1, poge 42 in the December 1978 us were married I asked our 80- issue of China Reconstructs should reod: "ln the spring of year-old mother to live with me '1945 the world onti-foscist wor because my brothers had more won decisive victory ond ," 2.' The sentence beginning children than I did. But when my line 10, col. 2, poge 9 in our Moy mother became paralyzed, they all 1979 issue should reod: "After wanted to help Iook after her. On the gong of four wos downed, under the concern of the Chi- winter nights I slept with her to nese Communist Porty , Centrol keep her warm. When she died, Committee, the Ninth Congress of my brothers paid for her funeral the All-Chino Federotion of Trode Unions wos held on willingly. I think this is what the October 11, 1978," young people in our socialist ln line 15 from the bottom, col. 1, poge 10, the phrose "- society,should do." ond the unie65 should be omitted. The yeor-" "1957" in l,ine '15, E]ANG LIANG, a young textile col. 2, poge 11 should be r worker Hebei "1956." The figure "over 90" in in Shijiazhuang, line 3 from the bottom, col. 2, province, sent the following story poge 12 should reod: "severol to the six brothers: dozen." We opologize for these errors. Once upon a time there was a Drausing by Zhao Zhifang grandfather, a father, and a little

JULY 1979 39 Huanghe River turns northeast- T ho,: EIiir*u.uE! 1s t t !r'*':' -s.i{'r ward at Shapotou. There an an- [r'ft1.{,.ii.+Yl cient stone diverting dam still stands in the river. This marks a, ."1: the entrance of the Meili Canal built 2.000 years ago.

Ancient Canals Though the climate is too drY for good crops, the plain gets manY days of sunshine and has a fairlY long frost-free period. Because the terrain tilts from south to north \ :: -,,' it profits by both the water and the Tiitrr;rirrr'. i i!..: ' B:i ,ti' Thc Qin Canal distribution gale.

i

A llan llynasty

lrrigation System Today

CHEN RINONG rFHE Huanghe (Yellow) River, farming area. Though it is only I China's second longest, flows one fourth of Ningxia's cultivated out of Qinghai and Gansu prov- land, the plain grows over half of I inces and turns north through the the region's grain. Today in the |1 t 5 Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. march to modernize China the pee I i There it forms a calabash-shaped ple are working to build it into a t plain 320 kilometers long and stable grain base. about 40 kilometers wide. Benefit- This irrigated area is divided ing from the river, since ancient into three parts - the south, from times this has been an important Shapotou to the Qingtong Gorge; i the middle, from the Qingtong Gorge to Yinchuan; and the north, CHEN RINONG is a staff reporter tot China Reconstructs. from Yinchuan to Shizuishan. The

40 silt of the Huanghe. This has made it the richest place along the river and in ancient times an im- portant strategic region to seize in war. After unifying China, in 214 B.C. the Qin dynasty emperor Qin Shi Huang sent his general Meng Tian with 100,000 soldiers to Ningxia to build the Great Wall and open up land along the river. The men are said to have built the first big canal on the east side of the Qing- tong Gorge. It was named the Qin Canal. On the west side they dug Kev water control project in Qingtong Gorge' Ll (dtnqtJlte

-11 another one cal]ed the West Canal. the ri.ver was low, the water could were installed. Bridges were built In 119 B.C. the Han dynasty em- not reach the fields. When it was and irrigated fields expanded. For peror Wu Di brought in more than high, it flooded them. example, between 1950 and 1952 100,000 people to construct water Also, individual landlords forced the people along the ancient Qin conservation projects. They ex- the canals to detour around their Canal straightened 50 bends, built tended the West Canal and re- land so that the canals could not a distribution gate at its entrance named it the Hanyan Canal. They run straight. Moreover, land- the and merged 300 branch channels dug a new canal on the east side Iords diSturbed flow and distribu- into 130, each with an intake of the Huanghe. In 102 B.C. they tion by opening small ditches to waterlock. Some of its branch built the Guanglu Cana1 on the their own fields" Things became west side and in 100 B.C. the Meili even worse under Kuomintang channels were widened to 20 three Canal and the Qixing Canal. These rule. The canals fell into disrepair meters and deepened to works expanded the irrigated area and the few remaining passages meters. Aqueducts were built over eastward by 100 kilometers. silted 'up. The river banks were the canal and culverts under it to In 820 during the Tang dynasty eroded and collapsed. Frequent divert mountain floods. At the the abandoned Guanglu Canal, floods caused fertile fields to turn same time these helped turn water- dredged, extended and renamed marshy or alkaline. Only ten trunk logged land into cultivatable fields. Tanglai Canal, became the largest canals remained when liberation The renovated Qin Canal is 80 in the area. In subsequent cen- came in 1949. Farmland had de- kilometers long. Both the water it turies more canals were construct- creased from 130,000 hectares to carries and the area it irrigates ed, the Iongest of which was the 100,000. have doubled. 184-km, Huinong Canal Under feudal rule, however, things developed slowly in the Renovating Ancient Canals New Ptojects Ningxia irrigated area. Its canal.s In 1950 the people's government all ran parallel to the river, cutting sent engineers to Ningxia to survey Seven new trunk canals have the fields on each side into ir- topographical conditions, soil and been built on the two sides of the regular strips. With only simple water resources. A plan was. drawn Huanghe River. The East Canal diverting dams at the entrances to up to renovate the old canals and and the West Canal are the biggest. the canals, river water flowed into build new water conservation The East Canal, 54 kilometers long them under its own impetus. The projects. and finished in 1975, is lined with river level and the amount of Work began the same year. To concrete slabs the first leak- water and sand coming into the increase the flow of Water, canals proof canal in the- area. At its en- canals were uncontrolled. When were straightened and waterlocks trance is an electrically operated headgate. The branch channels use small semi-mechanized sluice Part of fhe irrigation system in Ningxia, Li Zhongkui gates. When the whole system is completed, it will water 36,000 hec- tares of land, equal to the total area irrigated by the ancient Qin and Han canals. The construction of the 112- kilometer West Canal begun in 1959 was a hard battle. Intended to irrigate 60,000 hectares of un- cultivated land between Yinchuan and the Helan Mountains, this canal took three years to complete. Nineteen diversion culverts were built along its west bank to pre- vent damage by mountain floods. On its east bank there are eight drainage gates and other flood- control installations. The west bank is higher, and here 33 pump- ing stations lift the water. The people's government has set up seven state farms and six forestry centers in the new irrigated area. Some communes have added rhore production teams. So far, 14,000

CHINA EECONSTRUCTS Liu Chen Shi S:t First water from the South Illountain pumping project. A farm in the irrigated area. hectares of land have been opened of peasants to work on strengthen- Because the land is Iow and lacks up. ing diverting dams and channels drainage channels, its soil has be- every spring. come alkaline, the result of a high Taming the Huanghe Construction in this irrigated water table. A special unit set up area of Ningxia over the last three to study the area's irrigation works, What has fundamentally chang- decades has resulted in ? . new water power, soil and agricultural ed this ancient irrigated area is ,canals, the renovation of 16 old machinery has worked out q plan the construction of a multi-purpose ones and the repair of 40 branch to control alkalinity by 1980. water conservation project in channels, totaling 1,000 kilometers. A network of motor-pumped Qingtong Gorge, the first such pro- These bring in three times as much wells now draw underground water ject built by the state in a minority water as. at liberation and have to irrigate the fields. This lowers nationality area. It irrigates, gen- permitted the irrigated area to be the water table. The pumps can erates power and controls floods. doubled to 200,000 hectares. A also be used in draining flooded When the project started in 1958, drainage network including 31 fields. Aitogether, 6,000 hectares its headquarters was located .in channels, altogether 800 kilometers of alkaline and saline fields have Dragon King Temple on the eastern Iong, reaches all the plain except been transformed. edge of the gorge. This is where, the northern part, freeing it from In the southern part of the plain at the beginning of the year in the waterlogging. This has allowed the people are turning large areas old society, the local landlords 33,000 hectares of former swamp of dry hill land into irrigated fields used to extort money from the peo- land and 26,000 hectares of saline by pumping the water up from the ple to burn incense to the Dragon and alkaline fields to be converted tr{uanghe River. One such pumping King for a good harvest. Neverthe- to good farmland. station is at the foot of South less, the Huanghe River continued, Mountain. Two big concrete pipes to bring disasters. Only today lead This New Tasks to the top of the hill. have the peasants had the courage three-stage pumping project, 135 and organization with which to As China drives to mddernize, meters long, was built in a year by tame the river. the construction of water projects the peasants themselves. The The, work site stretched for 10 in the ancient Ningxia irrigated system begins the irrigation of kilometers along both sides of the area has entered a new stage. The 16,000 hectares of tableland,on top river in the gorge. T1-re first two main task in the middle part of the of the mountain. The present yerrrs saw construction of a dam plain is scientific management and 42-km. channel irrigates 8,600 42 rneters high and 590 meters long the construction of more auxiliary hectares. with a flow capacity of 9,900 cubic works. The northern part will . Last year the total grain output meters per second. Eight genera- combat alkalinity. The southern of this irrigated area, mostly rice tors producing 272,000 kw. were part will expand its irrigated area. and wheat, was three times greater installed. The project, finished in The emphasis is being placed on than at liberation. It also grows 1967, raised the water level by 20 the northern and southern parts. fruit, soybeans, hemp, boxthorn meters and replaced the separate The northern part contains half fruit, a local special product, and canal entrances with one. This of the area's cultivated fields yet raises fish. It is becoming one of eliminated the need for thousands grows only one third of iti grain. China's major agricultural bases.

JULY 1979 43 Memories of General Peng Dehuai (PART rr)

HUANG KECHENG

''( advocated Mao Zedong, Peng Dehuai flatly % by dR declared that the Red Army could not simply remain 'e like a sitting duck in one place waiting for the eneny to attack. The representatives from the central committee insisted that he follow their strategy and the Red Army suffered heavy losses. After the action Peng declared to these people, "You will be the ruin of the Central Soviet Area." They were, he said, like profli- gate sons squandering their father's property. He respected and supported Chairman Mao, But when he differed with the chairman he would un- hesitatingly speak out in the interests of the Party. In January 1951 he came back from Korea to consult Chairman Mao on an important and urgent issue. When Peng arrived at the chairman's residence the latter was taking a rest. Peng brushed past the guards, swept into Chairman Mao's room and put forth his case. The chairman remarked with delight that Peng Dehuai was the only person capabie of breaking in while he was sleeping to give his opinions. In 1956 when Anastas Mikoyan was in China with In the auditorium of the Communist Party Central Com- mittee in Yanan during the war with Japan; Peng Dehuai is a Soviet delegation, Peng said to him, "Now that behind and to the right of Chairman Mao (second right, first Stalin is dead you go all out against him. Why didn't row). Others in the front row are (left to right) Nie Rong- you point out his shortcomings while he was alive?" z}ren, Zllu De and Luo Ronghuan, "We didn't daro to," Mikoyan replied. "W'e would have been shot." PRIGHT, open and aboveboard, Peng Dehuai was a man of clear-cut convictions and sympathies. Addressing a meeting in the early days of the war with Japan, He was a thorough Communist, one who stood by what was right and true, come hell or high water. In the spring of 1934 when the Red Army was fighting Chiang Kai-shek's "encirclement and sup- pression" campaign against the Jinggang Mountain revolutionary base area, the Communist Party Central Committee was dominated by the "Left" dogmatist line of Wang Ming which held militarily that the Red Army must not give up an inch of territory to the enemy and that the enemy should be kept outside the base area. Certain persons on the central committee came to see Peng at the front line and told him that he had to hold and defend the town of Guangchang in Jiangxi province. Peng took stock of the situation; the enemy was pressing in with 11 divisions, a much bigger force than his, and was con- solidating every gain with blockhouses. Reviewing these facts from the viewpoint of the military strategy

44 CHINA BECONSTRUCTS "What kind of Communist is it who is afraid to die?" retorted Peng. This courage to uphold the truth and to speak out made Peng Dehuai a target for persecution by Lin Biao and the gang of four during the cultural revolution. Their treatment of him hastened his death, which came in 1974. Peng continued to expose them for what they were till his last breath.

TITHOUGH Peng Dehuai was stubborn in main- I taining his views when he felt them correct, he was not unrvilling to change them when they had been proved wrong. He would first listen to hear out be those who disagreed with him and, if shown to Illeeting peasants in Anhui provinee (top) and wrong, he woul,d correct himself willingly and more- inspecting fields in Hebei province, 1958. over 'prove his stncerity by action. For instance, when the Red Army reached northern Shaanxi prov- ince at the end of the Long March Peng argued that they should first consolidate the northern Shaanxi base area before expanding it, as had been done in the Jinggang Mountain base area. But after assessing the situation, Chairman Mao countered Peng's idea with a new strategic concept to consolidate the base area and at the same time expand- it with emphasis on expansion. Feng recognized the chairman's idea as a farsighted one and willingly abandoned his own. Peng Dehuai was strict with those who worked under him. He once himself commented jokingly, "I am notorious for criticizing people." But more often than not his criticisms were directed at officers of higher rank because, as he observed, if they aren't kept on their toes, how can they lead their troops to carry on in difficult situations? His subordinates took his criticisms in the spirit in which they were given out of a spirit of concern for the revolution and for- their own development. As his comrade-in-arms for more than 40 years I was often the recipient of his severbst criticisms. Once despite our personal relationship, he dismissed Once during the war in Korea a commander rhe from command. He had a special hatred for irres- hesitated and lost an oppr:rtunity to attack an isolated ponsible, badly-done work. enemy unit. Peng criticized the officer at a meeting, but not long afterward when the unit under this officer fought in a brilliant action, Peng immediately In his of{ice at Yanan's Date Olchard in 1946. nominated it for armywide commendation and reported the matter to Chairman Mao.

rfi O his men Peng had an easy and amiable approach. r He gave much thought to their welfare. On the march he would frequently give up his horse to let wounded, very young or exhausted soldier.s ride. He often went to the barracks or sat down to a meal with the men to ask about their families and their needs and how they felt about the work of their officers. He would even stick his hand inside a sentry's shoe to see whether or not his feet were warm. I remember an incident in Jiangxi province in the early 30s when our troops were attacking a place named Dongcun. Peng was in a hurry to get to the front line, for our advance units were approaching the enemy, but he had to pass through our rear units

JULY T979 45 ; *-{: lVith wife Pu Anxiu and niece Peng Gang on an out- Before his resitleuce in Bei- ing to the Ming Tombs near Beijing ({aclng camera). jing's western outskirts, 1962. which were saattered along the road taking a rest. when there wabn't any nobody had any. The supply He ordered a man who was in his way to Iet him pass. department decided that he should be given a little This was in the rough-and-ready days of the early extra food money. He firmly refused it. When he Red Army when many new fighters had been brought was Minister of Defense after liberation he never had into our ranks without much previous training in a big staff. Besides aides and secretaries his oniy discipline. Not knowing who Peng was, the resting attendants were a bodyguard, a driver and an orderly' soldier jumped up and struck him. Peng said nothing He had no special kitchen: he always had his meals but went on his way. Later the officer on duty in the canteen. His living quartets were blmost which also brought the soldier, bound, to Peng and asked how spartan - a bedroom and an office-study to deaL with him. served as a reception room. "Who told you to tie him up? Never mind about With his relatives he was strict, too. He had no that," Peng said with a smile and ordered the soldier children but after he became Defense Minister and released. When the man learned that he had strirck moved to Zhongnanhai, the central government the commander-in-chief he was filled with remorse. offices, some nieces and nephews eame to live with "I should be blamed too," Peng said. "I was too him. The children had to go a long way to sch

46 CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS SPORTS

lmuiron BosltetDall Ieom ln ffiina mHE visit of the American Here, their height, spring and I Basketball Team last ApriI individual skill was put to good drew thousands of Chinese sports use. With fine control of backboard game. Sun Wen.zhi fans to the courts. The 13 stars of rebounds and fast offense setups Disr:ussing the the team averaged 20 years of age they easily downed the Shanghai and came frorn different American and Sichuan teams, 94:62 and colleges and universities. They 111:52. In the game with Shang- played the PLA's "August 1" team hai's, Clarence Johnson,2.11 m., and Beijing, Shanghai and Sichuan took a rebound and, with a 180 teams, winning 3 and losing 2 degree turn in midair, shot it tcr matches. the forecourt in a spJ.endid fast Chinese spectators cailed them break an uncommon feat for "the Long Men" the Americans tall players.- Johnson is center averaged over 2 meters- tall. a fact forward for Oregon State Univer- that did not seem to lessen their sity's team. Last year in a. game speed and skill. With the exception with a visiting Soviet team he in- of the PLA's 2.20-meter center tercepted a pass in mid-court with forward Mu Tiezhu, no Chinese only 25 seconds to go and rammed player equaled their height. in the shot that won the match, The Americans, who had formed 82:81. their team just before their visit, The Americans' coach, Gene dueled the "August 1" team in two Baltow, is an o1d friend in Chinese intense games but were hampered basketball circles. In 1973 he visit- by shaky teamwork and lost at ed China as co4ch of the American 96:104 and 69:72. intercollegiate basketball team Coaches Gene Bartow and Frank Arnold demonstrate American The Americans' game improved, and also hosted the Chinese team tactics for the Chinese players. however, in Shanghai matches. rvhen it visited the States. Recall- Sun Wenzhi

The "August l" Team drops one in. Wang Honorutt ing that his team had won all of its six matches in China, he re- marked that now, six years later, the Chinese players had made a lot of progress, though he pointed out some weaknesses in basic skill. In China Bartow and the other two American coaches, Frank Arnold and John Bach, gave talks on basketball to Chinese coaches and players. Before the second match with the "August 1" team Bartow explained to the Chinese coaches and players his team's tactics in the two previous games with the "August 1" and Beijing teams and also described the tactics his team were going to use in that evening's match. "We're all basketball coaches and players," he said, "and we're all friends." He quoted the f amous American coach, John Wooden: "In basket- ball there are no secrets."

JUI,Y 1979 47 and terraces nestling among the wooded slopes, the whole sur- rounded by a red-painted palace wall 10 km. long that twists and turns with the terrain. In the southern section of this r'vall is the palace's main gate. In- side this is a second one - the Wu, or Meridian, gate. Above the gateway hangs a horizontal pIa- card inscribed by Kang Xi with the characters "Mountain Resort." This is flanked by stone-carved poems by Qian Long. Inside a third gate is the main ha1l. A heady fragrance fills the air in this hall. It was built of an aromatic wood called nanmu from Sichuan and Guizhou provinces thus the name of the building, -Nanmu HaI1. The ceilings and partitions are intricately carved with shou (longevity) characters, foliage, and bats a good luck symbol. Elegant- and simple in style, this first group of buildings is called the Front Palace and served the emperors as a place of residence and administrative work during the summer months. To the northeast lies the lake- side area. Dotted here and there with small islands. the placid lakes fhe Pu Le Ternple. Ph,otos bA Xie Jurt are separated by embankments and low hills. A stone bridge at qOME 250 km. northeast o1' by the next emperor, Qian Long, the southern end is surmounted by u Beiiing is one of the biggest until by 1790 the park reached its three double-eaved structures palace parks in China a former present dimensions. Qing emperors knou,n as the "Lake-center Pa- imperLal mountain resort- in the legularly spent several summer vilions." Their vermilion columns city of Chengde in Hebei province. months here and thus the resort and carved balustrades set off by It is less knor,,,'n than Beijing's became China's second political weeping willows and Lotus flowers Palace Museum and Summer PaI- center. It was here that Emperor attract many visitors today. Pres- ace in spite of being bigger than Qian Long received an emissary ent-day additioris include a tea- the two combined 560 from England first western house, an exhibition hall with - lrectares, - the in fact. envoy to come to the Qing court. historical reli.cs, and a pier with Chengde lies in a hill-encircled The builders of the resort, boats for hire. basin. Many woods and lakes masters of their craft, cleverly On one of the small islands is a make it cool and pleasant even at used the hills, dales, flatlands and two-storied building used by the the height of summer. It is this Iakes in what is now the northern emperors as a study. Its name, that caught the fancy of the Qing part of today's Chengde, and laid House of Mists and Rains, alludes dynasty (1644-1911) emperor, Kang out a park in exquisite taste and to the mists which veil the distant Xi. when he toured the region in variety, retaining the natural mountains in ralny weather and the early days of his reign. Park- beauty of the hills and woods. A create an effect often seen in laying and palace construction bird's-eye view of the resort shows traditional Chinese landscape started in 1703 and were continued Iake-fronted hilis rvlth pavilions paintings.

48 CHINA BECONSTRUCTS The Futuo Zongcheng Tenrpie. ih* "il,ei'l arrtl \,\hii*" 1-errace in the Prr Ning-femple'

-fentple.' Rr;,ri rc-rra' e rrrr tlie Xrr;lri Fushou ..sr"+.. ** ,q!.

Dawn ovel the lakcs.

Inside the Yanpo Zhishua-ng Palace. Lake-cenfer pavilioils Vieu from the l.rarlshdn Jixuc: Paviii.crr l\TORTHWEST of the Front Ning Temple has five tiers of I\ ,rr"." stands the f amous flying eaves and five roofs. It wood, Wenjinge book rePosit'orY' Dating houses a Bhudda carved of weighing 110 f.rom 1774, it once held the Gu Jin 22.2 meters high and haII of the Xumi Tu Shu Jr, Cheng (Collected Works: tons. The main with gild- Ancient anil, Modern), and the Si Fushou Temple is roofed These, and the Ku Quan Shu (ComPlete Wtitings ed bronze tiles. in Four Vaults), both collections eight golden dragons embellishing glitter compiled in the eariY Qing its four roof ridges, undi- of exPo- dynasty. The f ormer comPrised minished after 200 Years rain. With 10,000 volumes and was one of sure to wind and characteristic extravagance China's China's biggest encYcloPedic Lakes in the surnmer resort. works. The latter, numbering emperors used 30,000 ounces of gold merely for giiding the tiles of around ?9,000 volumes' contained this and another nearbY temPle' almost aII extant Chinese writings were up to the 18th centurY' TheY n UITE a number of stone tablets classified under four main divi- Q ong*^t"d with imPortant sions or "vaults." One of its seven historical records remain today in handwritten copies (the collection the resort and its surrounding was never Published) was kePt in temples. Two oI these imPosing the Wenjinge rePositorY. It was slabs of stone are in the Putucr Iater transporte'd to Beijing after Zongcheng TemPIe. StiU well- another coPY in Beijing's Yuan preserved, theY bear accounts in Ming Yuan Palace had been Manchu, Han, Mongolian and Ti- burned bY invading British and betan on how the Torgut PeoPIe French trooPs in 1860. The re- pledged allegiance to the Qing maining Coll"ected Works: Ancient emperor Qian Long in return for and Mod.ern was further dePleted his protection. by the thefts of warlords and of- The Torguts were a nomad ficials until onlY a sma1l Portion Mongol tribe once living in the Coltered ceiling in the Pu Ning Temple. remained bY the time of liberation northern part of Xinjiang' In the qf the Ming in 1949. third year the reign of (1630) The western Part of the summer emperor Chong Zhen thel' resort is covered with hills which migrated to the banks of the form four-fifths of the area. Some Volga. Discriminated againqt, oP- odd geological formations can be pressed and exploited, they finally seen here, among them Luohan decided to return to their horne- HiII, whieh looks like a crouching land. The tribe set out in No- giant, and Frog Rock, a boulder vember 1710 and after eight named for its shaPe. Most sPectac- months of great hardshiPs and ular, however, is Bangchui Peak, sacrifice reached their home an immense club-shaPed rock slim pastures in June the following at the base and soaring to a year. Their leaders came to the rounded top. It is a remarkable summer resort to Present them- sight in the evening when crim- selves to the emperor Qian Long. soned by the rays of the setting The Putuo Zongcheng TernPle was sun and mirrored in the waters o[ just being comPleted at the time, the lake. and the tablets mentioned above On the river flats otttside the rvere erected to commemorate the palace walls are the "Eight Outer occasion. Temples." Striking in design and color, they show elements ol Han, Tibetan and Mongolian archi- tecture. One tower on the Pu Nanmu llall.

JULY 1979 A new' \illaFe of the Menba- Digdong, in lledog r:ount)'

Tibet's Menba Nationality

ZHANG JIANGHUA and WU CONGZHONG

A chain bridge ovr:r' the Yarlung Zangbo River. IIin I'luo rnHE MENBAS. numberlng 40.00U I people, live in southeastern Tibet. Nearly three centuries ago they migrated across the Hlmalaya,s from the Moinyr.i area to Mainling on the Yarlung Zangbo River. then along the river to settle in Medog, Nyingchi and Cona counties. Last summer we went to Medog to study their 1if e and customs as members of a group from the Na- tionality Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. From Nyingchi., a county town with a rising woolen industry, we drove eastward to the Yarlung Zangbo River, then took a steamer down the wide stream through mountains covered with dense forests. In the distance snow- capped peaks stretched eastward. Four hours later we reached the eastern end of the HimalaYas. The next morning we began climbing the mountains. The trees thinned out and ai+,OOO meters we climbed on paths made only bY men and horses through snow shrouded in heavy mist. Toward 11 o'clock we crossed a pass at 4,200 meters and turned south down a sharp sloPe untit we reached a subtroPical forest. After three more days of difficult travel we reached Medog. Medog, around 650 meters above sea level, lies on the southern slope of the Himalayas in the lower Yar- Iung Zangbo River region. SeventY percent of its population of 6,400 are Menbas, Late season rice was green in the terraced'fields. Corn i +. CHINA RECONSTRUCTS e. i and early rice were ready for har- the traditional bamboo f1ute, a vesting. In the villages bamboo short, thick instrument with four and wooden houses stood casuallY finger-holes" Their folk music is arranged. The bananas tvere riPe, both happy and sad. Before libera- and pepper, leeks and ginger were tion sad tunes were often heard. growing neatlY in the vegetable On a quiet night, an old man would pIots. play to express the serfs' misery, others listening with tears in their eyes. The migration to Medog did in a Menba FamilY Guests not bring them the happiness they sought, for new serfowners forced The Menbas are a hosPitable Peo- makes lvhite and back-breaking labor on them and ple. Every family personal yellow wine with millet and corn. deprived them of any The yellow wine, sweet and tart. freedom. When an owner went out is their usual drink. When a guest he traveled in a bamboo chair comes. the familY sits in a circle, carried by a serf. Serfs never had enough to eat and had to 'Ieaching young People how t(l the warm-hearted hostess urging Pick'wild make wootlen bowls, one of the the guest to drink until he is in- plants. Without doctors or medi- locnl handicrafts. toxicated traditional courte-sy' cines, disease steadily reduced the Their -ahouses contain sturdY population. rattan and bamboo furniture and The Menbas believed that disease baskets for carrYi.ng things on was caused by demons, TheY kiII- their backs. A round, colorfullY ed cattle and horses to PacifY the decorated bamboo box is a food demons. They also believed that container as well as a work of art. humans could be demons who Though iron and aluminum Pots could cause sickness. A boy or a have been available since libera- girl who married into a "demon 'demon tion, Stone pots are still used. Meat Iamily" would become a these are es- and rice cooked in too. Therefore, only "demon fam- pecially The Menbas' staPle tasty. ilies" intermarried. food is corn and rice' TheY like A .Ueqba dance, peppers. The social develoPment of the Demons Today Menbas has been similar to that of the Tibetans. Serf dom, with its In 1959 when.the serf system was ruthless exploitation and oppres- abolished in Tibet, the demons sion, existed for centuries. In the were also Iiberated. We visited early 1700s the Menbas migrated to Jiangcuo, an old man from a family seek a place where theY could live of "demons" for generations. Today unmolested. Many moved to Medog his situation has completely chang- county. ed. One of his sons is a companY The Menbas have alwaYs had political instructor in the army. and cul- close political, economic The other is a member of the dls- with the Tibetans' tural rel.ations trict Party committee, and his wife religion and customs are Their is also a member. The Menbas say TheY also inter- much the same that "the old society changed men t. marry. into demons while the new society Menba language belongs to The changed demons into men." branch of the the Tibeto-Burman The Menbas have leaped from language family. Tibetan-Chinese feudal serfdom into socialist They have no script and use the society. The slash-and-br.rrn Tibetan Twenty is their old script. method of farming, the wooden basic unit. Thus, twentY- counting plow and hoe have fallen before becomes "20 plus 7" and so seven today's iron and steel. Today the on. They count numbers over two Menbas grow a1l their own fooC. hundred in the Tibetan way. Stock raising and sideline enter- 'These prises are growing rapidty. The Menba Flute achievements, they soy, remind them constaritly of the revolution- The Menbas have a rich song and ary leadership that started them Photos bU Ougong Juega dance heritage" Most of them play on the way to a new life. National dress.

JULY 1979 55 lt

BH M

YUAN ZHENXIN and HUANG WANPO

Shennongjia, where the "wild nren" havc been seen, Lt Delu

The following orticle wos written by reseorchers ot the lnstitute of Poleoonthropology ond Verte- brote Poleontology of the Chinese Acodemy of Sciences, ofter investigotions in northwestern Hubei province on the possibility of whot they termed "wild men" existing in thot oreo. They describe some of their findings ond offer their views on the motter.

A T 1 a.m. on May 14, 1976 six Iegs, frequenting the vast forests in his verses to "mountain ogr.es." I L cadres from the Shennongjia of the Qinling-Bashan-Shennongjia Qu Yuan's home was just south ot forestry region in Hubei province mountain region in central China. Shennongjia, in what is today's were driving along the highway Two thousand years ago during Zigui county in Hubei province. near Chunshuya village between the Warring State^s period, Qu The Tang dynasty (A.D. 618-907) Fangxian county and Shennongjia, Yuan (340-2?8 B.C.) the statesman- historian Li Yanshou in his when they came upon a strange, poet of the State of Chu, referred Southern Historlt describes a band tailiess creature with reddish fur. The driver kept his headlights Huang Wanpo beamed on the creature while the Prof. Qian Guozhen (second right) with investigation team members. others went forward to investigate. They got a good look at it from a distance of a few feet before it walked away. It was neither a bear - nor any other animal they had ever seen before. A telegram reporting the incident was sent to the Institute of Paleoanthropology and Vertebrate Paleontology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Histoilcal References This was not the first time such a thing had been heard of. Down through the centuries Chinese Iiterary works and folk legends had told of big, hairy man-Iike creatures that walked erect on two

56 CHINA BECONSTBUCTS of "hairy men" in the region that Academy of Sciences contributing dozen fine hairs of varying is today Jiangling county, also in information and asking to be lengths. In August of the same Hubei province. The Qing dYnastY included in investigating teams. year another group of investigators poet Yuan Mei (1716-1798) in his Still others went investigating discovered two long hairs 1.8 Neu Rhgthm.s tells of the existence using their own time and moneY. meters from the ground on the of a creature "monkeY-Iike, Yet Thus, when news of the incident same tree trunk. not a monkey" in southeastern on the highway near ChunshuYa In .1976 and 1917 our team Shaanxi province's Xianning reached the Chinepe Academy of interviewed hundreds of people - county. Sciences; it was decided to organize cadres, teachers, hunters, herb More recent accounts include the an investigation team. ComPosed collectors and others, who gave one by Wang Zelin, a former of science workers from Beijing, vivid accounts of encounters with biology student now living in Shanghai and Hubei, Shaanxi and the "wild men" in Fangxian Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province' He Sichuan provinces, a hundred county, the Shennongjia forestrY claims to have seen an unknown people in all, and assisted bY a district and Zhushan and Zhuxi creature, shot by hunters, while he contingent of army scouts from counties. was traveling in southwestern Wuhan, the team worked in the With local militiamen and Shaanxi in 1940. "It looked like region during 1976 and 1977, commune members the team those plaster reconstructions of the organized several large searches. But no such creatures were found, Peking Man," he reca1ls, "onlY More Facts much more hairY, and it had an perhaps because of the extreme- ugly protruding snout." Peasants On June 19, 1976, Gong Yulan, ly rugged terrain and thick living in this locality also teII about a 32-year-old member of the vegetation. encounters with strange hairY Qunli brigade of the Qiaoshang In two years the team investi- "wild men" which "walk uPright commune in Fangxian county and gated an area of 1,500 square Iike humans. but have faces like her four-fear-old child were in kilometers, traveling a total of 6,000 monkeys." the mountains cutting grass when kilometers. Practically every place they saw some such creature in Shennongjia and surrounding counties where traces of the "wild The Challenge scratching its back against €t tree trunk. men" had been reported was The main reaction to such When our team questioned visited by members of the team. accounts had been one of people in the area, the wife of the We collected data on the region's skepticism or disbelief. But there brigade leader recalled how Gong geology, telrain, glaciation, me- were people intrigued enough to Yulan had come running to her teorology, vegetation, and verte- Iook into the matter. Groups of door, all out of breath with great brates including amphibians, repti- scientists, armymen and others beads of sweat on her forehead, lians, mammals and bird life. But have penetrated the f astneSses of saying, "A wild man ! A wild on the "wild man" we only got the primeval forests in the past man!" indirect evidence, such as hair, few years to see what they could Gong Yulan-led us to the spot footprints and samples of excre- find. Some, fascinated by the idea, where she had seen the creature. ment, and taped interviews with have delved into ancient literature. On the tree trunk, 1.3 meters from many people who ciaimed Per- Others h'ave written to the the ground, we found several sonally to have seen a "wild man." A "wild man" footprint, outlined by an inves- tigator, with a rule for comparison in size. Searching for hairs. Huang Wanpo Huang Wanpo

# d

JULY 1979 57 Nevertheless we felt that the activity in this area. On three "In early June, 1977, I went to veil of mystery and legend occasions in March, May and Dadi Gully to cut logs. Somewhere surrounding the matter was begin- July, 1976- these involved a between 11 and 12 in the morning ning to lift a little. female and- its child. A single I ran into a 'hairy man' in the adult was seen in November of the woods on the slope of the gully. Analysis of Data same year. It came closer and closer. I got The excrement, already dry and scared and kept retreating until Let take us a brief look at some hard, was similar in appearance to my back was against a stone cliff of the data collected. that of human beings. Analysis and I couldn't go any further. The HAIR: Samples of hair brought found bits of undigested fruit hairy man came up to seven or back to Beijing and analyzed by skins and wild chestnuts, but no eight feet, and then to about five several research departments were animal fur or bone fragments. feet from me. I raised my axe, found to differ greatly in nature Another such discovery occurred ready to fight for my life. We and shape from that of the brown on August 30, 1977 at a place stood like that, neither of us or black bear, but resembled that called Tielu Gully at the Pahshui moving, for more than an hour. of primates. This discounted the commune in the Shennongjia Then I groped for a stone and theory that it might have been a forestry region. Investigators had threw it at him. It hit him in the bear Gong Yulan had seen. been told of "wild man" footprints chest. He uttered several howls Could'it have been some sort of there and followed them. At one and rubbed the spot with his left primate? Investigatiohs revealed spot it had dug insect cocoons out hand. Then he turned left and four members of the monkey of the bark of birch trees, pie- leaned against a tree, then walked family living in the Shennongjia sumably to eat them. Further away slowly toward the bottom of forests. But all of these were along, on a hill slope and in a cave, the gully. He kept making a smaller in size and quite different excrement was found containing mumbling sound. in appearance from the creature large amounts of cocoon skin. "He was about seven feet ta1l, described by Gong Yulan. Thus These findings in both instances with shoulders wider than a man's, hair analysis in itself was exclude the possibility of the a sloping forehead, deepset eyes, inconclusive. excrement being that of humans as and a bulbous nose with slightly we know them or of a carnivorous upturned nostriis. He had sunken FOOTPRINTS: The question has creature. On the other hand, in cheeks, ears like a man's but been asked: Did you definitely see each case both the quantity of the footprints of the "wild man"? This droppings and the size of remnant requires more than a straight food particles were smaller than ttno" Ancient art in Fangxian county fre- "yes" or answer, that of hoofed animals or bears. quently included representations of In those two years we came On the whole, the sarnples bore a what is described as a "wild man," as iu this rubbing from a Han dynasty (206 across a great many footprints of strong resembiance to the excreta B.C.-4.D. 220) tomb. bears and other creatures large and of the omnivorous primates. small. Among them were a number of highly pecuiiar ones, similar to Eyewitness Accounts yet unlike those of either bears or men. A report written on the spot Some idea of the "wild men" by investigators describes them can be obtained from interviews thus: with eyewitnesses. We amassed 1. The prints are of an elongated hundreds of thousands of words of these. Unfortunately, the photo- foot, wider (approximately 10 centimeters) in front and narrower graphers from the Beijing Scien- (approximately 5 cm.) at the back. tific and Educational Films Studio year trudging 2, Toe marks are oval in shape, who spent a and half with one somewhat separated from through the forests with us never the others. caught sight of a "wild man." less 3. The footprints follow each A more or typical descrip other in single file, the distance tion is this one taken from a Niu between them varying between 50 statement by Wu Jiayan and cm. and one meter. Yong of the Shaanxi Biological Resources Investigation Team in EXCREMENT: In September 1976 October 1977, on the reported six little piles of excreta were discovery of a "hairy 6411" sg discovered on top of a steep rock the creature is known IocaIIy in- the halfway up a mountain in the Taibai mountains in central Hongta commune in Fangxian Shaanxi province. Pang Gensheng, county. During the period before a 33-year-old team leader in the and after this find there were four Cuifeng commune in Shaanxi's reports of signs of "wild man" Zhouzhi county told them: '

58 CHINA RECONSfRUCTS ;'..

Iimbs were only slightly longer and sturdier than man's. He was probably as tall or slightly taller than modern man." This description is similar to eyewitness deseriptions of the "wild man" which te1l of a semi- ape semi-human being that escapes classification What about the theory that Gigantopithecus has long been extinct? This may not be neces- sarily so. The Giant Panda, a species known to have existed side by side with the great ape f or several million years, is still very much alive today. Many relic plants all living fossils still grow- in the Qinling-Bashan-- schoolchildren on the "q,ild man," Y1lafl zlrcnxin An investigator briefs local Shennongjia region. The metase-' quoia, the dove tree and the and round eyes also bigger with a lot of hair who have been bigger, Chinese tulip tree, for instance, are His jaw jutted out discriminated against and rejected than a man's. rare species from the protruding liPs. His by society and forced to seek an surviving and he had Tertiary Period. The fact that they as broad as a existence in the wilds? Recent front teeth were exist shows that region, unlike were His descriptions of children and adults this horse's. His eyes black. middle-latitude regions, did brown and more born with exceptional amounts of other hair was dark not undergo a total eradication of hung looselY facial and body hair, a feature than a foot long, and since the Tertiary whole often accompanied by longer arms its ancient flora over his shoulders. His is because the nose and ears than average, might seem to Period. This face, except for the glaciers the Period hairs. His support lhis supposition. of Quaternary was covered wi.th short (the last geological era) were, in below his Are the "wi1d men" descendants arms hung down to the valley tyPe and big hands with of GigantoPithecus, the gigantic this region, of knees. He had not greatly affect the flora and a foot* Iong and prehominid or manlike ape that did fingers about hatf fauna. So Gigantopithecus, too, with thumbs onlY slightlY inhabited the earth long ago, but He had been considered extinct? The might have survived. separated from the fingers. altitudes, and the hair earliest and most recent records of At both low and high didn't have anY tail, provides excellent I{e had these great apes in China are a1i in the region an on his body was short' for its rich than the Guangxi, further to the south. But ecological environment thick thighs, shorter sPecies, He waiked somewhere between the latter and varied mammalian Iower part of his leg. Part deer, river His Early Pleistocene Epoch such as serows, musk upright with his legs aPart' of the muntjac, long (700-800,000 years ago) and Middle deer, several types of feet were each about a foot and broader in Pleistocene (500-600,000 years ago) masked civets, ferets Porcu- and half that broad animals as the - with they also existed in the vicinity of pines. Such rare front and narrow behind, golden monkeY and the male. That Hubei's Jianshi county, southwest takin, the splayed toes. He was a Panda live and multiPlY much saw clearly." of Shennongjia in the same moun- Giant I Also here is a white-colored tain chain. Gigantopi,thecus bones here. which may be either an Theories and SPeculations been found among fossilized bear, have individual variation or a new Ancient literature on the subject bones used in traditional Chinese medicine and bought from local species, of the "wild man" limited itself l'wild man" peasants by government trading The centuries-old to accounts and descriPtions, and remains unsolved. Like the companies in Hubei's Badong and riddie made no attemPt to look into the who have Xingshan regions, although there Loch Ness investigators whys and wherefores. not yet found their monster, we two main lines is no way of ascertaining the exact Today, there are still do not have enough evidence of the period to which they beiong. of conjecture on the origin prove disprove the purported man." One holds On the basis of studies in con.r- to or "wild existence - men" in- the 64n" sn parative anatomy, the Paleoan- of "wild that he is a "hairy primeval forests of China's tem- throwback of the human- thropologist Prof . Wu Rukang atavistic perate and subtropical regions. But he is a says, "Proceeding from available race;, the other that science has been challenged, and great aPe, data, we can oniy say in general descendant of the we have taken up the challenge. Gigantopithecus. terms that GigantoPi'thecus had Are the "wild men" genetic large, massive bones and a huge powerful torso, although his i A Chinese foot is 33 cm throwbacks - individuals born and JULY I9?9 59 dish was known to the minority nationality areas of west China at that early date. ,fiaozi, The jiaozi of ancient times were called huntun (taortton in Can- tonese). Later they came to be tr(nown as called jiaozi by northern Chinese. (Today in the north the word h,untun is used for meat-filled I)umplings dough wrapped slightly differently and served in the soup they are boiled in.) They became a tradi- tional lunar new year dish. At TRADITIONAL Chinese meal the beginning of the Qing dynasty for special occasions might (1644-1911), the Suning county consist of jiaozi. There seems to gazetteer in Hebei province re- be no name for jiaozi in English. corded: "A sumptuous feast begins and for iack of one they are some- in each household around 11:00 times ref erred to as dumplings, p.m. on New Year's Eve. Everyone which they are not. Half-moon eats a flat kind of food called jiao- shaped, slightly larger than an zi. The name is said to mean orange segment, jiaozi arc made of seeing off the old year and wel- thin dough skins filled with coming in the new." seasoned minced meat and vegeta- The tradition of serving jiaozi bles and boiled or steamed. TheY at festivals has continued to the are eaten dipped in a sauce of present. After a bountiful meal of either sesame oil, soy sauce or rice other food on the eve of the vinegar or any combination of Spring Festival, the lunar new them, sometimes with choPPed year, the family begins to make raw gariic. enough jiaozi f.or two more ineals In north China, esPeciallY in the at midnight, when the new year countryside, the f irst meal for -begins, and for breakfast, the first guests and relatives from afar 'meal of the new year. In north- consists of bowls of iiaozi. Making east China some households make them is part of the festivitY. huge quantities of them and put Everyone rol1s uP his sleeves and them outside to freeze to be eaten pitches in, kneading the douih, gradually later. chopping the meat, roiling the Today jiaozi arc a very popular skins, and "wrapPing" them food. There are eateries specializ- around the filling. ing only in jiaozi, while many res: Ji,aozi have a historY of at least taurants have counters where a 1,600 years. There is a reference bowl of them can be bought by to them as early as the Three those who don't have time to sit Kingdoms period (220-280). In down for a regular meal. Some 1968 a wooden bowl of jtaozi was restaurants even have a take-out excavated from a Tang dYnastY service selling uncooked jiaozi f.or (618-90?) tomb in Turfan in the families who want to enjoy them Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Re- at home. Once time-consuming to gion. Extremely well preserved, make, they can now be mass- they were exactly the same in aP- produced with special machines. pearance as the jiaozi Chitese eat Frozen jiaoz\ are even exported today. The find shows that this for sale abroad. How Drawings bg Dong YuPing

60 CIIINA BECONSTRUCTS Chinese History- ulture frorn the Third to Sixth enturias

JIAO JIAN

places, which brought it to between 3.1415926 and 3.1415927. Working at the southern capital near Nan- jing, Zu Chongzhi also made notable contributions to astronomy, .calendar-making and mechanical design. A book on mathematics Zhuishu written by him con- tinued to be used as a textbook through the Tang dynasty (618-907) in China as well as in rnedieval Japan and Korea.

Buddhist Influence

Buddhism was one of the important cultural in- fluences of the period. It had been introduced into China from India toward the end of the Western Han dynasty; by the time of the Northern and Southern dynasties (420-581)* it had become widespread. It was taken up by some of the rulers of the incoming nomad dynasties in the north. But Buddhism also became the faith of some rulers and officials in the southern court. Monasteries grew up in many parts of the country with a large number of monks and nuns, and in general the faith appeared as a refuge in these troqbled times. In 399 the monk Fa Xian, wanting to make a thorough study of Buddhism, set out from Changan (today's Xi'an) over the Pamir Mountains for India Zu Chongzhi, a recen[ sculpture, to obtain a complete set of the scriptures. He spent three years copying them in India and then returned

HESE CENTURIES during most of which the + Por a table of the Northern and Southern dynasties see country was fragmented (covering the periods of China Reconsfr?cts June, 1979. the Three Kingdoms, Western and Eastern Jin and the Ncrthern and Southern dynasties) were not with- out their scientific and cultural achievements. A volume of the Commentarll on tlle WateruoYs Clossic. Mathematicians continued to be fascinated by the ratio of the diameter to the circumference of a circle, now known by the Greek letter n. Improving on the record of the astronomer Zh^arrg Heng (78-139), during the Three Kingdoms period (220-265) the scientist Liu Hui worked out the figure of 3.1416, the most ac- curate for his time. On this basis, later the great mathematician Zu Chongzhi (429-500) arrived at an even more precise figure. He was the first in the world to calculate the value of r to seven decimal

JUI.Y T979 61 by sea route by way of Ceylon, arriving back in China in 413. On his return he translated all the Buddhist scriptures he had collected and wrote a book about his 14-year journey which touched 30 countries, entitled A Record of the Buddhist Countries. Buddhism injected a nev,r idea into Chinese philosophy: immortality of the soul. Instead of things being decided merely by fate,. Buddhism taught that even though a man was miserable during this lifetime, through faith and right living he could be reborn to a happier state in the next life. One could pass through many lives by transmigration, for man's soul was immortal, tho,ugh his physical body was perishable" Not a1l thinkers were in accord with this new view. Fan Zhen (c. 450-515), an official at the ei and Liang,courts in the south, wrote an essay entifled "Destructibility of the Soul." He argued that body and soul were one entity. When the body dies so does the soul. It is, he said, only because of the living body that the soul lives; without the body the soul cannot exist.

Colossal Buddha figure in Grotto No. 20, Yungang, Shanxi province.

By then Buddhism had been accepted as court religion in the south. Prince Jingling of the Qi dynasty (479-502) mobilized a number of monks and Sections ol the famous Eastern Jin painter Gu Kaizhi's scholars to debate with Fan Zhen but the verbal Goddess oJ the Luo Riuer (above) aiod Ailmonitiotls ol the battle was inconclusive. Then the prince sent word instrucrress to C()urt Ladies (belou) taken from later eopies. that if Fan Zhen would give up his view he could be appointed assistant to the Prime Minister. Fan re- plied with a laugh, "If'I were one to sell .my ideas for official position I would have climbed higher than that long ago."

Beginnings of Grotto Att Buddhism was one of the great stimuli for art in this period, which saw the beginning of work on the famous storehouses of art carved into cliffside grot- toes. The earliest are the fabulous carved and painted grottoes begun in 366 at Dunhuang far out on the Old Silk Road, over which Buddhist influence had first carire to China.* Two other famous ones are

t China Reconstructs carried articles on Dunhuang in the February, March and October 1978 issues.

62 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS i. .. .:. .} l :". served as a governmeni official during the Eastern Jin dynasty. There is a story about him that goes like this: While still a young man fie promised a large contribution to a newly-built monastery. Many thought that he was just talking big. He spent a month painting a Buddhist scene on a wall in the monastery and suggested that the abbot request everyone who came to see the painting to give a donation. The lifelike figure brought so many visitors that very soon the monastery had its promised sum. Ancient art books mention many paintings by Gu, but copies of only two have corne down to us AdmonLtions oJ the Instructress to Court Ladi'es -and Goddess oJ the Luo Rioer. Both are long hori- z<.rnta1 scrolls with a number of scenes- The lattep

Buddhist figures anrl relief designs in Grotto No, 6, Yungang.

F4d TY i

in Shanxi Province and in Henan Province. The t in scale was begun in irst capital of the North- ern Wei dynasty (386-534), and the latter was begun around 494 after Northern Wei moved its capital there. Others less famous are found in other places' Carrying out the Buddhist idea of salvation through good works, rulers and wealthy men com- missioned large numbers of craftsmen to make re- ligious paintings and carvings. These include of course numerous reliefs and statues of the Buddha as well as bodhisattvas and warriors, and also illustrate religious stories and Chinese fables and folk tales. In the sculpture of the Northern and Southern of foreign cultures, particular- dynasties the influence written was infused with the tradition followed in was painted ly Indian, e vivid- China since the Qin dynasty (22L-201 B.C.). by the poet ness, grace of the figures, the Chinese Painting and CalligraPhY pictorial art. a leap forward in figure painting in To any discussion of the arts must be added There was into an art this period, mainly in the work of Gu Kaizhi who mention of calligraphy, which developed 63 JUI,Y 1979 toward the end of the Eastern Han dynasty. During named Hua Mulan who went you to serve in the army for the Three Kingdoms period Zhong (181-230) put her aged father. It is still widely read today. great effort into changing the lishu style which was used in the Han dynasty to the koishu, more square in Agriculture and Geography style with very regular strokes. The latter had fewer The introduction to the south of the more flourishes and was easier to write. Then kaishu agai:u advanced agricultural technique of the north was served as a basis for many more artistic an styles which impo.rtant part of the whote southward movement developed later. of culture. Knowledge about agriculture was summed In the Eastern Jin dynasty Wang Xizhi, drawing up in the book lmportant Arts or the people's Wel- upon the best of other calligraphers, f cr.eated a style of fore written between 533 and i44 by tlle Northern his own. }Jis kaishu writing, still further away from Wei agronomist Jia Sixie. It is the earliest book on the influenc e of lishu, was considered to have achieved Chinese agriculture extant today. was perfection. Jia,s writing His son Wang Xianzhi, who followed his based on material in an earlier Han dynasty volume father's style from early childhood, too became a fa- on farming and other ancient books, and on his own mous calligrapher, and father and son are known as investigations with old peasants into farming of his the "two Wangs." time. The 10-part book has g2 chapters. It deals with almost every subject then known to agriculture: Poetry and Song seed selection and dipping, application of fertilizer, crop rotation, the cuitivation of various crops, vege- tables, During the Eastern Jin and Northern and fruit and other trees, and the raising of do- Southern dynasties scholar-landlords and other in- mestic animals and fowls. It also treats of fish-raising, tellectuals on the war-ravaged piain wine-making and the processing of agricultural central moved produce. south in large numbers. Thus, the culture of the The author stressed that natural be Huanghe (Yellow) River valley was transplanted to law must observed if one is to get better harvest less the region south of the Changjiang (Yangtze) i?iver with effort: cropc must suit local conditions and farm where it developed further. The pr.edominant task.r ten- be done qt the right time. He also advocated improve- dency in literature was an excessive stress on beauty ment of farming techniques and tools. of language and rhythm which covered up for empty Another important book of a scientific nature decadent and content. Tao Yuanming (369-42?), the was the Commentary on the Watertoays Clossic by greatest poet of the Eastern Jin dynasty, went against Li Daoyuan (?-527). Water routes had been important this trend. His works, realistic in content and in means of communication for centuries. Now these simple and natural style brought the poetic art to a were written up in this 40-volume work. It describes new high. 137 rivers including the Changjiang and Huanghe Tao Yuanming came from an impoverished rivers and gives a detailed account of more than 1,000 Iandowning family. Incensed at the political abuses smaller rivers and irrigation canals. To write it thc of his rtime, he resigned his post as a minor official author consulted hundreds of ancient books and added to live and toil on his own farm. His idyllic poems a lot of new material from his own investigations. reflect his disgust with the sordidness of the society It aLso covers local products, scenic and historical sites and his deep love for nature. The name of his utopian and their history, and information on things like work Peach Blossom Springs has become a synonym mineral deposits, salt.,rzells, hot springs and volcanoes. for a safe and peaceful place. One of the most important ancient works on geography, During the Northern and Southern Dynasties today it is still used as a reference in planning water period, folk songs became an important literary form. conservation projects and exploring for resources. Many of these were the songs of the nomadic peoples. The book is also noted An ancient record notes that one that was widely for its flowing writing style and is highly regarded as a work of literature. sung all over the north vqas the Xianbei people,s ,,Song of Chile."* It went: The Yinshan Mountains rise aboue the plain; Chile Some Historical Names The uault oJ heaoen rises like a gurt oDer our broad meadows. Former Spel,ling New Spelling Vast is the sky, boundless the uild.s, Tsu Chung-chi Zu Chongzhi The wind bends the grass to l"et us Fa Hsien Fa Xian see our sheep and cattle, Ku Kai-chih Gu Kaizhi Another which has come down to us is ,,The Wang Hsi-chih Wang Xizhi Ballad of Mulan," considered the best among ballads Li Tao-yuan Li Daoyuan of the period. The 300-word narrative tells a girl of Chia Szu-hsieh Jia Sixie t A tribe in northern China

64 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Brick Reliefs Reveal Lost ;:!^ Paintin$ Arts

YANG HONG

A co|ner 0l a tomll near itrce. u'ith bricks with ( ou'herd and buf l'alo, Dengxian coun(y. !

A GLIMPSE oI the pictorial ar1 River valley and elsewhere over cause not many e*amples of paint- / r of southern China during the the past decade or so. This period ing f rom this time have come years when the country was is frequently referred to as the Six down to us; this is a pity, for it divided (3rd to 6th centuries) is Dynasties,* meaning the six re- was an.important transition period provided by designs on numerous gimes which made their capital at between the art of the earlier Han bricks molded in relief on the walls what is today's Nanjing south of of tombs from this period unearth- the Changjiang River. Traditional * The Kingdom of Wu (222-28A) ot ih,e period, ed in the Changjiang (Yangtze) culture was able to continue in that Three Kir-rgdoms the Eastern Jin dynasty (317-420) and the Song, Qi, area while northern China was dis- Liang and Chen dynasties, the south- rupted by constant wars, These ern representatives of the Northern YANG HONG is editor ol Kaosu, a and Southern dynasties period (420- bimonthly archeological magaziue. finds are of particular value be- 581).

.IUI,Y 1979 Designs from Nan- times and that of the later Sui. jing tombs: lotus, unicorn with winged Tang and Song dynasties hooves and mythical creature with a hu- m&n head and a rf]HE tomb chambers were usually bird's body. r built with bricks 38 by 1a-19 centimeters and 3-5 cm. thick. Many bear molded decorative designs incorporating motifs like honeysuckle and lotus blossoms and leaves, Flequentiy occurring is a circular design of a lotus flower in full bloom done in simple and vigorous lines. There are also mythical birds and beasts with -winged - unicorns hooves, lions with long manes and sharp claws, a high-crested phoenix with a long tail, and creatures with a human head and a bird's bodY, or an animal's head and a bird's body. There are other bricks with figures. Sometimes each brick seems to tell a storY. Among such found in a tomb of the late Six Dynasties period at Changzhou, Jiangsu province are guards with hand to sword, graceful serving maids with high coiffures, and the figures of a young woman with an incense burner. She is standing in the wind which blows her sleeves and sash in graceful lines. In a set of pictorial bricks in a tomb at Dengxian countY. Henan province color was aPPIied on toP of the reliefs. There is a grouP of marching soldiers with ribbohs Young woman with flying from their dressed hair. a an incense burner. military band, a scene of music and Changzhou, Jiangsu province. dancing and an almost-humorous Marching soldiers carry swords, shields, bows and quivels orr brick lrom Dengxian county, IIenan provinee.

s6 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS To Iill out the elghth panel, the artists added Rong Qiqi, a famous scholar recluse of the Spring and Autumn pefiod (770-476 B.C.). In the same tomb was a large and very lively multi-brick relief of a lion squatting on its haunches with its long tail curling upward. These latter reiiefs are copies of paintings of this period, which have now been lost. Thus from them we can see the levei of pic- torial art of the times.

Liu Ling (Ieft) and Ji Kang (right), two of the "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove": rubbings of molded brick panels, Naniing. figure of a cowherd trying to hold in Western Jin times (265-316) who back a hurrying buffalo. opposed the tormalism of Confu- cianism and frequently met to- qOME of the molded reliel pic- gether in discussions. U tures are made of many bricks The f igures bring out the 'indi- and cover arl entire wall. There- vidual characterization of each fore, only a portion of the picture scholar as described in historical was made on each of the bricks and writings Among them are Wang they were f itted together after Rong, barefooted, reclining on his firing. A remarkable example of left elbow gazing at a ruAi (a sort this is the set of figures of eight of seepter that scholars in this distinguished scholars found in period held during discussions) in 1961 in a tomb of the late Southern accordance with a poet's observa- Dynasties period near Nanjing. tion, "Wang Rong likes to wave his The reliefs, covering 480 x 160 cen- rryi." There is Liu Ling, who is timeters of two walls of the tomb, supposed to have liked his drink, appear in eight panels. The figures with a cup of wine. There is Ji are separated by a design of trees. Kang. who was one of the famous The first seven figures are known players of the qin (a zither-like Interestingl)' detailed painted tigures decorate an arched entrance to a North- as the "Seven Sages of the Bamboo musical instrument) in Chinese ern and Southern Dynasties tomb, Grove," a group of Taoist schoiars history, Dengxian county, Dancers (right), two drums and a sherlg and Ililitary band, Dengxian r'ounty. nrusicians led by conductor' Dengxian counll"

JULY 1979 67 In its front shop Rong Bao Zhai sel1s paintings, reproductions, prints and pai.nting materials. Behind it are four iarge work- rooms, each devoted to one of the four processes involved in making a reproduction tracing. carving, impressing and- mounting. The urorkers must understand painting and be painters themselve.s.

rf]HE lrrst process, tracing. needs I most exact and meticulous rvork so that every brush stroke of the original is faithfully recreated. The artists are thoroughly f ami- liar urith the str,le. and blush techr-riques of painters of di[ferent schools and their branches. both ancient and conternporary They anall,ze the strokes in a Painting to be traced. separating them into ['or salt' -stlokes rn:rde lvith a dry, wet, dilute or saturated brush. Having made a c:rlcful study of the orig- inaI. they "dissect" it into layers r;f corrc.spor-rding shaders and color The Fahulous gr-adations. the.n trace cach layel on transparent paper sheets. The traclngs then go to the second process in another room Reproduetions hy the where seven or eight craf tsmen rvork on carving. A carver pastes each traclng on a block of pear wood, chosen for its line grain. Bong Bao T,hai Shop The block varies in size as the tracing requires. He begins his carving r,vith the original painting CHEN SHENG in front of hin'r. The principle is to preserve every detail and nuance of the original.'s form and rf\HE Rong Bao Zhai Studio, an carefully paint on hand-carved vitality, The technique in the use l- art shop on Liu Li Chang wooden blocks which are then im- of the burin is complicated. With various movements knife, a Street in the southern part of Bei- pressed on iice paper. Each of the jing, carver brings out the dif- is famous for reproductions duplicate takes many impressions skilled of Chinese traditional painti.ngs so ferent effects of the painting on the to make Whether it is a simple well done that even experts some- wood block. Even the texture of composition bold, sweeping times mista*e .them for the with a dry brush stroke is conveyed. originals. Laymen looking for the strokes or a complicated design A larger room with constant mdrks of photoengraving cannot with delicate drawing, the repro- humidity and temperature houses find them. A famous art expert duction comes out of the shop as the impressing process. Bef ore once declared a reproduction of a real as the original, the painter's every worker-artist a stack of ab- Tang dynasty scroll as the original. style and brush work accurately sorbent rice paper (ruan) is Rong Bao Zhai's reproductions recreated. Once a reproduction clamped at one edge of a desk in a are done by master artists who and the original were placed before metal vise to prevent the sheets the painter himself, the famous Qi from moving out of alignment. A CHEN SHENG is a staff member of Baishi (Chi Pai-shih). The old man carved pear wood block is glued in the layout section of the Liberation ArmA DailA and an expert in drawing hesitated before he could identify place on the desk next to the and illustrating. his own. paper. Then the printer (they

68 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS \l

Reproduction of Chou Shizhou's Rirer Journey, L.{ing dynasty. *aI 1-'i.i

{i.'; "*!. a ca .j s'f . -{. .* r-fir /.

? Reproduction of Gu Hong- zhong's Hrn Xizai't Eterting purt;., Tang dynasty (derail).

Reproduction of Ma Yuan,s Plnti, Rotlr ond Corntorunts, Song dynasty.

Reproduction of Zhen Banqiao's Orthid und Bunrboo, Qing dynasty.

Xu Beihong's //oiser Wu Changshuo's Peache.s. should actually be called painters) with highly refined craftsman- brushes ink and aquarelle on to ship, it took two carvers and a the block, minutely following the worker-artist eight years to finish. shades of the original and con- The scroll contains 45 figures in stantly referring to the Painting five scenes, the head of each being reproduced. The colors, ink figure being no more than the size and brushes are the same as those of a fingernail. This reproduction, with used by the original painter. With requiring 5,000 impressions 1,600.wooden blocks, could not the btock painted, the artist laYs a have been successful if it had only sheet of paper over it and Presses been a matter of careful carving and rubs it with a highlY Polished and impressing. Success lay in matching the stone, carefully analysis. The three craftsmen me- amount of ink with the absorPtion ticulously studied the famous 1. racing. rate of the paper. In order to reach painting to reach a thorough un- the exact effect of the original's derstanding of the characters gradation and tone he sometimes - their attiiudes, activity, moods - has to repeat the Painting and before they began working. impressing several times. Printing with wooden blocks . Tian Yongqing is one of these was being done 1,300 years ago in master artists. A qualified crafts- China. By the 16th century color man, he saYs, must know more was being employed. In the 1930s than just carving and imPressing, Lu Xun, the famous writer, gave For example, to make a reProduc- impetus to the modern woodcut tion of a Qi Baishi Painting of a movement. He highly praised the frog, first of all he has to under- woodblock-printed "Designs for stand how the painter used the Letter Paper from the Studio of different tones of ink to create the Ten Bamboos" and supervised the effect of three dimensions and the work of republishing it. elasticity of the animal's flesh. He Though the techniques of the Carving. needls to know that the Painter did Rong Bao Zhai reproductions can the leaves with a saturated brush be said to have originated in wood to create life and realitY. He must block printing and the later know how Qi Baishi's brushwork woodcuts, their cornbination with brought out, the hardness of a painting techniques makes them crab's shell and the softness of the unique. Since the founding of new tiny hairs on its legs, or how Xu China the studio has reproduced Beihong's (Hsu Pei-hung) strokes a great number of ancient and achieved the effect of motion with modern works. Over 600 treasured his horses. ancient paintings have been The last process is mounting the recreated. These include Zhou reproduction on heavy paPer and Fang's Maidens uith Flousery silk to make a scroll. This is an Hairpins of the Tang period, Gu artistic skill in itself, for good Hongzhong's scroll mentioned mounting enhances the beautY of above, Zhang Zerui's The Riuer- Impressing. a painting or reproduction. side Scene at the Qingming Festiual Thus the reproduction of a of the Song period, Chou Shizhou's Chinese traditional painting is a Riuer Journey of the Ming Mountiug. combined work of manY artists, dynasty, and others. Works of Someone once said that he pre- contemporary painters have also ferred these reproductions to the been reproduced, iEcluding those originals because they allowed him by Wu Changshuo, Qi Baishi, Xu to enjoy the art of both Painting Beihong, Huang Binhong and Wu and wood carving. Zuoren. Rong Bao Zhai's excellent reproductions make Chinese tradi- D ONG BAO ZHAI possesses a tional paintings more easily avail- l\ reproduction of a famous Tang able for specialists to study and at dynasty painting, Han Xizai,'s Eoe- the same time satisfy the needs of ning Partg, a scroll 332.5 X 29.5 both domestic and foreign art cm. by Gu Hongzhong. Done lovers.

JULY I9?9 73 To this listener, the French works came out most impressively. It is no accident that Berlioz' Symphonie Fantasti.que should be a warhorse of the BSO repertoire. For Seiji Ozawa, llke Berlioz, is a man of great imagination, passion and genius. He is temperamental- 1y emi.nently suited to interpret so intensely romantic a work as the Fantastique. In the Beijing per- formance there rvas continual ebb and flow with moments of poignant beauty- followed by tre- mendous outpouring of orchestral power. Ozawa led the orchestra in a rendition with ensemble preci- sion and linear beauty of 'phrase. We learned from the rehearsais, which were open to the public, how painstakingly Ozawa shaped a phrase. He could rea11y coax the ensemble into song. Ralph Gom- berg and Laurence Thorstenberg, the principal oboist and English horn player, beautifully executed the pastoral duet of the third movement. The broad range of color and nuance of the orchestra was amply evj.dent in Ravel's Daphnis and Chloe, Suite No. 2. The great washes of color reminded this listener' of a performance hearfl Concertmaster Joseph Silverstein. Zhu Y r-;ngqirLtl

A Major Musicul Eaeryt ZHAO JINGLUN

The Boston Symphony Orchestra performs Verdi's La torza del de.stino Ouerture in the Capital Stadium iD Beijing. Wang Jingde rf.l HE BSO. the first major I Amcrican orchestra to tour China after the establishment of diplomatic relations between the United States and China*, pre- sented a varied program in Beijing that gave a good idea of the virtuosity and versatility of the world-famous orchestra. It was music-making of the highest order.

'The Philadelphia Orchestra under Eugene Ormandy visited China in 1973.

ZHAO JINGLUN is ,on the research staff of the Foreign Languages Publish- ing and Distribution Bureau.

74 CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS CHINESE COOKERY some 30 years ago in Boston when work with it pipa player Liu the BSO was under the baton of Dehai and pianist- Liu Shikun. The Charles Munch. And it was Pierre pipa is a mandolin-like plucked in- Alrnond Monteux, another one-time BSO strument with rather limited ex- music director, who conducted the pressive power. But its technical FIoat Paris premiere of the ballet Daph- potential has been exploited to the (Xingren Doufu) nis and Chloe back in 1912 with maximum in the concerto Little the legendary Nijinsky and Karsa- Sisters of the Grasslands by its vina in the title roles. composers Wu Zuqiang, Wang Yanqiao and Liu Dehai himself. It HIS IS served as a between- was not the first time that Ozawa TEfHILE French influence was meals snack at shops in Beijing conducted this concerto. He and other places in summer. Below W evident. the BSO has also worked with Liu Dehai in June absorbed the best of the Russian we give you the traditional waY of 1978 when he came to conduct the plus tradition. Serge Koussevitzky's making it, some shortcuts. Central Philharmonic Orchestra, .Vz lb. unsalted almonds Iong tenure as its conductor left its and there was obvious rapport smali pack unflavored The BSO strings com- 1 Pou'- imprint. between conductor and soloist. The dered gelatin Russian sonori- bined full-blooded pianist Liu Shikun, with his pheno- t/c cup cold water crYstal- ty with western European menal technical facility, seemed to 1 cup boiling water Iine delicacy to produce a tone prefer a tempo faster than usual in cup sugar giving % that was unequaled. his Liszt Concerto No. 1, the % teaspoon salt Ozawa's reading of Tchaikovs- orchestra some difficulty in pacing. Syrup: ky's Pathetique had a textural 2 cups boiling water clarity quite different in effect rftfiE music-making reached a 4 oz. rock candy (qr t/s cup from that in the well-knourn re- I climax when the Central sugar) cording by von Karajan. To this Philharmonic Orchestra joined the 3 drops cassia flower syrup Iistener, the former's concePtion BSO to play Beethoven's SAm- (optional) sounded truer to the Russian phony No. 5 under Ozawa's baton. 4 pineapple slices design. The grandeur of the Piece was Blanch and pound or grind It was appropriate for Bostonians enhanced with its rendition bY the almohds to a smooth milky con- visiting Beijing to play something 217-piece combined orchestra sistency, using a heavy spoon or a by one of the United States' playing in the Capital Stadium to blender. Mix the gelatin with the an greatest composers. Gershwin's An a capacity crowd of 18,000. But cold water or prepare as directed American in Paris was well re- orchestra of this size also present- on package. Add sugar and salt problems. The double bass and stir ceived despite the fact that its jazz ed with the boiiing water and boomed gloriouslY gelatin Add pound- idioms were unfamiliar to the Chi- kettle drums until dissolves. the piccolo floral figures ed almonds, mix well and bring to nese For an encore the BSO but ear. toward the end of the sYmphonY a boi]. Pour the mixture into four gave Leonard Bernstein's Candide were hardly audible. This, of bowls and chill until it sets. another new thing, for overture, course, was also due to the acous- To make syrup, add rock candY music American musical the of tics in the stadium. to boiling water. When it has dis- comedy has never been played in Several years ago Jiang Qing solved, add cassia flower syruP China. Personally, this listener and her cohorts launched un- and chill. more contem- would like to hear justifiable attacks on Beethoveri's When ready to serve, cut gelatin porary American music played in music, this symphony in Particu- into cubes 1% centimeters square Beijing. More Aaron Copland, for lar, which were carried on in and float in syrup. Cut pineaPPle example. Chinese publications*. It went slices into chips and put them on blessed with four. The BSO is top-rank against Mao Zedong's teaching top of the cubes. Serve VARIA- solo players. Joseph Silverstein about learning from the best there SHORTCUTS AND demonstrated some brilliantly pol- is, including foreign and ancient, TIONS: In China this is made the size ished virtuoso playing in the Men- and making foreign things serve using a bunch of agar-agar forefinger soaked in a bowi delssohn's Violin Concerto. The China. The warm welcome accord- of the of cold water and then boiled until first movement was rendered with ed the Boston SymphonY Orchestra curving grace; the Andante came present efforts to learn it dissoives (about ten minutes). testified to pounded out with silky smoothness; and the from the best in the western Then add sugar, salt and third movement took off with a tradition. almonds, wholesome exuberance. He was An easier way than pounding assisted by the Chinese Central the almonds is to substitute it for Philharmonic Orchestra conducted * China Reconstructs; too, carried an a portion of the water and add by Ozawa. article in this vein, "A Discussion on almond extract (one teaspoon or to Western Music" in the Juiy 1974 issue. taste). For sauce you may use the As a gesture of friendship, the Zhao Jinglun's criticism is correct. tsSO had two Chinese soloists to Ed. juice and a portion of the fruit - from canned pineapple or other JULY 19?9 fruit. Add water to extend juice. The Story of on Officer

Tclling horv hero Dong Cunrui blasted an enemJ. fortif ication.

Zhi Shunyi, today a deputy ing iine Zht. a crack shot. was director of the political department the first to throw himself down in of an army division, is known for the puddles to start shooting. his principles, his simple tife and "A Communist should remember his closeness to the rank and file. that he is from the working c1ass," He often lives among the soldiers, Zhi has said. He is often found eating, training, studying and working with the mess squad or relaxing with them. He will not cleaning pigsties. When he travels accept any privileges because of by train he helps the conductors his rank. Once while on a visit to bring hot water to the passengers inspect a company he was given a or sweep the aisles. private room. He told the comman- der, "I didn't come to be a guest but an ordinary soldier." Then he DEfNG a famous combat hero, carried his bed-roll to a motorcycle D Zt'ri Shunyi is lrequently asked squad's barracks. At lunch he to give talks in factories, schools found that special food had been and other army units. He tells how made for him. He took it to the Dong Cunrui gave his life for the cook and told him, "Please send liberation of the Chinese people this to someone who's sick." and the heroic deeds of other com- Hu Guocheng, a young soldler, rades, but never mentions his own A fanrily portrait. remembers this encounter with exploits. Once a comrade on the Zhi: One summer day. his com- platform told the audience that pany was in. SHUNYI joined the People's the field on a forced Zhi Shunyi had forced his way be- 7HI march. Gradually Hu dropped be- zJ Liberation Army in 1947 hind enemy lines and captured during the war to liberate China. hind. At this point an old soldier more than 100 enemy soldiers Daring and resourcelul in battle, with gray hair came up and said, singlehanded. Zhi hurriedly stood he won many citations and was "You Look pretty tired, young up and explained, "I couldn't have awarded the title "Combat Hero, fellow. I'11 take your gun for you," done that if other comrades hadn't Special Class." He was in the The soldier was embarrassed and helped and the leaders hadn't given same squad as Dong Cunrui, a tried to get the gun back. "No," correct instructions." Compared national hero who, in the fighting the old man said, "we should help with the revolutionary' cause, he to capture the city of L,onghua in each other, shouldn't rz',e? That's said, he was only a drop of water Hebei province, held explosives our army's tradition. Now let's go in a sea. against a key enemy fortification on together." It was Zhi Shunyi. Once Zhi Shunyi was invited tcr and blew it up to open the way One day Zhi Shunyi was with a talk at a school. He walked quiet- forward for his comrades. Zhi company on its way to the firing Iy into the building where students Shunyi was the machine gunner range when a downpour began. He and teachers were still busily dec- who covered the action in which ordered the men to go on as a test orating the place to welcome him. Dong Cunrui sacrificed his life. of the unit's morale. At the shoot- A teacher recognized him and ran

lo CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Plain Ii'r'ing and hard sork-Zhi teaches new Zlri Shunri uorks with rank-and-file soldiers in the fields. soldiers how to mend their own clothes, over. "Why! Here's Zhi Shunyi! ',l,ho had fully supported him when at a combat heroes' conference in We were just sending a car for he joined the army. When he Left Beijing. He received a letter from you." Zhi laughed and told them, home she had told him, "Go with a college girl who expressed her "Getting here earllel saves your an easy mind, Shunyi. I'11 take care admiration and love for him. time." of the family." Enclosed was her photograph. Zhi Zhi Shunyi owned a quilt that For seven years while Zhi was gently replied that he was married he had used for 13 years from busy in the army Yuanfeng, had and had a happy family. countryside to city and from- bar- gone through many hardships Tw'o As soon as Yuanfeng felt better racks to officers' quarters. One gran,dparents, the children. the she trie'd to do some housework. story goes that when Zhi worked fields all work that Yuanfeng One evening when he came back in a company he picked up a pair had to- do by herself. But in her tired from the training ground, of wornout socks a new soldier had letters she had never complained, Zhi found hot water in the wash thrown away. Zhi washe,C and not even telling him that the hard basin and food and a glass of wine mended them and gave them back iife had brought on a crippling on the tabie. A warm feeling to the soldier with this comment: disease" surged through his heart but he "Young fellow. remember that A great part of the credit for his was pained to see his wife dragging frugality and hard work are the accomplishment as a soldier should herself around to do this. "You characteristics of a proletarian go to her, Zhi Shunyi knew. In his shouldn't do so much," he said, soldier. We shouldn't forget it, days on leave Zhi looked after her haif scolding. "If you're bored, even though our life is much better tenderly. One day she was down- Iisten to the radio." than before." hearted. Zhi, told her gentlY, "You're odt busy all the time," Zhi Shunyi had been married to "We've gone through countless Yuanfeng replied. "Arrd on top of Chen Yuanfeng and had children hardships together. Don't be dis- it you have to take care of me. I before he joined the army in 1947. couraged by the disease. You'lJ. get don't like feeling so helpless." But it wasn't until the summer of welL and we'll be fine." "You mustn't f eel like that. 1954 that he had a chance to visit What's the difference who takes them. When he stepped down from care of whom?" the train at his native village he JHI Look Yuanfeng back to his Yuanfeng's condition improved. was elated. They had been very ' ' unit so he could look after her When she could move around a much in love. Yuanfeng would better. He did everything he could bit, Zhi began to take her to see be waiting for him at the door. to cure her. He massaged her arms f ilms at his unit, sometimes But as he entered the quiet and legs and helped her exercise. carrying her or more and more courtyard, Yuanfeng was nowhere He tried many kinds of treatment taking her by the arm. One night to be seen. He went into the house and medicines. But a dozen years after seeing the film Dong Cunrui and was shocked to see his wife went by and she improved Iittle. Yuanfeng said. ''You are even in lying in bed, her legs swollen and Once someone suggested that he films now. You're famous." hands deformed with . rheumatoid should divorce Yuanfeng and get Zhi Shunyi smiled. "I get the arthritis. She had not once written another wife. Zhi was furious at medals and citations but, Yuan- of this in her letters. this kind of feudal morality and feng, half of them belong- to you." That night many memories came roundly criticized it. A different Yuanf eng's leart flooded with back to Zhi Shunyi. It was his wife sort of thing came up while he was warmth.

J[ItiY 1979 77 l.

iE ;H Lesson 7 g 1 At the f'air

G ; # (a"S*, ir i'*fi?a q\^ * + *. &U.,rrF 4. trt (JEnddir fing Hui lnydutrian birfen xiiln cEngudn ni ge gutrn? E g (Canada visit China tourist group (a) portion first visit which hall? H ,\"fi *u. ri{'l , +E *p itt Fll, *. tstn ,i Y,3* B rV-" $.'fll $ E ch6ngyudn cinguiin GuAngzhdu Zhdnggio Ch[k6u B6ling: Xiiin ciingudn Flngzhipingutrn ba. Wdmen dui d members visit Guangzhou Chinese . Export Brown: First Textile (in) 6 visit Hall. We g -xh ,l 6'r" +" ) + E fr1 2iy,3" lk & )+4. ShEngpin JiEoyihui.) Zhdnggu6 de fingzhipin hdn gln xingqir. H F Commodities Fair.) Chinese textiles very feel interest. J-z d. ,-Y.it fr. ih+ ii++" k+ .t_it ,i y,i"E ) Wdng: Zhi jii shi JiEoyihui Dit6u. (Deiie z6ujin Fingzhipinguin) Wang: This is (the) Fair Building. (Everybody walks into Textile Hall) *h Bll fr t\fi E a4r 'R tE trk fr_" 141'1. + ll 6iit ffi x *. lLE B6ltrng: Ll wdmen zhir de binguin hEn jin. MI lil Yi jin min de zhd liing zhi dir kdngqud Brown: From we live hotel very near. Marie:. Once enter door these two big peacocks *Tfr" lk k"t " + HCn di ya. zh6n hlokirn. Very big. really good-looking J-z *-'{t"frtx d'f -T *t *K, *tt Fll, tttlL fi1 i+?rAL* aLE Wring: Jilrnzhir miinji y6u shi yiwirn pingfing gdngchi, B6ling: Timen shi ydng xirdu6 ydnsi xidng k6ngqud Wang: Building area has 110,000 square meterc, Brbwn; They are using many color like peacock's ,L qa,fr, YA E*fr4Jk-E," 4 tl #l '+fr 915- A1J . bi yuinlAi de da yi b0i dud. MEi de sich6u jinduin zich6ng de. compare original(one) big one time more. Every silk brocade make up. +6-6r+841",&,tr {. ii.E Yfier) a! ffief\- 4 niin y6u yi bAi dud ge eu6jin h6 diqii Wdng: Z,hili ch6nlii de ch6uduin y6u -+yiqiiin year have 100 more countries and regions' Wang: Here (on) display silk fabrics have 1,000 hl*-F +)tsih+. , tf lh4t1 fr, ts. ++ +t*+ de ldibin c5njiE jiioyihui. dud zh6ng." Nimen kAn, zhd zh6ng c6iliiro guests participate fair. more kinds. You look. this kind material ff rt-i't, -xhA + L )k? urJ & ,Fl + +il.j[birn f,. " Sikisi: Ji5oyihui m6i ni6n ji ci? liiro ShEnddng ch6u. Sachs: Fair each year hold how many times? called Shandong silk. j-z + + fi )k, En )k, 4h Flt, R- A ,L fi1,4t Wing: MEi ni4n li6ng ci, siyud yi ci, B6ling: Shi zh6n si de ma? Wang; Each year two times, April one tinre, Brown: Is (it) real silk? f n {. {-"a shiyui -,,(.oyi ci. Wing: shi. October one time. Wang: Yes, tr rt-rn, e\'fil is. *u. aL€,E, Jh*'|, f E ,L I5l & E t',i.r .'F )A L Sirkisi: W6men xiing cinguin G0ngyipinguin. M6Ii: Zhdnggui sich6u ziri gu6ji shichingshirng Sachs: We wish (to) visit Artcrafts Hall. Marie: Chinese silks at intemational market on La.J-rtltr"fe. 2i !P,i"B ,frtt1 l.P< ft ,i.,t. B. ]+ Qinggdngyipinguin. Flngzhipinguin." Zhnmen h6n shdu huiinying. Zhd kuii Light Industry Hall, Textile Hall. We very much receive welcome. This piece

78 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS a1r Wang: Yes. *-*A 9 llh" Marie: Chinese silks are very much liked on the intema- mi huingsd de du6 hlokin. tional market. This cream-colored piece is very goodJooking. cream-colored much pretty. iltiA, *" ;vt Eri ii 4+ ,l'4 Brown: I like this kind with small flowers. it is in very B6llng: Wd jit xihuiln zhi zh6ng xitroxing good taste. Brown: I like this kind (with) small size Marie: I would like a piece of clothing made from that brocade. iL+, lFfr tEtk-" Brown: The designs are also fine, very much in Chinese hulhui, fEich6ng yizhi. national style. flowers. very tasteful. Wang: There is another section of the Textile Hall up- t%4,1, i\ ig. Ifl B. rf +frq!. [rk- stairs with all kinds of ready-made clothing. Let's MAli: Wd xilng ydng zhi zh6ng jinduirn zud yi go up to take a look. Everybody: Fine. Marie: I wish (to) use this kind brocade make a 4+ ,,Lffi" jiirn yifu. Notes piece clothing. 1. Using duo p after a number for .,more than,,. h4fl, -Ld 6t E F 'U TLA, B'f The phrase yihii dud ge gu6ji[ -6, A B6ling: ShAngbi5n de tridn y6 bricud, firyri means over 100 or more than 100 countries.^E Brown: On (them) designs (are) also not bad, rich with It does not mean "100 more countries" (that +E fr1 Kik #e" is, a given number plus 100). Zhdnggu6 de minzri tisi. 2. Measure words. Instead of an article like the Chinese national characteristics. English "a",every Chinese noun has what is T. 2i F,3"8 4. 4 4+ d" known as a measure word which is used in W6ng: Fdngzhipinguin hdi y6u yi bifen zdi conjunction with numerals. Many nouns have Wang: Textile Hall also has a section at their own speciflc measure words. The most ,Fr fl$ g&il,1 alr *+f *t+ widely-used measure word is ge f and it may ldushing." Nili zhlnchiile gizhbnggdyirng de be used instead the noun's specialized upstairs. There (on) display all kinds (of) of measure word (or in case you don't know it;. E\" &. 'fi'fll i-* frhov-" Examples: si ge r6n wtr<. (four persons), ch6ngyi. TAnmen shirngqu kinkan ba. liing ge ,{r (two dishes), yi ge ready-made clothing. We go up (to) have a look cili 6 fl xu6xiio (a school). *T -++ri A.r<., Some words with specific measure words Zhongrdn: H6o." .-1++ng- Everybody: Fine. are: yi iiin yifu (a piece of clothing), li[ng zhi k6ngqud 6 XiLE (two peacocks), shi iiin xingli -f ffh+ (10 pieces of baggage), Translation yi bEn sh[ -flfi (a book), yi zhi gdngbi q4 -+f (Some members of the Canadian China tour group are Z (a pen), lilng zhdng zhi fr lK#. (two going to the Guangzhou Chinese Export Commodities Fair). pieces of paper), yi kudi t6ng - )*+E (a piece Wang: This is the Fair Building. of candy), yi kudri jinduin (a piece of Brown: It's very close to our hotel. It's quite large. -)X'+fiffi brocade). Wang: It covers ao area of 110,000 square meters, more ,,f than twice the old one. Every year visitors from 3. The verb jiio (call) to say a name. In ad- over 100 countries and regions come to the fair. dition to its usual function as a verb, this word Sachs: How many times is it held each year? is often used to show the name of a person Wang: Twice a year, in April and October. or thing, as in Ni jiio sh6nme mingzi? 16,,4 Sachs: We want to see the Artcrafts Hall, Light Industry Hall and Textile Hall. Which shall we visit first? 1+ Z.E+? (What's your name?); Wd jiio Brown: Let's visit the Textile Hall first. We are very much Wdng Ping 41",1_L+ (My name is Wang Ping). interested in Chinese textiles. This word is very useful in helping you (They enter the Textile Hall.) learn the names of things. you can say Nige Marie: The two big peacocks at the entrance are really beautiful. jiio sh6nme? ff+,4lt ZZ (What is that Brown: They are made of pieces of silk brocade in many called ?). When you get the answer you have colors like a peacock. learned another Chinese word. Wang: Over 1,000 kinds of silk fabrics are on display. 4. Bricud which translates literally as "not Look, this kind of material is called Shandong fi49, silk. bad", in actual use means much stronger Brown: Is it pure silk? praise, more like "quite good".

J(ILY 1979 79 Iin English l

The fomous Qing dynosty noyel by coo Xueqin ond Goo E

Translated by Yang Xianyi and Gladys yang

s tronsloted os The Drearn ol the Red, Chamber), is o well- century during the reign of Emperor eion Long o? the eing d politicol. struggles of the time through the prosperity ond ooyu ond Lin Doiyu. individuol ond tyiicol chorocters, bringing them out through

y Coo Xueqin, the lost 40 bv Goo E. ll is now ot the press. ing enter), Beijing P.O. Box-390, Beiling, Chino

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,r.I-7\ \ + E lY T- iff .91 El t )E ffi ,A )L -- fr = IMPOBT EXPOBT )L CH!ilA NATIOI{AL CHEMICALS & CORP., SHANGHAI BBAI{CH 't 27. Zhongshan Road, E l, Shanghai, China Catle Address: "SINOCHEMIS ' shanghal )L + f, + H 80 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS 4 \-t-v'

Lotus (traditional painting by Qiu Shoucheng) : _ujrti,.

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