:. ._ COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB / PA.21 FIG OOAST AVI FAUNA NUMEiR SC-I . i‘ A REVISED LIST-OF THE BIRDS OF t$XJTHWESTERi GALIFORNIti BY GEORGE WILLETT . - , CONTRIBUTION FROM THE LOS ANGELES MUSEUM LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA PUBLISHED BY THE CLUB December 1, 1933 COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB A REVISED LIST OF THE BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA BY GEORGE WILLETT CONTRIBUTION FROM THE LOS ANGELES MUSEUM LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA PUBLISHED BY THE CLUB L December 1, 1933 NOTE’ The publications of the Cooper Ornithological Club consist of two series-The Condor, which is the bi-monthly official organ, and the Pacific Coast Avifauna. PACIFIC COASTAVIFAUNA No. 21 is the twenty-first in the series of publications issued by the Cooper Ornithological Club for the accommodation of papers whose length prohibits their appearance in The Condor. For information as to either of the above series, address the Club Business Manager, W. Lee Chambers, 2062 Escarpa Drive, Eagle Rock, Los Angeles County, California. CONTENTS PAGES Introduction ______________.____._______ _..___ __...______ ______ ____ . ..___._..___._____................._........._._ ____ 5 Acknowledgments _______~_.____..____....__.....~....._....~......_.......__......_........._............._......_...9 General Accounts of the Species ._____.____ ________..__ _____________.. _ ________. _______ _ ._.._......._.______ I1 Hypothetical List ____.._________ ______._______ ________.______ ___..____ ______ ____________ _._______.. ________._.___.___ 187 . Index to Scientific and Vernacular Names . ..____._._ ______ _______ ______....._____.......-........ 193 . INTRODUCTION Since the publication of Avifauna Number 7, in 1912, more than twenty years have passed. This intervening period has been one of great activity in the study of California ornithology, resulting in a very considerable in- crease in -knowledge of our birds, both as to their occurrence and distribution, and their systematic classification. In addition to this, when we consider the changes in bird population brought about by bringing under cultivation a large percentage of hitherto wild land, as well as by introduction of foreign species, it is clear that our bird list of more than twenty years ago is subject to much emendation. It has been considered worth while, therefore, to en- tirely re-vamp the old list and bring it up to date, so far as is possible. The writer had hoped to have enough information available to enable him to include our desert regions in the scope of this paper, but data on the avifauna of the region east of the coastal mountains has accumulated so slowly in comparison with that of the Pacific slope, that any paper including the two sections would be unevenly balanced. While the birds west of the mountains could be rather exhaustively treated, the report on the eastern part of southern California would necessarily be very incomplete. Though fre- quent excursions, generally of short duration, have been made to the desert regions by ornithologists, there has been no careful compilation of data by observers residing there for extended periods of time, and, without informa- tion of the latter character, it seems obviously impossible to produce a satis- factory report. Therefore, the territory included herein is the same as covered in 1912; that is the Pacific slope of southern California, from, and including, Santa Barbara County to the Mexican boundary, and from the summits of the mountains to the ocean, also including all the islands of the Santa Barbara group. This territory comprises all of Santa Barbara and Ventura counties, Los Angeles County south and west from the Liebre Mountains, Sierra Pelona and Sierra San Gabriel, San Bernardino County south and west from the Sierra Madre and San Bernardino Range, all of Orange County, Riverside County west from the San Jacinto Range, and San Diego County west from the Volcan and Cuyamaca ranges. In some instances it has been deemed advisa- ble to refer to records outside the limits as described above in order to show certain connecting features in distribution or migration. The nomenclature employed in this paper is essentially that of the 1931 edition of the American Ornithologists ’ Union Check-list of North American Birds. This is based largely on the work of Max Fiirbringer (1888), Hans Gadow (1893) and Robert Ridgway (1901), revised by Alexander Wetmore (1930), the chief fundamental changes in this revision being the elevation of certain sub-orders to the rank of orders. Also, several old, familiar genera have r51 6 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 21 been split up by raising sub-genera to generic rank. In a few cases, where it appears to the writer that this has been done on insufficient grounds, it has not been followed in this paper. Much criticism of the 1931 Check-list, par- ticularly as regards the new sequence, has been voiced. It seems certain, however, that, it is more nearly correct genetically than the old one. True, the change is inconvenient to those of us who for many years have been accustomed to the old order, but it appears to be a case where convenience must give way to accuracy. It is apparent that there will always be a clash of opinion on matters of nomenclature between what may be termed the ultra-conservatives and the ultra-liberals. The one extreme deplores changes of almost any character, and the other apparently considers change and progress synonymous. It would be a boon to ornithology if we could arrive at an agreemenit stabiliz- ing our nomenclature, so that long-established and familiar names could not be displaced-often more or less arbitrarily-in favor of others unearthed from some obscure and antiquated publication. Furthermore, there are many ornithologists-the writer among the number-who believe that the continued naming of subspecies on very slight average differences is threaten- ing to produce nomenclatural chaos. If; there was any assurance that a halt- ing point in this practice might be reached within a reasonable time, we would be less concerned about the outcome. There is, however, no such assurance. The school that apparently considers the naming of new races an end, rather than a means in ornithology is well away on an endless road. Lessening the degree of difference between named races can be continued indefinitely. During the preparation of the 1912 paper, the writer was handicapped by not having access to a large study collection of birds, consequently he followed entirely the systematic conclusions of other students. Within the past few years, however, much more study material has been available, with the result that he has been able to form first-hand opinions on many de- batable questions. While some of these opinions will undoubtedly be incor- rect, they will at least be original. The attempt is made to treat conservatively all instances of unusual oc- currence recorded without absolute evidence of their authenticity. Some of these that appear most unlikely, and probably the result of mis-identification, are omitted entirely, and others whose occurrence in this region, although appearing doubtful, is supported by a certain amount of apparently authentic evidence, are assigned to the Hypothetical List. Reports of foreign birds that are clearly escapes from aviaries are omitted unless they are known to have bred in a wild state. While it is always of interest to an ornithologist to add a new visitant to t,he list of birds of a region, in most instances such an addition is not of great scientific value. The wandering of birds from their normal habitat is apparently a common occurrence, and it is easily con- ceivable that careful observations over an extended period of time might result in the listing of most species of North American birds from southern California. In the case of the rarest breeding birds, an attempt is made to give all, or at least several, breeding records. In case of species that breed more 1933 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA 7 commonly, the earliest and latest known nesting dates from one or more localities are given. The dates given for migration and nesting are probably nearly correct. However, there will be found exceptional instances, parti- cularly as to time of migration, which will not come within the dates as given here. This, of course, is to be expected, as it is a well-known fact that indi- viduals or small companies of many species either precede or straggle be- hind the main migratory body. Especially is this true of many of the water birds, which are frequently noted along our coast at times when, according to the general dates given here for their migrations, they should be engaged in incubating their eggs or raising their young in a more northern latitude. Some of these stragglers may have dropped behind the main body of their species as the result of wounds or disease which renders them incapable of making the long northward journey to their breeding grounds. In some in- stances where the species does not mature the first year, many of the im- mature birds may remain with us, while the mature birds go north to per- form their reproductive duties. This is particularly noticeable in the case of the scoters. Of some birds, ordinarily migratory, there seems to be a considerable number of indivduals that are non-breeders, these being frequently noted with us during the summer months. Especially is this true with the turnstones, tat- tlers and many other waders. Some species, also, maintain different routes of migration in spring and fall; they may be abundant in a certain locality during the fall migration and rare in spring, or vice-versa. Furthermore, there appears to be a considerable variation from year to year in the dates of the migrations of many species, probably due principally to weather conditions and food supply.