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IMPACT OF HEAVY METALS ON OREOCHROMIS MOSSAMBICUS (PETERS, 1852) FROM MALIR RIVER WITHIN

Raheela Sharmeen M.Sc.

DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI KARACHI-75270 2014

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IMPACT OF HEAVY METALS ON OREOCHROMIS MOSSAMBICUS (PETERS, 1852) FROM MALIR RIVER WITHIN KARACHI

Raheela Sharmeen M.Sc.

Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Zoology (Limnology)

DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI KARACHI-75270 PAKISTAN 2014

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DEDICATION

Affectionately dedicated to my beloved parents, husband and sons

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LIST OF CONTENTS PAGE NO.

LIST OF TABLES ¡¡

LIST OF FIGURES xiii

ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) xix

ABSTRACT () xxii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT xxv

INTRODUCTION 1

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 13

MATERIALS AND METHODS 16

RESULTS 19

DISCUSSION 135

CONCLUSION 149

REFERENCES 150

APPENDIX 168

PUBLICATIONS

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TABLE NO. LIST OF TABLES PAGE NO.

Table No. 1. Average concentrations of cadmium (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth (2007-

2010) 43 Table No. 1a. Statistical data analysis of cadmium concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth Table No. 2. Average concentrations of chromium (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth (2007- 43 2010) Table No. 2a. Statistical data analysis of chromium concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth Table No. 3. Average concentrations of copper (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth (2007-

2010) 44 Table No. 3a. Statistical data analysis of copper concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth Table No. 4. Average concentrations of lead (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth (2007-

2010) 44 Table No. 4a. Statistical data analysis of lead concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth

Table No. 5. Average concentrations of mercury (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth (2007- 45 2010) Table No. 5a. Statistical data analysis of mercury concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth iii

Table No. 6. Average concentrations of nickel (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth (2007-

2010) 45 Table No. 6a. Statistical data analysis of nickel concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth Table No. 7. Average concentrations of zinc (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth (2007-

2010) 46 Table No. 7a. Statistical data analysis of zinc concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth

Table No. 8. Average concentrations of cadmium (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City (2007-2010) 46

Table No. 8a. Statistical data analysis of cadmium concentrations ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City

Table No. 9. Average concentrations of chromium (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City (2007-2010) 47

Table No. 9a. Statistical data analysis of chromium concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City

Table No. 10. Average concentrations of copper (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City (2007-2010) 47

Table No. 10a. Statistical data analysis of copper concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City

Table No. 11. Average concentrations of lead (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City (2007-2010) 48

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Table No. 11a. Statistical data analysis of lead concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City

Table No. 12. Average concentrations of mercury (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City (2007-2010) 48

Table No. 12a. Statistical data analysis of mercury concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City

Table No. 13. Average concentrations of nickel (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City (2007-2010) 49

Table No. 13a. Statistical data analysis of nickel concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City

Table No. 14. Average concentrations of zinc (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City (2007-2010) 49

Table No. 14a. Statistical data analysis of zinc concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City

Table No. 15. Average concentrations of cadmium (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah (2007- 50 2010) Table No. 15a. Statistical data analysis of cadmium concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Table No. 16. Average concentrations of chromium (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony (2007- 50 2010) Table No. 16a. Statistical data analysis of chromium concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony

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Table No. 17. Average concentrations of copper (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony (2007-2010)

51 Table No. 17a. Statistical data analysis of copper concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony Table No. 18. Average concentrations of lead (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony (2007-2010) 51

Table No. 18a. Statistical data analysis of lead concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony

Table No. 19. Average concentrations of mercury (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony (2007- 52 2010) Table No. 19a. Statistical data analysis of mercury concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony Table No. 20. Average concentrations of nickel (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony (2007-2010)

52 Table No. 20a. Statistical data analysis of nickel concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony Table No. 21. Average concentrations of zinc (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony (2007-2010)

53 Table No. 21a. Statistical data analysis of zinc concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony

Table No. 22. Average concentrations of cadmium (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad (2007-2010) 53

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Table No. 22a. Statistical data analysis of cadmium concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad Table No. 23. Average concentrations of (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad (2007-2010) 54

Table No. 23a. Statistical data analysis of chromium concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad Table No. 24. Average concentrations of copper (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad (2007-2010) 54

Table No. 24a. Statistical data analysis of copper concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad

Table No. 25. Average concentrations of lead (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad (2007-2010) 55

Table No. 25a. Statistical data analysis of lead concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad

Table No. 26. Average concentrations of mercury (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad (2007-2010) 55

Table No. 26a. Statistical data analysis of mercury concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad Table No. 27. Average concentrations of nickel (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad (2007-2010) 56

Table No. 27a. Statistical data analysis of nickel concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad

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Table No. 28. Average concentrations of zinc (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad (2007-2010) 56

Table No. 28a. Statistical data analysis of zinc concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad

Table No. 29. Average concentrations of cadmium (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Murad

Memon Goth (2007-2010) 57 Table No. 29a Statistical data analysis of cadmium concentrations (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth Table No. 30 Average concentrations of chromium (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Murad

Memon Goth (2007-2010) 58 Table No. 30a Statistical data analysis of chromium concentrations (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth Table No. 31 Average concentrations of copper (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Murad

Memon Goth (2007-2010) 59 Table No. 31a Statistical data analysis of copper concentrations (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth Table No. 32 Average concentrations of lead (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Murad

Memon Goth (2007-2010) 60 Table No. 32a Statistical data analysis of lead concentrations (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth

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Table No. 33 Average concentrations of mercury (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Murad

Memon Goth (2007-2010) 61 Table No. 33a Statistical data analysis of mercury concentrations (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth Table No. 34 Average concentrations of nickel (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Murad

Memon Goth (2007-2010) 62 Table No. 34a Statistical data analysis of nickel concentrations (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth Table No. 35 Average concentrations of zinc (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Murad

Memon Goth (2007-2010) 63 Table No. 35a Statistical data analysis of zinc concentrations (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth Table No. 36 Average concentrations of cadmium (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Malir

City (2007-2010) 64 Table No. 36a Statistical data analysis of cadmium concentrations (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Malir City Table No. 37 Average concentrations of chromium (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Malir

City (2007-2010) 65 Table No. 37a Statistical data analysis of chromium concentrations (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Malir City

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Table No. 38 Average concentrations of copper (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Malir

City (2007-2010) 66 Table No. 38a Statistical data analysis of copper concentrations (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Malir City Table No. 39 Average concentrations of lead (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Malir

City (2007-2010) 67 Table No. 39a Statistical data analysis of lead concentrations (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Malir City Table No. 40 Average concentrations of mercury (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Malir

City (2007-2010) 68 Table No. 40a Statistical data analysis of mercury concentrations (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Malir City Table No. 41 Average concentrations of nickel (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Malir

City (2007-2010) 69 Table No. 41a Statistical data analysis of nickel concentrations (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Malir City Table No. 42 Average concentrations of zinc (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Malir

City (2007-2010) 70 Table No. 42a Statistical data analysis of zinc concentrations (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Malir City

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Table No. 43. Average concentrations of cadmium (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Shah

Faisal Colony (2007-2010) 71 Table No. 43a Statistical data analysis of cadmium concentrations (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Shah Faisal Colony Table No. 44 Average concentrations of chromium (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Shah

Faisal Colony (2007-2010) 72 Table No. 44a Statistical data analysis of chromium concentrations (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Shah Faisal Colony Table No. 45 Average concentrations of copper (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Shah

Faisal Colony (2007-2010) 73 Table No. 45a Statistical data analysis of copper concentrations (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Shah Faisal Colony Table No. 46 Average concentrations of lead (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Shah

Faisal Colony (2007-2010) 74 Table No. 46a Statistical data analysis of lead concentrations (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Shah Faisal Colony Table No. 47 Average concentrations of mercury (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Shah

Faisal Colony (2007-2010) 75 Table No. 47a Statistical data analysis of mercury concentrations (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Shah Faisal Colony

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Table No. 48 Average concentrations of nickel (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Shah

Faisal Colony (2007-2010) 76 Table No. 48a Statistical data analysis of nickel concentrations (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Shah Faisal Colony Table No. 49 Average concentrations of zinc (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Shah

Faisal Colony (2007-2010) 77 Table No. 49a Statistical data analysis of zinc concentrations (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Shah Faisal Colony Table No. 50 Average concentrations of cadmium (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at

Qayumabad (2007-2010) 78 Table No. 50a Statistical data analysis of cadmium concentrations (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Qayumabad Table No. 51 Average concentrations of chromium (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at

Qayumabad (2007-2010) 79 Table No. 51a Statistical data analysis of chromium concentrations (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Qayumabad Table No. 52 Average concentrations of copper (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at

Qayumabad (2007-2010) 80 Table No. 52a Statistical data analysis of copper concentrations (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Qayumabad

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Table No. 53 Average concentrations of lead (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at

Qayumabad (2007-2010) 81 Table No. 53a Statistical data analysis of lead concentrations (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Qayumabad Table No. 54 Average concentrations of mercury (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at

Qayumabad (2007-2010) 82 Table No. 54a Statistical data analysis of mercury concentrations (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Qayumabad Table No. 55 Average concentrations of nickel (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at

Qayumabad (2007-2010) 83 Table No. 55a Statistical data analysis of nickel concentrations (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Qayumabad Table No. 56 Average concentrations of zinc (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at

Qayumabad (2007-2010) 84 Table No. 56a Statistical data analysis of zinc concentrations (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Qayumabad

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S. NO. LIST OF FIGURES PAGE NO. Fig. 1a. GIS Map of province of showing Malir 5 River Fig. 1b. Catchments Areas of Malir River within Karachi 6 Fig. 1c. Oreochromis mossambicus ( Tilapia) 7 Fig. 2a. A view of Murad Memon Goth (Location 1) 85 Fig. 2b. A view of Murad Memon Goth (Location 1) 86 Fig. 3a. A view of Malir City (Location 2) 87 Fig. 3b. A view of Malir City (Location 2) 88 Fig. 4a. A view of Shah Faisal Colony (Location 3) 89 Fig. 4b. A view of Shah Faisal Colony (Location 3) 90 Fig. 5a. A view of Qayumabad (Location 4) 91 Fig. 5b. A view of Qayumabad (Location 4) 92 Fig. 6. Graph showing average concentrations of cadmium in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth 93 Fig. 7. Graph showing average concentrations of chromium in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth 94 Fig. 8. Graph showing average concentrations of copper in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth 95 Fig. 9. Graph showing average concentrations of lead in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth 96 Fig. 10. Graph showing average concentrations of mercury in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth 97 Fig. 11. Graph showing average concentrations of nickel in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon xiv

Goth 98 Fig. 12. Graph showing average concentrations of zinc in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth 99 Fig. 13. Graph showing average concentrations of cadmium in surface and deep water samples at Malir City 100 Fig. 14. Graph showing average concentrations of chromium in surface and deep water samples at Malir City 101 Fig. 15. Graph showing average concentrations of copper in surface and deep water samples at Malir City 102 Fig. 16. Graph showing average concentrations of lead in surface and deep water samples at Malir City 103 Fig. 17. Graph showing average concentrations of mercury in surface and deep water samples at Malir City 104 Fig. 18. Graph showing average concentrations of nickel in surface and deep water samples at Malir City 105 Fig. 19. Graph showing average concentrations of zinc in surface and deep water samples at Malir City 106 Fig. 20. Graph showing average concentrations of cadmium in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony 107 Fig. 21. Graph showing average concentrations of chromium in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony 108 Fig. 22. Graph showing average concentrations of copper in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony 109 Fig. 23. Graph showing average concentrations of lead in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony 110 xv

Fig. 24. Graph showing average concentrations of mercury in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony 111 Fig. 25. Graph showing average concentrations of nickel in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony 112 Fig. 26. Graph showing average concentrations of zinc in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony 113 Fig. 27. Graph showing average concentrations of cadmium in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad 114 Fig. 28. Graph showing average concentrations of chromium in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad 115 Fig. 29. Graph showing average concentrations of copper in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad 116 Fig. 30. Graph showing average concentrations of lead in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad 117 Fig. 31. Graph showing average concentrations of mercury in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad 118 Fig. 32. Graph showing average concentrations of nickel in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad 119 Fig. 33. Graph showing average concentrations of zinc in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad 120 Fig. 34. Graph showing average concentrations of cadmium in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth 121 Fig. 35. Graph showing average concentrations of chromium in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth 122 Fig. 36. Graph showing average concentrations of copper in xvi

the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth 123 Fig. 37. Graph showing average concentrations of lead in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth 124 Fig. 38. Graph showing average concentrations of mercury in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth 125 Fig. 39. Graph showing average concentrations of nickel in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth 126 Fig. 40. Graph showing average concentrations of zinc in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth 127 Fig. 41. Graph showing average concentrations of cadmium in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Malir City 128 Fig. 42. Graph showing average concentrations of chromium in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Malir City 129 Fig. 43. Graph showing average concentrations of copper in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Malir City 130 Fig. 44. Graph showing average concentrations of lead in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Malir City 131 Fig. 45. Graph showing average concentrations of mercury in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Malir City 132 Fig. 46. Graph showing average concentrations of nickel in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. xvii

mossambicus at Malir City 133 Fig. 47. Graph showing average concentrations of zinc in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Malir City 134 Fig. 48. Graph showing average concentrations of cadmium in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Shah Faisal Colony 135 Fig. 49. Graph showing average concentrations of chromium in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Shah Faisal Colony 136 Fig. 50. Graph showing average concentrations of copper in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Shah Faisal Colony 137 Fig. 51. Graph showing average concentrations of lead in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Shah Faisal Colony 138 Fig.52. Graph showing average concentrations of mercury in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Shah Faisal Colony 139 Fig. 53. Graph showing average concentrations of nickel in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Shah Faisal Colony 140 Fig. 54. Graph showing average concentrations of zinc in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Shah Faisal Colony 141 Fig. 55. Graph showing average concentrations of cadmium in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Qayumabad 142 Fig. 56. Graph showing average concentrations of chromium in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Qayumabad 143 xviii

Fig. 57. Graph showing average concentrations of copper in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Qayumabad 144 Fig. 58. Graph showing average concentrations of lead in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Qayumabad 145 Fig. 59. Graph showing average concentrations of mercury in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Qayumabad 146 Fig. 60. Graph showing average concentrations of nickel in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Qayumabad 147 Fig. 61. Graph showing average concentrations of zinc in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Qayumabad 148

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ABSTRACT

Investigations were carried out to evaluate some heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni and Zn) in water samples (surface and deep) and in different tissues i.e. gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus from study areas.

Water samples and specimens Oreochromis mossambicus were collected monthly from four study areas i.e. Murad Memon Goth (Location:1), Malir City (Location:2), Shah Faisal Colony (Location:3) and Qayumabad (Location:4) of Malir River within Karachi from April 2007 to March 2010 and were analyzed by using atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

It was found that all of studied heavy metals were present in the water samples from all selected locations and in fish tissues but variations in the concentrations were observed.

The average concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni and Zn in surface/deep water samples were found to be 0.0222/0.0189, 0.6911/0.6142, 0.2667/0.3003, 0.3711/0.3914, 0.0031/0.0019, 0.3106/0.3594 and 2.9686/2.5506 ppm respectively at Murad Memon Goth. (P < 0.001)

The average concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni and Zn in surface/deep water samples were found to be 0.0269/0.0250, 1.0492/0.9781, 0.6619/0.5572, 0.7511/0.8147, 0.0053/0.0043, 0.6625/0.6953 and 4.0197/3.8058 ppm respectively at Malir City. (P < 0.001)

The average concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni and Zn in surface/deep water samples were found to be 0.0586/0.0475, 1.2353/1.1822, 0.9828/0.9481, 0.6367/0.6822, 0.0092/0.0080, 0.9921/1.0233 and 6.0092/5.5053 ppm respectively at Shah Faisal Colony. (P < 0.001)

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The average concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni and Zn in surface/deep water samples were found to be 0.5167/0.04028, 0.9386/0.9117, 0.5597/0.5719, 0.5189/0.6119, 0.0053/0.0029, 0.7644/0.7811 and 6.3869/5.7372 ppm respectively at Qayumabad. (P < 0.001)

The average concentrations of Cd in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles were found to be 0.3575, 0.0211, 0.1397 and 0.0386 ppm respectively, Cr were found to be 0.7739, 0.1792, 0.9836 and 0.1775 ppm respectively, Cu were found to be 0.9164, 0.0600, 5.0619 and 0.2203 ppm respectively, Pb were found to be 3.0606, 0.2700, 1.6839 and 0.4431 ppm respectively, Hg were found to be 0.2644, 0.0045, 0.1689 and 0.0221 ppm respectively, Ni were found to be 0.7025, 0.1744, 0.5939 and 0.6186 ppm respectively and Zn were found to be 5.3447, 1.2331, 7.6706 and 2.3708 ppm respectively at Murad Memon Goth. (P < 0.001)

The average concentrations of Cd in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles were found to be 0.6417, 0.0256, 0.1658 and 0.0528 ppm respectively, Cr were found to be 1.1875, 0.2236, 2.0803 and 0.3331 ppm respectively, Cu were found to be 2.6758, 0.0878, 3.6025 and 0.3269 ppm respectively, Pb were found to be 4.0706, 0.4922, 2.9797 and 0.9531 ppm respectively, Hg were found to be 0.4233, 0.0179, 0.2172 and 0.0528 ppm respectively, Ni were found to be 0.8206, 0.1756, 0.5889 and 0.3186 ppm respectively and Zn were found to be 7.1022, 1.8794, 9.8186 and 3.1797 ppm respectively at Malir City. (P < 0.001)

The average concentrations of Cd in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles were found to be 0.8019, 0.0325, 0.2119 and 0.0725 ppm respectively, Cr were found to be 1.4444, 0.2233, 2.3283 and 0.5344 ppm respectively, Cu were found to be 3.9636, 0.1050, 5.0683 and 0.3528 ppm respectively, Pb were found to be 3.8942, 0.3692, 2.0914 and 0.8142 ppm respectively, Hg were found to be 0.5350, 0.0594, 0.3519 and 0.2239 ppm respectively, Ni were found to be 1.6931, 0.2058, 1.2528 and 0.3658 ppm respectively and Zn were found to be 7.5086, 2.7361, 9.9303 and 6.8856 ppm respectively at Shah Faisal Colony. (P < 0.001) xxi

The average concentrations of Cd in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles were found to be 0.2731, 0.0250, 0.1047 and 0.0439 ppm respectively, Cr were found to be 1.0564, 0.1528, 1.3128 and 0.1672 ppm respectively, Cu were found to be 2.4531, 0.0817, 2.0575, 0.1886 ppm respectively, Pb were found to be 2.2650, 0.3019, 1.7922 and 0.5108 ppm respectively, Hg were found to be 0.4967, 0.0461, 0.2806 and 0.1250 ppm respectively, Ni were found to be 1.1794, 0.1883, 0.9639 and 0.2761 ppm respectively and Zn were found to be 6.3453, 1.5494, 8.6228 and 7.0914 ppm respectively at Qayumabad. (P < 0.001)

In the present study, it was found that Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni and Zn were accumulated higher in gills, whereas Cr was found higher in liver tissues, while the lowest values of all studied heavy metals were observed in gonads.

This study shows a positive correlation between the concentrations of metals in gills and liver of Oreochromis mossambicus, while a negative correlation has been recorded in muscles and gonads tissues and these results indicated the highly metalliferous condition of Malir River and high level of bioaccumulation of metals in fish of the study areas.

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ABSTRACT (URDU)

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I instigate with the name of Allah, the Almighty, extremely compassionate whose blessings flourished my thoughts that have cherished fruits of my modest efforts for the accomplishment of this research work. I extend highest gratitude to the Holy Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him), a continuous source of knowledge and enlightenment for the whole humanity.

It is a matter of great satisfaction for me that the present study had the blessing of my learned supervisor Prof. Dr. M. Zaheer Khan for his remarkable supervision, continuous kind support, generous guidance and valuable discussions during the research work upto the compilation of this thesis.

I am indebted to Prof. Dr. Saiyida Nazneen Rizvi, former Chairperson, Department of Zoology, University of Karachi and my former supervisor, for her inspiring encouragement, valuable advices, guidance and keen interest throughout the progress of my studies.

I am also grateful to Prof. Dr. M. Arshad Azmi, Chairman, Department of Zoology, University of Karachi, for providing me lab. facilities during the research work.

I am also grateful to the Prof. Dr. M. Iqbal Choudhry, Director H.E.J Research Institute, University of Karachi, for giving me permission to use lab. during the research work.

I owe a debt of gratitude and obligation to Dr. M. Shakeel, H.E.J Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, for giving me an opportunity to work on this interesting topic in his lab.

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I am also grateful to Dr. Ghazala Yasmeen, Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, University of Karachi, for her great back up, valuable assistance and lot of co-operation throughout my research work.

I am also thankful to Prof. Dr. Fareeda Begum, former Chairperson and to Prof. Dr. Sohail Barkati, former Chairman, Department of Zoology, University of Karachi, for giving me permission or providing lab. facilities during the research work.

I wish to express my sincere thanks to Prof. Dr. Saeed Arayne former Chairman, Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi for providing me valuable permission or research facilities during this study.

Acknowledgment of gratitude is also extended to Dr. Shaikh Mohiuddin, Asst. Professor, Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, for his contribution, suggestion and providing me some lab. Facilities during my research work.

I am also grateful to Dr. Syed Ali Ghalib for his valuable help, guidance, kind suggestions and lot of assistance in compiling my dissertation.

I am indebted to Mr. Javed Nasim, Statistician, SARC, PARC, for his valuable help for statistical analysis, drawing tables and making graphs during the compilation of this thesis.

I am also thankful to Mr. M. Nadeem , Department of Computer Science, University of Karachi, for his kind help in drawing tables and doing statistical analysis of the dissertation.

I am also grateful to Dr. Waqar Ahmed, Asst. Professor, Institute of Environmental Studies, University of Karachi, for providing me some lab. Facilities during my research work.

xxvii

I am also thankful to Dr. Afaq Ahmed Siddiqui, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Karachi, for his kind help in drawing tables and doing statistical analysis of the dissertation.

I am also thankful to Mr. M. Dilshad, Department of Zoology, University of Karachi, for his valuable help throughout the collection of Oreochromis mossambicus and water samples.

I am grateful and extend my appreciation to my beloved parents for their everlasting support, constant prayers for the successful achievement of my research work.

I tender my heartiest gratitude to my loving husband, Mr. M. Akram for his cooperation and support for the successful completion of this manuscript.

Last but not the least, I wish to express my sincere gratitude and lot of love to my loving sons, M. Shahroz and M. Shumayl for giving me their great back up throughout the studies to complete my thesis.

1

INTRODUCTION

Earth is the "watery planet". Viewed from space it is predominantly blue, as 70 % of its surface is covered by water. Ninety-eight percent of the water on the planet is in the oceans, and therefore is unusable for drinking because of the salts. About 2 percent of the planet's water is fresh, but 1.6 percent of it is locked up in the polar ice caps and glaciers. Another 0.36 percent is found underground in aquifers and wells. Only about 0.036 percent of the planet's total water supply is found in lakes and rivers.

It is now evident from the literature that pollution in freshwater resources was first recognized at the time of Hippocrates (460-340 BC) who pointed out that water should be boiled before its use, otherwise it would be harmful for the human health (Hippocrates, 1978; Patz, 1996 and Martens, 1998).However, toxic impacts of heavy metals on the water quality and biota were determined with the help of water quality criteria.

Prior to the 20th century, efforts were made only to see the levels of different pollutants in water resources but nothing had been reported about the standard criteria of different pollutants in drinking water and about the impacts of heavy metals on water quality and biota.

The first standard criteria for drinking water was formulated in 1914 by the United States of Public Health (USPHS) who in its report of 1925, has described the standard concentrations of only three heavy metals (lead, zinc and copper) in water (USPHS,1925). The USPHS standards were revised again in 1942 (USPHS, 1943), 1946 (USPHS,1946), and 1962 (USPHS, 1962). Later, standard criteria of drinking water was also developed by some other organizations such as World Health Organization (WHO), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Economics and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific (ESCAP), United Nations Economics Commission for Europe (UNECE) and National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) to identify and control the level of different pollutants including heavy metals in water.

2

After recognizing various pollutants, several efforts were also made to classify pollutants. Generally pollutants are classified into three categories as (1) organic pollutants or carbonaceous pollutants which contain carbon as the main constituent (ii) inorganic pollutants include pollutants of elements other than carbon (iii) miscellaneous pollutants are related with the physical parameters and radioactive substances. The heavy metal pollutants are classified under the category of toxic inorganic pollutants (Wilber, 1969).

Heavy metals are elements having atomic weights between 63.546 and 200.590 (Kennish, 1992), and a specific gravity greater than 4.0 (Connell et al., 1984). Heavy metals refer to stable metals of density greater than around 5 to 6 g/cm³, or refer to all high-density metallic elements which may have hazardous effects on plant or animal ecosystems when present in higher concentrations than found naturally (Keepax et al., 2011 and Tanee, et al., 2013). In the present study, the heavy metals i.e. cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel and zinc were selected and analyzed in surface and deep water samples as well as in the selected organs i.e. gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus collected from four specific locations (Murad Memon Goth, Malir City, Shah Faisal Colony and Qayumabad) of Malir River throughout the study period from 2007 to 2010.

Studies revealed that heavy metals pollutants enter into an aquatic environment either by point sources or non-point sources. Point sources are related with the discharge of these pollutants in the water through pipes, sewers, ditches or canals from specific sites such as industrial units and sewage treatment plants (Kindler and Savim, 1990; Cook and Morrow, 1995; Galvin, 1996; Dirilgen, 2001; Jan et al., 2002; Bhuvaneshwari et al., 2012 and Sthanadar et al., 2013). While from non-point sources, they originate from different points rather than one specific and identifiable point (Svobodova et al., 1996; Vitek et al., 2007 and Boughriet et al., 2007). It includes pollution due to rainfall, snowmelt, mining, agricultural and urban wastes, construction sediments and soil erosion overland. Surface run-off water picks up pollutants from these sources and deposits them into rivers, lakes and coastal waters (Jan et al., 2002; Donohue et al., 2006; Mendil and Uluozlu, 2007; Venugopal et al., 2009; Sekabira et al., 2010; Ata et al., 2013 and Ekpo et al., 2013) 3

Determination of the level of heavy metals in the freshwater resources is now mandatory because over the centuries due to the great increase in the urbanization and industrialization, rivers have been widely used as the dustbin for the disposal of industrial and municipal wastes both these wastes increasing the level of metallic elements in these resources (Facetti et al., 1998; Widianarko et al., 2000; Nesto et al., 2007; Terra et al., 2008; Ambedkar and Muniyan, 2011 and Bhuvaneshwari et al., 2012). Resultantly, accumulation rate of these toxic substances has also been increased at all trophic levels of aquatic food chains (Unlu and Gumgum, 1993; Nussey et al., 1999; Olaifa et al., 2004; Edem et al., 2008; Terra et al., 2008 and Ellias, 2009). In the aquatic food chain, fishes are found at the top and they are also the main source for the transfer of these metals to the human beings (Eisler, 2000; Rashed, 2001; Yang et al., 2007; Yousafzai et al., 2010; Tanee et al., 2013). Fish bioaccumulate comparatively high amount of heavy metals as located at the high trophic level in food web therefore bio accumulation of different heavy metals (Zn, Ni, Cr, Cu, Cd and Pb) varies from organ to organ (Scharenberg et al., 1994; Rao and Padmaja, 2000; Bervoets et al., 2001; Yousafzai, 2004; Nguyen et al., 2005; Karaded et al., 2004 and Mai et al., 2006). Due to this reason, in the present study, different types of tissues (gills, gonads, liver and muscles) were selected to understand the rate of accumulation of metals in the particular tissues. Gill tissue is an organ having large surface area and separates blood from water in fish and is very susceptible to changes in concentrations of the variables (heavy metals, temperature, pH etc.) in the environment. These variables affect the structural integrity of the gill and cause morphological changes. For this reason gills are good indicators of water pollution (Bhagwant and Elahee, 2002 and Koca et al., 2005).

The accumulation of heavy metals in the tissues of organisms can result in chronic illness and cause potential damage to the population (Holcombe et al., 1976; Barlas, 1999). The regular and steady influx of heavy metals is even endangering certain aquatic species and has already caused the extinction of certain aquatic fauna across the globe (IUCN, 1994; Etuk and Mbonu, 1999).

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Pakistan is one of the countries facing fresh water pollution, mainly due to untreated discharge of industrial wastes into rivers. Reportedly only 1% of industrial wastewater is treated before its discharge to fresh water resources (streams and rivers) (Govt. of Pakistan Position paper, 2010).

Like the other parts of the world most of the seasonal rivers especially ephemeral streams of Pakistan are highly polluted due the disposal of both sewage and industrial effluents in them (Saleem et al., 2005 and 1999; Mumtaz, 2002; Javed, 2005; Ubaidullah et al., 2004; Rauf, 2009; Rauf et al., 2009a; Rauf et al., 2009b; Rauf and Javed, 2007 and Ahmed and Bibi, 2010).

Both and Malir rivers are heavenly polluted due to the increasing industrialization, urbanization, population pressure and developmental work around the beds of these rivers (Bano and Nazneen, 2003; Nazneen and Bano, 1998; Nazneen et al., 1990; Bano, 1999 and Nazneen and Begum, 1999). 5

PHYSIOGRAPHY OF

The district extends over 2,268 square kilometers and lies between 24˚45' to 25˚ 37' north latitudes and 67˚ 06' to 67˚ 34' east longitudes and is bounded on the north by Jamshoro district, on the south by Thatta district and Arabian sea, on the east by Jamshoro and Thatta districts and on the west by Karachi south, Karachi Central, Karachi East, Karachi west and district of Balochistan province. (Fig. 1a).

It is characterized by the tidal swamps and mud flats of Ibrahim and Bin Qasim coastal strips in the south to the maximum of 525 meters above the mean sea level at Mol escarpment in Sindh Kohistan.

Basin of Malir River

It is consisting almost entirely of tertiary strata folded into a succession of anticline and synclines. Its basin is composed of three types of rocks i) Manchar formation ii) Gaj formation iii) Nari formation

Manchar Formation

The outermost layer consisting of Manchar rocks aging from upper Miocene to Pliocene time. This formation is exposed from Karachi in the north to Karachi in the south and is found within the mountain fringes. This formation is mainly composed of sandstones and shales with subordinate amount of conglomerates. The alternating sandstones and shales interbeds vary in thickness from 1-25 feet. The dominant rocks are the varieties of sandstones. The shale fraction in the formation increases towards the seacoast that is soft, earthy and exhibits different colors. The conglomerates are composed of pebbles of soft 6

sandstones yellowish clay and sandy limestones similar to the character of rocks of Nari and Gaj formations. This formation can be easily seen along the coast from Cape Monze to Dhabeji. (About 2 miles from the length and 3 miles in width, which is generally dry at low water. These rocks are interrupted by recent alluvial of Layari and Malir Rivers, principally in the Karachi basin.

Gaj Formation

Below the layer of Manchar rocks there is a layer of Gaj formation aging from lower to middle Miocene consisting of limestones, shales and sand stones partly fluviate partly marine. Limestones of variable lithological characters dominate the Gaj Formation in Karachi coastal region. The sandstones are soft, crumby to hard, fine grain with yellow brown, red brown, gray and pinkish gray colors. The thickness of the bed ranges from 1-5 feet in general, but thicker beds are also found northward away from the coastal region. Shales are minor rocks of this formation. Conglomerates up to 5 feet thick are found at places. The lower portion of these rocks consists of limestones while the upper part consists of alternating layers of sand stones and clay with the strips of limestones.

Nari Formation

Underneath the Gaj formation the Nari rocks are found these are the oldest rocks of this region composed of upper (aging Oligocene) Principally shales and sandstones, partly fluviatile and the lower Nari (aging Eocene) principally limestone and shale consisting of alternating fresh water and marine strata and this gives way in places to the lower Nari to upper Eocene.

This formation is composed of sandstones and shales with subordinate limestones and conglomerates. The limestones of this formation are not present in all region but sporadic occurrences can be seen with honey combed conquinoid character, which ranges in thickness from 3 inches to 6 feet, intercalated with shale or calcareous sandstones.

The floor of the valley is made up of alternating layers of various thicknesses of gravel, sandy gravel and sand with many minor symmetrical folds or anticline. These folds 7

vanish before entering Karachi giving place to two broad synclines as Layari and Malir Rivers.

The land area, which is cultivate, estimated to be 4,070 hectares, while 23,550 hectares are non-agricultural land including villages, hills, rivers and others. Fruit farms of mango, apple, , palm, banana and pomegranate are quite common.

The Malir River flows almost north south to southwest in the eastern part of Karachi City. It is an intermittent stream, ephemeral in nature. This river is constituted from two major tributaries, Mol Naddi, Khadeji Fall and smaller seasonal tributaries particularly Konkar and Thaddo and nullahs.

It s discharge of sediments due to torrential rainfall and large catchments area in addition to the industrial wastes on regular basis is considerably significant. It discharges into a creek known as Creek. Due to the discharge of industrial wastes of Industrial Trading Estate (KITE), the river water pouring into the sea is expected to affect the composition of beach sediments and water as well as the fishes found in that region.

The course of Malir River

The course of Malir River within Karachi was selected for the present study after a preliminary survey of Malir Valley (Fig. 1b).

Following four locations (1-4) were selected for sampling.

Murad Memon Goth (Location 1)

The region comprises of vegetable farms, orchards of papaya, banana, guava and mango fruits. It is 3.5 km from Malir City and is well known as a poultry estate having large number of poultry farms (Fig. 2).

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Malir City (Location 2)

The residential areas of Malir City, Khokrapar, Jaffer-e-Tayyer Society etc are located on the right side of this part of the river course. The agricultural lands, Malir City Railway Station, Quaidabad and Railway Station are situated here (Fig. 3)

Shah Faisal Colony (Location 3)

The area comprises of leather industrial units, oil refineries, soft drink manufacturing factories, flour mills etc that occupy the left side of the riverbed in this region. Cottage Industrial Area occupies the right side of the riverbed with several soap factories, light engineering and hosiery-manufacturing units. There are also several unauthorized cattle farms under the shadow of embankments of Malir River and vegetable farms are also present here (Fig. 4).

Qayumabad (Location 4)

The most low-lying area of Karachi. This region possesses both residential areas like Qayumabad Colony, and Defence Housing Society as well as a part of containing pharmaceutical factories and oil refineries.

After receiving all the sewage and industrial effluents of the valley at these points, the river finally falls into the Arabian Sea (Fig. 5). 9

Fig. 1a. GIS Map of province of Sindh showing the location of Malir River.

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Fig. 1b. Map showing the locations of Study Sites.

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Fig.1c. Oreochromis mossambicus 12

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Avenant-Oldewage and Marx (2000) studied the bioaccumulation of Cr, Cu and Fe in the gills, liver, muscle and skin of the fish Clarias gariepinus. The results revealed that the greatest concentration of Cr was detected in the gills, which was the prime site of absorption. It was observed that the concentrations of Cu and Fe were highest in the liver, which was a storage and detoxification organ for metal, followed by the gills. The possible effects of temperature, pH, hardness and salinity on the individual metals, as well as bioaccumulation of these metals have also been discussed in detail. It was concluded that the continuous monitoring of the quality of water in the study site was imperative for the sustainability of the entire protected area.

Van Aardt and Erdmann (2004) analyzed fish tissue from Labeo capensis and sediment core samples for Cd and Pb, and for Cu and Zn. It was found that the highest Cd concentrations were in clay fractions in all 3 study sites, with a range between 66.0 µg/g and 107 µg/g. Lead concentrations below 34 µg/g were found in all sediment types while one site had the highest lead levels (range: 34 to 62 µg/g) for the six sediment fractions and also for all the fish tissue types (range: 38 to 79 µg/g). Lead alkyls from motorboat exhausts were probably responsible for the high lead concentrations in the sediment and in the mudfish tissues. It was observed that mean zinc concentrations from five of the six fractions in one site were significantly higher compared to the other sites, with a range between 25 µg/g to 59 µg/g. Copper concentrations in sediments from the six fractions for the three sites, ranging between 11 µg/g to 36 µg/g, were higher when compared with copper levels worldwide. It was found that the kidneys, gills and liver had the highest levels of Cd, Pb and Cu respectively compared to other tissues from L. capensis, while the gills had the highest concentration of Zn. Lead, Cd, Cu and Zn concentrations in L. capensis tissues were much lower when compared with the reported data on South African fish, but were at par with world levels. The proportion of uranium present in sediment samples was found to be 9.0 % (SD 2.1%). Javed (2006) studied three fish species viz. Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhina mrigala exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of nickel and manganese for 30 days. It was 13

found that the 30-day sub-lethal exposure stress of metals to the fish caused no mortality. It was noted that the average weight, fork and total length increments of three fish species varied significantly during chronic exposures to nickel and manganese. Catla catla was found to be significantly more sensitive to manganese than nickel toxicity. During stress of both nickel and manganese, both Labeo rohita and Cirrhina mrigala exhibited decrease in their weights. However, due to this chronic stress any significant effect on feed intake of fish was not noted. It was found that chronic exposure of metals to both Catla catla and Labeo rohita exerted significant impact on the accumulation of nickel, followed by that of manganese in their bodies.

Yousafzai and Shakoori (2008) studied the levels of accumulation of nickel, lead, copper and zinc in the gills of a freshwater fish, Tor putitora from polluted waters at two different sites and compared with those from pristine Warsak Dam reservoir upstream. It was found that the gills of fish from polluted site showed higher concentration of chromium (24.53% and 13.58%), nickel (140.15% and 144.5%), lead (43% and 46.4%), copper (51.45% and 71.695%), and zinc (6.6% and 21.1%) from samples at site 1 and 2, respectively, when compared with the control fish. The order of metal accumulation in this organ was in the order: zinc > lead > nickel > copper > chromium.

Crafford and Avenant-Oldewage (2010) studied the concentrations of four non-essential elements i. e. strontium, aluminium, lead and nickel in water, sediments and various fish tissues. While heavy metals accumulated in C. gariepinus tissues, the highest non- essential element metal concentrations were generally recorded in gill filaments and gill arches, followed by muscle, liver and skin. The results were found to be in confirmity with trends reported earlier.

Eneji et al. (2011) studied the accumulation of chromium in the tissues of Cirrhinus mrigala. This species is used as bioindicator because it tends to accumulate heavy metals and the fish is extensively utilized for human consumption. The fish were exposed to sub lethal dose of chromium for a period of 10, 20 and 30 days in controlled environment. Maximum accumulation of chromium was noted in the liver and kidney while minimum accumulation was found in gill. 14

Even and Ghaffari (2011) studied the Cadmium and Lead levels in liver, gills, intestine and kidney in northern Pike from the Missouri River. The anodic stripping voltammetry method was employed for its low detection limit of 10-9 to 10-10 M. The results showed no trace of either lead or cadmium in all the samples examined. This was attributed to the fact that northern Pikes were not bottom dwellers and hence these were not exposed to sediments commonly containing trace metals.

Javed and Usmani (2011) studied the accumulation of heavy metals Cu, Ni, Fe, Co, Mn, Cr and Zn in liver, kidney, gills and integument of three fishes namely, Channa punctatus (murrel), Clarias gariepinus (cat fish) and Labeo rohita (carp). Fe and Zn concentrations were found to be maximum in all tissues analyzed, followed by Ni, Cu, Co, Mn and Cr in almost all the three species. In the muscles of Channa punctatus, the order of accumulation was in the order: Fe >Zn > Ni > Cu > Co> Mn, while in Clarias gariepinus it was found to be Fe > Zn > Ni > Cu=Mn> Co > Cr and in Labeo rohita it was Zn > Fe > Ni > Cu > Co > Mn. Similar order of accumulation of heavy metals was found in murrel and cat fish.

Abdel-Baki et al. (2011) investigated the concentrations of heavy metals including Iron, Zinc, Copper, Manganese, Cadmium and Lead (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cd and Pb) in water and their accumulation in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) organs (muscle, gills and liver). Gills and Liver of O. niloticus contained the highest concentration of most the detected heavy metals, while muscles appeared to be the last preferred site for the bioaccumulation of metals. The edible part of O. niloticus showed higher levels of Cd and Pb.

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STUDIES ON HEAVY METALS POLLUTION IN PAKISTAN

Javed and Mahmood (2001) studied the metal ion toxicity from Shahdera to Baloki headworks, of the River Ravi. Due to the variable discharges of untreated industrial and sewage wastes through different tributaries, the river water showed considerable variation in the heavy metals concentration. It was found that in water samples, the concentrations of zinc, lead and nickel were found significantly positive on water temperature. Whereas, iron and manganese showed non significant regression on dissolved oxygen. However, increase in water hardness also significantly increased the concentration of iron, manganese and nickel in water. It was found that there were significant variations in the concentration of heavy metals in effluent discharging tributaries. The water at Farrukhabad, Munshi hospital, Bakar Mandi nullas and Degh fall was highly polluted. Heavy metals loads in the six effluent discharging tributaries were significantly higher than the standard values set by the EPA (Pakistan) for municipal and liquid industrial effluent discharges. It was concluded that the water throughout the course of river was not suitable for aquatic life, freshwater fisheries and drinking purposes considering the criteria of the EPA, USA.

Javed (2005) investigated iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni) and manganese (Mn) in sediments and in different tissues (scale, muscle, gills, liver and kidney) of three freshwater fish species Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhina mrigala from Baloki headworks to Sidhnai barrage, river Ravi. It was found that the bioaccumulation pattern of studied heavy metals among the three selected fish species showed non-significant differences except lead (Pb). It was found that fish collected from Baloki headworks accumulated higher amount of Fe and Ni as compared to the fish collected from Sidhnai barrage. Whereas, the fish collected from both study areas showed direct relationship (r═0.8997) with high intensity of heavy metal pollution in the bed sediments. It was noticed that Catla catla and Labeo rohita accumulated high level of Pb as compared to Cirrhina mrigala. Accumulation of Fe in (gills, liver, kidney and muscle) tissues 16

showed statistically significant difference. Ni accumulated significantly in higher quantities in liver followed by gills, kidney and muscle tissues. Mn and Pb accumulated significantly in higher quantities in liver and kidney as compared to gills and muscles.

Korai et al. (2008) studied the distribution and accumulation of lead in water and in freshwater fish Catla catla (Ham.) collected from Keenjhar Lake during 2003 to 2005. The concentration of lead was examined in lake water and in selected tissues i.e. muscle, gill and liver. It was observed that the concentrations of lead in water samples were found in the range of 0.076 and 0.225 μg/l throughout the study period, while the concentration of lead in the tissues of Catla catla (Ham.) were found in the range of 0.7- 2.39 µg/g, in muscle, 0.74-2.25 µg/g in gill and 0.89-2.68 µg/g (dry weight) in liver. It was found that the concentrations of lead in selected tissues were found to be in the order: liver > gill > muscle. It was concluded that 9.87 % of lead concentrations were found under the UK limit of 1.0 μg/g (1979), whereas 45.67 % of lead concentrations were found under the USFDA level of 1.3 μg/g (USEPA 1997) and remaining 44.46 % of lead concentrations were found lower than 4.88 μg/g (USEPA 1990). The concentration levels of lead in the water samples of Keenjhar Lake were found below the permissible level of 50 μg/l recommended by (WHO 1984).

Rauf et al. (2009) determined the concentrations of heavy metal (cadmium and chromium) in different tissues (gills, kidneys, liver, skin, muscles and scales) of selected fish species Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhina mrigala from three locations namely Lahore Siphon, Shahdera Bridge and Baloki Headworks in the river Ravi, Pakistan. It was found that the concentrations of cadmium and chromium varied significantly depending upon the type of fish tissues and locations. The concentrations of selected metals were found positively significant (p<0.001) among fish tissues and their locations were negatively significant in the studied fish species. It was noticed that the liver tissues had significantly higher tendency for the accumulation of cadmium and chromium (4.26 ± 1.57 and 6.23 ± 1.14 μg/g), while gill tissues had minimum concentrations (1.10 ± 0.53 and 1.46 ± 0.52 μg/g) of selected metals. It was found that the levels of bioaccumulation of studied metals were higher in Catla catla than those in 17

Labeo rohita and Cirrhina mrigala, whereas the contamination was found highest at Baloki Headworks, as compared to other locations. This might be due to inclusion of large amount of effluents from industrial and sewage water.

Yousafzai et al. (2010) investigated heavy metals (Zn, Ni, Cr, Cu, Cd and Pb) in different tissues (skin, gills, intestine, liver and muscle) of two fresh water fishes (Wallago attu and Labeo dyocheilus). The study was conducted to determine the accumulation pattern of heavy metals in two selected species occupying different feeding zones in the same habitat. It was observed that the pattern of metals accumulation in Wallago attu and Labeo dyocheilus was found similar in the order: Zn>Cr>Cu>Pb>Ni>Cd. Whereas the distribution pattern of metals in different tissues of Wallago attu was skin>gills>muscle>intestine>liver, and the distribution pattern of metals in different tissues of Labeo dyocheilus was in the order liver>muscle>skin>intestine>gills. It was noticed that in both species Zn was the highest and Cd was the least accumulated metal. The selected tissues of Labeo dyocheilus accumulated higher concentrations of studied metals as compared to Wallago attu. It was suggested that omnivorous fish bioaccumulate higher concentrations of heavy metals than the carnivorous fish in natural habitats.

Nawaz et al. (2010) studied the concentration of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, and Zn) and electrolytes (Ca, K, and Na) in different edible and non-edible fresh water fishes collected from Balloki Headworks which is one of the major site which received untreated industrial and sewage wastes on their passage to the River Ravi. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the concentration of toxic elements in fishes found in that area as compared to the fishes found in nearby fish farms. It was observed that the levels of As (35.74–45.33 ppm), Cd (0.35–0.45 ppm), Pb (2.1–3.0 ppm), Hg (83.03– 92.35 ppm) were found to be high while the levels of Zn (37.85–40.74 ppm) and Cu (1.39–2.93 ppm) were found to be normal. It was noticed that due to higher concentrations of mercury, different types of cough, impairment of pulmonary function, and psychotic reactions, were significantly observed in all studied categories. It was 18

concluded that the studied location was highly contaminated and needed to be monitored regularly.

Nergis et al. (2012) reported that Malir and Lyari Rivers receive approximately 450,000 gallons per day of raw municipal as well as industrial effluents to drain to multi branched tidal creek estuary along the Karachi coast. The study was conducted to evaluate the impacts of raw sewage disposal on the quality of water and sediments in Karachi fish harbor and estuary along Karachi urban coast during the period of January to December 2010. The concentrations of Cd, Pb, Zn and Hg were determined in the sediments of West Wharf Karachi Fish Harbour Estuary. It was found that the concentrations of Cd, 987-1240 mg/ kg; Pb, 930-1230 mg/ kg; Cr, 428-706 mg/kg; Zn, 1260-1410 mg/kg; Hg, 118-242 mg/kg were found highly elevated. It was concluded that the enrichment of metals in the sediments resulted from the contribution of the sewage outfall through which the waste of the river basin ends up in Karachi harbour as well as from industrial and ship contaminants.

Khan et al. (2012) investigated arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg) and Zinc (Zn) in water and in selected tissues (gills, muscles and liver tissues) of three fish species collected from Shah Alam River. They studied the level of concentration and pattern of accumulation of selected heavy metals in studied tissues of three fish species. Selected heavy metals were assayed in sampled fish gills, muscles and liver tissues, using an atomic absorption (AA) spectrophotometer. It was found that the heavy metal concentrations were found in the order: liver > gills > muscles. Cu and Zn were found to be higher followed by Mn in all selected fish species. Pb was only detected in liver of younger individuals of all fish species. Most detected metal concentrations were found to be negatively correlated with the fish except for Zn, which exhibited a positive correlation. It was found that the concentration of heavy metal seemed to decrease as fish grows in size. Likewise, the metal concentration decreased with increasing size and vice versa younger individuals. Zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) concentration were found higher in fish samples might be due to the higher concentrations in water. However, the remaining metals arsenic (As), 19

cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) and mercury (Hg) were found below the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) limits for corresponding metals in fish body.

Imtiazuddin and Mumtaz (2013) determined the concentration of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in some fishes of Karachi Harbour from the coastal water of Arabian Sea. They analyzed the relationship between heavy metal concentrations in fishes and their living environment. It was noticed that significant differences in heavy metal levels were found in different tissues, while levels of heavy metals were found lowest in the muscle tissues. It was found that in carnivorous fish, the concentration of lead (Pb) was found much higher as compared to the other taxa. Whereas, in demersal fishes the levels of heavy metals were higher than those of other fishes. It was found that there was no significant difference in heavy metal concentrations between fish living in estuary area and those fishes living in coastal water of Arabian Sea along Karachi Shore.

Tabinda et al. (2013) determined the concentrations of heavy metals iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) in water, sediment and muscle of three fish species, Labeo rohita, Cirrhina mrigala, Catla catla collected from river Ravi. It was noticed that in water samples the occurrence of heavy metals was found to be in the order: Fe> Zn >Cu > Cr >Ni. Whereas, in sediment samples the heavy metals were found to be in the order: Fe> Zn >Cr > Cu >Ni. However, in fish samples the heavy metals were found to be similar to that observed in the water such as: Fe> Zn >Cu > Cr >Ni. It was noted that the level of accumulation of Fe was found higher in the sediment as well as in the muscles of the three fish species as compared to other metals. Fe and Cr concentrations in water and Fe, Cu, Cr, Ni concentrations in sediment were found significantly higher than the international limits for these metals. In fish tissues, the concentration of Zn, Cu, Cr, and Ni exceeded almost all the international limits. It was found that the highest concentrations of all the studied metals were found in Cirrhina mrigala and the lowest were found in Catla catla.

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Siraj et al. (2014) investigated Zn, Ni, Cr, Cu and Pb in the selected tissues (muscle, intestine, liver, skin and gills) of two fresh water species, Aorichthys seenghala (carnivorous) and Ompok bimaculatous (omnivorous) from a natural water body. It was found that in both species, the accumulation of heavy metals was in the order: Zn>Cr>Pb>Cu>Ni>Cd. It was found that the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in different tissues of Aorichthys seenghala was in the order: skin>liver>intestine>muscle>gills. Whereas, the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in different tissues of Ompok bimaculatous was found to be in the order: gills>liver>skin>intestine>musclhat the. It was noticed that the tissues of Ompok bimaculatous accumulated 29.85% (Ni), 19.59% (Cr), 44.94% (Cu), 15.34% (Cd) and 13.83% (Pb) more as compared to Aorichthes seenghala. It was suggested that omnivorous fish have tendency to bioaccumulate high amount of heavy metals than the carnivorous fish in natural habitats. However, least level of heavy metals accumulated in muscles as compared to other tissues, but the levels of Ni, Cr, Cd, and Pb exceeded the US, RDA limits and this poses a health concern for these fish consumers.

Sharmeen et al. (2014) determined heavy metals (Cadmium, Chromium, Copper and Lead) in surface and deep water samples along with their accumulation in tissues of the fish, Oreochromis mossambicus from (Murad Memon Goth, Malir City, Shah Faisal Colony and Qayumabad) Malir River. It was found that the concentration of heavy metals in surface and deep water samples were in the order: Cr>Cu>Pb>Cd and in the fish as Pb>Cu>Cr>Cd. It was found that in fish tissues, Cd and Pb concentrations were found higher in gill samples while Cr and Cu concentrations were found higher in liver samples, whereas gonads appeared to be the least preferred site for the bioaccumulation of metals. It was concluded that the concentrations of water samples were found above the values recommended by FAO/WHO (1993), NEQS (1993) and JECFA (2000) and in fish samples the concentrations of Cr, Cu and Pb were found higher than those recommended by WHO(1985); FEPA(2003) and FAO(1983) in fish food.

21

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sampling Sites:

For the collection of samples, four different locations of Malir River were selected:

Murad Memon Goth (Location No. 1) Malir City (Location No. 2) Shah Faisal Colony (Location No. 3) Qayumabad (Location No. 4)

Field sampling:

The water samples (both surface and deep) and the samples of the fish, Oreochromis mossambicus commonly known as Tilapia were collected monthly from all four locations (Murad Memon Goth, Malir City, Shah Faisal Colony and Qayumabad), during the study period from April 2007 to March 2010. The water samples were collected with the help of ruttner water sampler and were kept into separate 1 liter tightly packed clean and previously washed rubber bottles (after acidification) and labeled for metals analysis. Fish were captured with the help of gill net and hand net and were kept in clean polythene bags placed in an ice box to keep them chilled.

Preparation and Analysis of the Samples:

The Whattman filter paper No. 40 was used to filter water samples, and the fish were washed with plenty of cold water and taken to laboratory to dissect out gills, gonads, liver and muscles for metal analysis. All the tissues were wrapped in aluminium foil separately for complete dryness in a heating oven at 40-50°C up to constant weight of 1 gm. These dried samples and filtered water samples were digested as follows:

22

Digestion of Water samples:

Acid digestion of water samples was done according to USEPA (1976). 100ml of homogenized samples were taken in a beaker. 3 ml of concentrated Analar grade HNO3 was added. The beaker was placed on hot plate and evaporated to dryness cautiously. It was made sure that sample should not boil, then it was cooled and further addition of 3 ml of concentrated HNO3 was made. Again, the beaker was put on a hot plate. The temperature of hot plate was increased for the occurrence of gentle reflux action. Heating was continued with addition of some more acid as when needed, until the digestion was completed (indicated by light coloured residue). Sufficiently distilled 1:1 HCl was added and warmed to dissolve the residue and the sample was filtered to remove silicates and other insoluble materials which may clog the capillary of atomizer. Finally, volumes were adjusted on the basis of expected metal concentration.

Digestion of Fish samples:

Acid digestion of tissue samples was done according to Benton (1988). Around 0.500 g dried tissues were transferred to a beaker and 2.5 ml concentrated HNO3 was added, and it was allowed to stand overnight while covered, then it was placed on hot plate at 80°C for one hour again, then cooled and 2.5 ml perchloric acid (HClO4) was added. Covered beaker was placed on hotplate and digested at 180-200°C for 2-3 hours or till clear solution was obtained. The beaker was uncovered and heated at 80°C till removal of fumes. Then it was removed from hotplate and cooled. Little amount of deionized water was added and transferred to volumetric flask. Final volume was made up with distilled water.

Preparation of Standard solutions:

All working standards were prepared by subsequent dilution of available stock reference solution having 1000ppm metal in 5N HNO3.

23

Procedure:

Standards and samples were analyzed by aspirating into Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer AA 3100) for Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn using Hollow Cathode lamps at air acetylene flame, whereas mercury contents were analyzed by the cold vapour atomic absorption method using Perkin Elmer MHS-10 using NaBH4 as a reductant and pure nitrogen as a pure gas.

24

RESULTS

ANALYSIS OF WATER SAMPLES

Water is an important constituent of life support system and its quality play a vital role in the maintenance of healthy life. Being as an essential natural resource it is used in different purposes especially in industry, aquaculture, irrigation and domestic needs. In present study the heavy metals i.e. cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel and zinc were selected to determine the pollutants levels and accumulation of selected heavy metals in surface and deep water samples collected from four specific locations (Murad Memon Goth, Malir City, Shah Faisal Colony and Qayumabad) of Malir River within Karachi throughout the study period from 2007 to 2010.

Concentrations of heavy metals in surface and deep water samples of Murad Memon Goth (Location No. 1)

Cadmium: It was observed that from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 the average concentrations of cadmium in surface water samples were found as 0.0175±0.0045, 0.0225±0.0045 and 0.0267±0.0049 ppm respectively. While from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 the average concentrations of cadmium in deep water samples were observed as 0.0175±0.0045,

0.0225±0.0045 and 0.0267±0.0049 ppm respectively. (F1, 70 = 8.87, P = 0.004) (Table 1, 1a and Fig. 6)

Chromium: The average concentrations of chromium in surface water samples from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were observed as 0.6625±0.0214, 0.7050±0.0157 and 0.7058±0.0100 ppm respectively. Whereas from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 the average concentrations of chromium in deep water samples were found as 0.5775±0.0122, 25

0.6250±0.0162 and 0.6400±0.0128 ppm respectively. (F1, 70 = 134.58, P = 0.001) (Table 2, 2a and Fig.7)

Copper: In surface water samples the average concentrations of copper throughout the study years from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were observed as 0.2500±0.0074, 0.2642±0.0117 and 0.2858±0.0144 ppm respectively. However, the average concentrations at deep water samples from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were found as 0.2867±0.0115, 0.3067±0.0088 and

0.3075±0.0087 ppm respectively. (F1, 70 = 76.13, P = 0.001) (Table 3, 3a and Fig.8)

Lead: The average concentrations of lead in surface water samples from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were observed as 0.3583±0.0058, 0.3592±0.0090 and 0.3958±0.0138 ppm respectively. Whereas at deep water samples the average concentrations of lead from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were found as 0.3858±0.0052,

0.3908±0.0079 and 0.3975±0.0129 ppm respectively. (F1, 70 = 28.81, P = 0.001) (Table 4, 4a and Fig. 9)

Mercury: The observed average concentrations of mercury in surface water samples in the years 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were found as 0.0027±0.0005, 0.0030±0.0006 and 0.0035±0.0005 ppm respectively. However, from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 the average concentrations of mercury at deep water samples were observed as 0.0016±0.0005,

0.0016±0.0005 and 0.0025±0.0007 ppm respectively. (F1, 70 = 54.54, P = 0.001) (Table 5, 5a and Fig. 10)

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Nickel: During the study period it was observed that from April 2007-2008, 2008- 2009 and 2009-2010 average concentrations of nickel in surface water samples were found as 0.2917±0.0175, 0.3150±0.0117 and 0.3250±0.0091 ppm respectively. Whereas the average concentrations of nickel at deep water samples from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were observed as 0.3400±0.0186,

0.3642±0.0144 and 0.3742±0.0168 ppm respectively. (F1, 70 = 102.51, P = 0.001) (Table 6, 6a and Fig. 11)

Zinc: The average concentrations of zinc in surface water samples from the period of April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were observed as 2.8492±0.1093, 3.0058±0.0598 and 3.0508±0.0525 ppm respectively. While the average concentrations of zinc at deep water samples from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were found as 2.4933±0.0223,

2.5558±0.0117 and 2.6025±0.0260 ppm respectively (F1, 70 = 395.91, P = 0.001) (Table 7, 7a and Fig. 12)

Malir City (Location No. 2)

Cadmium: It was observed that from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 the average concentrations of cadmium in surface water samples were found as 0.0242±0.0051, 0.0275±0.0045 and 0.0292±0.0029 ppm respectively. While from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 the average concentrations of cadmium at deep water samples were observed as 0.020±0.000,

0.0275±0.0045 and 0.0275±0.0045 ppm respectively. (F1, 70 = 2.86, P = 0.095) (Table 8, 8a and Fig. 13)

27

Chromium: The average concentrations of chromium in surface water samples from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were observed as 1.0417±0.0094, 1.0467±0.0123 and 1.0592±0.0108 ppm respectively. Whereas from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 the average concentrations of chromium at deep water samples were found as 0.9583±0.0127,

0.9733±0.0123 and 1.0025±0.0136 ppm respectively. (F1, 70 = 271.84, P = 0.001) (Table 9, 9a and Fig.14)

Copper: In surface water samples the average concentrations of copper throughout the study years from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were observed as 0.6358±0.0117, 0.6750±0.0178 and 0.6750±0.0178 ppm respectively. However, the average concentrations of copper at deep water samples from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were found as 0.5433±0.0049,

0.5533±0.0065 and 0.5750±0.0162 ppm respectively. (F1, 70 = 450.30, P = 0.001) (Table 10, 10a and Fig.15)

Lead: The average concentrations of lead in surface water samples from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were observed as 0.7450±0.0052, 0.7533±0.0065 and 0.7550±0.0052 ppm respectively. Whereas at deep water samples the average concentrations of lead from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were noted as 0.8117±0.0084,

0.8150±0.0067 and 0.8175±0.0062 ppm respectively. (F1, 70 = 1395.77, P = 0.001) (Table 11, 11a and Fig.16)

Mercury: The observed average concentrations of mercury in surface water samples in the years 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were found as 0.0049±0.0005, 0.0053±0.0006 and 0.0058±0.0005 ppm respectively. 28

However, from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 the average concentrations of mercury at deep water samples were observed as 0.0037±0.0008,

0.0046±0.0008 and 0.0046±0.0005 ppm respectively. (F1, 70 =36.11, P = 0.001) (Table 12, 12a and Fig.17)

Nickel: During the study period it was observed that from April 2007-2008, 2008- 2009 and 2009-2010 the average concentrations of nickel in surface water samples were noted as 0.6442±0.0108, 0.6575±0.0045 and 0.6858±0.0067 ppm respectively. Whereas the average concentrations of nickel at deep water samples from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were observed as 0.6875±0.0097,

0.6925±0.0142 and 0.7058±0.0117 ppm respectively. (F1, 70 = 68.47, P = 0.001) (Table 13, 13a and Fig. 18)

Zinc: The average concentrations of zinc in surface water samples from the period of April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were observed as 3.7075±0.0407, 3.9342±0.0584 and 4.0425±0.0242 ppm respectively. While the average concentrations of zinc at deep water samples from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were found as 3.6567±0.0999, 3.9483±0.0564 and

4.1058±0.0406 ppm respectively. (F1, 70 = 35.69, P = 0.001) (Table 14, 14a and Fig. 19)

Shah Faisal Colony (Location No. 3)

Cadmium: It was observed that from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 the average concentrations of cadmium in surface water samples were noted as 0.0425±0.0045, 0.0475±0.0075 and 0.0542±0.0052 ppm respectively. While from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 the average concentrations of cadmium at deep water samples were observed as 0.0425±0.0045, 29

0.0475±0.0045 and 0.0525±0.0045 ppm respectively. (F1, 70 = 47.06, P = 0.00) (Table 15, 15a and Fig. 20)

Chromium: The average concentrations of chromium in surface water samples from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were observed as 1.2192±0.0162, 1.2417±0.0170 and 1.2450±0.0100 ppm respectively. Whereas from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 the average concentrations of chromium at deep water samples were found as 1.1700±0.0154,

1.1683±0.0170 and 1.2083±0.0084 ppm respectively. (F1, 70 = 115.46, P = 0.001) (Table 16, 16a and Fig. 21)

Copper: In surface water samples the average concentrations of copper throughout the study years from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were observed as 0.9700±0.0135, 0.9833±0.0144 and 0.9950±0.0052 ppm respectively. However, the average concentrations of copper at deep water samples from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were found as 0.8900±0.0195,

0.9533±0.0363 and 1.0008±0.0288 ppm respectively. (F1, 70 = 13.77, P = 0.001) (Table 17, 17a and Fig. 22)

Lead: The average concentrations of lead in surface water samples from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were observed as 0.6292±0.0067, 0.6350±0.0052 and 0.6458±0.0052 ppm respectively. Whereas at deep water samples the average concentrations of lead from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were found as 0.6717±0.0127,

0.6800±0.0085 and 0.6950±0.0080 ppm respectively. (F1, 70 = 277.52, P = 0.001) (Table 18, 18a and Fig. 23)

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Mercury: The observed average concentrations of mercury in surface water samples in the years 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were noted as 0.0077±0.0009, 0.0102±0.0032 and 0.0095±0.0005 ppm respectively. However, from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 the average concentrations of mercury at deep water samples were observed as 0.0068±0.0012,

0.0079±0.0007 and 0.0094±0.0005 ppm respectively. (F1, 70 =18.16, P = 0.00) (Table 19, 19a and Fig. 24)

Nickel: During this study period it was observed that from April 2007-2008, 2008- 2009 and 2009-2010 the average concentrations of nickel in surface water samples were found as 0.9600±0.0095, 0.9692±0.0117 and 1.0233±0.0239 ppm respectively. Whereas the average concentrations of nickel at deep water samples from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were observed as 0.9642±0.0124,

0.9825±0.0087 and 1.0367±0.0202 ppm respectively. (F1, 70 = 93.24, P = 0.000) (Table 20, 20a and Fig. 25)

Zinc: The average concentrations of zinc in surface water samples from the period of April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were observed 5.8133±0.0811, 6.0142±0.0378 and 6.2000±0.0945 ppm respectively. While the average concentrations of zinc at deep water samples from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were found as 5.3033±0.0446, 5.5033±0.0563 and

5.7092±0.0699 ppm respectively. (F1, 70 = 146.59, P = 0.001) (Table 21, 21a and Fig. 26)

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Qayumabad (Location No. 4)

Cadmium: It was observed that from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 the average concentrations of cadmium in surface water samples were noted as 0.0350±0.0052, 0.0350±0.0052 and 0.0558±0.0067 ppm respectively. While from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 the average concentrations of cadmium at deep water samples were observed as 0.0333±0.0049,

0.0358±0.0067 and 0.0517±0.0072 ppm respectively. (F1, 70 = 20.96, P = 0.00) (Table 22, 22a and Fig. 27)

Chromium: The average concentrations of chromium in surface water samples from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were observed 0.9025±0.0136, 0.9133±0.0144 and 0.9367±0.0116 ppm respectively. Whereas from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 the average concentrations of chromium at deep water samples were found as 0.8725±0.0187,

0.9017±0.0175 and 0.9608±0.0329 ppm respectively. (F1, 70 = 11.30, P = 0.001) (Table 23, 23a and Fig. 28)

Copper In surface water samples the average concentrations of copper throughout the study years from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were observed as 0.5483±0.0084, 0.5550±0.0052 and 0.5758±0.0117 ppm respectively. However, the average concentrations of copper at deep water samples from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were found as 0.5642±0.0100,

0.5675±0.0106 and 0.5842±0.0138 ppm respectively. (F1, 70 = 12.84, P = 0.001) (Table 24, 24a and Fig. 29)

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Lead: The average concentrations of lead in surface water samples from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were observed as 0.5108±0.0090, 0.5225±0.0045 and 0.5233±0.0049 ppm respectively. Whereas at deep water samples the average concentrations of lead from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were noted as 0.6042±0.0052,

0.6142±0.0067 and 0.6175±0.0062 ppm respectively. (F1, 70 = 2217.89, P = 0.001) (Table 25, 25a and Fig. 30)

Mercury: The observed average concentrations of mercury in surface water samples in the years 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were found as 0.0050±0.0007, 0.0056±0.0005 and 0.0054±0.0007 ppm respectively. However, from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 the average concentrations of mercury at deep water samples were observed as 0.0022±0.0007,

0.0031±0.0010 and 0.0035±0.0005 ppm respectively. (F1, 70 = 157.41, P = 0.001) (Table 26, 26a and Fig. 31)

Nickel: During the study period it was observed that from April 2007-2008, 2008- 2009 and 2009-2010 The average concentrations of nickel in surface water samples were found as 0.7133±0.0078, 0.7483±0.0127 and 0.8317±0.0409 ppm respectively. Whereas the average concentrations of nickel at deep water samples from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were observed as 0.7675±0.0160,

0.7808±0.0100 and 0.7950±0.0080 ppm respectively. (F1, 70 = 2.95, P = 0.090) (Table 27, 27a and Fig. 32)

Zinc: The average concentrations of zinc in surface water samples from the period of April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were observed as 6.1492±0.0683, 6.3983±0.0801 and 6.6133±0.0470 ppm respectively. 33

While the average concentrations of zinc at deep water samples from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were found as 5.4592±0.1357, 5.7725±0.1327 and

5.9800±0.0669 ppm respectively. (F1, 70 = 150.39, P = 0.001) (Table 28, 28a and Fig. 33)

ANALYSIS OF FISH TISSUES

Concentrations of heavy metals in selected organs of Oreochromis mossambicus

Murad Memon Goth (Location No. 1)

During the study period from April 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 the concentrations of heavy metals such as cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel and zinc were determined in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of fish Oreochromis mossambicus collected from four different locations i.e. Murad Memon Goth, Malir City, Shah Faisal Colony and Qayumabad.

Cadmium: The average concentrations of cadmium in gills were recorded 0.3450±0.0193, 0.3600±0.0113 and 0.3675±0.0114 ppm, while the average concentrations in gonads were found 0.0192±0.0079, 0.0217±0.0058 and 0.0225±0.0045 ppm, whereas the average concentrations in liver were measured as 0.1150±0.0100, 0.1442±0.0090 and 0.1600±0.0104 ppm and the average concentrations in muscles were determined as 0.0350±0.0067, 0.0358±0.0051 and 0.0450±0.0052 ppm respectively. (F3,

140 = 4160.69, P = 0.001) (Table 29, 29a and Fig. 34) Chromium: The average concentrations of chromium in gills were recorded as 0.7500±0.0085, 0.7692±0.0131 and 0.8025±0.0114 ppm, whereas the average concentration in gonads were observed as 0.1650±0.0117, 0.1683±0.0111 and 0.2042±0.0138 ppm, while the average concentration in liver tissues were measured as 0.9650±0.0117, 0.9867±0.0123 and 0.9992±0.0079 ppm and the average concentration in 34

muscles were found as 0.1642±0.0116, 0.1758±0.0067 and 0.1925±0.0087 ppm respectively. (F3, 140 = 15000, P = 0.001) (Table 30, 30a and Fig. 35)

Copper: The average concentrations of copper in gills tissue were observed 0.8925±0.0106, 0.9150±0.0124 and 0.9417±0.0094 ppm, whereas the average concentration in gonads were found 0.0458±0.0051, 0.0633±0.0049 and 0.0708±0.0090 ppm, while the average concentration in liver were measured as 5.0567±0.0065, 5.0567±0.0049 and 5.0725±0.0097 ppm and the average concentration in muscles were recorded as 0.2100±0.0085, 0.2267±0.0078 and 0.2242±0.0079 ppm respectively. (F3, 140 = 890000, P = 0.001) (Table 31, 31a and Fig. 36)

Lead: The average concentrations of lead in gills were recorded 3.0433±0.0107, 3.0567±0.0049 and 3.0817±0.0094 ppm, while the average concentrations in gonads were found 0.2567±0.0065, 0.2675±0.0106 and 0.2858±0.0108 ppm, whereas the average concentrations in liver samples were measured 1.6508±0.0079, 1.6883±0.0103 and 1.7125±0.0075 ppm and the average concentrations in muscles were determined

0.4375±0.0122, 0.4400±0.0154 and 0.4517±0.0072 ppm respectively. (F3, 140 = 160000, P = 0.001) (Table 32, 32a and Fig. 37).

Mercury: The average concentrations of mercury in gills tissues were observed 0.2450±0.01931, 0.2600±0.01477 and 0.2883±0.01337 ppm, whereas the average concentration in gonads were found 0.0043±0.00049, 0.0045±0.00052 and 0.0046±0.00051 ppm, while the average concentration in liver were measured as 0.1567±0.0089, 0.1675±0.0097 and 0.1825±0.0136 ppm and the average concentration in muscles were recorded as 0.0104±0.0031, 0.0200±0.0060 and 0.0358±0.0052 ppm respectively. (F3, 140 = 2360.43, P = 0.001) (Table 33, 33a and Fig. 38)

35

Nickel: The average concentrations of nickel in gills were recorded as 0.6983±0.0127, 0.7050±0.0138 and 0.7042±0.0124 ppm, whereas the average concentration in gonads were observed as 0.1550±0.0052, 0.1758±0.0178 and 0.1925±0.0075 ppm, while the average concentration in liver tissues were measured as 0.5742±0.0138, 0.5950±0.0052 and 0.6125±0.0075 ppm and the average concentration in muscles were found 0.5967±0.0178, 0.6158±0.0198 and 0.6433±0.0192 ppm respectively. (F3, 140 = 5067.96, P = 0.001) (Table 34, 34a and Fig. 39)

Zinc: The average concentrations of zinc in gills were recorded 5.2925±0.0230, 5.3392±0.0275 and 5.4025±0.0218 ppm, while the average concentrations in gonads were found 1.1525±0.0445, 1.2500±0.0544 and 1.2967±0.0167 ppm, whereas the average concentrations in liver samples were measured 7.6200±0.0405, 7.6817±0.0199 and 7.7100±0.0209 ppm and the average concentrations in muscles were determined as

2.3367±0.0235, 2.3825±0.0186 and 2.3933±0.0314 ppm respectively. (F3, 140 = 110000, P = 0.001) (Table 35, 35a and Fig. 40)

Malir City (Location No. 2) Cadmium: The average concentrations of cadmium in gills were recorded 0.6325±0.0097, 0.6425±0.0075 and 0.6500±0.0104 ppm, while the average concentrations in gonads were found 0.0233±0.0049, 0.0267±0.0049 and 0.0267±0.0049 ppm, whereas the average concentrations in liver were measured 0.1492±0.0079, 0.1733±0.0123 and 0.1750±0.0080 ppm and the average concentrations in muscles were determined 0.0508±0.0079, 0.0517±0.0072 and 0.0558±0.0051 ppm respectively. (F3, 140 = 27000, P = 0.001) (Table 36, 36a and Fig. 41)

36

Chromium: The average concentrations of chromium in gills were recorded as 1.1592±0.0108, 1.1833±0.0130 and 1.2200±0.0135 ppm, whereas the average concentration in gonads were observed as 0.2083±0.0094, 0.2200±0.0104 and 0.2425±0.0075 ppm, while the average concentration in liver tissues were measured as 2.0650±0.0090, 2.0808±0.0090 and 2.0950±0.0109 ppm and the average concentration in muscles were found 0.3219±0.0075, 0.3250±0.0052 and 0.3525±0.0114 ppm respectively. (F3, 140 = 68000, P = 0.001) (Table 37, 37a and Fig. 42)

Copper: The average concentrations of copper in gills tissue were observed 2.6550±0.0052, 2.6767±0.0192 and 2.6958±0.0100 ppm, whereas the average concentration in gonads were found 0.0817±0.0039, 0.0858±0.0051 and 0.0958±0.0067 ppm, while the average concentration in liver were measured as 3.5658±0.0108, 3.5992±0.0211 and 3.6425±0.0142 ppm and the average concentration in muscles were recorded as 0.3200±0.0074, 0.3242±0.0051 and 0.3367±0.0078 ppm respectively. (F3, 140 = 230000, P = 0.001) (Table 38, 38a and Fig. 43)

Lead: The average concentrations of lead in gills were recorded 4.0517±0.0072, 4.0642±0.0090 and 4.0958±0.0108 ppm, while the average concentrations in gonads were found 0.4808±0.0079, 0.4900±0.0095 and 0.5058±0.0100 ppm, whereas the average concentrations in liver samples were measured 1.7125±0.0075, 2.9725±0.0114 and 3.0117±0.0083 ppm and the average concentrations in muscles were determined

0.9467±0.0049, 0.9550±0.0052 and 0.9575±0.0045 ppm respectively. (F3, 140 = 310000, P = 0.001) (Table 39, 39a and Fig. 44)

Mercury: The average concentrations of mercury in gills tissues were observed 0.4017±0.0159, 0.4267±0.0246 and 0.4417±0.0199 ppm, whereas the average concentration in gonads were found 0.0097±0.0005, 0.0175±0.0062 and 0.0267±0.0049 37

ppm, while the average concentration in liver were measured as 0.2000±0.0121, 0.2133±0.0156 and 0.2383±0.0134 ppm and the average concentration in muscles were recorded as 0.0467±0.0049, 0.0542±0.0067 and 0.0575±0.0045 ppm respectively. (F3, 140 = 4018.03, P = 0.001) (Table 40, 40a and Fig. 45)

Nickel: The average concentrations of nickel in gills were recorded as 0.8108±0.0168, 0.8175±0.0142 and 0.8333±0.0115 ppm, whereas the average concentration in gonads were observed as 0.1642±0.0067, 0.1658±0.0067 and 0.1967±0.0107 ppm, while the average concentration in liver tissues were measured as 0.5767±0.0137, 0.5875±0.0097 and 0.6025±0.0114 ppm and the average concentration in muscles were found 0.3017±0.0039, 0.3133±0.0049 and 0.3408±0.0198 ppm respectively. (F3, 140 = 9571.98, P = 0.001) (Table 41, 41a and Fig. 46)

Zinc: The average concentrations of zinc in gills were recorded 7.0508±0.0162, 7.0967±0.0156 and 7.1592±0.0178 ppm, while the average concentrations in gonads were found 1.6567±0.0998, 1.9483±0.0564 and 2.0333±0.0206 ppm, whereas the average concentrations in liver samples were measured 9.6958±0.0207, 9.7467±0.0137 and 10.0133±0.0144 ppm and the average concentrations in muscles were determined

3.1517±0.0185, 3.1808±0.0151 and 3.2067±0.0257 ppm respectively. (F3, 140 = 35000, P = 0.001) (Table 42, 42a and Fig. 47)

Shah Faisal Colony (Location No. 3) Cadmium: The average concentrations of cadmium in gills were recorded 0.7825±0.0234, 0.8050±0.0131 and 0.8183±0.0083 ppm, while the average concentrations in gonads were found 0.0358±0.0051, 0.0300±0.0074 and 0.0317±0.0058 ppm, whereas the average concentrations in liver were measured, 0.2075±0.0062, 0.2067±0.0078 and 0.2217±0.0072 ppm and the average concentrations in muscles were 38

determined 0.0508±0.0067, 0.0592±0.0051 and 0.1075±0.1552 ppm respectively. (F3, 140 = 2070.27, P = 0.001) (Table 43, 43a and Fig. 48)

Chromium: The average concentrations of chromium in gills were recorded as 1.4108±0.0207, 1.4508±0.0116 and 1.4717±0.0111 ppm, whereas the average concentration in gonads were determined as 0.2058±0.0108, 0.2217±0.0094 and 0.2425±0.0201 ppm, while the average concentration in liver tissues were measured as 2.2925±0.0097, 2.3350±0.0232 and 2.3575±0.0045 ppm and the average concentration in muscles were found 0.5217±0.0039, 0.5358±0.0051 and 0.5458±0.0051 ppm respectively. (F3, 140 = 55000, P = 0.001) (Table 44, 44a and Fig. 49)

Copper: The average concentrations of copper in gills tissue were observed 3.9450±0.0052, 3.9667±0.0098 and 3.9792±0.0131 ppm, whereas the average concentration in gonads were found 0.0992±0.0051, 0.1042±0.0051 and 0.1117±0.0058 ppm, while the average concentration in liver were measured as 5.0575±0.0062, 5.0717±0.0083 and 5.0758±0.0116 ppm and the average concentration in muscles were recorded as 0.3433±0.0049, 0.3483±0.0039 and 0.3667±0.0167 ppm respectively. (F3, 140 = 1300000, P = 0.001) (Table 45, 45a and Fig. 50)

Lead: The average concentrations of lead in gills were recorded 3.8625±0.0114, 3.8850±0.0109 and 3.9350±0.0157 ppm, while the average concentrations of in gonads were found 0.3542±0.0051, 0.3642±0.0090 and 0.3892±0.0108 ppm, whereas the average concentrations in liver samples were measured 2.0875±0.0075, 2.0908±0.0079 and 2.0958±0.0067 ppm and the average concentrations in muscles were determined

0.8050±0.0052, 0.8192±0.0029 and 0.8183±0.0058 ppm respectively. (F3, 140 = 240000, P = 0.001) (Table 46, 46a and Fig. 51)

39

Mercury: The average concentrations of mercury in gills tissues were observed 0.5217±0.0134, 0.5383±0.0180 and 0.5450±0.0124 ppm, whereas the average concentration in gonads were found 0.0558±0.0052, 0.0608±0.0067 and 0.0617±0.0058 ppm, while the average concentration in liver were measured as 0.3383±0.0119, 0.3508±0.0079 and 0.3667±0.0123 ppm and the average concentration in muscles were recorded as 0.2050±0.0271, 0.2317±0.0153 and 0.2350±0.0145 ppm respectively. (F3, 140 = 5058.22, P = 0.001) (Table 47, 47a and Fig. 52)

Nickel: The average concentrations of nickel in gills were recorded as 1.6833±0.0049, 1.6917±0.0083 and 1.7042±0.0124 ppm, whereas the average concentration in gonads were observed as 0.2042±0.0051, 0.2058±0.0051 and 0.2075±0.0045 ppm, while the average concentration in liver tissues were measured as 1.2442±0.0131, 1.2567±0.0049 and 1.2575±0.0062 ppm and the average concentration in muscles were found 0.3575±0.0045, 0.3608±0.0079 and 0.3792±0.0090 ppm respectively. (F3, 140 = 170000, P = 0.001) (Table 48, 48a and Fig. 53)

Zinc: The average concentrations of zinc in gills were recorded 7.4933±0.0477, 7.5067±0.013 and 7.5258±0.0151 ppm, while the average concentrations in gonads were found 2.6708±0.0673, 2.7083±0.0255 and 2.8292±0.0504 ppm, whereas the average concentrations in liver samples were measured 9.8825±0.0209, 9.9300±0.0325 and 9.9783±0.0295 ppm and the average concentrations in muscles were determined

6.5167±0.1570, 6.9175±0.1138 and 7.2225±0.0618 ppm respectively. (F3, 140 = 12000, P = 0.001) (Table 49, 49a and Fig. 54)

40

Qayumabad (Location No. 4)

Cadmium: The average concentrations of cadmium in gills were recorded 0.2633±0.0098, 0.2792±0.0100 and 0.2767±0.0098 ppm, while the average concentrations of gonads were found 0.0225±0.0075, 0.0242±0.0051 and 0.0283±0.0039 ppm, whereas the average concentrations in liver were measured 0.0958±0.0100, 0.1050±0.0090 and 0.1133±0.0078 ppm and the average concentrations in muscles were determined 0.0408±0.0100, 0.0425±0.0087 and 0.0483±0.0094 ppm respectively. (F3, 140 = 4578.49, P = 0.001) (Table 50, 50a and Fig. 55)

Chromium: The average concentrations of chromium in gills were recorded as 1.0350±0.0124, 1.0550±0.0067 and 1.0792±0.0100 ppm, whereas the average concentration in gonads were noted as 0.1383±0.0164, 0.1517±0.0111 and 0.1683±0.0127 ppm, while the average concentration in liver tissues were measured as 1.2950±0.0109, 1.3108±0.0100 and 1.3325±0.0129 ppm and the average concentration in muscles were found 0.1567±0.0049, 0.1683±0.0111 and 0.1767±0.0078ppm respectively.

(F3, 140 = 41000, P = 0.001) (Table 51, 51a and Fig. 56)

Copper: The average concentrations of copper in gills tissue were observed 2.4158±0.0162, 2.4658±0.0151 and 2.4775±0.0166 ppm, whereas the average concentration in gonads were found 0.0733±0.0098, 0.0842±0.0051 and 0.0875±0.0045 ppm, while the average concentration in liver were measured as 2.0475±0.0075, 2.0625±0.0097 and 2.0625±0.0097 ppm and the average concentration in muscles were recorded as 0.1817±0.0072, 0.1875±0.0062 and 0.1967±0.0049 ppm respectively. (F3, 140 = 170000, P = 0.001) (Table 52, 52a and Fig. 57)

41

Lead: The average concentrations of lead in gills were recorded 2.2458±0.0090, 2.2600±0.0074 and 2.2892±0.0162 ppm, while the average concentrations of in gonads were found 0.2933±0.0078, 0.3042±0.0067 and 0.3083±0.0058 ppm, whereas the average concentrations in liver samples were measured 1.7633±0.0144, 1.7975±0.0087 and 1.8158±0.0067 ppm and the average concentrations in muscles were determined

0.5075±0.0075, 0.5083±0.0058 and 0.5167±0.0089 ppm respectively. (F3, 140 = 110000, P = 0.001) (Table 53, 53a and Fig. 58)

Mercury: The average concentrations of mercury in gills tissues were observed 0.4717±0.0103, 0.4883±0.0103 and 0.5300±0.0135 ppm, whereas the average concentration in gonads were found 0.0442±0.0052, 0.0467±0.0065 and 0.0475±0.0045 ppm, while the average concentration in liver were measured as 0.2667±0.0099, 0.2850±0.0124 and 0.2900±0.0104 ppm and the average concentration in muscles were recorded as 0.1167±0.0116, 0.1233±0.0144 and 0.1350±0.0117 ppm respectively. (F3, 140 = 4738.52, P = 0.001) (Table 54, 54a and Fig. 59)

Nickel: The average concentrations of nickel in gills were recorded as 1.1683±0.0127, 1.1825±0.0087 and 1.1875±0.0045 ppm, whereas the average concentration in gonads were observed as 0.1842±0.0051, 0.1858±0.0051 and 0.1950±0.0067 ppm, while the average concentration in liver tissues were measured as 0.9275±0.0186, 0.9642±0.0144 and 1.000±0.0176 ppm and the average concentration in muscles were found 0.2667±0.0098, 0.2767±0.0089 and 0.2850±0.0052 ppm respectively. (F3, 140 = 23000, P = 0.001) (Table 55, 55a and Fig. 60)

Zinc: The average concentrations of zinc in gills were recorded 6.2858±0.0243, 6.3358±0.0358 and 6.4142±0.0348 ppm, while the average concentrations in gonads were found 1.5025±0.0331, 1.5433±0.0231 and 1.6025±0.0260 ppm, whereas the average 42

concentrations in liver samples were measured 8.5692±0.0385, 8.6133±0.0326 and 8.6858±0.0358 ppm and the average concentrations in muscles were determined

7.0625±0.0087, 7.0933±0.0167 and 7.1183±0.0199 ppm respectively. (F3, 140 = 130000, P = 0.001) (Table 56, 56a and Fig. 61). 43

Table. 1: Average concentrations of cadmium (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 0.0175 0.0045 0.0013 0.01494 - 0.02006 25.71 Surface 2008 - 2009 0.0225 0.0045 0.0013 0.01994 - 0.02506 20.00 2009 - 2010 0.0267 0.0049 0.0014 0.02391 - 0.02949 18.35 2007 - 2008 0.0175 0.0045 0.0013 0.01494 - 0.02006 25.71 Deep 2008 - 2009 0.0225 0.0045 0.0013 0.01994 - 0.02506 20.00 2009 - 2010 0.0267 0.0049 0.0014 0.02391 - 0.02949 18.35

Table.2: Average concentrations of chromium (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 0.6625 0.0214 0.0062 0.6504 - 0.6746 3.23 Surface 2008 - 2009 0.7050 0.0157 0.0045 0.6961 - 0.7139 2.22 2009 - 2010 0.7058 0.0100 0.0029 0.7002 - 0.7114 1.41 2007 - 2008 0.5775 0.0122 0.0035 0.5706 - 0.5844 2.10 Deep 2008 - 2009 0.6250 0.0162 0.0047 0.6158 - 0.6342 2.60 2009 - 2010 0.6400 0.0128 0.0037 0.6328 - 0.6472 2.00

44

Table. 3: Average concentration of copper (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 0.2500 0.0074 0.0021 0.2458 - 0.2542 2.96 Surface 2008 - 2009 0.2642 0.0117 0.0034 0.2576 - 0.2708 4.41 2009 - 2010 0.2858 0.0144 0.0042 0.2776 - 0.2940 5.05 2007 - 2008 0.2867 0.0115 0.0033 0.2802 - 0.2932 4.01 Deep 2008 - 2009 0.3067 0.0088 0.0026 0.3017 - 0.3117 2.87 2009 - 2010 0.3075 0.0087 0.0025 0.3026 - 0.3124 2.82

Table. 4: Average concentrations of lead (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 0.3583 0.0058 0.0017 0.3550 - 0.3616 1.61 Surface 2008 - 2009 0.3592 0.0090 0.0026 0.3541 - 0.3643 2.51 2009 - 2010 0.3958 0.0138 0.0040 0.3880 - 0.4036 3.48 2007 - 2008 0.3858 0.0052 0.0015 0.3829 - 0.3887 1.33 Deep 2008 - 2009 0.3908 0.0079 0.0023 0.3863 - 0.3953 2.03 2009 - 2010 0.3975 0.0129 0.0037 0.3902 - 0.4048 3.24

45

Table. 5: Average concentrations of mercury (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 0.0027 0.0005 0.0001 0.0024 - 0.0030 18.15 Surface 2008 - 2009 0.0030 0.0006 0.0002 0.0027 - 0.0033 20.00 2009 - 2010 0.0035 0.0005 0.0002 0.0032 - 0.0038 14.86 2007 - 2008 0.0016 0.0005 0.0001 0.0013 - 0.0019 31.65 Deep 2008 - 2009 0.0016 0.0005 0.0001 0.0013 - 0.0019 31.65 2009 - 2010 0.0025 0.0007 0.0002 0.0021 - 0.0029 26.80

Table. 6: Average concentration of nickel (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 0.2917 0.0175 0.0051 0.2818 - 0.3016 6.00 Surface 2008 - 2009 0.3150 0.0117 0.0034 0.3084 - 0.3216 3.71 2009 - 2010 0.3250 0.0091 0.0026 0.3199 - 0.3301 2.78 2007 - 2008 0.3400 0.0186 0.0054 0.3295 - 0.3505 5.47 Deep 2008 - 2009 0.3642 0.0144 0.0042 0.3560 - 0.3724 3.95 2009 - 2010 0.3742 0.0168 0.0048 0.3647 - 0.3837 4.48

46

Table.7: Average concentrations of zinc (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2005 - 2006 2.8492 0.1093 0.0315 2.7874 - 2.9110 3.83 Surface 2006 - 2007 3.0058 0.0598 0.0173 2.9720 - 3.0396 1.99 2007 - 2008 3.0508 0.0525 0.0151 3.0211 - 3.0805 1.72 2005 - 2006 2.4933 0.0223 0.0064 2.4807 - 2.5059 0.89 Deep 2006 - 2007 2.5558 0.0117 0.0034 2.5492 - 2.5624 0.46 2007 - 2008 2.6025 0.0260 0.0075 2.5878 - 2.6172 1.00

Table. 8: Average concentration of cadmium (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 0.0242 0.0051 0.0015 0.02129 - 0.02711 21.07 Surface 2008 - 2009 0.0275 0.0045 0.0013 0.02494 - 0.03006 16.36 2009 - 2010 0.0292 0.0029 0.0008 0.02757 - 0.03083 9.93 2007 - 2008 0.0200 0.0000 0.0000 0.02000 - 0.02000 0.00 Deep 2008 - 2009 0.0275 0.0045 0.0013 0.02494 - 0.03006 16.44 2009 - 2010 0.0275 0.0045 0.0013 0.02494 - 0.03006 16.44

47

Table. 9: Average concentrations of chromium (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 1.0417 0.0094 0.0027 1.0364 - 1.0470 0.90 Surface 2008 - 2009 1.0467 0.0123 0.0036 1.0397 - 1.0537 1.18 2009 - 2010 1.0592 0.0108 0.0031 1.0531 - 1.0653 1.02 2007 - 2008 0.9583 0.0127 0.0037 0.9511 - 0.9655 1.32 Deep 2008 - 2009 0.9733 0.0123 0.0036 0.9663 - 0.9803 1.26 2009 - 2010 1.0025 0.0136 0.0039 0.9948 - 1.0102 1.35

Table. 10: Average concentrations of copper (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 0.6358 0.0117 0.0034 0.6292 - 0.6424 1.83 Surface 2008 - 2009 0.6750 0.0178 0.0051 0.6649 - 0.6851 2.64 2009 - 2010 0.6750 0.0178 0.0051 0.6649 - 0.6851 2.64 2007 - 2008 0.5433 0.0049 0.0014 0.5405 - 0.5461 0.91 Deep 2008 - 2009 0.5533 0.0065 0.0019 0.5496 - 0.5570 1.18 2009 - 2010 0.5750 0.0162 0.0047 0.5658 - 0.5842 2.82

48

Table. 11: Average concentrations of lead (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 0.7450 0.0052 0.0015 0.7420 - 0.7480 0.70 Surface 2008 - 2009 0.7533 0.0065 0.0019 0.7496 - 0.7570 0.86 2009 - 2010 0.7550 0.0052 0.0015 0.7520 - 0.7580 0.69 2007 - 2008 0.8117 0.0084 0.0024 0.8070 - 0.8164 1.03 Deep 2008 - 2009 0.8150 0.0067 0.0019 0.8112 - 0.8188 0.83 2009 - 2010 0.8175 0.0062 0.0018 0.8140 - 0.8210 0.76

Table. 12: Average concentrations of mercury (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 0.0049 0.0005 0.0001 0.0046 - 0.0052 10.41 Surface 2008 - 2009 0.0053 0.0006 0.0002 0.0049 - 0.0057 11.70 2009 - 2010 0.0058 0.0005 0.0001 0.0055 - 0.0061 7.76 2007 - 2008 0.0037 0.0008 0.0002 0.0032 - 0.0041 21.25 Deep 2008 - 2009 0.0046 0.0008 0.0002 0.0042 - 0.0050 17.17 2009 - 2010 0.0046 0.0005 0.0001 0.0043 - 0.0049 11.09

49

Table. 13: Average concentrations of nickel (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 0.6442 0.0108 0.0031 0.6381 - 0.6503 1.68 Surface 2008 - 2009 0.6575 0.0045 0.0013 0.6549 - 0.6601 0.68 2009 - 2010 0.6858 0.0067 0.0019 0.6820 - 0.6896 0.98 2007 - 2008 0.6875 0.0097 0.0028 0.6820 - 0.6930 1.40 Deep 2008 - 2009 0.6925 0.0142 0.0041 0.6845 - 0.7005 2.05 2009 - 2010 0.7058 0.0117 0.0034 0.6992 - 0.7124 1.65

Table. 14: Average concentrations of zinc (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 3.7075 0.0407 0.0118 3.6845 - 3.7305 1.10 Surface 2008 - 2009 3.9342 0.0584 0.0169 3.9012 - 3.9672 1.48 2009 - 2010 4.0425 0.0242 0.0070 4.0288 - 4.0562 0.60 2007 - 2008 3.6567 0.0999 0.0288 3.6002 - 3.7132 2.73 Deep 2008 - 2009 3.9483 0.0564 0.0163 3.9164 - 3.9802 1.43 2009 - 2010 4.1058 0.0406 0.0117 4.0829 - 4.1287 0.99

50

Table. 15: Average concentrations of cadmium (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 0.0425 0.0045 0.0013 0.0399 - 0.0451 10.64 Surface 2008 - 2009 0.0475 0.0075 0.0022 0.0432 - 0.0518 15.79 2009 - 2010 0.0542 0.0052 0.0015 0.0513 - 0.0571 9.50 2007 - 2008 0.0425 0.0045 0.0013 0.0399 - 0.0451 10.64 Deep 2008 - 2009 0.0475 0.0045 0.0013 0.0449 - 0.0501 9.52 2009 - 2010 0.0525 0.0045 0.0013 0.0499 - 0.0551 8.61

Table. 16: Average concentrations of chromium (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 1.2192 0.0162 0.0047 1.2100 - 1.2284 1.33 Surface 2008 - 2009 1.2417 0.0170 0.0049 1.2321 - 1.2513 1.37 2009 - 2010 1.2450 0.0100 0.0029 1.2393 - 1.2507 0.80 2007 - 2008 1.1700 0.0154 0.0044 1.1613 - 1.1787 1.31 Deep 2008 - 2009 1.1683 0.0170 0.0049 1.1587 - 1.1779 1.45 2009 - 2010 1.2083 0.0084 0.0024 1.2036 - 1.2130 0.69

51

Table. 17: Average concentrations of copper (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 0.9700 0.0135 0.0039 0.9624 - 0.9776 1.39 Surface 2008 - 2009 0.9833 0.0144 0.0041 0.9752 - 0.9914 1.46 2009 - 2010 0.9950 0.0052 0.0015 0.9920 - 0.9980 0.52 2007 - 2008 0.8900 0.0195 0.0056 0.8789 - 0.9011 2.20 Deep 2008 - 2009 0.9533 0.0363 0.0105 0.9328 - 0.9738 3.80 2009 - 2010 1.0008 0.0288 0.0083 0.9845 - 1.0171 2.87

Table. 18: Average concentrations of lead (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 0.6292 0.0067 0.0019 0.6254 - 0.6330 1.06 Surface 2008 - 2009 0.6350 0.0052 0.0015 0.6320 - 0.6380 0.82 2009 - 2010 0.6458 0.0052 0.0015 0.6429 - 0.6487 0.80 2007 - 2008 0.6717 0.0127 0.0037 0.6645 - 0.6789 1.89 Deep 2008 - 2009 0.6800 0.0085 0.0025 0.6752 - 0.6848 1.25 2009 - 2010 0.6950 0.0080 0.0023 0.6905 - 0.6995 1.15

52

Table. 19: Average concentrations of mercury (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 0.0077 0.0009 0.0003 0.0072 - 0.0082 11.60 Surface 2008 - 2009 0.0102 0.0032 0.0009 0.0084 - 0.0120 31.47 2009 - 2010 0.0095 0.0005 0.0002 0.0092 - 0.0098 5.47 2007 - 2008 0.0068 0.0012 0.0004 0.0061 - 0.0074 17.78 Deep 2008 - 2009 0.0079 0.0007 0.0002 0.0075 - 0.0083 8.48 2009 - 2010 0.0094 0.0005 0.0001 0.0091 - 0.0097 5.43

Table. 20: Average concentrations of nickel (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 0.9600 0.0095 0.0028 0.9546 - 0.9654 0.99 Surface 2008 - 2009 0.9692 0.0117 0.0034 0.9626 - 0.9758 1.20 2009 - 2010 1.0233 0.0239 0.0069 1.0098 - 1.0368 2.33 2007 - 2008 0.9642 0.0124 0.0036 0.9572 - 0.9712 1.29 Deep 2008 - 2009 0.9825 0.0087 0.0025 0.9776 - 0.9874 0.88 2009 - 2010 1.0367 0.0202 0.0058 1.0253 - 1.0481 1.94

53

Table. 21: Average concentrations of zinc (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 5.8133 0.0811 0.0234 5.7674 - 5.8592 1.39 Surface 2008 - 2009 6.0142 0.0378 0.0109 5.9928 - 6.0356 0.63 2009 - 2010 6.2000 0.0945 0.0273 6.1465 - 6.2535 1.52 2007 - 2008 5.3033 0.0446 0.0129 5.2781 - 5.3285 0.84 Deep 2008 - 2009 5.5033 0.0563 0.0163 5.4714 - 5.5352 1.02 2009 - 2010 5.7092 0.0699 0.0202 5.6697 - 5.7487 1.22

Table. 22: Average concentrations of cadmium (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 0.0350 0.0052 0.0015 0.0320 - 0.0380 14.91 Surface 2008 - 2009 0.0350 0.0052 0.0015 0.0320 - 0.0380 14.86 2009 - 2010 0.0558 0.0067 0.0019 0.0520 - 0.0596 11.99 2007 - 2008 0.0333 0.0049 0.0014 0.0305 - 0.0361 14.77 Deep 2008 - 2009 0.0358 0.0067 0.0019 0.0320 - 0.0396 18.69 2009 - 2010 0.0517 0.0072 0.0021 0.0476 - 0.0558 13.89

54

Table. 23 Average concentrations of chromium (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 0.9025 0.0136 0.0039 0.8948 - 0.9102 1.50 Surface 2008 - 2009 0.9133 0.0144 0.0041 0.9052 - 0.9214 1.57 2009 - 2010 0.9367 0.0116 0.0033 0.9302 - 0.9432 1.23 2007 - 2008 0.8725 0.0187 0.0054 0.8619 - 0.8831 2.14 Deep 2008 - 2009 0.9017 0.0175 0.0051 0.8918 - 0.9116 1.94 2009 - 2010 0.9608 0.0329 0.0095 0.9422 - 0.9794 3.42

Table. 24: Average concentrations of copper (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 0.5483 0.0084 0.0024 0.5436 - 0.5530 1.52 Surface 2008 - 2009 0.5550 0.0052 0.0015 0.5520 - 0.5580 0.94 2009 - 2010 0.5758 0.0117 0.0034 0.5692 - 0.5824 2.02 2007 - 2008 0.5642 0.0100 0.0029 0.5586 - 0.5698 1.77 Deep 2008 - 2009 0.5675 0.0106 0.0030 0.5615 - 0.5735 1.86 2009 - 2010 0.5842 0.0138 0.0040 0.5764 - 0.5920 2.36

55

Table. 25: Average concentrations of lead (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 0.5108 0.0090 0.0026 0.5057 - 0.5159 1.76 Surface 2008 - 2009 0.5225 0.0045 0.0013 0.5199 - 0.5251 0.87 2009 - 2010 0.5233 0.0049 0.0014 0.5205 - 0.5261 0.94 2007 - 2008 0.6042 0.0052 0.0015 0.6013 - 0.6071 0.85 Deep 2008 - 2009 0.6142 0.0067 0.0019 0.6104 - 0.6180 1.09 2009 - 2010 0.6175 0.0062 0.0018 0.6140 - 0.6210 1.01

Table. 26: Average concentrations of mercury (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 0.0050 0.0007 0.0002 0.0046 - 0.0054 14.80 Surface 2008 - 2009 0.0056 0.0005 0.0001 0.0053 - 0.0059 8.93 2009 - 2010 0.0054 0.0007 0.0002 0.0050 - 0.0058 12.41 2007 - 2008 0.0022 0.0007 0.0002 0.0018 - 0.0026 33.18 Deep 2008 - 2009 0.0031 0.0010 0.0003 0.0025 - 0.0037 32.26 2009 - 2010 0.0035 0.0005 0.0002 0.0032 - 0.0038 14.86

56

Table. 27: Average concentrations of nickel (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 0.7133 0.0078 0.0022 0.7089 - 0.7177 1.09 Surface 2008 - 2009 0.7483 0.0127 0.0037 0.7411 - 0.7555 1.69 2009 - 2010 0.8317 0.0409 0.0118 0.8086 - 0.8548 4.91 2007 - 2008 0.7675 0.0160 0.0046 0.7584 - 0.7766 2.09 Deep 2008 - 2009 0.7808 0.0100 0.0029 0.7752 - 0.7864 1.28 2009 - 2010 0.795 0.0080 0.0023 0.7905 - 0.7995 1.00

Table. 28: Average concentrations of zinc (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 6.1492 0.0683 0.0197 6.1106 - 6.1878 1.11 Surface 2008 - 2009 6.3983 0.0801 0.0231 6.3530 - 6.4436 1.25 2009 - 2010 6.6133 0.0470 0.0136 6.5867 - 6.6399 0.71 2007 - 2008 5.4592 0.1357 0.0392 5.3824 - 5.5360 2.49 Deep 2008 - 2009 5.7725 0.1327 0.0383 5.6974 - 5.8476 2.30 2009 - 2010 5.9800 0.0669 0.0193 5.9422 - 6.0178 1.12

57

Table. 29: Average concentrations of cadmium (ppm) in different tissues of O. mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 0.3450 0.0193 0.0056 0.3341 - 0.3559 5.60 Gills 2008 - 2009 0.3600 0.0113 0.0033 0.3536 - 0.3664 3.91 2009 - 2010 0.3675 0.0114 0.0033 0.3611 - 0.3739 3.10 2007 - 2008 0.0192 0.0079 0.0023 0.0147 - 0.0237 41.37 Gonads 2008 - 2009 0.0217 0.0058 0.0017 0.0184 - 0.0250 26.65 2009 - 2010 0.0225 0.0045 0.0013 0.0199 - 0.0251 20.10 2007 - 2008 0.1150 0.0100 0.0029 0.1093 - 0.1207 8.70 Liver 2008 - 2009 0.1442 0.0090 0.0026 0.1391 - 0.1493 6.25 2009 - 2010 0.1600 0.0104 0.0030 0.1541 - 0.1659 6.53 2007 - 2008 0.0350 0.0067 0.0019 0.0312 - 0.0388 19.26 Muscles 2008 - 2009 0.0358 0.0051 0.0015 0.0329 - 0.0387 14.37 2009 - 2010 0.0450 0.0052 0.0015 0.0420 - 0.0480 11.61

58

Table. 30: Average concentrations of chromium (ppm) in different tissues of O. mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 0.7500 0.0085 0.0025 0.7452 - 0.7548 1.1371 Gills 2008 - 2009 0.7692 0.0131 0.0038 0.7618 - 0.7766 1.7049 2009 - 2010 0.8025 0.0114 0.0033 0.7961 - 0.8089 1.4183 2007 - 2008 0.1650 0.0117 0.0034 0.1584 - 0.1716 7.0773 Gonads 2008 - 2009 0.1683 0.0111 0.0032 0.1620 - 0.1746 6.6216 2009 - 2010 0.2042 0.0138 0.0040 0.1964 - 0.2120 6.7541 2007 - 2008 0.9650 0.0117 0.0034 0.9584 - 0.9716 1.2101 Liver 2008 - 2009 0.9867 0.0123 0.0036 0.9797 - 0.9937 1.2475 2009 - 2010 0.9992 0.0079 0.0023 0.9947 - 1.0037 0.7936 2007 - 2008 0.1642 0.0116 0.0034 0.1576 - 0.1708 7.0934 Muscles 2008 - 2009 0.1758 0.0067 0.0019 0.1720 - 0.1796 3.8022 2009 - 2010 0.1925 0.0087 0.0025 0.1876 - 0.1974 4.4988

59

Table. 31: Average concentrations of copper (ppm) in different tissues of O. mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 0.8925 0.0106 0.0030 0.8865 - 0.8985 1.1824 Gills 2008 - 2009 0.9150 0.0124 0.0036 0.9080 - 0.9220 1.3586 2009 - 2010 0.9417 0.0094 0.0027 0.9364 - 0.9470 0.9955 2007 - 2008 0.0458 0.0051 0.0015 0.0429 - 0.0487 11.2348 Gonads 2008 - 2009 0.0633 0.0049 0.0014 0.0605 - 0.0661 7.7742 2009 - 2010 0.0708 0.0090 0.0026 0.0657 - 0.0759 12.7106 2007 - 2008 5.0567 0.0065 0.0019 5.0530 - 5.0604 0.1288 Liver 2008 - 2009 5.0567 0.0049 0.0014 5.0539 - 5.0595 0.0974 2009 - 2010 5.0725 0.0097 0.0028 5.0670 - 5.0780 0.1903 2007 - 2008 0.2100 0.0085 0.0025 0.2052 - 0.2148 4.0610 Muscles 2008 - 2009 0.2267 0.0078 0.0022 0.2223 - 0.2311 3.4346 2009 - 2010 0.2242 0.0079 0.0023 0.2197 - 0.2287 3.5374

60

Table. 32: Average concentrations of lead (ppm) in different tissues of O. mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 3.0433 0.0107 0.0031 3.0372 - 3.0494 0.3526 Gills 2008 - 2009 3.0567 0.0049 0.0014 3.0539 - 3.0595 0.1611 2009 - 2010 3.0817 0.0094 0.0027 3.0764 - 3.0870 0.3042 2007 - 2008 0.2567 0.0065 0.0019 0.2530 - 0.2604 2.5377 Gonads 2008 - 2009 0.2675 0.0106 0.0030 0.2615 - 0.2735 3.9450 2009 - 2010 0.2858 0.0108 0.0031 0.2797 - 0.2919 3.7911 2007 - 2008 1.6508 0.0079 0.0023 1.6463 - 1.6553 0.4803 Liver 2008 - 2009 1.6883 0.0103 0.0030 1.6825 - 1.6941 0.6100 2009 - 2010 1.7125 0.0075 0.0022 1.7082 - 1.7168 0.4402 2007 - 2008 0.4375 0.0122 0.0035 0.4306 - 0.4444 2.7781 Muscles 2008 - 2009 0.4400 0.0154 0.0044 0.4313 - 0.4487 3.4941 2009 - 2010 0.4517 0.0072 0.0021 0.4476 - 0.4558 1.5891

61

Table. 33: Average concentrations of mercury (ppm) in different tissues of O. mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 0.2450 0.01931 0.00557 0.2341 - 0.2559 7.88 Gills 2008 - 2009 0.2600 0.01477 0.00426 0.2517 - 0.2683 5.68 2009 - 2010 0.2883 0.01337 0.00386 0.2807 - 0.2959 4.64 2007 - 2008 0.0043 0.00049 0.00014 0.0041 - 0.0046 11.36 Gonads 2008 - 2009 0.0045 0.00052 0.00015 0.0042 - 0.0048 11.61 2009 - 2010 0.0046 0.00051 0.00015 0.0043 - 0.0049 11.23 2007 - 2008 0.1567 0.0089 0.0026 0.1517 - 0.1617 5.67 Liver 2008 - 2009 0.1675 0.0097 0.0028 0.1620 - 0.1730 5.76 2009 - 2010 0.1825 0.0136 0.0039 0.1748 - 0.1902 7.43 2007 - 2008 0.0104 0.0031 0.0009 0.0087 - 0.0121 29.36 Muscles 2008 - 2009 0.0200 0.0060 0.0017 0.0166 - 0.0234 30.15 2009 - 2010 0.0358 0.0052 0.0015 0.0329 - 0.0388 14.37

62

Table. 34: Average concentrations of nickel (ppm) in different tissues of O. mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 0.6983 0.0127 0.0037 0.6911 - 0.7055 1.81 Gills 2008 - 2009 0.7050 0.0138 0.0040 0.6972 - 0.7128 1.96 2009 - 2010 0.7042 0.0124 0.0036 0.6972 - 0.7112 1.76 2007 - 2008 0.1550 0.0052 0.0015 0.1520 - 0.1580 3.37 Gonads 2008 - 2009 0.1758 0.0178 0.0051 0.1657 - 0.1859 10.13 2009 - 2010 0.1925 0.0075 0.0022 0.1882 - 0.1968 3.92 2007 - 2008 0.5742 0.0138 0.0040 0.5664 - 0.5820 2.40 Liver 2008 - 2009 0.5950 0.0052 0.0015 0.5920 - 0.5980 0.88 2009 - 2010 0.6125 0.0075 0.0022 0.6082 - 0.6168 1.23 2007 - 2008 0.5967 0.0178 0.0051 0.5867 - 0.6067 2.98 Muscles 2008 - 2009 0.6158 0.0198 0.0057 0.6046 - 0.6270 3.21 2009 - 2010 0.6433 0.0192 0.0056 0.6324 - 0.6542 2.99

63

Table. 35: Average concentrations of zinc (ppm) in different tissues of O. mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 5.2925 0.0230 0.0066 5.2795 - 5.3055 0.43 Gills 2008 - 2009 5.3392 0.0275 0.0079 5.3237 - 5.3547 0.51 2009 - 2010 5.4025 0.0218 0.0063 5.3902 - 5.4148 0.40 2007 - 2008 1.1525 0.0445 0.0129 1.1273 - 1.1777 3.86 Gonads 2008 - 2009 1.2500 0.0544 0.0157 1.2192 - 1.2808 4.36 2009 - 2010 1.2967 0.0167 0.0048 1.2873 - 1.3061 1.29 2007 - 2008 7.6200 0.0405 0.0117 7.5971 - 7.6429 0.53 Liver 2008 - 2009 7.6817 0.0199 0.0058 7.6704 - 7.6930 0.26 2009 - 2010 7.7100 0.0209 0.0060 7.6982 - 7.7218 0.27 2007 - 2008 2.3367 0.0235 0.0068 2.3234 - 2.3500 1.01 Muscles 2008 - 2009 2.3825 0.0186 0.0054 2.3719 - 2.3931 0.78 2009 - 2010 2.3933 0.0314 0.0091 2.3755 - 2.4111 1.31

64

Table. 36: Average concentrations of cadmium (ppm) in different tissues of O. mossambicus at Malir City (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 0.6325 0.0097 0.0028 0.6270 - 0.6380 1.53 Gills 2008 - 2009 0.6425 0.0075 0.0022 0.6382 - 0.6468 3.13 2009 - 2010 0.6500 0.0104 0.0030 0.6441 - 0.6559 1.61 2007 - 2008 0.0233 0.0049 0.0014 0.0205 - 0.0261 21.10 Gonads 2008 - 2009 0.0267 0.0049 0.0014 0.0239 - 0.0295 18.46 2009 - 2010 0.0267 0.0049 0.0014 0.0239 - 0.0295 18.46 2007 - 2008 0.1492 0.0079 0.0023 0.1447 - 0.1537 5.32 Liver 2008 - 2009 0.1733 0.0123 0.0036 0.1663 - 0.1803 7.10 2009 - 2010 0.1750 0.0080 0.0023 0.1705 - 0.1795 4.56 2007 - 2008 0.0508 0.0079 0.0023 0.0463 - 0.0553 15.60 Muscles 2008 - 2009 0.0517 0.0072 0.0021 0.0476 - 0.0558 13.89 2009 - 2010 0.0558 0.0051 0.0015 0.0529 - 0.0587 9.22

65

Table. 37: Average concentrations of chromium (ppm) in different tissues of O. mossambicus at Malir City (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 1.1592 0.0108 0.0031 1.1531 - 1.1653 0.9348 Gills 2008 - 2009 1.1833 0.0130 0.0038 1.1759 - 1.1907 1.1009 2009 - 2010 1.2200 0.0135 0.0039 1.2124 - 1.2276 1.1052 2007 - 2008 0.2083 0.0094 0.0027 0.2030 - 0.2136 4.4997 Gonads 2008 - 2009 0.2200 0.0104 0.0030 0.2141 - 0.2259 4.7476 2009 - 2010 0.2425 0.0075 0.0022 0.2382 - 0.2468 3.1084 2007 - 2008 2.0650 0.0090 0.0026 2.0599 - 2.0701 0.4380 Liver 2008 - 2009 2.0808 0.0090 0.0026 2.0757 - 2.0859 0.4327 2009 - 2010 2.0950 0.0109 0.0031 2.0888 - 2.1012 0.5189 2007 - 2008 0.3219 0.0075 0.0022 0.3176 - 0.3262 2.3414 Muscles 2008 - 2009 0.3250 0.0052 0.0015 0.3220 - 0.3280 1.6069 2009 - 2010 0.3525 0.0114 0.0033 0.3461 - 0.3589 3.2289

66

Table. 38: Average concentrations of copper (ppm) in different tissues of O. mossambicus at Malir City (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 2.6550 0.0052 0.0015 2.6520 - 2.6580 0.1967 Gills 2008 - 2009 2.6767 0.0192 0.0056 2.6658 - 2.6876 0.7183 2009 - 2010 2.6958 0.0100 0.0029 2.6902 - 2.7014 0.3695 2007 - 2008 0.0817 0.0039 0.0011 0.0795 - 0.0839 4.7663 Gonads 2008 - 2009 0.0858 0.0051 0.0015 0.0829 - 0.0887 5.9992 2009 - 2010 0.0958 0.0067 0.0019 0.0920 - 0.0996 6.9763 2007 - 2008 3.5658 0.0108 0.0031 3.5597 - 3.5719 0.3039 Liver 2008 - 2009 3.5992 0.0211 0.0061 3.5873 - 3.6111 0.5859 2009 - 2010 3.6425 0.0142 0.0041 3.6345 - 3.6505 0.3905 2007 - 2008 0.3200 0.0074 0.0021 0.3158 - 0.3242 2.3080 Muscles 2008 - 2009 0.3242 0.0051 0.0015 0.3213 - 0.3271 1.5885 2009 - 2010 0.3367 0.0078 0.0022 0.3323 - 0.3411 2.3124

67

Table. 39: Average concentrations of lead (ppm) in different tissues of O. mossambicus at Malir City (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 4.0517 0.0072 0.0021 4.0476 - 4.0558 0.1771 Gills 2008 - 2009 4.0642 0.0090 0.0026 4.0591 - 4.0693 0.2215 2009 - 2010 4.0958 0.0108 0.0031 4.0897 - 4.1019 0.2646 2007 - 2008 0.4808 0.0079 0.0023 0.4763 - 0.4853 1.6491 Gonads 2008 - 2009 0.4900 0.0095 0.0028 0.4846 - 0.4954 1.9458 2009 - 2010 0.5058 0.0100 0.0029 0.5002 - 0.5114 1.9694 2007 - 2008 1.7125 0.0075 0.0022 1.7082 - 1.7168 0.4402 Liver 2008 - 2009 2.9725 0.0114 0.0033 2.9661 - 2.9789 0.3829 2009 - 2010 3.0117 0.0083 0.0024 3.0070 - 3.0164 0.2772 2007 - 2008 0.9467 0.0049 0.0014 0.9439 - 0.9495 0.5201 Muscles 2008 - 2009 0.9550 0.0052 0.0015 0.9520 - 0.9580 0.5468 2009 - 2010 0.9575 0.0045 0.0013 0.9549 - 0.9601 0.4723

68

Table. 40: Average concentrations of mercury (ppm) in different tissues of O. mossambicus at Malir City (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 0.4017 0.0159 0.0046 0.3927 - 0.4106 3.95 Gills 2008 - 2009 0.4267 0.0246 0.0071 0.4127 - 0.4406 5.77 2009 - 2010 0.4417 0.0199 0.0058 0.4304 - 0.4529 4.51 2007 - 2008 0.0097 0.0005 0.0001 0.0094 - 0.0099 5.09 Gonads 2008 - 2009 0.0175 0.0062 0.0018 0.0140 - 0.0210 35.52 2009 - 2010 0.0267 0.0049 0.0014 0.0239 - 0.0295 18.46 2007 - 2008 0.2000 0.0121 0.0035 0.1932 - 0.2068 6.03 Liver 2008 - 2009 0.2133 0.0156 0.0045 0.2045 - 0.2221 7.30 2009 - 2010 0.2383 0.0134 0.0039 0.2308 - 0.2459 5.61 2007 - 2008 0.0467 0.0049 0.001420 0.0439 - 0.0495 10.55 Muscles 2008 - 2009 0.0542 0.0067 0.001930 0.0504 - 0.0580 12.34 2009 - 2010 0.0575 0.0045 0.001310 0.0549 - 0.0601 7.87

69

Table. 41: Average concentrations of nickel (ppm) in different tissues of O. mossambicus at Malir City (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 0.8108 0.0168 0.0048 0.8013 - 0.8203 2.07 Gills 2008 - 2009 0.8175 0.0142 0.0041 0.8095 - 0.8255 1.74 2009 - 2010 0.8333 0.0115 0.0033 0.8268 - 0.8398 1.39 2007 - 2008 0.1642 0.0067 0.0019 0.1604 - 0.1680 4.07 Gonads 2008 - 2009 0.1658 0.0067 0.0019 0.1620 - 0.1696 4.03 2009 - 2010 0.1967 0.0107 0.0031 0.1906 - 0.2028 5.46 2007 - 2008 0.5767 0.0137 0.0040 0.5689 - 0.5845 2.38 Liver 2008 - 2009 0.5875 0.0097 0.0028 0.5820 - 0.5930 1.64 2009 - 2010 0.6025 0.0114 0.0033 0.5961 - 0.6089 1.89 2007 - 2008 0.3017 0.0039 0.0011 0.2995 - 0.3039 1.29 Muscles 2008 - 2009 0.3133 0.0049 0.0014 0.3105 - 0.3161 1.57 2009 - 2010 0.3408 0.0198 0.0057 0.3296 - 0.3520 5.80

70

Table. 42: Average concentrations of zinc (ppm) in different tissues of O. mossambicus at Malir City (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 7.0508 0.0162 0.0047 7.0416 - 7.0600 0.23 Gills 2008 - 2009 7.0967 0.0156 0.0045 7.0879 - 7.1055 0.22 2009 - 2010 7.1592 0.0178 0.0051 7.1491 - 7.1693 0.25 2007 - 2008 1.6567 0.0998 0.0288 1.6002 - 1.7132 6.03 Gonads 2008 - 2009 1.9483 0.0564 0.0163 1.9164 - 1.9802 2.89 2009 - 2010 2.0333 0.0206 0.0059 2.0216 - 2.0450 1.01 2007 - 2008 9.6958 0.0207 0.0060 9.6841 - 9.7075 0.21 Liver 2008 - 2009 9.7467 0.0137 0.0040 9.7389 - 9.7545 0.14 2009 - 2010 10.0133 0.0144 0.0041 10.0052 - 10.0214 0.14 2007 - 2008 3.1517 0.0185 0.0053 3.1412 - 3.1622 0.59 Muscles 2008 - 2009 3.1808 0.0151 0.0043 3.1723 - 3.1893 0.47 2009 - 2010 3.2067 0.0257 0.0074 3.1922 - 3.2212 0.80

71

Table. 43: Average concentrations of cadmium (ppm) in different tissues of O. mossambicus at S. F. Colony (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 0.7825 0.0234 0.0068 0.7693 - 0.7957 2.9909 Gills 2008 - 2009 0.8050 0.0131 0.0038 0.7976 - 0.8124 1.6326 2009 - 2010 0.8183 0.0083 0.0024 0.8136 - 0.8230 1.0202 2007 - 2008 0.0358 0.0051 0.0015 0.0329 - 0.0387 14.3701 Gonads 2008 - 2009 0.0300 0.0074 0.0021 0.0258 - 0.0342 24.6183 2009 - 2010 0.0317 0.0058 0.0017 0.0284 - 0.0350 18.2321 2007 - 2008 0.2075 0.0062 0.0018 0.2040 - 0.2110 2.9956 Liver 2008 - 2009 0.2067 0.0078 0.0022 0.2023 - 0.2111 3.7669 2009 - 2010 0.2217 0.0072 0.0021 0.2176 - 0.2258 3.2379 2007 - 2008 0.0508 0.0067 0.0019 0.0470 - 0.0546 13.1520 Muscles 2008 - 2009 0.0592 0.0051 0.0015 0.0563 - 0.0621 8.7030 2009 - 2010 0.1075 0.1552 0.0448 0.0197 - 0.1953 144.3360

72

Table. 44: Average concentrations of chromium (ppm) in different tissues of O. mossambicus at S. F. Colony (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 1.4108 0.0207 0.0060 1.3991 - 1.4225 1.4638 Gills 2008 - 2009 1.4508 0.0116 0.0034 1.4442 - 1.4574 0.8026 2009 - 2010 1.4717 0.0111 0.0032 1.4654 - 1.4780 0.7574 2007 - 2008 0.2058 0.0108 0.0031 0.1997 - 0.2119 5.2646 Gonads 2008 - 2009 0.2217 0.0094 0.0027 0.2164 - 0.2270 4.2290 2009 - 2010 0.2425 0.0201 0.0058 0.2312 - 0.2538 8.2708 2007 - 2008 2.2925 0.0097 0.0028 2.2870 - 2.2980 0.4211 Liver 2008 - 2009 2.3350 0.0232 0.0067 2.3219 - 2.3481 0.9918 2009 - 2010 2.3575 0.0045 0.0013 2.3549 - 2.3601 0.1918 2007 - 2008 0.5217 0.0039 0.0011 0.5195 - 0.5239 0.7462 Muscles 2008 - 2009 0.5358 0.0051 0.0015 0.5329 - 0.5387 0.9610 2009 - 2010 0.5458 0.0051 0.0015 0.5429 - 0.5487 0.9434

73

Table. 45: Average concentrations of copper (ppm) in different tissues of O. mossambicus at S. F. Colony (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 3.9450 0.0052 0.0015 3.9420 - 3.9480 0.1324 Gills 2008 - 2009 3.9667 0.0098 0.0028 3.9611 - 3.9723 0.2483 2009 - 2010 3.9792 0.0131 0.0038 3.9718 - 3.9866 0.3296 2007 - 2008 0.0992 0.0051 0.0015 0.0963 - 0.1021 5.1926 Gonads 2008 - 2009 0.1042 0.0051 0.0015 0.1013 - 0.1071 4.9433 2009 - 2010 0.1117 0.0058 0.0017 0.1084 - 0.1150 5.1703 2007 - 2008 5.0575 0.0062 0.0018 5.0540 - 5.0610 0.1229 Liver 2008 - 2009 5.0717 0.0083 0.0024 5.0670 - 5.0764 0.1646 2009 - 2010 5.0758 0.0116 0.0034 5.0692 - 5.0824 0.2294 2007 - 2008 0.3433 0.0049 0.0014 0.3405 - 0.3461 1.4341 Muscles 2008 - 2009 0.3483 0.0039 0.0011 0.3461 - 0.3505 1.1175 2009 - 2010 0.3667 0.0167 0.0048 0.3573 - 0.3761 4.5537

74

Table. 46: Average concentrations of lead (ppm) in different tissues of O. mossambicus at S. F. Colony (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 3.8625 0.0114 0.0033 3.8561 - 3.8689 0.2947 Gills 2008 - 2009 3.8850 0.0109 0.0031 3.8788 - 3.8912 0.2798 2009 - 2010 3.9350 0.0157 0.0045 3.9261 - 3.9439 0.3981 2007 - 2008 0.3542 0.0051 0.0015 0.3513 - 0.3571 1.4539 Gonads 2008 - 2009 0.3642 0.0090 0.0026 0.3591 - 0.3693 2.4723 2009 - 2010 0.3892 0.0108 0.0031 0.3831 - 0.3953 2.7845 2007 - 2008 2.0875 0.0075 0.0022 2.0832 - 2.0918 0.3611 Liver 2008 - 2009 2.0908 0.0079 0.0023 2.0863 - 2.0953 0.3793 2009 - 2010 2.0958 0.0067 0.0019 2.0920 - 2.0996 0.3190 2007 - 2008 0.8050 0.0052 0.0015 0.8020 - 0.8080 0.6487 Muscles 2008 - 2009 0.8192 0.0029 0.0008 0.8176 - 0.8208 0.3524 2009 - 2010 0.8183 0.0058 0.0017 0.8150 - 0.8216 0.7055

75

Table. 47: Average concentrations of mercury (ppm) in different tissues of O. mossambicus at S. F. Colony (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 0.5217 0.0134 0.0039 0.5141 - 0.5292 2.56 Gills 2008 - 2009 0.5383 0.0180 0.0052 0.5281 - 0.5485 3.34 2009 - 2010 0.5450 0.0124 0.0036 0.5380 - 0.5520 2.28 2007 - 2008 0.0558 0.0052 0.0015 0.0529 - 0.0588 9.22 Gonads 2008 - 2009 0.0608 0.0067 0.0019 0.0570 - 0.0646 10.99 2009 - 2010 0.0617 0.0058 0.0017 0.0584 - 0.0649 9.36 2007 - 2008 0.3383 0.0119 0.0035 0.3316 - 0.3451 3.53 Liver 2008 - 2009 0.3508 0.0079 0.0023 0.3463 - 0.3553 2.26 2009 - 2010 0.3667 0.0123 0.0036 0.3597 - 0.3736 3.36 2007 - 2008 0.2050 0.0271 0.0078 0.1897 - 0.2203 13.24 Muscles 2008 - 2009 0.2317 0.0153 0.0044 0.2230 - 0.2403 6.59 2009 - 2010 0.2350 0.0145 0.0042 0.2268 - 0.2432 6.15

76

Table. 48: Average concentrations of nickel (ppm) in different tissues of O. mossambicus at S. F. Colony (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 1.6833 0.0049 0.0014 1.6805 - 1.6861 0.29 Gills 2008 - 2009 1.6917 0.0083 0.0024 1.6870 - 1.6964 0.49 2009 - 2010 1.7042 0.0124 0.0036 1.6972 - 1.7112 0.73 2007 - 2008 0.2042 0.0051 0.0015 0.2013 - 0.2071 2.52 Gonads 2008 - 2009 0.2058 0.0051 0.0015 0.2029 - 0.2087 2.50 2009 - 2010 0.2075 0.0045 0.0013 0.2049 - 0.2101 2.18 2007 - 2008 1.2442 0.0131 0.0038 1.2368 - 1.2516 1.05 Liver 2008 - 2009 1.2567 0.0049 0.0014 1.2539 - 1.2595 0.39 2009 - 2010 1.2575 0.0062 0.0018 1.2540 - 1.2610 0.49 2007 - 2008 0.3575 0.0045 0.0013 0.3549 - 0.3601 1.27 Muscles 2008 - 2009 0.3608 0.0079 0.0023 0.3563 - 0.3653 2.20 2009 - 2010 0.3792 0.0090 0.0026 0.3741 - 0.3843 2.37

77

Table. 49: Average concentrations of zinc (ppm) in different tissues of O. mossambicus at S. F. Colony (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 7.4933 0.0477 0.0138 7.4663 - 7.5203 0.64 Gills 2008 - 2009 7.5067 0.0130 0.0038 7.4993 - 7.5141 0.17 2009 - 2010 7.5258 0.0151 0.0043 7.5173 - 7.5343 0.20 2007 - 2008 2.6708 0.0673 0.0194 2.6327 - 2.7089 2.52 Gonads 2008 - 2009 2.7083 0.0255 0.0074 2.6939 - 2.7227 0.94 2009 - 2010 2.8292 0.0504 0.0145 2.8007 - 2.8577 1.78 2007 - 2008 9.8825 0.0209 0.0060 9.8707 - 9.8943 0.21 Liver 2008 - 2009 9.9300 0.0325 0.0094 9.9116 - 9.9484 0.33 2009 - 2010 9.9783 0.0295 0.0085 9.9616 - 9.9950 0.30 2007 - 2008 6.5167 0.1570 0.0453 6.4278 - 6.6056 2.41 Muscles 2008 - 2009 6.9175 0.1138 0.0328 6.8531 - 6.9819 1.64 2009 - 2010 7.2225 0.0618 0.0178 7.1875 - 7.2575 0.86

78

Table. 50: Average concentrations of cadmium (ppm) in different tissues of O. mossambicus at Qayumabad (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 0.2633 0.0098 0.0028 0.2577 - 0.2689 3.7395 Gills 2008 - 2009 0.2792 0.0100 0.0029 0.2736 - 0.2848 3.5685 2009 - 2010 0.2767 0.0098 0.0028 0.2711 - 0.2823 3.5593 2007 - 2008 0.0225 0.0075 0.0022 0.0182 - 0.0268 33.5013 Gonads 2008 - 2009 0.0242 0.0051 0.0015 0.0213 - 0.0271 21.3074 2009 - 2010 0.0283 0.0039 0.0011 0.0261 - 0.0305 13.7382 2007 - 2008 0.0958 0.0100 0.0029 0.0902 - 0.1014 10.3952 Liver 2008 - 2009 0.105 0.0090 0.0026 0.0999 - 0.1101 8.6146 2009 - 2010 0.1133 0.0078 0.0022 0.1089 - 0.1177 6.8691 2007 - 2008 0.0408 0.0100 0.0029 0.0352 - 0.0464 24.3969 Muscles 2008 - 2009 0.0425 0.0087 0.0025 0.0376 - 0.0474 20.3771 2009 - 2010 0.0483 0.0094 0.0027 0.0430 - 0.0536 19.3952

79

Table. 51: Average concentrations of chromium (ppm) in different tissues of O. mossambicus at Qayumabad (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 1.0350 0.0124 0.0036 1.0280 - 1.0420 1.2011 Gills 2008 - 2009 1.0550 0.0067 0.0019 1.0512 - 1.0588 0.6391 2009 - 2010 1.0792 0.0100 0.0029 1.0736 - 1.0848 0.9231 2007 - 2008 0.1383 0.0164 0.0047 0.1290 - 0.1476 11.8717 Gonads 2008 - 2009 0.1517 0.0111 0.0032 0.1454 - 0.1580 7.3493 2009 - 2010 0.1683 0.0127 0.0037 0.1611 - 0.1755 7.5285 2007 - 2008 1.2950 0.0109 0.0031 1.2888 - 1.3012 0.8395 Liver 2008 - 2009 1.3108 0.0100 0.0029 1.3052 - 1.3164 0.7600 2009 - 2010 1.3325 0.0129 0.0037 1.3252 - 1.3398 0.9666 2007 - 2008 0.1567 0.0049 0.0014 0.1539 - 0.1595 3.1428 Muscles 2008 - 2009 0.1683 0.0111 0.0032 0.1620 - 0.1746 6.6216 2009 - 2010 0.1767 0.0078 0.0022 0.1723 - 0.1811 4.4066

80

Table. 52: Average concentrations of copper (ppm) in different tissues of O. mossambicus at Qayumabad (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 2.4158 0.0162 0.0047 2.4066 - 2.4250 0.6711 Gills 2008 - 2009 2.4658 0.0151 0.0043 2.4573 - 2.4743 0.6104 2009 - 2010 2.4775 0.0166 0.0048 2.4681 - 2.4869 0.6693 2007 - 2008 0.0733 0.0098 0.0028 0.0677 - 0.0789 13.4282 Gonads 2008 - 2009 0.0842 0.0051 0.0015 0.0813 - 0.0871 6.1180 2009 - 2010 0.0875 0.0045 0.0013 0.0849 - 0.0901 5.1688 2007 - 2008 2.0475 0.0075 0.0022 2.0432 - 2.0518 0.3681 Liver 2008 - 2009 2.0625 0.0097 0.0028 2.0570 - 2.0680 0.4680 2009 - 2010 2.0625 0.0097 0.0028 2.0570 - 2.0680 0.4680 2007 - 2008 0.1817 0.0072 0.0021 0.1776 - 0.1858 3.9509 Muscles 2008 - 2009 0.1875 0.0062 0.0018 0.1840 - 0.1910 3.3151 2009 - 2010 0.1967 0.0049 0.0014 0.1939 - 0.1995 2.5036

81

Table. 53: Average concentrations of lead (ppm) in different tissues of O. mossambicus at Qayumabad (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 2.2458 0.0090 0.0026 2.2407 - 2.2509 0.4009 Gills 2008 - 2009 2.2600 0.0074 0.0021 2.2558 - 2.2642 0.3268 2009 - 2010 2.2892 0.0162 0.0047 2.2800 - 2.2984 0.7083 2007 - 2008 0.2933 0.0078 0.0022 0.2889 - 0.2977 2.6540 Gonads 2008 - 2009 0.3042 0.0067 0.0019 0.3004 - 0.3080 2.1980 2009 - 2010 0.3083 0.0058 0.0017 0.3050 - 0.3116 1.8725 2007 - 2008 1.7633 0.0144 0.0041 1.7552 - 1.7714 0.8141 Liver 2008 - 2009 1.7975 0.0087 0.0025 1.7926 - 1.8024 0.4818 2009 - 2010 1.8158 0.0067 0.0019 1.8120 - 1.8196 0.3682 2007 - 2008 0.5075 0.0075 0.0022 0.5032 - 0.5118 1.4853 Muscles 2008 - 2009 0.5083 0.0058 0.0017 0.5050 - 0.5116 1.1358 2009 - 2010 0.5167 0.0089 0.0026 0.5117 - 0.5217 1.7180

82

Table. 54: Average concentrations of mercury (ppm) in different tissues of O. mossambicus at Qayumabad (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 0.4717 0.0103 0.0030 0.4658 - 0.4775 2.18 Gills 2008 - 2009 0.4883 0.0103 0.0030 0.4825 - 0.4942 2.11 2009 - 2010 0.5300 0.0135 0.0039 0.5224 - 0.5376 2.54 2007 - 2008 0.0442 0.0052 0.0015 0.0412 - 0.0471 11.66 Gonads 2008 - 2009 0.0467 0.0065 0.0019 0.0430 - 0.0504 13.96 2009 - 2010 0.0475 0.0045 0.0013 0.0449 - 0.0501 9.52 2007 - 2008 0.2667 0.0099 0.0028 0.2611 - 0.2722 3.69 Liver 2008 - 2009 0.2850 0.0124 0.0036 0.2780 - 0.2920 4.36 2009 - 2010 0.2900 0.0104 0.0030 0.2841 - 0.2959 3.60 2007 - 2008 0.1167 0.0116 0.0033 0.1101 - 0.1232 9.90 Muscles 2008 - 2009 0.1233 0.0144 0.0041 0.1152 - 0.1314 11.64 2009 - 2010 0.1350 0.0117 0.0034 0.1284 - 0.1416 8.65

83

Table. 55: Average concentrations of nickel (ppm) in different tissues of O. mossambicus at Qayumabad (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 1.1683 0.0127 0.0037 1.1611 - 1.1755 1.08 Gills 2008 - 2009 1.1825 0.0087 0.0025 1.1776 - 1.1874 0.73 2009 - 2010 1.1875 0.0045 0.0013 1.1849 - 1.1901 0.38 2007 - 2008 0.1842 0.0051 0.0015 0.1813 - 0.1871 2.80 Gonads 2008 - 2009 0.1858 0.0051 0.0015 0.1829 - 0.1887 2.77 2009 - 2010 0.1950 0.0067 0.0019 0.1912 - 0.1988 3.46 2007 - 2008 0.9275 0.0186 0.0054 0.9169 - 0.9381 2.01 Liver 2008 - 2009 0.9642 0.0144 0.0042 0.9560 - 0.9724 1.50 2009 - 2010 1.0000 0.0176 0.0051 0.9901 - 1.0099 1.76 2007 - 2008 0.2667 0.0098 0.0028 0.2611 - 0.2723 3.69 Muscles 2008 - 2009 0.2767 0.0089 0.0026 0.2717 - 0.2817 3.21 2009 - 2010 0.2850 0.0052 0.0015 0.2820 - 0.2880 1.83

84

Table. 56: Average concentrations of zinc (ppm) in different tissues of O. mossambicus at Qayumabad (2007-2010)

Samples Sampling Avg. Values St. Deviation St. Error Conf. Interval Coeff. Variation year (ppm) ( ± ) ( ± ) 95% (%) 2007 - 2008 6.2858 0.0243 0.0070 6.2721 - 6.2995 0.39 Gills 2008 - 2009 6.3358 0.0358 0.0103 6.3155 - 6.3561 0.56 2009 - 2010 6.4142 0.0348 0.0100 6.3945 - 6.4339 0.54 2007 - 2008 1.5025 0.0331 0.0095 1.4838 - 1.5212 2.20 Gonads 2008 - 2009 1.5433 0.0231 0.0067 1.5302 - 1.5564 1.50 2009 - 2010 1.6025 0.0260 0.0075 1.5878 - 1.6172 1.62 2007 - 2008 8.5692 0.0385 0.0111 8.5474 - 8.5910 0.45 Liver 2008 - 2009 8.6133 0.0326 0.0094 8.5949 - 8.6317 0.38 2009 - 2010 8.6858 0.0358 0.0103 8.6655 - 8.7061 0.41 2007 - 2008 7.0625 0.0087 0.0025 7.0576 - 7.0674 0.12 Muscles 2008 - 2009 7.0933 0.0167 0.0048 7.0839 - 7.1027 0.24 2009 - 2010 7.1183 0.0199 0.0058 7.1070 - 7.1296 0.28

85

Fig. 2a. A view of Malir River showing Murad Memon Goth (Location 1)

86

Fig. 2b. Another view of Malir River showing Murad Memon Goth (Location 1)

87

Fig. 3a. A view of Malir River showing Malir City (Location 2)

88

Fig. 3b. Another view of Malir River showing Malir City (Location 2)

89

Fig. 4a. A view of Malir River showing Shah Faisal Colony (Location 3)

90

Fig. 4b. Another view of Malir River showing Shah Faisal Colony (Location 3)

91

Fig. 5a. A view of Malir River showing Qayumabad (Location 4)

92

Fig. 5b. Another view of Malir River showing Qayumabad (Location 4)

93

Fig. 5c. After receiving effluents of valley the river falls into Arabian Sea.

94

Fig. 5d. Another view of valley falls into Arabian Sea.

95

Fig. 6: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of cadmium in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth

0.035

0.03

0.025

0.02

0.015

Concentrations (ppm) 0.01

0.005

0

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

surface deep

96

Fig. 7: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of chromium in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth

0.80

0.70

0.60

0.50

0.40

0.30

Concentrations (ppm) 0.20

0.10

0.00

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

surface deep

97

Fig. 8: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of copper in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth

0.35

0.30

0.25

0.20

0.15

Concentrations (ppm) 0.10

0.05

0.00

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

surface deep

98

Fig. 9: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of lead in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth

0.45

0.4

0.35

0.3

0.25

0.2

0.15

Concentrations (ppm) 0.1

0.05

0

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

surface deep

99

Fig. 10: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of mercury in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth

0.0045

0.004

0.0035

0.003

0.0025

0.002

0.0015

Concentrations (ppm) 0.001

0.0005

0

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

surface deep

100

Fig. 11: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of nickel in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth

0.45

0.40

0.35

0.30

0.25

0.20

0.15

Concentrations (ppm) 0.10

0.05

0.00

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

surface deep

101

Fig. 12: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of zinc in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth

3.5

3

2.5

2

1.5

Concentrations (ppm) 1

0.5

0

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

surface deep

102

Fig. 13: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of cadmium in surface and deep water samples at Malir City

0.035

0.03

0.025

0.02

0.015

Concentrations (ppm) 0.01

0.005

0

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

surface deep

103

Fig. 14: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of chromium in surface and deep water samples at Malir City

1.1

1.05

1

0.95

Concentrations(ppm) 0.9

0.85

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

surface deep

104

Fig. 15: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of copper in surface and deep water samples at Malir City

0.80

0.70

0.60

0.50

0.40

0.30

Concentrations(ppm) 0.20

0.10

0.00

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

surface deep

105

Fig. 16: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of lead in surface and deep water samples at Malir City

0.84

0.82

0.8

0.78

0.76

Concentrations(ppm) 0.74

0.72

0.7

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

surface deep

106

Fig. 17: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of mercury in surface and deep water samples at Malir City

0.007

0.006

0.005

0.004

0.003

Concentrations(ppm) 0.002

0.001

0

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

surface deep

107

Fig. 18: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of nickel in surface and deep water samples at Malir City

0.74

0.72

0.70

0.68

0.66

0.64

0.62

Concentrations(ppm) 0.60

0.58

0.56

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

surface deep

108

Fig. 19: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of zinc in surface and deep water samples at Malir City

4.40

4.20

4.00

3.80

3.60

Concentrations(ppm) 3.40

3.20

3.00

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

surface deep

109

Fig. 20: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of cadmium in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony

0.07

0.06

0.05

0.04

0.03

Concentrations(ppm) 0.02

0.01

0

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

surface deep

110

Fig. 21: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of chromium in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony

1.28 1.26 1.24 1.22 1.20 1.18 1.16 1.14

Concentrations(ppm) 1.12

1.10 1.08

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

surface deep

111

Fig. 22: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of copper in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40

Concentrations(ppm)

0.20

0.00

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

surface deep

112

Fig. 23: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of lead in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony

0.72

0.7

0.68

0.66

0.64

0.62

Concentrations(ppm) 0.6

0.58

0.56

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

surface deep

113

Fig. 24: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of mercury in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony

0.025

0.02

0.015

0.01

Concentrations(ppm) 0.005

0

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

surface deep

114

Fig. 25: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of nickel in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony

1.08 1.06 1.04 1.02 1 0.98 0.96 0.94

Concentrations(ppm) 0.92 0.9 0.88

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

surface deep

115

Fig. 26: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of zinc in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony

7.00

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

Concentrations(ppm) 2.00

1.00

0.00

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

surface deep

116

Fig. 27: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of cadmium in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad

0.08

0.07

0.06

0.05

0.04

0.03

Concentrations(ppm) 0.02

0.01

0

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

surface deep

117

Fig. 28: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of chromium in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad

1.05

1.00

0.95

0.90

0.85

Concentrations(ppm)

0.80

0.75

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

surface deep

118

Fig. 29: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of copper in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad

0.61

0.6 0.59

0.58 0.57 0.56

0.55 0.54

Concentrations(ppm) 0.53 0.52 0.51

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

surface deep

119

Fig. 30: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of lead in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad

0.70

0.60

0.50

0.40

0.30

Concentrations(ppm) 0.20

0.10

0.00

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

surface deep

120

Fig. 31: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of mercury in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad

0.007

0.006

0.005

0.004

0.003

Concentrations(ppm) 0.002

0.001

0

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

surface deep

121

Fig. 32: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of nickel in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad

1.00

0.90 0.80

0.70 0.60

0.50 0.40

Concentrations(ppm) 0.30

0.20 0.10 0.00

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

surface deep

122

Fig. 33: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of zinc in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad

8.00

7.00

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

Concentrations(ppm) 2.00

1.00

0.00

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

surface deep

123

Fig. 34: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of cadmium in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth

0.4

0.35

0.3

0.25

0.2

0.15

Concentrations (ppm) 0.1

0.05

0

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

gills gonads liver muscles

124

Fig. 35: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of chromium in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40

Concentrations (ppm)

0.20

0.00

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

gills gonads liver muscles

125

Fig. 36: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of copper in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

Concentrations (ppm)

1.00

0.00

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

gills gonads liver muscles

126

Fig. 37: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of lead in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth

3.5

3

2.5

2

1.5

Concentrations (ppm) 1

0.5

0

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

gills gonads liver muscles

127

Fig. 38: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of mercury in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth

0.35

0.3

0.25

0.2

0.15

Concentrations (ppm) 0.1

0.05

0

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

gills gonads liver muscles

128

Fig. 39: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of nickel in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth

0.80

0.70

0.60

0.50

0.40

0.30

Concentrations (ppm) 0.20

0.10

0.00

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

gills gonads liver muscles

129

Fig. 40: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of zinc in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

Concentrations (ppm)

2

1

0

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

gills gonads liver muscles

130

Fig. 41: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of cadmium in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Malir City

0.80

0.70

0.60

0.50

0.40

0.30

Concentrations (ppm) 0.20

0.10

0.00

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

gills gonads liver muscles

131

Fig. 42: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of chromium in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Malir City

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00

Concentrations (ppm)

0.50

0.00

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

gills gonads liver muscles

132

Fig. 43: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of copper in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Malir City

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

Concentrations (ppm) 1.00

0.50

0.00

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

gills gonads liver muscles

133

Fig. 44: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of lead in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Malir City

4.50

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

Concentrations (ppm)

1.00

0.50

0.00

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

gills gonads liver muscles

134

Fig. 45: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of mercury in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Malir City

0.5

0.45 0.4

0.35

0.3

0.25

0.2

Concentrations (ppm) 0.15 0.1

0.05 0

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

gills gonads liver muscles

135

Fig. 46: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of nickel in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Malir City

0.90

0.80

0.70

0.60

0.50

0.40

0.30

Concentrations (ppm)

0.20

0.10

0.00

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

gills gonads liver muscles

136

Fig. 47: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of zinc in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Malir City

12.00

10.00

8.00

6.00

4.00 Concentrations (ppm) Concentrations

2.00

0.00

Months

gills gonads liver muscles

137

Fig. 48: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of cadmium in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Shah Faisal Colony

0.90

0.80

0.70

0.60

0.50

0.40

0.30 Concentrations (ppm) Concentrations 0.20

0.10

0.00

Months

gills gonads liver muscles

138

Fig. 49: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of chromium in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Shah Faisal Colony

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00

Concentrations (ppm)

0.50

0.00

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

gills gonads liver muscles

139

Fig. 50: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of copper in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Shah Faisal Colony

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

Concentrations (ppm)

1.00

0.00

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

gills gonads liver muscles

140

Fig. 51: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of lead in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Shah Faisal Colony

4.50

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

Concentrations (ppm) Concentrations 1.00

0.50

0.00

Months

gills gonads liver muscles

141

Fig. 52: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of mercury in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Shah Faisal Colony

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

Concentrations (ppm)

0.1

0

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

gills gonads liver muscles

142

Fig. 53: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of nickel in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Shah Faisal Colony

2.00

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

Concentrations (ppm) 0.60

0.40

0.20

0.00

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

gills gonads liver muscles

143

Fig. 54: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of zinc in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Shah Faisal Colony

12.00

10.00

8.00

6.00

4.00 Concentrations (ppm) Concentrations 2.00

0.00

Months

gills gonads liver muscles

144

Fig. 55: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of cadmium in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Qayumabad

0.35

0.3

0.25

0.2

0.15

Concentrations (ppm) 0.1

0.05

0

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

gills gonads liver muscles

145

Fig. 56: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of chromium in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Qayumabad

1.6

1.4

1.2

1

0.8

0.6

Concentrations (ppm) 0.4

0.2

0

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

gills gonads liver muscles

146

Fig. 57: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of copper in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Qayumabad

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Concentrations (ppm) Concentrations

0.50

0.00

Months

gills gonads liver muscles

147

Fig. 58: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of lead in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Qayumabad

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Concentrations (ppm) Concentrations 0.50

0.00

Months

gills gonads liver muscles

148

Fig. 59: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of mercury in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Qayumabad

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

Concentrations (ppm)

0.1

0

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

gills gonads liver muscles

149

Fig. 60: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of nickel in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Qayumabad

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

Concentrations (ppm) 0.40

0.20

0.00

Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr.07 Apr.08 Apr.09 Months

gills gonads liver muscles

150

Fig. 61: Graph showing average concentrations (ppm) of zinc in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Qayumabad

10.00 9.00 8.00 7.00 6.00 5.00 4.00

3.00 Concentrations (ppm) Concentrations 2.00 1.00 0.00

Months

gills gonads liver muscles

151

DISCUSSION

ANALYSIS OF HEAVY METALS IN WATER SAMPLES

In the present work, the concentration of heavy metals cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel and zinc were investigated in the surface and deep water samples as well as in different tissues of Oreochromis mossambicus. For this study, the areas of Murad Memon Goth, Malir City, Shah Faisal Colony and Qayumabad were selected (1b).

Environmental pollution is a growing hazard to human health and it is more serious in industrially intense cities and those having high population density such as Karachi which is the largest industrial area of Pakistan. The waste effluents from domestic and industrial estates run into Malir River which falls into Arabian Sea, thus affecting the delicate aquatic ecosystem (Imtiazuddin and Mumtaz, 2013). It is generally known that chemical industries are discharging industrial effluents on a larger scale proliferating environmental pollution, especially in overcrowded cities (Upadhyay et al., 2006; Nayaka et al., 2009 and Nsofor et al., 2014).

The heavy metals are chemical elements with a specific gravity i.e. atleast five times the specific gravity of water. They are stable elements as they cannot be metabolized by the body and are bioaccumulative. So they are passed in food chain to humans. They have no functions in body so they could be highly toxic (Tuzen, 2003 and Ellias, 2009).

In freshwater, the cadmium is generally present in concentrations between 0.1 and 10µg/l (Friberg et al., 1974). The maximum acceptable concentration of cadmium in drinking water is 0.005 mg/l (5 g/l) (FAO/ WHO, 1993), this value was lowered to 0.003 mg/l in the 1993 Guidelines, based on the PTWI set by JECFA (JECFA, 2000). The high cadmium contents i.e. 0.001 mg/l were found due to the entrance of cadmium by leaching of rocks, weathering, erosion of soil and bedrocks. (ATSDR, 1997). While in present work, the

152

average cadmium concentration in the river water samples ranged from 0.0175±0.0045 - 0.0267±0.0049 ppm in surface and 0.0175±0.0045 - 0.0267±0.0049 ppm in deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth (Table 1, Fig. 6), 0.0242±0.0051 - 0.0292±0.0029 ppm in surface and 0.0200±0.000 - 0.0275±0.0045 ppm in deep water samples at Malir City (Table 8, Fig. 13), 0.0425±0.0045 - 0.0542±0.0052 ppm in surface and 0.0425±0.0045 - 0.0525±0.0045 ppm in deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony (Table 15, Fig. 20) and 0.0350±0.0052 - 0.0558±0.0067 ppm in surface and 0.0333±0.0049 -0.0517±0.0072 ppm in deep water samples at Qayumabad (Table 22, Fig. 27 ) respectively. Thus, the values recorded at all study areas in surface and deep water samples were found above the acceptable limits of cadmium in drinking water prescribed by FAO/WHO (1993) and JECFA (2000).

Chromium is a relatively scarce metal, its occurrence and amounts in aquatic ecosystems are generally very low i.e. 0.001 to 0.002 mg/l (Kupchella and Hyland, 1993; Moore and Ramamoorthy, 1984 and DWAF, 1996). The concentration of Cr was found in the ranges of 0.0001-0.0082 µg/l and 3.62- 41.81 µg/l in industrial effluents of (KPK) and ground water of Korangi industrial area (KIA), Karachi, respectively (Iqbal et al., 1998 and Mahmood et al., 1998). In the present study, concentration of chromium ranged from 0.6625±0.0214 - 0.7058±0.0100 ppm in surface and 0.5775±0.0122 - 0.6400±0.0128 ppm in deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth (Table 2, Fig. 7), 1.0417±0.0094 - 1.0592±0.0108 ppm in surface and 0.9583±0.0127 - 1.0025±0.0136 ppm in deep water samples at Malir City (Table 9, Fig. 14), 1.2192±0.0162 - 1.2450±0.0100 in surface and 1.1683±0.0170 - 1.2083±0.0084 ppm in deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony (Table 16, Fig. 21) and 0.9025±0.0136 - 0.9367±0.0116 ppm in surface and 0.8725±0.0187 - 0.9608±0.0329 ppm in deep water samples at Qayumabad (Table 23, Fig. 28). The highest concentration of chromium found in the samples of Malir City and Shah Faisal Colony might be due to the effluents of dyeing industries present close to these areas. Thus the values of all samples were above the prescribed range of 0.05 mg/l set for Cr in drinking water (WHO, 1996). Whereas the surface and deep water samples of Malir City and

153

Shah Faisal Colony were found to be above the permissible limit, according to NEQS (1993) i.e. 1.0 mg/l.

Copper is the most abundant trace metal and it is an essential micronutrient for most of organisms (Duffus, 1980). In present work, the concentration of copper ranged from 0.2500±0.0074 - 0.2858±0.0144 ppm in surface and 0.2867±0.0115 - 0.3075±0.0087 ppm in deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth (Table 3, Fig. 8), 0.6358±0.0117 -0.6750±0.0178 ppm in surface and 0.5433±0.0049 - 0.5750±0.0162 ppm in deep samples at Malir City (Table 10, Fig. 15), 0.9700±0.0135 - 0.9950±0.0052 in surface and 0.8900±0.0195 - 1.0008±0.0288 ppm in deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony (Table 17, Fig. 22) and 0.5483±0.0084 - 0.5758±0.0117 ppm in surface and 0.5642±0.0100 - 0.5842±0.0138 ppm in deep water samples at Qayumabad (Table 24, Fig. 29). The US EPA (2009) has determined that drinking water should not contain more than 1.3 mg/l of copper. Thus the samples obtained from all study areas were found to be under the permissible concentration of copper in drinking water i.e. 2.0 mg/l set by WHO (1996). Whereas the copper concentrations in deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony i.e. 1.001±0.029 ppm were found to be above the level recommended by NEQS (1993). nnnnn

Lead is a general toxicant and a cumulative poison which is present in water to some extent as a result of its dissolution from natural sources, but the excessive lead source may be primarily from house hold plumbing. Several scientists reported the concentration of Pb in the following ranges i.e. 0.0-0.52, 0.0-0.6, 0.013-0.16, 0.0-0.00083 mg/l and 6.97-30.73 µg/l respectively. ( lpinmoroti, 1993; Khan et al., 1995; Tariq et al., 1996; Iqbal et al., 1998 and Mahmood et al., 1998). While in present study the concentration of metal in the river water ranged from 0.3583±0.0058 - 0.3958±0.0138 ppm in surface and 0.3858±0.0052 - 0.3975±0.0129 ppm in deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth (Table 4, Fig. 9), 0.7450±0.0052 - 0.7550±0.0052 ppm in surface and 0.8117±0.0084 - 0.8175±0.0062 ppm in deep samples at Malir City (Table 11, Fig. 16), 0.6292±0.0067 - 0.6458±0.0052 ppm in surface and 0.6717±0.0127 - 0.6950±0.0080 ppm in deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony (Table 18, Fig. 23) and 0.5108±0.0090 - 0.5233±0.0049 ppm in

154

surface and 0.6042±0.0052 - 0.6175±0.0062 ppm in deep water samples at Qayumabad (Table 25, Fig. 30) respectively. According to WHO, (1996), the guideline value of lead in drinking water is 0.01mg/I, whereas in present study, all the samples exceeded this permissible limit. Moreover, the concentration level of Malir City, Shah Faisal Colony and Qayumabad were found to be above the desirable level of 0.5 mg/I. set by NEQS (1993).

Mercury is a non-essential element for plants and animals and is found naturally in the earth crust, rocks and minerals. In the environment, mercury can exist in both organic and inorganic forms. Total mercury in surface water on Antarctic lakes and glacial streams ranged from 0.45 to 1.9 ng/l (Ullrich et al., 2001). Uncontaminated freshwaters generally contain < 5 ng/l (Kabata- Pendia and Pendia, 1999). The mercury concentration in samples of surface water from Poznań agglomeration were found to be under admissible values (5 ng/l) in surface water and drinking water in Poland (PEL, 2002). Mingle (2000) determined mercury levels in River Water from the Offin River, Pra River and some tributaries of the Offin River- Oda and Fum. The mean levels of Hg in river water were found as 0.945μg/l, 0.932μg/l, 0.783μg/l and 0.817μg/l from the Offin River, Pra River, Fum and Oda tributaries. In the present study, concentration of mercury ranged from 0.0027±0.0005 - 0.0035±0.0005 ppm in surface and 0.0016±0.0005 - 0.0025±0.0007 ppm in deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth (Table 5, Fig. 10), 0.0049±0.0005 - 0.0058±0.0005 ppm in surface and 0.0037±0.0008 - 0.0046±0.0005 ppm in deep samples at Malir City (Table 12, Fig. 17), 0.0077±0.0009 - 0.0102±0.0032 ppm in surface and 0.0068±0.0012 - 0.0094±0.0005 ppm in deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony (Table 19, Fig. 24) and 0.0050±0.0007 - 0.0056±0.0005 ppm in surface and 0.0022±0.0007 - 0.0035±0.0005 ppm in deep water samples at Qayumabad (Table 26, Fig. 31) respectively. According to WHO (1996), the guideline value of mercury in drinking water is 0.001 mg/I, whereas in present study all the samples exceeded this limit. Moreover, the surface water samples obtained at Shah Faisal Colony (Table 19, Fig. 24) were found to be above the desirable level of 0.01 mg/I. set by NEQS (1993).

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Nickel is a natural ubiquitous element of the earth and in water it ranges from 0.001-0.003 mg/l (Snodgrass, 1980 and Khan et al., 2012). In aquatic ecosystems, dissolved Ni concentrations were generally between 0.005 and 0.010 mg/1 (Galvin, 1996). In potable waters estimated ranges were 0.045- 0.257 and 0.027-0.253 mg/l (Jaffar et al., 1986 and Ashraf et al., 1991). Reczynska-Dutka (1991) observed 8.0-59.4 µg/dm3 of nickel from the rivers of Czechoslovakia. While in present work, the concentration of nickel ranged from 0.2917±0.0175 - 0.3250±0.0091 ppm in surface and 0.3400±0.0186 - 0.3742±0.0168 ppm in deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth (Table 6, Fig. 11), 0.6442±0.0108 - 0.6858±0.0067 ppm in surface and 0.6875±0.0097 - 0.7058±0.0117 ppm in deep samples at Malir City (Table 13, Fig. 18), 0.9600±0.0095 - 1.0233±0.0239 ppm in surface and 0.9642±0.0124 - 1.0367±0.0202 ppm in deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony (Table 20, Fig. 25) and 0.7133±0.0078 - 0.8317±0.0409 ppm in surface and 0.7675±0.0160 - 0.7950±0.0080 ppm in deep water samples at Qayumabad (Table 27, Fig. 32) respectively. According to WHO (1996), the guideline value of nickel in drinking water is 0.02 mg/I, whereas in present study, all the samples exceeded this permissible limit. Moreover, the samples obtained at Shah Faisal Colony were found to be above the desirable level of 1.0 mg/I. set by NEQS (1993).

Zinc is found in only trace amounts in unpolluted surface waters and ground waters (Trivedi and Raj, 1992). The maximum permissible level was found as 3.0 mg/l (WHO, 1996). Mukherjee (1981) recorded 0.039-0.89 ppm from Ulhas River. From local utility waters, Zn was estimated as 0.078-1.935 mg/l (Jaffar et al., 1986). The content of Zn were recorded as 0.000133-0.01mg/l, 0.0-0.51 ppm and 351.2-1524.3 µg/l from industrial sites of NWFP, potable water of Karachi and ground water of Korangi industrial area respectively (Begum et al., 1998; Iqbal et al., 1998 and Mahmood et al., 1998). The amount of Zn varied between 0.03-4.97 ppm in steel-mill effluents and 0.2-1.0 ppm in effluents of Layari River, Rizvi et al. (1988) and Beg et al. (1992). While in present research work the concentration of zinc ranged from 2.8492±0.1093 - 3.0508±0.0525 ppm in surface and 2.4933±0.0223 -

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2.6025±0.0260 ppm in deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth (Table 7, Fig. 12), 3.7075±0.0407 - 4.0425±0.0242 ppm in surface and 3.6567±0.0999 - 4.1058±0.0406 ppm in deep samples at Malir City (Table 14, Fig. 19), 5.8133±0.0811 - 6.2000±0.0945 ppm in surface and 5.3033±0.0446 - 5.7092±0.0699 ppm in deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony (Table 21, Fig. 26) and 6.1492±0.0683 - 6.6133±0.0470 ppm in surface and 5.4592±0.1357 - 5.9800±0.0669 ppm in deep water samples at Qayumabad (Table 28, Fig. 33). The deep water samples taken from Murad Memon Goth were found to be within the acceptable value, whereas the concentrations of metal found in the samples of Malir City, Shah Faisal Colony and Qayumabad were above the permissible value i.e. 3.0 mg/l set by WHO, (1996) and 5.0 mg/l set by NEQS, (1993).

ANALYSIS OF HEAVY METALS IN FISH TISSUES

Heavy metal contamination has been reported in aquatic organisms and considered to be having serious pollutant inducing their toxic effects on aquatic fauna (Farkas et al., 2002; Nguyen et al., 2005 Vutukuru, 2005; Demirezen and Uruc, 2006; Edem et al., 2008 and Nicula et al., 2008).

The present work was carried out on Oreochromis mossambicus commonly known as Tilapia because this indigenous South African species is relatively easy to manage, accessible throughout the year, is inexpensive and serves as an excellent indicator of water quality and collected as a food fish by local inhabitants.

In the fresh water fish, metal uptake is taking place mainly through three routes namely, gills, skin and also from food via the intestinal wall (Karlsson- Norrgran and Runn, 1985 and Jabeen, 2011). On the other hand, the metal retention capacity of the fish is dependent on the metal assimilation and excretion capacities of the fish concerned (Rao and Patnaik, 1999; Waqar, 2006 and Mendil and Uluozlu, 2007).

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Cadmium is a non-essential and toxic element. It can easily cause chronic toxicity even when present in low amount, below 1.00 μg/g (Ishaq et al., 2011 and Oronsaye et al., 2010). In the present work, it was found that the pattern of accumulation varied from tissue to tissue and depended as well as on exposure periods. The average concentrations of cadmium ranged from 0.3450±0.0193 – 0.3675±0.0114 ppm in gills, 0.0192±0.0079 – 0.0225±0.0045 ppm in gonads, 0.1150±0.0100 – 0.1600±0.0104 ppm in liver and 0.0350±0.00675 – 0.0450±0.0052 ppm in muscle tissues at Murad Memon Goth (Table 29, Fig. 34), whereas from 0.6325±0.0097– 0.6500±0.0104 ppm in gills, 0.0233±0.0049 – 0.0267±0.0049 ppm in gonads, 0.1492±0.0079 – 0.1750 ppm in liver and 0.0508±0.0079 – 0.0558±0.0051 ppm in muscle tissues at Malir City (Table 36, Fig. 41), while from 0.7825±0.0234 – 0.8183±0.0083 ppm in gills, 0.0300±0.0074 - 0.0358±0.0051 ppm in gonads, 0.2067±0.0078 – 0.2217±0.0072 ppm in liver and 0.1075±0.1552 ppm in muscle tissues at Shah Faisal Colony (Table 43, Fig. 48) and from 0.2633±0.0098 – 0.2792±0.0100 ppm in gills, 0.0225±0.0075 – 0.0283±0.0039 ppm in gonads, 0.0958±0.0100 – 0.1133± ppm in liver and 0.0408±0.0100 – 0.0483±0.0094 ppm in muscle tissues at Qayumabad (Table 50, Fig. 55).

Jayakumar and Paul (2006) investigated the accumulation pattern of cadmium in selected tissues i.e. gills, kidneys, liver, skin and muscle of Clarias batrachus. The patterns of tissue accumulation of cadmium showed significant variations and the rate of accumulation varied from tissue to tissue. It was found that mean rate of accumulation was in the order: gills > kidneys > liver > skin > muscle.

In the present findings, the highest concentration of cadmium was found in gills 0.8183±0.0083 ppm at Shah Faisal Colony (Table 43, Fig. 48) due to the presence of large amount of industries at that area. The lowest concentrations were found in gonads from 0.0192±0.0079 - 0.0358±0.0051 ppm throughout the study areas (Tables 29, 36, 43 and 50, Fig. 34, 41, 48 and 55). The levels of Cd recorded in fish samples were lower than the maximum recommended limits of 2.00 ppm (WHO, 1985; FAO, 1983 and FEPA, 2003) in fish food.

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The pattern of accumulation in tissues was found as gills > liver >muscles > gonads and the distribution of metal was observed as Shah Faisal Colony > Malir City > Murad Memon Goth > Qayumabad. The present results are in agreement with the accumulation pattern showed by Karaytug et al. (2007).

Chromium is an essential trace element and plays an important role in fish metabolism (Vutukuru, 2003 and Sthanadar et al. 2013). In the present finding, the concentration of chromium was investigated in different organs i.e. gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus. The average concentrations of chromium ranged from 0.7500±0.0085 – 0.8025±0.0114 ppm in gills, 0.1650±0.0117 – 0.2042±0.0138 ppm in gonads, 0.9650±0.0117 – 0.9992±0.0079 ppm in liver and 0.1642±0.0116 – 0.1925±0.0087 ppm in muscle tissues at Murad Memon Goth (Table 30, Fig. 35), whereas from 1.1592±0.0108 – 1.2200±0.0135 ppm in gills, 0.2083±0.0094 – 0.2425±0.0075 ppm in gonads, 2.0650±0.0090 – 2.0950±0.0109 ppm in liver and 0.3219±0.0075 – 0.3525±0.0114 ppm in muscle tissues at Malir City (Table 37, Fig. 42), while from 1.4108±0.0207 – 1.4717±0.0111 ppm in gills, 0.2058±0.0108 – 0.2425±0.0201 ppm in gonads, 2.2925±0.0097 – 2.3575±0.0045 ppm in liver and 0.5217±0.0039 – 0.5458±0.0051 ppm in muscle tissues at Shah Faisal Colony (Table 44, Fig. 49) and from 1.0350±0.0124 – 1.0792±0.0100 ppm in gills,0.1383±0.0164 – 0.1683±0.0127 ppm in gonads, 1.2950±0.0109 – 1.3325±0.0129 ppm in liver and 0.1567±0.0049 – 0.1767±0.0078 ppm in muscle tissues at Qayumabad (Table 51, Fig. 56). The highest concentrations of Cr were found in liver followed by gills. The highest Cr concentration 2.3575±0.0045 ppm was observed in liver samples during 2009-2010 at Shah Faisal Colony (Table 44, Fig. 49) and the lowest concentration of 0.9992±0.0079 ppm was found at Murad Memon Goth (Table 30, Fig. 35). Presently, the mean concentrations of chromium (Cr) in the gills and liver tissue at all study areas were found higher than the permissible limit ( 0.15 - 1.00 ppm ) set by FAO (1983).

Vinodhini and Narayanan (2008) have reported a low level of chromium (Cr) deposition in the fish liver with a mean value of 0.863 ± 0.015 (μg/g.d.wt). Contrarily, Yousafzai (2004) recorded a high level of chromium in Tor

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putitora liver with a mean value of 3.2± 0.05 μg/wet weight of the body. This was in fact a high level of chromium in the fish liver. Similarly, Rauf et al. (2009) have recorded a high level of chromium in the liver of fish species, Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhina mrigala caught from River Ravi in Pakistan.

In the present work, the pattern of accumulation in organs was found as liver > gills > muscles > gonads and the distribution of metal was observed as Shah Faisal Colony > Malir City > Qayumabad > Murad Memon Goth.

Copper can induce respiratory distress in fish, and it is striking that the most hypoxia sensitive species is also the most copper sensitive. In the present study, it was found that the average concentrations of copper ranged from 0.8925±0.0106 – 0.9417±0.0094 ppm in gills, 0.0458±0.0051 – 0.0708±0.0090 ppm in gonads, 5.0567±0.0065 - 5.0725±0.0097 ppm in liver and 0.2100±0.0085 – 0.2267±0.0078 ppm in muscle tissues at Murad Memon Goth (Table 31, Fig. 36), whereas from 2.6550±0.0052 – 2.6958±0.0100 ppm in gills, 0.0817±0.0039 – 0.0958±0.0067 ppm in gonads, 3.5658±0.0108 – 3.6425±0.0142 ppm in liver and 0.3200±0.0074 – 0.3367±0.0078 ppm in muscle tissues at Malir City (Table 38, Fig. 43), while from 3.9450±0.0052 – 3.9792±0.0131 ppm in gills, 0.0992±0.0051 – 0.1117±0.0058 ppm in gonads, 5.0575±0.0062 – 5.0758±0.0116 ppm in liver and 0.3433±0.0049 – 0.3667±0.0167 ppm in muscle tissues at Shah Faisal Colony (Table 45, Fig. 50) and from 2.4158±0.0162 – 2.4775±0.0166 ppm in gills, 0.0733±0.0098 – 0.0875±0.0045 ppm in gonads, 2.0475±0.0075 – 2.0625±0.0097 ppm in liver and 0.1817±0.0072 – 0.1967±0.0049 ppm in muscle tissues at Qayumabad (Table 52, Fig. 57). The highest concentrations of copper were found in liver as 5.0758±0.0116, 5.0725±0.0097, 3.6425±0.0142 and 2.0625±0.0097 ppm at Shah Faisal Colony (Table 45, Fig. 50), Murad Memon Goth (Table.31, Fig. 36), Malir City (Table 38, Fig. 43) and Qayumabad (Table 52, Fig. 57) respectively. The levels of copper recorded in fish samples were lower than the maximum recommended limits of 30.0 ppm (FAO,1983; WHO, 1985 and FEPA, 2003) in fish food.

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Avenant-Oldewage and Marx (2000) investigated the bioaccumulation of Cr, Cu and Fe in the gills, liver, muscle and skin of the fish Clarias gariepinus.The concentrations of Cu were found higher in liver, which is a storage and detoxification organ for metal, followed by the gills. Rashed (2001) found the same results in Tilapia fish collected from Nasser Lake.

In the present work, the pattern of accumulation in organs was found liver > gills > muscles > gonads and the distribution of metal was observed as Shah Faisal Colony > Murad Memon Goth > Malir City > Qayumabad.

The increased level of industrialization is continuously increasing the risk and damages of lead to humans via different types of food chains (Carolyn, 2010 and Ahmad and Bibi, 2010). It is quite considerable that industrial effluents and domestic sewage should approach the main flow after its proper treatment (Sthanadar et al., 2013).

In the present study, it was found that the average concentrations of lead ranged from 3.0433±0.0107 – 3.0817±0.0094 ppm in gills, 0.2567±0.0065 – 0.2858±0.0108 ppm in gonads, 1.6508±0.0079 – 1.7125±0.0075 ppm in liver and 0.4375±0.0122 – 0.4517±0.0072 ppm in muscle tissues at Murad Memon Goth (Table 32, Fig. 37), whereas from 4.0517±0.0072 – 4.0958±0.0108 ppm in gills, 0.4808±0.0079 – 0.5058±0.0100 ppm in gonads, 1.7125±0.0075 – 3.0117±0.0083 ppm in liver and 0.9467±0.0049 - 0.9575±0.0045 ppm in muscle tissues at Malir City (Table 39, Fig. 44), while from 3.8625±0.0114 – 3.9350±0.0157 ppm in gills, 0.3542±0.0051 – 0.3892±0.0108 ppm in gonads, 2.0875±0.0075 – 2.0958±0.0067 ppm in liver and 0.8050±0.0052 – 0.8192±0.0029 ppm in muscle tissues at Shah Faisal Colony (Table 46, Fig. 51) and from 2.2458±0.0090 – 2.2892±0.0162 ppm in gills, 0.2933±0.0078 – 0.3083±0.0058 ppm in gonads, 1.7633±0.0144 – 1.8158±0.0067 ppm in liver and 0.5075±0.0075 – 0.5167±0.0089±0.0052 ppm in muscle tissues at Qayumabad (Table 53, Fig. 58). Lead had high level of concentrations in the gills and liver i.e. 4.096±0.011 and 3.012±0.008 ppm at Malir City. Thus the levels of Pb recorded in fish samples were found higher than the maximum

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recommended limits of 2.0 ppm (FAO, 1983; WHO, 1977 and FEPA, 2003) in fish food. In the present work, the highest concentration of metal was found in gills and the lowest concentration was found in gonads. The present results are in agreement with the accumulation pattern showed by Karaytug, et al. (2007) and Naghshbandi et al. (2007).

Karatas and Kalay (2002) investigated the accumulation of lead in gill, liver, kidney and brain tissues of Tilapia zilli. The accumulation of lead in tissues increased with increasing concentrations of lead in the water and with increasing of time period. During the present study, Pb bioaccumulation was predominantly found to be the highest in the gill tissue, followed by the other tissues (liver, muscle and skin).

In the present finding, the pattern of accumulation in organs was found as gills > liver >muscles > gonads and the distribution of metal was observed as Malir City > Shah Faisal Colony > Murad Memon Goth > Qayumabad.

Kamaruzzaman et al., 2007 analyzed mercury in muscle, stomach and gill of four dominant fish species, Mystus nemurus, Pristolepis fasciata, Ompok bimaculatus and Osteochilus hasseltii. It was found that the average Hg concentration in all species caught was 0.169 µg/g dry weights, lower than a limit for human consumption recommended by the World Health Organization, 0.5 µg/g dry weights. It was observed that the mean concentration of Hg was relatively high in stomach (0.28±0.12 µg/g dry weights) followed by gill (0.17±0.06 µg/g dry weights) and lowest in muscle (0.05±0.02 µg/g dry weights).

While in present work, the average concentrations of mercury ranged from 0.2450±0.01931 – 0.2883±0.01337 ppm in gills, 0.0043±0.00049 – 0.0046±0.00051 ppm in gonads, 0.1567±0.0089 – 0.1825±0.0136 ppm in liver and 0.0104±0.0031 – 0.0358±0.0052 ppm in muscle tissues at Murad Memon Goth (Table 33, Fig. 38), whereas from 0.4017±0.0159 – 0.4417±0.0199 ppm in gills, 0.0097±0.005 – 0.0267±0.0049 ppm in gonads, 0.2000±0.0121 – 0.2383±0.0134 ppm in liver and 0.0467±0.0049 – 0.0575±0.0045 ppm in

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muscle tissues at Malir City (Table 40, Fig. 45), while from 0.5217±0.0134 – 0.5450±0.0124 ppm in gills, 0.0558±0.0052 – 0.0617±0.0058 ppm in gonads, 0.3383±0.0119 – 0.3667±0.0123 ppm in liver and 0.2050±0.0271 – 0.2350±0.0145 ppm in muscle tissues at Shah Faisal Colony (Table 47, Fig. 52) and from 0.4717±0.0103 – 0.5300±0.0135 ppm in gills, 0.0442±0.0052 – 0.0475±0.0045 ppm in gonads, 0.2667±0.0099 – 0.2900±0.0104 ppm in liver and 0.1167±0.0116 – 0.1350±0.0117 ppm in muscle tissues at Qayumabad (Table 54, Fig. 59). The average concentrations of Hg in muscles were higher than the limit set for human consumption recommended by the WHO, (1985) 0.5 µg/g dry weights. The recorded values from Murad Memon Goth and Malir City were lower than the limits for human consumption recommended by FAO/WHO, 1993.

In the present work, the concentrations of Hg found in muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus were above the substantial consumption guideline of 0.2 µg/l (FAO/WHO, 1993) and often exceeded the higher guideline of 0.5 µg/g total mercury for commercial sales of fish i.e. 0.2350±0.0145, 0.1350±0.0117, 0.0575±0.0045 and 0.0358±0.0052 ppm at Shah Faisal Colony (Table 47, Fig. 52), Qayumabad (Table 54, Fig. 59), Malir City (Table 40, Fig. 45) and Murad Memon Goth (Table 33, Fig. 38) respectively.

The pattern of accumulation in organs was found as gills > liver >muscles > gonads and the distribution of metal was observed as Shah Faisal Colony > Qayumabad > Malir City > Murad Memon Goth.

Fish are known to accumulate nickel in different tissues, when they are exposed to elevated levels in their environment (Van Hoof and Nauwelaers, 1984., Vos and Hovens, 1986; Tjalve et al., 1988 and Kasprzak et al., 2003). Nickel is also extensively bioaccumulated from the intake of contaminated food (Singh and Ferns, 1978). While in present work, the average concentrations of nickel ranged from 0.6983±0.0127 – 0.7050±0.0138 ppm in gills, 0.1550±0.0052 – 0.1925±0.0075 ppm in gonads, 0.5742±0.0138 – 0.6125±0.0075 ppm in liver and 0.5967±0.0178 – 0.6433±0.0192 ppm in

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muscle tissues at Murad Memon Goth (Table 34, Fig. 39), whereas from 0.8108±0.0168 – 0.8333±0.0115 ppm in gills, 0.1642±0.0067 – 0.1967±0.0107 ppm in gonads, 0.5767±0.0137 – 0.6025±0.0114 ppm in liver and 0.3017±0.0039 – 0.3408±0.0198 ppm in muscle tissues at Malir City (Table 41, Fig. 46), while from 1.6833±0.0049 – 1.7042±0.0124 ppm in gills, 0.2042±0.0051 – 0.2075±0.0045 ppm in gonads, 1.2442±0.0131 – 1.2575±0.0062 ppm in liver and 0.3575±0.0045 – 0.3792±0.0090 ppm in muscle tissues at Shah Faisal Colony (Table 48, Fig. 53) and from 1.1683±0.0127 – 1.1875±0.0045 ppm in gills, 0.1842±0.0051 – 0.1950±0.0067 ppm in gonads, 0.9275±0.0186 – 1.0000±0.0176 ppm in liver and 0.2667±0.0098 – 0.2850±0.0052 ppm in muscle tissues at Qayumabad (Table 55, Fig. 60). The highest concentration of nickel was observed in gills followed by liver at Shah Faisal Colony (Table 48, Fig. 53), Qayumabad (Table 55, Fig. 60), Malir City (Table 41, Fig. 46) and Murad Memon Goth (Table 34, Fig. 39) respectively. These results are in agreement with the findings of Idodo-Umeh (2002) who reported 1.64 - 3.58 ppm from fishes of Olomoro water bodies. Whereas, lower concentration of 0.24 – 0.36 ppm in Mormyops deliciosus and Mormyrus mactrophthalmus have been reported by Oronsaye et al. (2010) from Ikpoba river dam. While in present finding, the average concentrations of nickel in gills, liver and muscle tissues at Murad Memon Goth (Table 34, Fig. 39), in gills and liver at Malir City (Table 41, Fig. 46), in gills and liver at Shah Faisal Colony (Table 48, Fig. 53) and in gills, gonads and liver at Qayumabad (Table 55, Fig. 60) were higher as compared to the maximum recommended limits of 0.5 – 0.6 ppm (FAO, 1983; WHO, 1985 and FEPA, 2003) in fish food.

In the present study the pattern of accumulation in organs was found as gills > liver > muscles > gonads and the distribution of metal was observed as Shah Faisal Colony > Qayumabad > Malir City > Murad Memon Goth.

Velcheva (2006) conducted a study to estimate zinc loads in the organs and tissues of Alburnus alburnus, Cyprinus carpio and Perca fluviatilis inhabiting 2 dam lakes Kardjali and Studen Kladenets, located along the Arda River (South Bulgaria). It was found that the highest zinc concentrations in fish

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organs and tissues were detected in summer and autumn. It was observed that the highest zinc loads were found in the kidney and liver, and the lowest in the muscles of the fish species tested. A correlation was found between the zinc levels in the water and those in the fish.

In the present work, it was observed that the average concentrations of zinc ranged from 5.2925±0.0230 – 5.4025±0.0218 ppm in gills, 1.1525±0.0445 – 1.2967±0.0167 ppm in gonads, 7.6200±0.0405 – 7.7100±0.0209 ppm in liver and 2.3367±0.0235 – 2.3933±0.0314 ppm in muscle tissues at Murad Memon Goth (Table 35, Fig. 40), whereas from 0.3450±0.0193 – 0.3675±0.0114 ppm in gills, 0.0192±0.0079 – 0.0225±0.0045 ppm in gonads, 0.1150±0.0100 – 0.1600±0.0104 ppm in liver and 0.0350±0.00675 – 0.0450±0.0052 ppm in muscle tissues at Malir City (Table 42, Fig. 47), while from 7.4933±0.0477 – 7.5258±0.0151 ppm in gills, 2.6708±0.0673 – 2.8292±0.0504 ppm in gonads, 9.8825±0.0209 – 9.9783±0.0295 ppm in liver and 6.5167±0.1570 – 7.2225±0.0618 ppm in muscle tissues at Shah Faisal Colony (Table 49, Fig. 54) and from 6.2858±0.0243 – 6.4142±0.0348 ppm in gills, 1.5025±0.0331 – 1.6025±0.0260 ppm in gonads, 8.5692±0.0385 – 8.6858±0.0358 ppm in liver and 7.0625±0.0087 – 7.1183±0.0199 ppm in muscle tissues at Qayumabad (Table 56, Fig. 61). Thus the levels of Zn recorded in fish samples were found lower than the maximum recommended limits of 50.0 ppm (FAO, 1983; WHO, 1977 and FEPA, 2003) in fish food. In the present work, the highest concentration of metal was found in liver and the lowest concentration was found in gonads. These findings are in agreement with the findings of Murugan et al. (2008) reported a high level of zinc deposition in the liver tissues of Channa punctatus. Yang et al. (2007) reported high level of zinc in fish liver from lake Lhasa River in Tabetan Plateau.

The pattern of accumulation in organs was found as liver > gills > muscles > gonads and the distribution of metal was observed as Shah Faisal Colony > Malir City > Qayumabad > Murad Memon Goth.

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CONCLUSION

This study revealed that the concentrations of selected heavy metals Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni and Zn in water samples were found to be higher than the values recommended in drinking water by FAO/WHO, 1993; NEQS, 1993; WHO,1996 and JECFA, 2000. But, fortunately the water of Malir River is not used for drinking purposes as it has highly polluted water due to the effect of incoming drains and effluents.

In fish organs, the concentrations of Cd, Pb, Hg and Ni were found higher in gills samples, whereas the concentrations of Cr, Cu and Zn were found higher in liver tissues. The levels of Cr, Pb, Hg and Ni in fish organs were found higher than the maximum recommended limits set by FAO, 1983; WHO, 1985; FEPA, 2003 in fish food, whereas the concentrations of Cd, Cu and Zn were found lower than the recommended values set by FAO, 1983; WHO, 1985 and FEPA, 2003. The overall metals accumulation were found higher in liver and gills whereas the lower in muscles and gonads.

During the study period, the water samples and fishes collected from Shah Faisal Colony were found highly contaminated with studied heavy metals as compared to other sampling locations.

It is recommended that the results of this research should be brought to the notice of the Fisheries Department for proper action to be taken about consumption of river fishes. There is also a need to study the overall fish fauna of Malir River to record the edible species and the level of their exploitation for human use. The relevant agencies should find ways for managing the quality of water resources.

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Yousafzai, A. M., Chivers, D. P., Khan, A. R., Ahmad, I., and Siraj, M. 2010. Comparison of Heavy Metals Burden in Two Freshwater Fishes Wallago attu and Labeo dyocheilus With Regard to Their Feeding Habits in Natural Ecosystem. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 42:537-544.

Yousafzai, A. M, and Shakoori, A. R. 2008. Metal accumulation in the gills of an endangered South Asian fresh water fish as an indicator of aquatic pollution. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 40:423-430.

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APPENDICES STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

Table.1a. Statistical analysis of cadmium concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth

Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean 95.0 % CI surface 36 0.02222 0.00591 0.00098 ( 0.02022, 0.02422) deep 36 0.01889 0.00319 0.00053 ( 0.01781, 0.01997)

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 1 0.0002000 0.0002000 8.87 0.004 Error 70 0.0015778 0.0000225 Total 71 0.0017778 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ----+------+------+------+-- surface 36 0.022222 0.005909 (------*------) deep 36 0.018889 0.003187 (------*------) ----+------+------+------+-- Pooled StDev = 0.004748 0.0180 0.0200 0.0220 0.0240

Table.2a. Statistical analysis of chromium concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water Samples at Murad Memon Goth

Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean 95.0 % CI surface 36 0.69111 0.02594 0.00432 ( 0.68233, 0.69989) deep 36 0.61417 0.03018 0.00503 ( 0.60396, 0.62438)

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 1 0.106568 0.106568 134.58 0.000 Error 70 0.055431 0.000792 Total 71 0.161999 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ------+------+------+------surface 36 0.69111 0.02594 (--*--) deep 36 0.61417 0.03018 (--*--) ------+------+------+------Pooled StDev = 0.02814 0.630 0.660 0.690

Table.3a. Statistical analysis of copper concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth

Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean 95.0 % CI surface 36 0.26667 0.01867 0.00311 ( 0.26035, 0.27298) deep 36 0.30028 0.01362 0.00227 ( 0.29567, 0.30489)

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 1 0.020335 0.020335 76.13 0.000 Error 70 0.018697 0.000267 Total 71 0.039032 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ------+------+------+------+ surface 36 0.26667 0.01867 (---*--) deep 36 0.30028 0.01362 (--*---) ------+------+------+------+ Pooled StDev = 0.01634 0.270 0.285 0.300 0.315

186

Table.4a. Statistical analysis of lead concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth

Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean 95.0 % CI surface 36 0.37111 0.02025 0.00338 ( 0.36426, 0.37796) deep 36 0.39139 0.01018 0.00170 ( 0.38794, 0.39483)

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 1 0.007401 0.007401 28.81 0.000 Error 70 0.017986 0.000257 Total 71 0.025387 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev -----+------+------+------+- surface 36 0.37111 0.02025 (----*----) deep 36 0.39139 0.01018 (----*-----) -----+------+------+------+- Pooled StDev = 0.01603 0.370 0.380 0.390 0.400

Table.5a. Statistical analysis of mercury concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth

Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean 95.0 % CI surface 36 0.00306 0.00063 0.00010 ( 0.00284, 0.00327) deep 36 0.00189 0.00071 0.00012 ( 0.00165, 0.00213)

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 1 0.0000245 0.0000245 54.54 0.000 Error 70 0.0000314 0.0000004 Total 71 0.0000559 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ------+------+------+------surface 36 3.06E-03 6.30E-04 (---*----) deep 36 1.89E-03 7.08E-04 (----*---) ------+------+------+------Pooled StDev = 6.70E-04 0.00200 0.00250 0.00300

Table.6a. Statistical analysis of nickel concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth

Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean 95.0 % CI surface 36 0.31056 0.01912 0.00319 ( 0.30409, 0.31702) deep 36 0.35944 0.02177 0.00363 ( 0.35208, 0.36681)

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 1 0.043022 0.043022 102.51 0.000 Error 70 0.029378 0.000420 Total 71 0.072400 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ------+------+------+------surface 36 0.31056 0.01912 (--*---) deep 36 0.35944 0.02177 (---*--) ------+------+------+------Pooled StDev = 0.02049 0.320 0.340 0.360

Table.7a. Statistical analysis of zinc concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth

Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean 95.0 % CI

187

surface 36 2.9686 0.1159 0.0193 ( 2.9294, 3.0078) deep 36 2.55056 0.04968 0.00828 ( 2.53375, 2.56737)

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 1 3.14587 3.14587 395.91 0.000 Error 70 0.55622 0.00795 Total 71 3.70209 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev --+------+------+------+-- -- surface 36 2.9686 0.1159 (-*-) deep 36 2.5506 0.0497 (-*-) --+------+------+------+-- -- Pooled StDev = 0.0891 2.55 2.70 2.85 3.00

Table.8a. Statistical analysis of cadmium concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City

Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean 95.0 % CI surface 36 0.02694 0.00467 0.00078 ( 0.02536, 0.02853) deep 36 0.02500 0.00507 0.00085 ( 0.02328, 0.02672)

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 1 0.0000681 0.0000681 2.86 0.095 Error 70 0.0016639 0.0000238 Total 71 0.0017319 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev -----+------+------+------+- surface 36 0.026944 0.004672 (------*------) deep 36 0.025000 0.005071 (------*------) -----+------+------+------+- Pooled StDev = 0.004875 0.0240 0.0255 0.0270 0.0285

Table.9a. Statistical analysis of chromium concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City

Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean 95.0 % CI surface 36 1.04917 0.01296 0.00216 ( 1.04478, 1.05355) deep 36 0.97806 0.02240 0.00373 ( 0.97048, 0.98564)

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 1 0.091022 0.091022 271.84 0.000 Error 70 0.023439 0.000335 Total 71 0.114461 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev --+------+------+------+-- -- surface 36 1.0492 0.0130 (--*-) deep 36 0.9781 0.0224 (-*--) --+------+------+------+-- -- Pooled StDev = 0.0183 0.975 1.000 1.025 1.050

Table.10a. Statistical analysis of copper concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City

Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean 95.0 % CI surface 36 0.66194 0.02436 0.00406 ( 0.65370, 0.67019) deep 36 0.55722 0.01684 0.00281 ( 0.55153, 0.56292)

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 1 0.197401 0.197401 450.30 0.000 Error 70 0.030686 0.000438 Total 71 0.228087 Individual 95% CIs For Mean

188

Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ---+------+------+------+- -- surface 36 0.66194 0.02436 (-*-) deep 36 0.55722 0.01684 (-*-) ---+------+------+------+- -- Pooled StDev = 0.02094 0.560 0.595 0.630 0.665

Table.11a. Statistical analysis of lead concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City

Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean 95.0 % CI surface 36 0.75111 0.00708 0.00118 ( 0.74871, 0.75351) deep 36 0.81472 0.00736 0.00123 ( 0.81223, 0.81721)

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 1 0.0728347 0.0728347 1395.77 0.000 Error 70 0.0036528 0.0000522 Total 71 0.0764875 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ------+------+------+------+ surface 36 0.75111 0.00708 (-*) deep 36 0.81472 0.00736 (*- ) ------+------+------+------+ Pooled StDev = 0.00722 0.760 0.780 0.800 0.820

Table.12a. Statistical analysis of mercury concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City

Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean 95.0 % CI surface 36 0.00531 0.00062 0.00010 ( 0.00509, 0.00552) deep 36 0.00428 0.00081 0.00014 ( 0.00400, 0.00455)

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 1 0.0000190 0.0000190 36.11 0.000 Error 70 0.0000369 0.0000005 Total 71 0.0000559 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ------+------+------+------surface 36 5.31E-03 6.24E-04 (----*----) deep 36 4.28E-03 8.15E-04 (----*---) ------+------+------+------Pooled StDev = 7.26E-04 0.00450 0.00500 0.00550

Table.13a. Statistical analysis of nickel concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City

Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean 95.0 % CI surface 36 0.66250 0.01918 0.00320 ( 0.65601, 0.66899) deep 36 0.69528 0.01404 0.00234 ( 0.69053, 0.70003)

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 1 0.019339 0.019339 68.47 0.000 Error 70 0.019772 0.000282 Total 71 0.039111 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ---+------+------+------+- -- surface 36 0.66250 0.01918 (----*----) deep 36 0.69528 0.01404 (---*-- --)

189

---+------+------+------+- -- Pooled StDev = 0.01681 0.660 0.672 0.684 0.696

Table.14a. Statistical analysis of zinc concentration (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City

Variable N Mean SE Mean StDev surface 36 4.0197 0.0135 0.0809 deep 36 3.8058 0.0332 0.1990

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 1 0.8235 0.8235 35.69 0.000 Error 70 1.6152 0.0231 Total 71 2.4386

Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev -+------+------+------+------surface 36 4.0197 0.0809 (-----*------) deep 36 3.8058 0.1990 (------*-----) -+------+------+------+------3.760 3.840 3.920 4.000

Pooled StDev = 0.1519

Table.15a. Statistical analysis of cadmium concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony

Variable N Mean SE Mean StDev surface 36 0.05861 0.00127 0.00762 deep 36 0.04750 0.00101 0.00604

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 1 0.0022222 0.0022222 47.06 0.000 Error 70 0.0033056 0.0000472 Total 71 0.0055278

Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ------+------+------+------+-- surface 36 0.058611 0.007617 (-----*-- --) deep 36 0.047500 0.006036 (-----*----) ------+------+------+------+-- 0.0480 0.0520 0.0560 0.0600 Pooled StDev = 0.006872

Table.16a. Statistical analysis of chromium concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony

Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean 95.0 % CI surface 36 1.23528 0.01844 0.00307 ( 1.22904, 1.24152) deep 36 1.18222 0.02319 0.00387 ( 1.17438, 1.19007)

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 1 0.050668 0.050668 115.46 0.000 Error 70 0.030719 0.000439 Total 71 0.081388 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev

190

Level N Mean StDev ---+------+------+------+- -- surface 36 1.2353 0.0184 (---*--) deep 36 1.1822 0.0232 (--*---) ---+------+------+------+- -- Pooled StDev = 0.0209 1.180 1.200 1.220 1.240

Table.17a. Statistical analysis of copper concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples Shah Faisal Colony

Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean 95.0 % CI surface 36 0.98278 0.01542 0.00257 ( 0.97756, 0.98800) deep 36 0.94806 0.05397 0.00900 ( 0.92979, 0.96632)

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 1 0.02170 0.02170 13.77 0.000 Error 70 0.11029 0.00158 Total 71 0.13199 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ---+------+------+------+- -- surface 36 0.98278 0.01542 (-----*------) deep 36 0.94806 0.05397 (------*------) ---+------+------+------+- -- Pooled StDev = 0.03969 0.940 0.960 0.980 1.000

Table.18a. Statistical analysis of lead concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples Shah Faisal Colony

Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean 95.0 % CI surface 36 0.63667 0.00894 0.00149 ( 0.63364, 0.63969) deep 36 0.68222 0.01376 0.00229 ( 0.67757, 0.68688)

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 1 0.037356 0.037356 277.52 0.000 Error 70 0.009422 0.000135 Total 71 0.046778 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ------+------+------+------surface 36 0.63667 0.00894 (-*--) deep 36 0.68222 0.01376 (-- *-) ------+------+------+------Pooled StDev = 0.01160 0.645 0.660 0.675

Table.19a. Statistical analysis of mercury concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony

Variable N Mean SE Mean StDev surface 36 0.009167 0.000135 0.000811 deep 36 0.008028 0.000231 0.001383

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 1 0.0000233 0.0000233 18.16 0.000 Error 70 0.0000900 0.0000013 Total 71 0.0001133

Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level ------+------+------+------+-- surface (------*------) deep (------*------) ------+------+------+------+--

191

0.00800 0.00850 0.00900 0.00950

Pooled StDev = 0.001134

Table.20a. Statistical analysis of nickel concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony

Variable N Mean SE Mean StDev surface 157 0.99197 0.00269 0.03365 deep 157 1.0233 0.00182 0.0228

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 1 0.077090 0.077090 93.24 0.000 Error 312 0.257966 0.000827 Total 313 0.335056

Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ------+------+------+------+-- surface 157 0.9920 0.0337 (---*--) deep 157 1.0233 0.0228 (---*---) ------+------+------+------+-- 0.996 1.008 1.020 1.032

Pooled StDev = 0.0288

Table.21a. Statistical analysis of zinc concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony

Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean 95.0 % CI surface 36 6.0092 0.1760 0.0293 ( 5.9496, 6.0687) deep 36 5.5053 0.1772 0.0295 ( 5.4453, 5.5652)

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 1 4.5703 4.5703 146.59 0.000 Error 70 2.1824 0.0312 Total 71 6.7526 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ------+------+------+------surface 36 6.0092 0.1760 (-*--) deep 36 5.5053 0.1772 (--*--) ------+------+------+------Pooled StDev = 0.1766 5.60 5.80 6.00

Table.22a. Statistical analysis of cadmium concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad

Variable N Mean SE Mean StDev surface 36 0.05167 0.00180 0.01082 deep 36 0.04028 0.00171 0.01028

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 1 0.002335 0.002335 20.96 0.000 Error 70 0.007797 0.000111 Total 71 0.010132

Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ------+------+------+------+-- - surface 36 0.05167 0.01082 (------*------) deep 36 0.04028 0.01028 (------*------) ------+------+------+------+-- -

192

0.0400 0.0450 0.0500 0.0550 Pooled StDev = 0.01055

Table.23a. Statistical analysis of chromium concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad

Variable N Mean SE Mean StDev surface 36 0.93861 0.00324 0.01944 deep 36 0.91167 0.00733 0.04398

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 1 0.01307 0.01307 11.30 0.001 Error 70 0.08093 0.00116 Total 71 0.09400

Level N Mean StDev surface 36 0.93861 0.01944 deep 36 0.91167 0.04398

Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level +------+------+------+------surface (------*------) deep (------*------) +------+------+------+------0.900 0.915 0.930 0.945

Pooled StDev = 0.03400

Table.24a. Statistical analysis of copper concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad

Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean 95.0 % CI surface 36 0.55972 0.01464 0.00244 ( 0.55477, 0.56467) deep 36 0.57194 0.01431 0.00238 ( 0.56710, 0.57679)

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 1 0.002689 0.002689 12.84 0.001 Error 70 0.014661 0.000209 Total 71 0.017350 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ------+------+------+------+ surface 36 0.55972 0.01464 (------*------) deep 36 0.57194 0.01431 (------*------) ------+------+------+------+ Pooled StDev = 0.01447 0.5580 0.5640 0.5700 0.5760

Table.25a. Statistical analysis of lead concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad

Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean 95.0 % CI surface 36 0.51889 0.00854 0.00142 ( 0.51600, 0.52178) deep 36 0.61194 0.00822 0.00137 ( 0.60916, 0.61473)

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 1 0.1558681 0.1558681 2217.89 0.000 Error 70 0.0049194 0.0000703 Total 71 0.1607875 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ------+------+------+------surface 36 0.51889 0.00854 (*) deep 36 0.61194 0.00822 (*)

193

------+------+------+------Pooled StDev = 0.00838 0.540 0.570 0.600

Table.26a. Statistical analysis of mercury concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad

Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean 95.0 % CI surface 36 0.00533 0.00068 0.00011 ( 0.00510, 0.00556) deep 36 0.00292 0.00094 0.00016 ( 0.00260, 0.00323)

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 1 0.0001051 0.0001051 157.41 0.000 Error 70 0.0000468 0.0000007 Total 71 0.0001519 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ----+------+------+------+-- surface 36 5.33E-03 6.76E-04 (-*--) deep 36 2.92E-03 9.37E-04 (--*--) ----+------+------+------+-- Pooled StDev = 8.17E-04 0.0030 0.0040 0.0050 0.0060

Table.27a. Statistical analysis of nickel concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad

Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean 95.0 % CI surface 36 0.76444 0.05593 0.00932 ( 0.74552, 0.78337) deep 36 0.78111 0.01617 0.00270 ( 0.77564, 0.78658)

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 1 0.00500 0.00500 2.95 0.090 Error 70 0.11864 0.00169 Total 71 0.12364 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev -----+------+------+------+- surface 36 0.76444 0.05593 (------*------) deep 36 0.78111 0.01617 (------*------) -----+------+------+------+- Pooled StDev = 0.04117 0.756 0.768 0.780 0.792

Table 28a. Statistical analysis of zinc concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad

Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean 95.0 % CI surface 36 6.3869 0.2029 0.0338 ( 6.3183, 6.4556) deep 36 5.7372 0.2447 0.0408 ( 5.6544, 5.8200)

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 1 7.5985 7.5985 150.39 0.000 Error 70 3.5367 0.0505 Total 71 11.1352 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ----+------+------+------+-- surface 36 6.3869 0.2029 (--*--) deep 36 5.7372 0.2447 (--*--) ----+------+------+------+-- Pooled StDev = 0.2248 5.75 6.00 6.25 6.50

194

Table 29a. Statistical analysis of cadmium concentrations (ppm) in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 3 2.581858 0.860619 4160.69 0.000 Error 140 0.028958 0.000207 Total 143 2.610816 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ------+------+------+------gills 36 0.35750 0.01697 (* gonads 36 0.02111 0.00622 *) liver 36 0.13972 0.02118 (* muscles 36 0.03861 0.00723 (* ------+------+------+------Pooled StDev = 0.01438 0.10 0.20 0.30

Table 30a. Statistical analysis of chromium concentrations (ppm) in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 3 18.45276 6.15092 1.5E+04 0.000 Error 140 0.05604 0.00040 Total 143 18.50879 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ----+------+------+------+-- gills 36 0.77389 0.02453 * gonads 36 0.17917 0.02156 * liver 36 0.98361 0.01775 *) muscles 36 0.17750 0.01481 * ----+------+------+------+-- Pooled StDev = 0.02001 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00

Table 31a. Statistical analysis of copper concentrations (ppm) in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 3 602.0143 200.6714 8.9E+05 0.000 Error 140 0.0317 0.0002 Total 143 602.0460 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ------+------+------+------gills 36 0.9164 0.0229 * gonads 36 0.0600 0.0124 * liver 36 5.0619 0.0104 * muscles 36 0.2203 0.0108 *) ------+------+------+------Pooled StDev = 0.0150 1.5 3.0 4.5

Table 32a. Statistical analysis of lead concentrations (ppm) in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 3 180.9217 60.3072 1.6E+05 0.000 Error 140 0.0516 0.0004 Total 143 180.9733 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ------+------+------+------

195

gills 36 3.0606 0.0182 * gonads 36 0.2700 0.0153 * liver 36 1.6839 0.0271 * muscles 36 0.4431 0.0133 (* ------+------+------+------Pooled StDev = 0.0192 0.80 1.60 2.40

Table 33a. Statistical analysis of mercury concentrations (ppm) in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 3 1.659152 0.553051 2360.43 0.000 Error 140 0.032802 0.000234 Total 143 1.691954 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev -+------+------+------+--- -- gills 36 0.26444 0.02396 (*) gonads 36 0.00447 0.00051 (* liver 36 0.16889 0.01508 (*) muscles 36 0.02208 0.01165 (* -+------+------+------+--- -- Pooled StDev = 0.01531 0.000 0.080 0.160 0.240

Table 34a. Statistical analysis of nickel concentrations (ppm) in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 3 6.043547 2.014516 5067.96 0.000 Error 140 0.055650 0.000398 Total 143 6.099197 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ------+------+------+------gills 36 0.70250 0.01296 (* gonads 36 0.17444 0.01919 (* liver 36 0.59389 0.01840 (* muscles 36 0.61861 0.02674 *) ------+------+------+------Pooled StDev = 0.01994 0.30 0.45 0.60

Table 35a. Statistical analysis of zinc concentrations (ppm) in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 3 917.8409 305.9470 1.1E+05 0.000 Error 140 0.4003 0.0029 Total 143 918.2412 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ----+------+------+------+-- gills 36 5.3447 0.0514 * gonads 36 1.2331 0.0732 * liver 36 7.6706 0.0472 * muscles 36 2.3708 0.0348 * ----+------+------+------+-- Pooled StDev = 0.0535 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0

Table 36a. Statistical analysis of cadmium concentrations (ppm) in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Malir City

196

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 3 8.874008 2.958003 2.7E+04 0.000 Error 140 0.015386 0.000110 Total 143 8.889394 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ------+------+------+------gills 36 0.64167 0.01159 * gonads 36 0.02556 0.00504 * liver 36 0.16583 0.01519 * muscles 36 0.05278 0.00701 (* ------+------+------+------Pooled StDev = 0.01048 0.20 0.40 0.60

Table 37a. Statistical analysis of chromium concentrations (ppm) in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Malir City

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 3 80.71366 26.90455 6.8E+04 0.000 Error 140 0.05537 0.00040 Total 143 80.76902 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ------+------+------+------gills 36 1.1875 0.0281 * gonads 36 0.2236 0.0169 * liver 36 2.0803 0.0156 * muscles 36 0.3331 0.0162 (* ------+------+------+------Pooled StDev = 0.0199 0.60 1.20 1.80

Table 38a. Statistical analysis of copper concentrations (ppm) in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Malir City

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 3 325.9238 108.6413 2.3E+05 0.000 Error 140 0.0649 0.0005 Total 143 325.9888 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ------+------+------+------gills 36 2.6758 0.0210 * gonads 36 0.0878 0.0080 * liver 36 3.6025 0.0354 * muscles 36 0.3269 0.0098 * ------+------+------+------Pooled StDev = 0.0215 1.0 2.0 3.0

Table 39a. Statistical analysis of lead concentrations (ppm) in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Malir City

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 3 307.9853 102.6618 3.1E+05 0.000 Error 140 0.0469 0.0003 Total 143 308.0322 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ------+------+------+------+ gills 36 4.0706 0.0208 * gonads 36 0.4922 0.0138 * liver 36 2.9797 0.0259 *

197

muscles 36 0.9531 0.0067 (* ------+------+------+------+ Pooled StDev = 0.0183 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 Table 40a. Statistical analysis of mercury concentrations (ppm) in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Malir City

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 3 3.708903 1.236301 4018.03 0.000 Error 140 0.043076 0.000308 Total 143 3.751979 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ------+------+------+------gills 36 0.42333 0.02597 *) gonads 36 0.01794 0.00834 *) liver 36 0.21722 0.02092 *) muscles 36 0.05278 0.00701 *) ------+------+------+------Pooled StDev = 0.01754 0.12 0.24 0.36

Table 41a. Statistical analysis of nickel concentrations (ppm) in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Malir City

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 3 8.874019 2.958006 9571.98 0.000 Error 140 0.043264 0.000309 Total 143 8.917283 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev --+------+------+------+-- -- gills 36 0.82056 0.01689 * gonads 36 0.17556 0.01715 (* liver 36 0.58889 0.01563 *) muscles 36 0.31861 0.02031 * --+------+------+------+-- -- Pooled StDev = 0.01758 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80

Table 42a. Statistical analysis of zinc concentrations (ppm) in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Malir City

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 3 1429.543 476.514 3.5E+04 0.000 Error 140 1.905 0.014 Total 143 1431.448 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ---+------+------+------+- -- gills 36 7.1022 0.0478 *) gonads 36 1.8794 0.1761 (* liver 36 9.8186 0.1421 * muscles 36 3.1797 0.0301 * ---+------+------+------+- -- Pooled StDev = 0.1166 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0

Table 43a. Statistical analysis of cadmium concentrations (ppm) in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Shah Faisal Colony

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 3 13.72931 4.57644 2070.27 0.000 Error 140 0.30948 0.00221 Total 143 14.03879 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev

198

Level N Mean StDev ------+------+------+------gills 36 0.80194 0.02175 (*) gonads 36 0.03250 0.00649 *) liver 36 0.21194 0.00980 *) muscles 36 0.07250 0.09072 (*) ------+------+------+------Pooled StDev = 0.04702 0.25 0.50 0.75

Table 44a. Statistical analysis of chromium concentrations (ppm) in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Shah Faisal Colony

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 3 97.61692 32.53897 5.5E+04 0.000 Error 140 0.08288 0.00059 Total 143 97.69980 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ------+------+------+------gills 36 1.4444 0.0295 * gonads 36 0.2233 0.0206 * liver 36 2.3283 0.0308 * muscles 36 0.5344 0.0111 * ------+------+------+------Pooled StDev = 0.0243 0.60 1.20 1.80

Table 45a. Statistical analysis of copper concentrations (ppm) in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Shah Faisal Colony

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 3 684.7195 228.2398 1.3E+06 0.000 Error 140 0.0244 0.0002 Total 143 684.7438 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ------+------+------+------gills 36 3.9636 0.0173 * gonads 36 0.1050 0.0074 * liver 36 5.0683 0.0118 * muscles 36 0.3528 0.0143 * ------+------+------+------Pooled StDev = 0.0132 1.5 3.0 4.5

Table 46a. Statistical analysis of lead concentrations (ppm) in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Shah Faisal Colony

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 3 269.6166 89.8722 2.4E+05 0.000 Error 140 0.0533 0.0004 Total 143 269.6699 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ------+------+------+------gills 36 3.8942 0.0332 * gonads 36 0.3692 0.0171 * liver 36 2.0914 0.0080 * muscles 36 0.8142 0.0081 * ------+------+------+------Pooled StDev = 0.0195 1.0 2.0 3.0

Table 47a. Statistical analysis of mercury concentrations (ppm) in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Shah Faisal Colony

199

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 3 4.369041 1.456347 5058.22 0.000 Error 140 0.040308 0.000288 Total 143 4.409349 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ------+------+------+------gills 36 0.53500 0.01748 (* gonads 36 0.05944 0.00630 * liver 36 0.35194 0.01582 *) muscles 36 0.22389 0.02358 * ------+------+------+------Pooled StDev = 0.01697 0.15 0.30 0.45

Table 48a. Statistical analysis of nickel concentrations (ppm) in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Shah Faisal Colony

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 3 54.68001 18.22667 1.7E+05 0.000 Error 140 0.01524 0.00011 Total 143 54.69524 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ------+------+------+------+ gills 36 1.6931 0.0124 * gonads 36 0.2058 0.0050 * liver 36 1.2528 0.0106 * muscles 36 0.3658 0.0120 * ------+------+------+------+ Pooled StDev = 0.0104 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00

Table 49a. Statistical analysis of zinc concentrations (ppm) in different or gills, gonads, liver and muscles gans of Oreochromis mossambicus at Shah Faisal Colony

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 3 965.4631 321.8210 1.2E+04 0.000 Error 140 3.8295 0.0274 Total 143 969.2926 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ------+------+------+------gills 36 7.5086 0.0320 (* gonads 36 2.7361 0.0844 (* liver 36 9.9303 0.0481 (* muscles 36 6.8856 0.3146 *) ------+------+------+------Pooled StDev = 0.1654 4.0 6.0 8.0 Table 50a. Statistical analysis of cadmium concentrations (ppm) in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Qayumabad

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 3 1.375183 0.458394 4578.49 0.000 Error 140 0.014017 0.000100 Total 143 1.389200 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ------+------+------+------gills 36 0.27306 0.01191 * gonads 36 0.02500 0.00609 (* liver 36 0.10472 0.01134 (* muscles 36 0.04389 0.00964 *)

200

------+------+------+------Pooled StDev = 0.01001 0.070 0.140 0.210

Table 51a. Statistical analysis of chromium concentrations (ppm) in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Qayumabad

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 3 38.97875 12.99292 4.1E+04 0.000 Error 140 0.04400 0.00031 Total 143 39.02274 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ------+------+------+------+ gills 36 1.0564 0.0207 * gonads 36 0.1528 0.0181 *) liver 36 1.3128 0.0191 (* muscles 36 0.1672 0.0116 * ------+------+------+------+ Pooled StDev = 0.0177 0.35 0.70 1.05 1.40

Table 52a. Statistical analysis of copper concentrations (ppm) in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Qayumabad

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 3 164.8418 54.9473 1.7E+05 0.000 Error 140 0.0442 0.0003 Total 143 164.8860 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ------+------+------+------gills 36 2.4531 0.0312 * gonads 36 0.0817 0.0091 * liver 36 2.0575 0.0113 * muscles 36 0.1886 0.0087 * ------+------+------+------Pooled StDev = 0.0178 0.70 1.40 2.10

Table 53a. Statistical analysis of lead concentrations (ppm) in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Qayumabad

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 3 99.54654 33.18218 1.1E+05 0.000 Error 140 0.04216 0.00030 Total 143 99.58870 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ------+------+------+------+ gills 36 2.2650 0.0214 * gonads 36 0.3019 0.0092 * liver 36 1.7922 0.0243 * muscles 36 0.5108 0.0084 (* ------+------+------+------+ Pooled StDev = 0.0174 0.60 1.20 1.80 2.40

Table 54a. Statistical analysis of mercury concentrations (ppm) in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Qayumabad

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 3 4.259031 1.419677 4738.52 0.000 Error 140 0.041944 0.000300 Total 143 4.300975 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev

201

Level N Mean StDev ------+------+------+------gills 36 0.49667 0.02726 * gonads 36 0.04611 0.00549 * liver 36 0.28056 0.01472 (* muscles 36 0.12500 0.01444 *) ------+------+------+------Pooled StDev = 0.01731 0.15 0.30 0.45

Table 55a. Statistical analysis of nickel concentrations (ppm) in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Qayumabad

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 3 26.34306 8.78102 2.3E+04 0.000 Error 140 0.05240 0.00037 Total 143 26.39546 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ----+------+------+------+-- gills 36 1.1794 0.0122 *) gonads 36 0.1883 0.0074 * liver 36 0.9639 0.0342 * muscles 36 0.2761 0.0110 * ----+------+------+------+-- Pooled StDev = 0.0193 0.30 0.60 0.90 1.20

Table 56a. Statistical analysis of zinc concentrations (ppm) in gills, gonads, liver and muscles of Oreochromis mossambicus at Qayumabad

Source DF SS MS F P Factor 3 1006.506 335.502 1.3E+05 0.000 Error 140 0.373 0.003 Total 143 1006.879 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ---+------+------+------+- -- gills 36 6.3453 0.0619 * gonads 36 1.5494 0.0496 * liver 36 8.6228 0.0598 * muscles 36 7.0914 0.0278 *) ---+------+------+------+- -- Pooled StDev = 0.0516 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0