FROM MALIR RIVER WITHIN KARACHI Raheela Sharmeen M.Sc
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1 IMPACT OF HEAVY METALS ON OREOCHROMIS MOSSAMBICUS (PETERS, 1852) FROM MALIR RIVER WITHIN KARACHI Raheela Sharmeen M.Sc. DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI KARACHI-75270 PAKISTAN 2014 2 IMPACT OF HEAVY METALS ON OREOCHROMIS MOSSAMBICUS (PETERS, 1852) FROM MALIR RIVER WITHIN KARACHI Raheela Sharmeen M.Sc. Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Zoology (Limnology) DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI KARACHI-75270 PAKISTAN 2014 3 DEDICATION Affectionately dedicated to my beloved parents, husband and sons i LIST OF CONTENTS PAGE NO. LIST OF TABLES ¡¡ LIST OF FIGURES xiii ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) xix ABSTRACT (URDU) xxii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT xxv INTRODUCTION 1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 13 MATERIALS AND METHODS 16 RESULTS 19 DISCUSSION 135 CONCLUSION 149 REFERENCES 150 APPENDIX 168 PUBLICATIONS ii TABLE NO. LIST OF TABLES PAGE NO. Table No. 1. Average concentrations of cadmium (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth (2007- 2010) 43 Table No. 1a. Statistical data analysis of cadmium concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth Table No. 2. Average concentrations of chromium (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth (2007- 43 2010) Table No. 2a. Statistical data analysis of chromium concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth Table No. 3. Average concentrations of copper (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth (2007- 2010) 44 Table No. 3a. Statistical data analysis of copper concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth Table No. 4. Average concentrations of lead (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth (2007- 2010) 44 Table No. 4a. Statistical data analysis of lead concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth Table No. 5. Average concentrations of mercury (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth (2007- 45 2010) Table No. 5a. Statistical data analysis of mercury concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth iii Table No. 6. Average concentrations of nickel (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth (2007- 2010) 45 Table No. 6a. Statistical data analysis of nickel concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth Table No. 7. Average concentrations of zinc (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth (2007- 2010) 46 Table No. 7a. Statistical data analysis of zinc concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Murad Memon Goth Table No. 8. Average concentrations of cadmium (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City (2007-2010) 46 Table No. 8a. Statistical data analysis of cadmium concentrations ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City Table No. 9. Average concentrations of chromium (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City (2007-2010) 47 Table No. 9a. Statistical data analysis of chromium concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City Table No. 10. Average concentrations of copper (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City (2007-2010) 47 Table No. 10a. Statistical data analysis of copper concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City Table No. 11. Average concentrations of lead (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City (2007-2010) 48 iv Table No. 11a. Statistical data analysis of lead concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City Table No. 12. Average concentrations of mercury (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City (2007-2010) 48 Table No. 12a. Statistical data analysis of mercury concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City Table No. 13. Average concentrations of nickel (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City (2007-2010) 49 Table No. 13a. Statistical data analysis of nickel concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City Table No. 14. Average concentrations of zinc (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City (2007-2010) 49 Table No. 14a. Statistical data analysis of zinc concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Malir City Table No. 15. Average concentrations of cadmium (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony (2007- 50 2010) Table No. 15a. Statistical data analysis of cadmium concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony Table No. 16. Average concentrations of chromium (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony (2007- 50 2010) Table No. 16a. Statistical data analysis of chromium concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony v Table No. 17. Average concentrations of copper (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony (2007-2010) 51 Table No. 17a. Statistical data analysis of copper concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony Table No. 18. Average concentrations of lead (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony (2007-2010) 51 Table No. 18a. Statistical data analysis of lead concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony Table No. 19. Average concentrations of mercury (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony (2007- 52 2010) Table No. 19a. Statistical data analysis of mercury concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony Table No. 20. Average concentrations of nickel (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony (2007-2010) 52 Table No. 20a. Statistical data analysis of nickel concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony Table No. 21. Average concentrations of zinc (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony (2007-2010) 53 Table No. 21a. Statistical data analysis of zinc concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Shah Faisal Colony Table No. 22. Average concentrations of cadmium (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad (2007-2010) 53 vi Table No. 22a. Statistical data analysis of cadmium concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad Table No. 23. Average concentrations of (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad (2007-2010) 54 Table No. 23a. Statistical data analysis of chromium concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad Table No. 24. Average concentrations of copper (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad (2007-2010) 54 Table No. 24a. Statistical data analysis of copper concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad Table No. 25. Average concentrations of lead (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad (2007-2010) 55 Table No. 25a. Statistical data analysis of lead concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad Table No. 26. Average concentrations of mercury (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad (2007-2010) 55 Table No. 26a. Statistical data analysis of mercury concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad Table No. 27. Average concentrations of nickel (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad (2007-2010) 56 Table No. 27a. Statistical data analysis of nickel concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad vii Table No. 28. Average concentrations of zinc (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad (2007-2010) 56 Table No. 28a. Statistical data analysis of zinc concentrations (ppm) in surface and deep water samples at Qayumabad Table No. 29. Average concentrations of cadmium (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth (2007-2010) 57 Table No. 29a Statistical data analysis of cadmium concentrations (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth Table No. 30 Average concentrations of chromium (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth (2007-2010) 58 Table No. 30a Statistical data analysis of chromium concentrations (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth Table No. 31 Average concentrations of copper (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth (2007-2010) 59 Table No. 31a Statistical data analysis of copper concentrations (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth Table No. 32 Average concentrations of lead (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth (2007-2010) 60 Table No. 32a Statistical data analysis of lead concentrations (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth viii Table No. 33 Average concentrations of mercury (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth (2007-2010) 61 Table No. 33a Statistical data analysis of mercury concentrations (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth Table No. 34 Average concentrations of nickel (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth (2007-2010) 62 Table No. 34a Statistical data analysis of nickel concentrations (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth Table No. 35 Average concentrations of zinc (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth (2007-2010) 63 Table No. 35a Statistical data analysis of zinc concentrations (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O. mossambicus at Murad Memon Goth Table No. 36 Average concentrations of cadmium (ppm) in the gills, gonads, liver and muscles of O.