Species ANALYSIS International Journal for Species ISSN 2319 – 5746 EISSN 2319 – 5754

Diversity and therapeutic potentiality of the family Lamiaceae in Karnataka State, India: An overview

Rama Rao V1҉, Shiddamallayya N2, Kavya N3, Kavya B4, Venkateshwarlu G5

1. Research Officer (Botany), Survey of Medicinal Plants Unit, National Ayurveda Dietetics Research Institute (CCRAS), Govt. Central Pharmacy Annexe, Ashoka Pillar, Jayangar, Bangalore-560011, India. 2. Assistant Research Officer (Botany), Survey of Medicinal Plants Unit, National Ayurveda Dietetics Research Institute (CCRAS), Govt. Central Pharmacy Annexe, Ashoka Pillar, Jayangar, Bangalore-560011, India. 3. Senior Research Fellow (Ayurveda), National Ayurveda Dietetics Research Institute (CCRAS), Govt. Central Pharmacy Annexe, Ashoka Pillar, Jayangar, Bangalore-560011, India. 4. Junior Research Fellow (Botany), National Ayurveda Dietetics Research Institute (CCRAS), Govt. Central Pharmacy Annexe, Ashoka Pillar, Jayangar, Bangalore-560011, India. 5. Research Officer (Scientist-3) in-charge, National Ayurveda Dietetics Research Institute (CCRAS), Govt. Central Pharmacy Annexe, Ashoka Pillar, Jayangar, Bangalore-560011, India.

҉Corresponding author: Survey of Medicinal Plants Unit, National Ayurveda Dietetics Research Institute (CCRAS), Govt. Central Pharmacy Annexe, Ashoka Pillar, Jayangar, Bangalore-560011, India, e-mail: [email protected]

Publication History Received: 25 November 2014 Accepted: 11 January 2015 Published: 4 March 2015

Citation Rama Rao V, Shiddamallayya N, Kavya N, Kavya B, Venkateshwarlu G. Diversity and therapeutic potentiality of the family Lamiaceae in Karnataka State, India: An overview. Species, 2015, 13(37), 6-14

ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to review the potential medicinal plants of Lamiaceae distributed throughout the state of Karnataka, India. Lamiaceae, also called as mint family is one of the largest families including herbs or shrubs often with aroma. They are usually common in Mediterranean countries for the fact that some of them produce a high amount of essential oils that enables them to survive in hot summer seasons. Some of the plants belonging to this family are Anisomeles, Colebrookea, Hyptis, Leucas, Pogostemon, Ocimum, Salvia and so on. These are important for their medicinal properties, perfumery, culinary, vegetable and ornamental purposes and they are a rich source of biologically active compounds including strong aromatic essential oils, tannins, saponins and organic acids. The medicinal plants of the family possess a lot of medicinal uses having sedative, diuretic, tonic, antispasmodic, antifungal, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties.

Key words: Lamiaceae, Medicinal properties, Chemical constituents. 6

2. METERIALS & METHODS In the present work, the medicinal plants of Lamiaceae family distributed throughout the state of Karnataka which harbours one of the richest tropical forest areas in India are selected and their botanical names with nomenclature, description with important characteristics, chemical constituents and their general and traditional medicinal uses including therapeutic properties have been explained.

3. RESULTS & DISCUSSION Anisochilus carnosus (L.f.) Wall. ( = Lavandula carnosa L.f.) Anisochilus carnosus (L.f.) Wall is known as karpoorada gida in Kannada. They are erect herbs with 4 – angled stem and rugose leaves. Flowers are purple in strobilate spikes. Chemically the leaves are known to contain essential oil, luteolin and apigenin (Yoganarasimhan, 1996). The whole plant constitutes quinines, alkaloids, sterols, coumarins and proteins (Meenakshi et al., 2012). The drug is known to cure stomachache (Kamble et al., 2008). The leaves can be made into a paste and applied over the lesions in different skin diseases (Ignacimuthu et al., 2006).

Anisomeles indica (L.) O. Kuntze. ( = Nepeta indica L.) They are tomentose shrubs with quadrangular stems and bluish flowers in dense whorls forming terminal spikes. It is called Hennu Karithumbe in Kannada. Roots contain stigmasterol and β– amyrin, fridelin, betulinic acid, ovatodiolide, anisomelic acid and anisomelin. Stem contains triterpenes and sterols. Leaves contain essential oil, fatty acids, triterpenes – ovatodiolide and iso – ovatodiolide. Whole plant contains diterpenoids – 4, 7 – oxycyclo anisomelic acid, 4 – methylene – 5 – hydroxy ovatodiolide (I), 4 – methylene – 5 – oxo anisomelic acid. The herb is used as an astringent and carminative. It is used in folk medicine in the treatment of diverse conditions such as inflammatory skin diseases, liver protection, intestinal infections, abdominal pain and immune system deficiencies. Leaves are useful in chronic rheumatism, psoriasis and other chronic skin eruptions (Baranwal et al., 2012).

Anisomeles malabarica (L.) R.Br. ( = Nepeta malabarica L.) Aromatic tomentose shrubs with purple flowers. Whole plant yield essential oil, anisomelic acid, ovatodiolide, diterpenes – malabaric acid, anisomelyl acetate, anisomelolide, crisilineol, betulinic acid and β – sitosterol (Yoganarasimhan, 1996). Anisomeles malabarica has been used as a folk medicine to treat amentia, anorexia, fevers, swelling, and rheumatism. The herb is reported to possess anticancer, anti-allergic, anti- anaphylactic, anti-bacterial anti-carcinogenic anti-inflammatory properties (Kavitha et al., 2012). The paste of its stem can be mixed with coconut oil and applied over wounds and it facilitates healing (Ignacimuthu et al., 2006).

Basilicum polystachyon (L.) Moench. ( = Moschosma polystachyum L.) It is an erect much branched herbs and flowers are pale pink or lilac in racemes (Yoganarasimhan, 1996). The petroleum ether extract of leaves

have shown the presence of phytosterols, alkaloids and carbohydrates, volatile oils in alcoholic extracts and gums and mucilage in water 7

Colebrookea oppositifolia Sm. ( = Colebrookea ternifolia Roxb.) They are shrubs with white tomentum, leaves elliptic – lanceolate, and flowers white in paniculate spikes. Aerial parts contain flavours (Yoganarasimhan, 1996). The plant also constitutes alkaloids, terpenoids, reducing sugars, saponins, tannis, carbonyls, flavonoids, phlobatannis, steroids, proteins and volatile oils. It has been used to cure epilepsy, urinary disorders and as antiseptic (Rupali et al., 2014). Leaves are used in the treatment of wounds, bruises and fracture besides possessing antifertility activity; roots are used in the treatment of epilepsy; oil possesses fungitoxic property (Madhavan et al., 2011).

Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. ( = Coleus amboinicus Lour.) The drug is known for its potential medicinal properties. In Sanskrit it is called Parnayavani. It is a large succulent herb with aromatic leaves, flowers small and pale purple. Leaves contain volatile oil, acids, crisimaritin and β – sitosterol – β – D – glucoside besides salvigenin, 6 – methoxy genkwanin, quercetin, chrysoeriol, luteolin, apigenin, eriodictyol and taxifolin (Yoganarasimhan, 1996). It contains an aromatic volatile oil called Carvacrol in small quantity. The leaves of drug (Parnayavani patra) have a pleasant odour and pungent taste, and are used for flavouring meat and salad. The drug Parnayavani is a diuretic herbal agent. The leaves of Parnayavani are expressed to obtain juice which is mixed with sugar and given as a powerful aromatic carminative. A decoction of the leaves is given for chronic coughs and asthma and also allied respiratory problems. Leaves are topically applied to headache and insects bite (Jangamavisa). The plant drug is used in certain nervous disorders as per Ayurveda as it pacifies the bio force known as Vata (Pandey, 2004).

Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. ( = Ballota suaveolens L.) They are erect aromatic herbs, leaves variable, ovate, villous beneath, flowers blue in axillary or terminal in globose clusters and nutlets are minute with dark brown or blackish color. Root, stem and leaves contain traces of hydrocyanic acid. Plant contains ethereal oil, diterpenes suaveolic acid and suaveolol. Seed contains fatty oil. Root contains triterpenoids. Leaves and flowers contain sterols (campesterol and fucosterol) (Yoganarasimhan, 1996). The plant is stimulant, carminative, antispasmodic, antirheumatic, antisuporific bath. It is also used for parasitical cutaneous diseases, infection of uterus, and as sudorific in catarrhal condition, headache, stomach, snuff to stop bleeding of the nose (Pachkore et al., 2011). The leaves of H. suaveolens have been utilized as a galactogogue (Anonymous, 1964). Crude leaf extract is also used as a relief to colic and stomachache. Leaves and twigs are considered to be antispasmodic and used in antirheumatic and antisuporific baths (Kirtikar and Basu, 1991). The drug has an antiinflammatory, antifertility potential and also applied as an antiseptic in burns, wounds, and various skin complaints. The decoction of the roots is highly valued as appetizer and is reported to contain urosolic acid, a natural HIV-integrase inhibitor (Chatterjee and Pakrashi, 1997). It is also proved to be Hepatoprotective and cytoprotective (Ghaffari et al., 2012).

Lavandula bipinnata (Roth) Kuntze. ( = Bystropogon bipinnatus Roth) It is an erect, strongly fragrant, annual herb preferably growing on rocky hill slopes. Stem quadrangular, velvet hairy, bearing deeply divided, opposite leaves. Many sessile, blue flowers arranged in terminal spikes. The most important bioactive constituents present in this plant are steroids, terpenoids, carotenoids, flavanoid, alkaloids, tannins and glycosides. The essential oil yielding from it is highly effective and can be used in balms, perfumes, cosmetics and topical application. It is beneficial for anxiety, headaches, depression, cold and as breath freshner and mouthwash (Shinde and Kshirsagar, 2014). The essential oil has anti-bacterial activity and the plant acts as an antidote against poison. The roots are rubbed with water and the solution is applied over the sting of wild animals, also applied daily for boils and the leaf paste is applied on decayed tooth to reduce pain (Salve and Bhuktar, 2013).

Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br. ( = Phlomis nepetiilifolia L.) They are undershrubs, leaves ovate – lanceolate, and flowers orange – red, bristly in verticellasters and nutlets are ovoid. Whole plant contains traces of alkaloid. Roots contain n – octacosanol, campesterol, β – sitosterol, glucopyranoside. Leaves contain labdane diterpene nepetaefolin, nepetaefolinol, leonotinin, methoxy nepetafolin, bitter principle, fatty oil. Calyx and flowers contain a resin and resinic acid. Seeds contain volatile and fatty oil (Yoganarasimhan, 1996). The whole plant ash of L. nepetifolia is used externally to treat paralysis. The seed, flower and inflorescence are used as external application for burns. The application of paste of inflorescence mixed with groundnut oil is used for wound healing. Similarly, the paste of leaves is reported to be applied externally in excema. The ash of the whole plant mixed with mustard oil on external application relieves breast pain during post natal period and in joint pains. Decoction of stem is known to relieve jaundice. Internal consumption of the whole plant regulates the menstrual cycle. The paste of inflorescence fried in ghee is administered for treating cough (Pushpan et al., 2012). Traditionally, it was used to treat kidney diseases, rheumatism, dysmenorrheal, bronchial asthma, diarrhoea, fever, influenza (Dhawan et al., 2013).

Leonurus sibiricus L. They are herbs or undershrubs, leaves palmatifid, large, flowers are pink, red or blue in verticellaster and nutlets are smooth. Plant contains alkaloid leonurine, fatty oil, resin and resinic acid. Leaves contain cyclic peptide of 12 amino acids. Seeds contain alkaloid leonurinine and a 8

Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link. ( = Phlomis aspera Willd.) It is an erect herb with diffuse quadrangular branches, leaves linear-lanceolate, flowers white in verticils and nutlets oblong. Plant contains sterols, alkaloids, galactose, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid and β – sitosterol. Aerial parts contain α – itosterol and β – sitosterol. Shoots contain long chain compounds – 1 – hydroxytetriacontan – 4 – one and 32 – methyl – tetriacontan – 8 – ol, dotriacontanol (Yoganarasimhan, 1996). The drug is known to possess anti fungal, anti inflammatory, anti oxidant, prostaglandin inhibitory, antinociceptive, cytotoxic and bacteriostatic against Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholera, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas pyocyanea and Dys. flexneri (Srinivasan et al., 2011). Hot water extract of Leucas aspera is used orally as stimulant, anthelmintic, laxative, and diaphoretic also used to treat inflammation, dyspepsia, and jaundice. It is also used orally for the treatment of headache, asthma, and bronchitis. Entire plant extract is used orally to treat scabies, psoriasis, and snake bite. The plant Leucas aspera is externally used as an insect repellent. The flowers are crushed and aroma is inhaled in the opposite nostril for the relief of migraine. The juice of leaves is used aurally for ear pain and for pus discharge from ear. The paste of leaves ground with chalk is applied to tooth cavity (periodontal) to prevent decay. The decoction of leaves is used nasally as an antivenin. Infusion of leaves is used externally to treat scabies. Leaf paste mixed with turmeric is used to heal wounds and boils (Das et al., 2012).

Leucas cephalotes (Roth) Spreng. (= Phlomis cephalotes Roth) Leucas cephalotes (Roth) Spreng. is named Dronapushpi in Sanskrit. It is an erect bushy herb, leaves ovate – lanceolate, crenate – serrate, and flowers white in dense, globose, terminal whorls, nutlets smooth, brownish. Plant contains β – sitosterol, glucoside, labellenic acid (Yoganarasimhan, 1996). Therapeutically, the decoction of dried aerial parts of plant is used orally for diarrhea. The decoction of entire plant is used orally to reduce fever. The flowers and leaves are applied externally as poultice to treat headache. The decoction of flower heads in Nepal is used orally to treat jaundice. The decoction of flowers in India is used orally as an emmenagouge. The juice of unripe fruits (India) is used externally to treat scabies. The dried leaves are used orally as a blood purifier (Das et al., 2012). The herb is stimulant, diaphoretic and insecticide. The fresh juice is an external application in scabies. The flowers in form of syrup are used as remedy for cough and colds. It is laxative, anthelmintic, stimulant and febrifuge. The herb is useful in bronchitis, asthma, cough, jaundice, inflammation, dyspepsia, paralysis and leucoderma. The leaves are useful in fever and urinary discharges. A snuff of expressed juice of herb is given in coryza, catarrhal affections and headache. The decoction of the herb is used to ulcers as wash liquid. It is also applied externally to poisonous insect bites. The juice of this herb is applied as a collyrium (netranjana) in case of jaundice. The herb is used in the form of a decoction or infusion in the fevers especially in intermittent fevers; it is effective in malarial fever and influenza. It is used in worm affections, jaundice, biliousness, constipation, abdominal colic and menstrual disorders. It has a good cholagogue action and given in certain diseases of bilary affections (Pandey, 2004).

Leucas indica (L.) R. Br. ex Vatke It is a slender puberulous herb, leaves linear – lanceolate, flowers white in verticils, nutlets 3 – angled, brownish (Yoganarasimhan, 1996). The leaves of L. indica constitutes Phytosterols, triterpenoids, flavanoids, lactones, tannins, phenolic compounds, glycosides, fatty acid and fixed oils (Chandrashekhar and Rao, 2013). The flowers are used orally to treat typhoid fever. The leaves are pounded with garlic, pepper, and leaves of Piper longum and made into pills and used orally to treat typhoid fever. Leaves along with tender shoots of Momordica charantia, pepper, garlic, and common salt are pounded, in equal quantities, made into pills, and taken orally once a day for 9 consecutive days to treat pneumonia.The leaves with those of Alternanthera sessilis in equal quantity are pounded with “ghee” and the extract is applied to eyes, and paste made into pills, which are taken for 40 days orally to treat night blindness (Das et al., 2012).

Leucas lanata Benth. They are woody softly villous herbs, leaves ovate, crenate, and velvety, flowers white, sessile in many flowered axillary whorls, nutlets oblong - obovoid, trigonous. Aerial parts contain amino acids and sterols (Yoganarasimhan, 1996). The plant juice is used orally for treatment of headache and stomach ache. Leaves are made into a paste and applied externally for cuts and wounds. A poultice of leaves is placed on affected area to promote exudation of pus from boils. The juice is used orally as an antidote for reptile poison (Das et al., 2012).

Leucas martinicensis (Jacq.) R. Br. They are herbs or undershrubs, leaves ovate – lanceolate, serrate, flowers white, in globose verticils, nutlets obovoid – oblong, dark brown, shining (Yoganarasimhan, 1996). Hot water extract is used orally for gastroenteritis, cholera, malaria, syphilis, leprosy, diarrhoea and dysentery. The leaves are also used orally for pain during pregnancy. The infusion is used ophthalmically for proptosis, conjunctivitis and for corneal ulcers (Das et al., 2012).

Leucas stelligera Wall. ex Benth. It is an erect softly pubescent or villous branched herb, leaves elliptic – lanceolate or oblong – lanceolate, obtusely serrate, tomentose, flowers white in dense, many flowered, axillary and terminal whorls, nutlets oblong – ovoid, brownish, shining (Yoganarasimhan, 1996). The plant is 9 used orally in females as an emmenagouge (Das et al., 2012). Rama Rao et al. Page Diversity and therapeutic potentiality of the family Lamiaceae in Karnataka State, India: An overview, Species, 2015, 13(37), 6-14, www.discovery.org.in http://www.discovery.org.in/s.htm © 2015 Discovery Publication. All Rights Reserved Leucas zeylanica (L.) R.Br. They are erect pubescent or hairy herbs, leaves ovate – lanceolate, distantly serrate, flowers white in terminal whorls, nutlet obovoid – oblong, dark brown or black, shining. Whole plant conatins volatile oils (Yoganarasimhan, 1996). The plant is externally rubbed on abdomen of the mother after child birth (Das et al., 2012).

Mentha piperita L. They are aromatic herbs, leaves ovate, serrate, and flowers purplish in terminal spikes. Leaves contain flavanoid glycosides mentoside, isorhoifolin, essential oil contains viridiflorol, 18 sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and flowers contain flavanoids(Yoganarasimhan, 1996). Therapeutically, peppermint oil vapour is used as an inhalant for respiratory congestion. Tea made with M. piperita leaves is used to treat coughs, bronchitis, inflammation of oral mucosa and throat. It has traditionally been used to treat a variety of digestive complaints such as colic in infants, flatulence, diarrhoea, indigestion, nausea, vomiting, morning sickness and anorexia and as a spasmolytic to reduce gas and cramping. Its oil is used in toothache, rheumatism, muscular pains, and to relieve menstrual pains. It has been pharmacologically tested and proved for its inhibitory activity on respiration, antitussive, anti emetic, anti spasmodic, analgesic, coolant, anti-inflammatory, anti microbial, radioprotective and local anaesthetic effects (Shah and D’Mello, 2004).

Ocimum americanum L. They are herbs with elliptic – oblong, serrate leaves, flowers white in long pubescent racemes. Whole plant contains essential oil. Seeds contain volatile oil, semi – drying fixed oil. Essential oil consists of E – methyl cinnamate, caryophyllene monoxide, sesquiterpene alcoholos of the copane series, neolignan ocimin (Yoganarasimhan, 1996). The plant has carminative, diaphoretic and stimulant properties. A decoction of leaves is used for cough, cold, dysentery, bronchitis and a mouth wash for reliving tooth ache (Bhasin, 2012).

Ocimum basilicum L. It is a large aromatic herb or undershrub, flowers rose or white in whorls distantly placed in racemes. Plant yields volatile oil consisting of Mecinnamate methyl – chavicol, linalool, cineole, ocimene, borneol, sambulene, safrole, epibicyclosesquiphellandrene (Yoganarasimhan, 1996). The plant is stomachic, stimulant, carminative, anti-pyretic, diaphoretic, expectorant, diuretic and also useful in heart, brain and blood diseases asthma, inflammations and enlarged spleen The infusion of seeds is given in gonorrhoea, diarrhoea and chronic dysentery (Bhasin, 2012).

Ocimum gratissimum L. They are erect, aromatic undershrubs, leaves elliptic – lanceolate, flowers in racemose whorls, nutlets subglobose, brown. Contains essential oil having thymol, eugenol, ocimene, cadinene and (-) perillyl alcohol, leaves contains ocimol and gratissimin (Yoganarasimhan, 1996). The plant has bitter sharp taste and is useful in diseases of brain, heart, liver and spleen, strengths the gums and removes foul breath. It is diaphoretic, stomachic, laxative and is good for the treatment of fever (Bhasin, 2012).

Ocimum tenuiflorum L. It is commonly called as Tulasi and is an aromatic pubescent herb, leaves elliptic – oblong, serrate or entire, flowers purplish, nutlets smooth. Plant contains alkaloids, glycosides, saponins and tannins. Leaves contain volatile oil, ascorbic acid. Seeds contain fixed oil. Leaf wax contains n – alkanes. Essential oil consists of eugenol, caryophyllene, camphene, α – pinene, etc (Yoganarasimhan, 1996). The leaves on steam distillation yield a bright yellow volatile oil possessing a pleasent odour characteristic of the plant. The fatty acid composition of the oil is as follows: palmitic 6.9, stearic 2.1, oleic 9.0, linoleic 66.1 and linolenic 15.7 per cent. The drug Tulasi is antipyretic, aromatic, carminative, diaphoretic and expectorant. It is used in anorexia, cough, hiccough, pleurisy, respiratory disorders and leprosy. The drug is given in traditional medicine in catarrh, coryza, cold, fever, influenza, fevers specially simulating symptoms of malaria. Seeds jelly is given in diarrhoea and dysentery in children. Ethnobotanically it is much used in cold and fever as household remedy. The juice of leaves possesses diaphoretic, aritiperiodic, stimulating and expectorant properties. It is used in catarrh and bronchitis, applied to the skin in ringworm and other cutaneous diseases and dropped into ear to relieve earache. An infusion of the leaves is used as a stomachic in gastric disorders of children. The seeds are mucilaginous and demulcent and are given in the disorders of genito-urinary system. The seed oil is reported to inhibit invitro growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus, since the oil possesses antibacterial and insecticidal properties. It has marked insecticidal activity against mosquitoes (Pandey, 2004).

Origanum vulgare L. It is commonly called as maruga and they are aromatic branched herbs, leaves ovate, entire or toothed, flowers purple or pink in corymbose cymes, nutlets smooth, brown. Plant contains carvacrol, kaempferol, phenolic compounds, essential oil having α – thujene, camphene, β – pinene, myrcene, α – phellandrene, α – terpinene and ocimene. Origanum oil is carminative, stomachic, diuretic, tonic; used in diarrhea and colic; also applied in chronic rheumatism, toothache and earache, given in whooping cough and bronchitis due to spasmolytic action

(Yoganarasimhan, 1996). It has been used in folk medicine to treat colds, coughs, gastrointestinal problems and a variety of other conditions, 10 and reportedly has antibacterial, antifungal and antimicrobial properties due to the phenol carvacrol (Anonymous, 2005). Rama Rao et al. Page Diversity and therapeutic potentiality of the family Lamiaceae in Karnataka State, India: An overview, Species, 2015, 13(37), 6-14, www.discovery.org.in http://www.discovery.org.in/s.htm © 2015 Discovery Publication. All Rights Reserved Platostoma africans Beauv. They are slender erect herbs, leaves ovate, serrate, flowers blue or lilac, nutlets brown or black, ovoid, minutely reticulate. Plant yields essential oil consisting of sesquiterpenes and diterpenes (Yoganarasimhan, 1996). Therapeutically, Leaf juice is used for treatment of snake bite, gastroenteritis and microbial infections. Leaves used to treat waist pain, as pain-killers; antiabortificient; febrifuge and naso-pharyngeal affections. The root is used as a febrifuge and for the treatment of arthritis and rheumatism (Borokini and Omatayo, 2012). P. africans has been proved for its antioxidant and anti inflammatory potential as well (Aladendunye et al., 2008).

Plectranthus barbatus Andr They are sparsely branched rhizomatous herbs with stout, cylindric, woody stem, villous with long hairs, leaves elliptic – oblong, crenate, pubescent, flowers pale purple, large and showy in whorls of 6 to 10, arranged in spike like raceme. Roots contain labdane diterpenoids (I, II and III), diterpenes – colenol B, coleneol C and deoxycoleonol besides coleesol, forskolin (colenol), coleoside, yields essential oil and caffeic acid. Leaves contain diterpenoid methylene quinine – coleon E, coleon F, diterpenoid barbatusin, 3β – hydroxy – 3 – deoxybarbatusin, cyclobutatusin. P. barbatus is widely used in different countries for various ailments. In traditional Indian system of medicine, it has been used for treating heart diseases, abdominal colic, respiratory disorders, insomnia, convulsions, asthma, bronchitis, intestinal disorders, constipation epilepsy and angina. The roots are also used in treatment of worms and to alleviate burning in boils. When mixed with mustard oil, the root is applied to treat eczema and skin infections (Yashaswini and Vasundhara, 2011). Plectranthus barbatus contains an essential oil that exhibits anti-allergic activities through passive cutaneous anaphylaxis inhibition. The leaves when burnt a little and placed on the skin of the neck relieve stiffness). Plectranthus barbatus is also used in the treatment of bone dislocations. It has potential cytotoxic and anti-tumour promoting activity and can be used in the treatment of cancer (Lukhobaa et al., 2006).

Plectranthus mollis (Ait.) Spreng. It is a succulent, erect coarse herb or undershrub, leaves ovate – cordate, serrate, flowers blue in cymes or racemes, nutlet oblong, brownish. Plant yields essential oil and sitosterol (Yoganarasimhan, 1996). Plectranthus mollis is used in India as a respiratory stimulant and vasoconstrictor. It is a recognized febrifuge and is reported to exhibit relaxant activity on smooth and skeletal muscles, a cardiac depressant and a cure for haemorrahage. It is used for the treatment of mental retardation, have cytotoxic and anti-tumour promoting activity and can be used in the treatment of cancer. It has been used against snakebites. The leaves are fried in mustard oil and then massaged all over the body as an insect repellent (Lukhobaa et al., 2006).

Pogostemon auricularius (L.) Hassk. Syn. P. cablin It is a hirsute herb with leaves elliptic – oblong, serrate, flowers pale violet in dense verticils on long simple racemes (Yoganarasimhan, 1996). The plant contains Patchouli alcohol, 3-octanone, Benzaldehyde, dimethylphenol, octanoic-acid, Pogostol, 4-methyl-pentanoic-acid, b-elemene, epiguaipyridine, Ombuine, nor-patchoulinol, a-bulnesene b-patchoulene, epoxycaryophyllene, p-vinyl-phenol, Seychellene, a-bulnesene oxide, b-pinene, Eugenol, pachypodol, nor-patchoulinol, a-bulnesone, Bulnesol, eugenol cinnamic aldehyde, Patchoulipyridine, a-guaiene, Cadinene g- patchoulene, Patchoulipyridine, Methylchavicol, a-guaiene oxide, Camphene, guaiacol, pentanoic-acid, Limonene a-patchoulene, caryophyllene, guaipyridine, phenol, Pinene a-pinene, caryophyllene-oxide, heptanoic-acid, pogostol, p-methoxycinnamaldehyde, anethole, cinnamaldehyde, humulene, pogostone, 1,10-epoxy-alphabulnesene, anisaldehyde, cis-2- pentylcyclopropylcarboxylic -acid, limonene, rhamnetin, 1-alpha, 5-alpha-epoxy- alpha-guaiene, Apigenin, cycloseychellene, nonanoic-acid, seychellene, 1-beta,5-beta-epoxy-alpha- guaiene, apigenin-7-o-beta-d-(-6"- p-coumaroyl)-glucoside, d-patchoulene, nordehydropatcho ulol, tannin, 2-methyl-butyric-acid, apigenin-7-o- beta- glucoside, dehydracetic-acid, norpatchoulenol, trans-2- pentylcyclopropylcar boxylic-acid, 2-methylhexanoic-acid, azulene, dhelwangin, o-cresol. Patchouli oil can be attributed to its properties like antidepressant, antiphlogistic, antiseptic, aphrodisiac, astringent, cicatrisant, cytophylactic, deodorant, diuretic, febrifuge, fungicide, insecticide, sedative, tonic, cicatrisant, cytophylactic, deodorant, stimulant, euphoric. Because of its primary antiseptic properties, it is used to treat athlete's foot, dandruff, wounds and scars. It gives relief from constipation and acts as an antidote against insect bites temporarily. The pharmacological studies prove the anti viral, anti fungal, anti-mutagenic, antiemetic and cytotoxic potentials of P. auricularius (Chakrapani et al., 2013).

Pogostemon benghalensis (Burm.f.) O. Ktze. They are aromatic shrubs with 4 – angled branches, leaves ovate, truncate, crenate – serrate, flowers purple in dense verticils on long whitish – pubescent paniculate spikes, nutlet minute. Bracts contain oil. Essential oil of leaves contain β – pinene, β – caryophyllene, safrole, 1, 8 – cineole, myrtenal, thujone, terpinolene and eudesmol (Yoganarasimhan, 1996). Besides its essential oil it contains an astringent resin, an alkaloid and a yellow varnish of a slightly bitter taste. The whole plant contains α-pinene, camphene, methyl heptanone, linalool, linalyl acetate, citronella, geranyl acetate, δ-3- carene, geraniol, limonene and p-cymene. Essential oil contains limonene, α-phellandrene, β- caryophyllene, χ-cadinene, β-bisabalol, α- elemene, β-elemene, α-murolene, α-copane, α-patchulene, χ- patchulene and δ-guaiene. The major components were azulene-2-ol (32%), octatriene (6.5%), beta patchoulene(6.4%), germacrene D (5.1%), germacrene B (5.0%), Beta caryophyllene(3.9%), delta-cadinene (3.3%)and T-cadinol(3.1%). Whole parts are used in wounds which help in healing. It is used in herbal medicine as an aphrodisiac, antidepressant and antiseptic. The ethno-botany of the plant reveals that the plant leaves are also useful in the 11 treatment of kidney stone. The oil is used in aromatherapy to treat skin complaints. The oil may also be used for varicose veins and Rama Rao et al. Page Diversity and therapeutic potentiality of the family Lamiaceae in Karnataka State, India: An overview, Species, 2015, 13(37), 6-14, www.discovery.org.in http://www.discovery.org.in/s.htm © 2015 Discovery Publication. All Rights Reserved haemorrhoids. It shows antibacterial activity against E. coli. Fresh leaves are used as poultices to clean wounds and promote their healing. Its essential oil is antifungal and styptic. The leaves are also reported to be used in fevers. Root used in Haemorrhage especially in uterine haemorrhage (Ashwini et al., 2013).

Pogostemon heyneanus Benth. They are shrubs with quandrangular branches, leaves ovate or ovate – lanceolate, crenate, sparsely hairy above, pubescent on nerves beneath, flowers white in globose verticils. Leaves yield essential oil containing patchoulene, patchouli alcohol and eugenol. Essential oil contains alkaloids – patchoulipyridine and epiguapyridine, helwangin, sesquiterpene vochellene. The herb is diuretic and carminative. The decoction of leaves is given in cough and asthma and that of roots in dropsy. The powdered leaves are used as a sternutatory (Yoganarasimhan, 1996).

Pogostemon pubescens Benth. It is an erect herb with glabrous quadrangular branches, leaves ovate – lanceolate, serrate, pubescent beneath, flowers purple in dense verticils. Plant contains sesquiterpenoid lactone epoxyparvinolide. Leaves used as a stimulant and styptic; their juice used in colic and as a febrifuge. Roots are stimulant and antihaemorrhagic (Yoganarasimhan, 1996).

Pogostemon purpurascens Dalz. It is undershrubs, leaves in unequal pairs, irregularly serrate, appressedly – hairy, flowers white with purplish upper lip in verticils. Whole plant contains sesquiterpenoid lactone parvinolide (Yoganarasimhan, 1996). Leaves are used as a stimulant and styptic, their juice is used in colic and as a febrifuge. They are used to clean wounds and for promoting granulation. Roots are used in uterine haemorrhage, snake-bite and scorpion strings (Valke).

Salvia aegyptica L. They are bushy undershrubs with stiff, hairy, 4 – angled branches, leaves variable, linear – lanceolate, stiff, crenate, hairy, flowers small in long racemes, nutlets bluish – black, smooth. Mucilage contains sugars. Seeds are demulcent, used in diarrhea and haemorrhoids (Yoganarasimhan, 1996).

Salvia coccinea Buchoz ex Etlinga. They are slender herbs with quadrangular stem, leaves ovate or cordate, crenate, and flowers scarlet in distant whorls. Aerial parts contain diterpenoid salviacoccin, n – hentriacontanol, β – sitosterol and trotrepenes along with dehydrouvaol and uvaol are found. The decoction is used in renal troubles and lumbago; also for relief from tubercular cough (Yoganarasimhan, 1996). Salvia coccinia has proven antioxidant potential (Yadav and Mukundan, 2011). The aqueous leaf extract is medicinally used in inflammatory diseases such as ischemia, thermal or physical injury, infectious agents and antigen-antibody interactions (Venkateshappa and Sreenath, 2013).

Salvia officinalis L. They are undershrubs with white tomentose stems, leaves oblong, entire, petiolate, flowers blue, purple or white in simple racemes. Roots contain royleanone. Leaves contain flavones – 5 – methoxy salvigenin, aromatic triterpene, pristine, diterpene picrosalvin and luteolin. Plant contains essential oil and tannin. Essential oil contains salvin, α – pinene, β – pinene, camphor, myrcene, cineole and farnesene. Seeds contain α – amyrin, β – amyrin, β – sitosterol, its glucoside, a trihydroxytriterpens and water soluble protein. Seed oil contains fatty acids and β – sitosterol. The essential oil called ‘Sage oil’ is used in the treatment of thrush and gingivitis and as a carminative. Infusion of leaves used as a gargle in sore throat; hot infusion diaphoretic. It is prescribed in disorders of women (Yoganarasimhan, 1996). Salvia officinalis has proven antioxidant potential (Yadav and Mukundan, 2011).

Salvia plebeian R.Br. It is an erect herb with densely pubescent 4 –angled grooved stems, leaves oblong – lanceolate in paniculate interrupted spicate racemes, nutlets ovoid. Plant contains four flavanoids, seeds contain lignin secoisolariciresinol di-12-methyl-tetradecanoate (Yoganarasimhan, 1996). The plant possesses antiangiogenic, antinociceptive, anti inflammatory, antifungal, antioxidant activities. The aqueous and ethanol extracts have inhibited thegrowth of human gastric carcinoma cell lines suggesting its immuno modulatory potential. It was reported to act against hepatocyte injury and has also been used to treat urinary tract infections, exhibit significant diueretic, antipyretic, anti inflammatory and antidynous activities (Li et al., 2013). Salvia plebeian was used by the tribals of Melghat (MS) for its anthelmintic, diuretic, astringent and demulcent properties. It was also used in diarrhea, menorrhegia and as memory enhancer (Rupali et al., 2014).

Scutellaria discolor Colebr. It is a suffruticose herb, leaves manily radical or a few basal, elliptic – orbicular, cordate, crenate, flowers blue on terminal racemes, nutlets minute. Root contains flavanones and chalcones (Yoganarasimhan, 1996). The plant is prescribed to have a wide range for stimulating nerve weakness causing perturbation of autonomic nervous system consequent to epilepsy, insomnia, hysteria, anxiety and in relieving sprains, cramp, aching, twitching of muscles and cough fever. It has a proven antimicrobial and antioxidant activity as well (Devi and Singh, 2014). 12

Figure 1: Filed photographs of some Lamiaceae plants recorded from Karnataka State.

Anisochelus carnosus Anisomeles indica Anisomeles malabarica Basilicum polystachyon

Colebrookia oppositifolia Colius amboinicus Hyptis scaveolens Lavandula bipinnata

Leonotis nepetifolia Leucas aspera Leucas lanata Leucas stelligera

Leucas martinicensis Ocimum americanum Ocimum basilicum Ocimum gratissimum

Ocimum tenuiflorum Plectranthus mollis Pogostemon benghalensis Salvia coccinea 13

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