Running Head: MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER 1
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Review Article Pol J Public Health 2015;125(2): 116-120
Review Article Pol J Public Health 2015;125(2): 116-120 Marta BeMBnowska, Jadwiga Jośko-ochoJska What causes depression in adults? Abstract The problem of depression in adolescents is discussed increasingly more often. A lot of researchers devote their careers to investigating this subject. The issue becomes vital, since the number of young people with depressive symptoms is constantly on the rise. The diagnosis can be difficult, as many a time the changes so typical for the puberty period appear. They include mood swings, explosiveness, propulsion disorders, puissance, insomnia, concentration problems etc. These might be the first symptoms of depression as well. It is impossible to point to one cause of depression because it is a disease conditioned by many different factors, ranging from independent factors like genetic, biological, hormonal, through the influence of the fam- ily or the environment influence and socio-cultural components. Early depression symptoms, long time exposure to stress, challenges or adversities – things every young person has to deal with - are a breeding ground for risky behaviors among adolescents. Teens are more likely to reach for different kinds of stimulants like alcohol, cigarettes or drugs etc. It has also been proven that anti-health behaviors may cause depression in the future. Keywords: adolescent depression, risk factors, adolescents, behavior, anti-health. DOI: 10.1515/pjph-2015-0037 INTRODUCTION How mothers negative emotions affect the fetus during pregnancy? Depression in adolescents is a particular example of Since early pregnancy, the mothers’ emotions significant- an emotional and behavioral disorder, typical for the puberty ly affect the formation of synapses and the neurotransmitters period. -
Depressive Disorders a Clinical Overview
Depressive Disorders A clinical overview Dr. Scott Yarosh, Medical Director, Behavioral Health Depressive Disorders • What is depression? – Complex series of conditions – Physical component – Emotional component – Treatments aimed at both components 2 History of concept of depression • First concept of depression: Mesopotamia, second millennium BC • Causes: spiritual passion; demonic possession • Problems to be addressed by priests; not “medically” oriented – Greeks, Romans, Babylonians, Chinese and Egyptians similar ideas • Early Treatments include beating, starvation, physical restraint – Represents early stigma of mental illness 3 Progression of thought on depression • Greeks and Romans – post CE; initial conception of depression as physical • Notion that toxic “humors” may be harbored within body and cause mood change • Newer Treatments – Gymnastics, massage, diet, baths, poppy extract and donkey milk 4 More contemporary thoughts on depression • 1895- Emil Kraepelin differentiated manic depression from depression – Foundational concept that schizophrenia and mood are distinct • 1917 - Sigmund Freud introduced concept of the “unconscious” – Depression was anger turned inward – Self loathing – Psychoanalysis: Form of treatment to bring unconscious thoughts and emotions to conscious awareness. Depression has “nurture” roots. 5 6 Early thoughts on depression Freudian analysis mainstay of treatment – early 20th century • Helpful for certain types of patients • Lengthy and expensive • Seen more as treatment for the elite. Not “The Peoples” therapy. • Sigmund did not take kindly to the Prior Authorization process 7 Rapid changes in concept of mental illness and depression • Post WWII- state of psychiatric diagnoses was chaotic • DSM system introduced 1952; solve “Tower of Babel” crisis of psych • Most profound change – 1980 DSM III – Change from cause bases diagnoses to measurable observation – Endogenous depression vs exogenous depression – eliminated • Washington University (St. -
Pharmacology and Toxicology of Amphetamine and Related Designer Drugs
Pharmacology and Toxicology of Amphetamine and Related Designer Drugs U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES • Public Health Service • Alcohol Drug Abuse and Mental Health Administration Pharmacology and Toxicology of Amphetamine and Related Designer Drugs Editors: Khursheed Asghar, Ph.D. Division of Preclinical Research National Institute on Drug Abuse Errol De Souza, Ph.D. Addiction Research Center National Institute on Drug Abuse NIDA Research Monograph 94 1989 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration National Institute on Drug Abuse 5600 Fishers Lane Rockville, MD 20857 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, DC 20402 Pharmacology and Toxicology of Amphetamine and Related Designer Drugs ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is based upon papers and discussion from a technical review on pharmacology and toxicology of amphetamine and related designer drugs that took place on August 2 through 4, 1988, in Bethesda, MD. The review meeting was sponsored by the Biomedical Branch, Division of Preclinical Research, and the Addiction Research Center, National Institute on Drug Abuse. COPYRIGHT STATUS The National Institute on Drug Abuse has obtained permission from the copyright holders to reproduce certain previously published material as noted in the text. Further reproduction of this copyrighted material is permitted only as part of a reprinting of the entire publication or chapter. For any other use, the copyright holder’s permission is required. All other matieral in this volume except quoted passages from copyrighted sources is in the public domain and may be used or reproduced without permission from the Institute or the authors. -
Biological Mechanisms and the Role of Depression Symptom Profile Brenda WJH Penninx1,3*, Yuri Milaneschi1, Femke Lamers2 and Nicole Vogelzangs1
Penninx et al. BMC Medicine 2013, 11:129 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/11/129 $VSSFOU$POUSPWFSTJFTJO1TZDIJBUSZ REVIEW Open Access Understanding the somatic consequences of depression: biological mechanisms and the role of depression symptom profile Brenda WJH Penninx1,3*, Yuri Milaneschi1, Femke Lamers2 and Nicole Vogelzangs1 Abstract Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder worldwide. The burden of disease for depression goes beyond functioning and quality of life and extends to somatic health. Depression has been shown to subsequently increase the risk of, for example, cardiovascular, stroke, diabetes and obesity morbidity. These somatic consequences could partly be due to metabolic, immuno-inflammatory, autonomic and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis dysregulations which have been suggested to be more often present among depressed patients. Evidence linking depression to metabolic syndrome abnormalities indicates that depression is especially associated with its obesity- related components (for example, abdominal obesity and dyslipidemia). In addition, systemic inflammation and hyperactivity of the HPA-axis have been consistently observed among depressed patients. Slightly less consistent observations are for autonomic dysregulation among depressed patients. The heterogeneity of the depression concept seems to play a differentiating role: metabolic syndrome and inflammation up-regulations appear more specific to the atypical depression subtype, whereas hypercortisolemia appears more specific for melancholic depression. This review finishes with potential treatment implications for the downward spiral in which different depressive symptom profiles and biological dysregulations may impact on each other and interact with somatic health decline. Keywords: Depression, Metabolic syndrome, Inflammation, Cortisol, Autonomic Tone, Cardiovascular, Obesity, Symptom profile, Treatment Review one out of every six adults with women being affected Introduction twice as often as men [1]. -
The Longitudinal Biology of Depression: Pet Studies of the Dopamine and Serotonin Systems
From THE DEPARTMENT OF CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden THE LONGITUDINAL BIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION: PET STUDIES OF THE DOPAMINE AND SEROTONIN SYSTEMS Jonas Svensson Stockholm 2021 Cover: [11C]MADAM PET data from a healthy human subject, overlaid on MR image. Sagital view of 3D visualization generated using 3DSlicer (www.slicer.org). All previously published papers were reproduced with permission from the publisher. Published by Karolinska Institutet. Printed by US-AB © Jonas Svensson, 2020 ISBN 978-91-8016-091-9 The Longitudinal Biology of Depression: PET Studies of the Dopamine and Serotonin Systems THESIS FOR DOCTORAL DEGREE (Ph.D.) By Jonas Svensson M.D. This thesis will be defended in public in Inghesalen,Widerströmska huset, Tomtebodavägen 18a, Solna, on January 22, at 14:00 PM. Principal Supervisor: Opponent: Dr. Johan Lundberg Prof. Jeffrey Meyer Karolinska Institutet University of Toronto Department of Clinical Neuroscience Department of Psychiatry Co-supervisors: Examination Board: Dr. Martin Schain Dr. Konstantinos Meletis Copenhagen University Hospital Karolinska Institutet Neurobiology Research Unit Department of Neuroscience Dr. Pontus Plavén-Sigray Prof. Jussi Hirvonen Karolinska Institutet University of Turku Department of Clinical Neuroscience; Department of Radiology Copenhagen University Hospital Neurobiology Research Unit Dr. Andreas Frick Uppsala University Department of Neuroscience To Frans and Vera “The information I was able to find on the internet about the effects of hormones on the workings of the psyche left an impression of confusion and incoherence . serotonin was linked to self-esteem, to the sense of recognition obtained from the group. But in any case, it was essentially produced in the intestine, and it had been found to exist in a great variety of living creatures, including amoebas. -
Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy and Individual Psychology: a Dialogue Across Theories
Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy and Individual Psychology: A Dialogue Across Theories Paul R. Peluso and Heather Maclntosh Abstract The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the link between the major theoretical tenets of Emotionally Focused Therapy (Johnson, 1 996) and Individual Psychology (Ansbacher & Ansbacher, 1955) in the practice of couples therapy. The two theories are similar in many theoretical and practical ways' These areas of convergence and collaboration are outlined, as are the unique contributions that each approach has to offer practitioners of the other. Psychodynamic theories of personality have persisted over the decades beginning with Sigmund Freud. While many theorists subsequently refined or replaced Freud's initial theory, one element has remained consistent throughout psychodynamic thought: Human behavior is governed by pat- terns that are developed from early experiences (Bankart, 1 997). Two theories of personality arising from the psychodynamic perspective are Individual Psychology, developed by Alfred Adler in the 1920s and 1930s, and Attach- mentTheory, developed initially by John Bowlby in the 1940s and 1950s. Proponents of each of these theories try to use their concepts to explain an individual's methods of relating to others, viewing the world, and guiding their behaviors (Adler as cited in Ansbacher & Ansbacher, 1956; Bowlby, 19BB). Adlerian clinicians refer to these governing behaviors or personality dynamics as the lifestyle, while attachment theorists describe these dynamics as Attachment -
Alfred Adler (1870–1937): Individual Psychology Adler Called His Approach Individual Psychology Because It Expressed His Belie
Alfred Adler (1870‒1937): Individual Psychology Adler called his approach individual psychology because it expressed his belief that every human personality is unique and indivisible (Ewen, 1988). His emphasis on the individual did not preclude the social. The social element was an “all-important” factor since it is only in a social context that an individual becomes an individual. Adler has been considered to be a disciple of Freud but he vehemently rejected that. As Adler stated (1938): Freud and his followers are uncommonly fond of describing me in an unmistakably boastful way as one of his disciples, because I had many an argument with him in a psychological group. But I never attended one of his lectures, and when this group was to be sworn in to support the Freudian views I was the first to leave it. (1938, p. 254) In my investigations concerning dreams I had two great aids. The first was provided by Freud, with his unacceptable views. I profited by his mistakes. I was never psycho- analyzed, and I would have at once rejected any such proposal, because the rigorous acceptance of his doctrine destroys scientific impartiality which in any case is not very great. (1938, p. 254) Adler opposed Freud's insistence on sexuality as the center of human instinctual life. Instead, in his early theory he proposed that the basic human motive was aggression (which he admitted he borrowed from Freud—Freud would accuse him of plagiarism and heresy later on). Adler emphasized conscious thought and social determinants. Personality was shaped by learning in a social environment. -
La Psicología Adleriana
REVISTA DE PSICOTERAPIA, noviembre, 2015, Vol. 26, Nº 102, págs. 123-131 123 ADLER’S INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY: THE ORIGINAL POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY Richard E. Watts Sam Houston State University Richard E. Watts, Ph.D., is a Texas State University System Regents’ Professor, University Distinguished Professor, and Director of the Ph.D. program in Counseling at Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA. This article was published in Spanish. This is the English version. Link to the Spanish version: (http://revistadepsicoterapia.com/rp102-07.html). How to reference this article: Watts, R. E. (2015). La Psicología Individual de Adler: La Psicología Positiva original [Adler’s Individual Psychology: The Original Positive Psychology]. Revista de Psicoterapia, 26(102), 81-89. Abstract Resumen In addressing foundational perspectives, proponents of Los defensores de la Psicología Positiva, cuando the current positive psychology movement typically abordan las perspectivas fundacionales, suelen identify Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and Gordon identificar a Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers y Gordon Allport as precursors and ancestors. This article dem- Allport como precursores y predecesores. Este artículo onstrates that the Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler demuestra que la Psicología Individual de Alfred Adler preceded the aforementioned ancestors of positive psy- precedió a estos precursores de la Psicología Positiva chology and could be viewed as the original positive y se podría considerar como la Psicología Positiva psychology. Following a brief -
Adler's Individual Psychology: My Journey
Adler’s Individual Psychology: My journey/ My perspective/ My concerns/ My hopes William G. Nicoll, Ph.D. With the autumn of 2020, I enter my 50th year in the mental health profession. It also marks the 45th anniversary of my introduction to, and involvement with, Alfred Adler’s Individual Psychology (IP). Reaching such milestones (plus pandemic social isolation!) has led me to step back, pause, and reflect upon my professional journey with IP and where it has led in regard to my perspectives on, concerns about, and future hopes for IP. Allow me now to share some of these thoughts and reflections. Hopefully, by so doing, those new to Adler’s IP might be encouraged to contribute to the task of furthering the growth and development of IP theory and practice. That is, to build upon, improve and expand the contributions of Individual Psychology toward the promotion of mental health and social wellbeing in all aspects of life. [Part 1] My Journey with IP “The dots in your life always connect, but, you can’t connect the dots looking forward, you can only connect them looking backward”. Steve Jobs, 2005 commencement address, Stanford University In 1971, I completed my undergraduate degree majoring in both psychology and sociology. I was particularly influenced by my family sociology professor, Dr. Murray Strauss, founder of the field of family violence research. His research on the effects of family violence and corporal punishment on child behavior and development led to the establishment of the national Family Research Center (i.e., a precursor to today’s ACEs/Trauma research). -
1 the Psychology of Courage: Striving and Overcoming “In-Spite-Of”
The Psychology of Courage: Striving and Overcoming “In-Spite-Of” Julia Yang, Ph.D.1 Introduction The problems of living today seem worse than ever, as fears dictate our thoughts, feelings, and actions at home, school, work, and in society. The discussion of courage is hence necessary as we confront the meaning of existence and the challenges of fostering individual wellbeing and creating a better world for all. Courage is intimately related to Nietzsche’s concept of “will to power”, in which “will” is a given feature we have at birth, and we have the power to affirm our living and the ability to overcome life hurdles as we strive toward actualization. The purpose of this chapter is to present how Alfred Adler’s individual psychology and the contemporary meaning-centered existential positive psychology inspired by Frankl share the same philosophical upbringing and many theoretical similarities. Together, they provide the most commensurate framework open to a collaborative understanding of what courage is and how courage and its co-requisite attitudes give us strength to self-affirm in-spite-of the most difficult occurrences in life. Will to Power, Overcoming, and Striving Ansbacher and Ansbacher (1964/1979) noted the similarity between existential psychology and individual psychology. They credited Adler for his influence on existentialist and humanistic psychological theorists—such as Sartre, Maslow, May, and Frankl—who were explicit regarding their lineage from Adler. According to them, existential psychology is known to be in the system of Adlerian psychology, as it “sees man as a unique being, fundamentally concerned with the meaning of his existence and with plans and projects to solve his existential programs” (p. -
ADLERIAN PSYCHOTHERAPY Adler on Delusions of Power Alfred
Adler on Delusions of Power . "The striving for personal power is a disastrous ADLERIAN delusion and poisons man's living together. Whoever desires the human community must PSYCHOTHERAPY renounce the striving for power over others." . "One thing can save us: the mistrust of any form of Chapter 5 predominance. Our strength lies in conviction, in organizing strength, in a world view, not in the Sheila. K. Grant, Ph.D. violence of armament and not in emergency laws.” Professor . "For us the way and tactics emerge from our highest goal: the nursing and strengthening of social feeling." Alfred Adler’s The Phenomenological Individual Psychology Approach . A phenomenological approach . Adlerians attempt to view the world from . Social interest is stressed the client’s subjective frame of reference . Birth order and sibling relationships – How life is in reality is less important than how the individual believes life to be . Therapy as teaching, informing and – It is not the childhood experiences that are encouraging crucial – . Basic mistakes in the client’s private logic it is our present interpretation of these . The therapeutic relationship — a events collaborative partnership . Unconscious instincts and our past do not determine our behavior Social Interest Basic Tenets . Adler’s most significant and distinctive concept . Behavior can best be understood holistically in – Gemeinschaftsgefuhl or community feeling terms of its patterns or unity. Not reductionistic. – Human behavior has value to extent that it’s motivated by . All behavior is goal directed or purposive, social interest, that is, by a feeling of oneness with all of humanity although the individual may not be consciously – Striving for a better future for humanity aware of the purpose – A sense of identification & empathy with others . -
I EXPLAINING DEPRESSION
EXPLAINING DEPRESSION: A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF FAMILY PHYSICIANS’ AND NEUROSCIENTISTS’ ACCOUNTS OF EXPLANATORY MODELS AND THE CHEMICAL IMBALANCE HYPOTHESIS OF DEPRESSION A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the Department of Psychology University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon By Kristjan J. Sigurdson Copyright Kristjan J. Sigurdson, July 2019. All rights reserved i Permission to Use In presenting this thesis/dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Postgraduate degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the Libraries of this University may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis/dissertation in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my thesis/dissertation work or, in their absence, by the Head of the Department or the Dean of the College in which my thesis work was done. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis/dissertation or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis/dissertation. Requests for permission to copy or to make other uses of materials in this thesis/dissertation in whole or part should be addressed to: Head of Department Department of Psychology University of Saskatchewan 154 Arts Building, 9 Campus Drive Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A5, Canada OR Dean College of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies University of Saskatchewan 116 Thorvaldson Building, 110 Science Place Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5C9, Canada i Abstract The etiological explanations for depression, along with the received views of the way the brain and body function, have shifted from an excess of black bile to impaired neuroplasticity and neuroimmune functions.