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Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, Second Edition 1188 Tucuxi and Guiana Dolphin continues to grow and in the United States, public support stands Chance , P. ( 1994 ). “ Learning and Behavior , ” 3rd Ed. Brooks/Cole fi rmly behind both the MMPA and marine mammal facilities. More Publishing Company , Belmont . people are now enjoying the benefi ts of new and exciting training Cole , K. C. , Van Tilburg , D. , BurchVernon , A. , and Riccio , D. C. ( 1996). programs, shows, presentations, interaction opportunities, and scien- The importance of context in the US preexposure effect in CTA: Novel tifi c discoveries, all facilitated through behavior management. versus latently inhibited contextual stimuli . Lear. Motiv. 27 , 362 – 374 . Domjan , M. ( 1993 ). “ The Principles of Learning and Behavior , ” 3rd Ed. By maintaining a healthy captive population of various marine Brooks/Cole Publishing Company , Belmont . mammal species, comparative data are generated to assist in under- Honig , W. K. , and Staddon , J. E. R. ( 1977 ). “ The Handbook of Operant standing wild animals, and these facilities continue to give material Behavior . ” Prentice-Hall, Inc , Englewood Cliffs . support to important research and conservation initiatives. In addi- Kazdin , A. E. ( 1994 ). “ Behavior Modifi cation in Applied Settings , ” 5th tion, these facilities act as part of the Marine Mammal Stranding Ed. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company , Belmont . Network, assisting NOAA/NMFS in the rescue, housing, and care Marine Mammal Permits and Authorizations. (2006). [Accessed online of stranded wild animals where expertise in medical care can be July 5, 2007]. Available from World Wide Web: http://www.nmfs. applied. These facilities also develop animal management and hus- noaa.gov/pr/permits/mmpa_permits.htm bandry skills in staff members who are also able to assist in health Marine Mammal Poll. Harris Interactive. (2005). [Accessed online July assessment studies or during mass strandings, as directed by NMFS. 10, 2007]. Available from World Wide Web: http://www.ammpa.org/_ docs/HarrisPollResults.pdf Captive marine mammals and the facilities in which they live provide Pryor , K. ( 1995 ). “ On Behavior: Essays and Research , ” 1st Ed. Sunshine a template for handling highly endangered animals, or the establish- Books , North Bend . ment of a controlled breeding group, when the need arises. Finally, Ramirez , K. ( 1999 ). “ Animal Training: Successful Animal Management these facilities maintain a living repository of genetic material acces- through Positive Reinforcement . ” Shedd Aquarium Press , Chicago . sible through behavior management, where candidate animals can be SeaWorld. (2006). The 7th Anniversary of J.J.’s Rescue. ” Press release, carefully and scientifi cally selected and trained for introduction into issued spring 2006. the wild if needed. This successful model has been pioneered in zoo- Shepherdson , D. J. , Mellen , J. D. , and Hutchins , M. ( 1998 ). “ Second logical parks, saving numerous species from extinction, including the Nature: Environmental Enrichment for Captive Animals . ” black-footed ferret and California condor ( Gymnogyps californianus ) Smithsonian Institution Press , Washington, DC . ( Top 10 Wildlife Conservation Success Stories, 2006 ). Behavior man- Spear , N. E. , and Riccio , D. C. ( 1994 ). “ Memory: Phenomena and Principles . ” Allyn & Bacon , Needham Heights . agement plans are an intricate and important part of these programs, Spradlin, T. R, Drevenak, J. K., Terbush, A. D., and Nitta, E. T. (1999). helping to generate public interest through fascinating presentations, Interactions between the public and wild dolphins in the United dynamic behaviors, and invaluable research. These contributions are States: Biological concerns and the Marine Mammal Protection undoubtedly saving the lives of wild marine mammals. Act. In “ Wild Dolphin Swim Program Workshop, ” held in conjunc- tion with the 13th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals, November 28, 1999. Silver Spring. XII . Conclusion Top 10 Wildlife Conservation Success Stories in 2006. (2006). [Accessed As formal behavior management gains wider application, wildlife online June 11, 2007]. Available from World Wide Web: http://www. managers will continue to increase their knowledge and application of aza.org/Newsroom/PR_TopTenStories2006 animal learning principles, particularly as they relate to the conserva- Turner , T. , and Stafford , G. ( 2000 ). Rapid weight fl uctuations linked to increased aggression in intact male California sea lions (Zalophus cal- tion of highly endangered species, shrinking populations, and popula- ifornianus ) . Mar. Mamm. Pub. Disp. Res. 4 , 1 4 – 2 0 . tion recovery. Solutions to man/animal encounters, fi sheries depletion, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric survival skill acquisition, translocation, reintroduction, and relocation Administration, Offi ce of the Administrative Law Judge In the Matter efforts will require a specialized understanding of the learning and of: Richard O’Barry United States of America. (1999). [Accessed training processes, pioneered in the learning laboratories, and applied online June 25, 2007]. Available from World Wide Web: http://www. in the fi eld of marine mammal training and behavior management. animallaw.info/cases/caus1999noaalexis1.htm Willis, K. (2007). Life expectancy of bottlenose dolphins in Alliance of Marine Mammal Parks and Aquariums ’ North American mem- Acknowledgments ber facilities: 1990—present. Presented at the 2007 meeting of the We wish to express our sincere gratitude to all the profession- Alliance of Marine Mammal Parks and Aquariums. als who dedicate their careers to advancements in the care, train- ing, and research of marine mammals. We are especially grateful to Mr. Tom Sanders for his professional input, behavioral review and suggestions for content, as well as his efforts to coordinate fi le transfers and author communications between Gavutu, Nadi, Los Angeles, Columbus and Cleveland…welcome back. Tucuxi and Guiana Dolphin Sotalia fl uviatilis and S. guianensis T See Also the Following Articles PAULO A.C. FLORES AND VERA M.F. DA SILVA Captivity ■ Behavior, Overview ■ Captive Breeding ■ Ethics and Marine Mammals ■ Marine Parks and Zoos I. Characteristics and Taxonomy he genus Sotalia of the family Delphinidae was once considered References to comprise fi ve species, but in the twentieth century, this was Baldwin , B. , and Baldwin , J. ( 1998 ). “ Behavior Principles in Everyday Treduced to two, the riverine Sotalia fl uviatilis and the marine Life . ” Simon & Schuster , New Jersey . Sotalia guianensis. Later these were further lumped into a single species Tucuxi and Guiana Dolphin 1189 ( S. fl uviatilis), with marine and riverine ecotypes. Recent morpho- another mid-body at the level of the anus. The marine species has logical and genetic studies, however, concluded that marine and riv- another light gray rounded streak on both sides of the caudal pedun- erine Sotalia are different species ( Cunha et al ., 2005 ; Caballero et cle. In both species, the eyes are large, and there is black countershad- al ., 2007 ). Based on priority criteria, the name Sotalia guianensis (Van ing around the eyes. A case of atypical white coloration was recently Bénéden 1864) was assigned to the marine animals, whereas riverine reported, although it was not confi rmed whether it was albinism or dolphins retained the oldest species name Sotalia fl uviatilis (Gervais another type of anomalously light pigmentation. The dorsal fi n is tri- 1853). No fossil record is known. angular and sometimes slightly hooked on the tip. The tucuxi has a The common name tucuxi comes from tucuchi-una after the Tupi moderately slender beak, a rounded melon and 26–36 teeth in each language of the Mayanas Indians from the Amazon region of Brazil, mandibular ramus. The Guiana dolphin has more upper teeth and where it is called boto-tucuxi , boto-cinza , or simply boto . In the is larger than the tucuxi, with a maximum total length of 220 cm and other Amazon countries it is usually called delfi n or bufeo gris del about 80 kg body mass vs a maximum length of around 152 cm and rio. S. guianensis is also known simply as boto or golfi nho and as boto mass of 55 kg. comum and golfi nho cinza along the Brazilian coast; bufeo gris , bufeo blanco , or bufeo negro in Colombia and Peru; tonina de rio , delfi n blanco , or soplón in the Venezuela Amazon, tonina del lago in Lake II. Distribution and Abundance Maracaibo, and bufeo negro, bufete , or soplón in the Orinoco River The tucuxi occurs in the main tributaries of the Amazon/Solimões basin in Venezuela; lam in Nicaragua; Guyana dolphin or Guiana River basin in Brazil as far inland as southeastern Colombia, east- white dolphin in Guyana; and profuso or dolfi jn in Surinam. There ern Ecuador, and northeastern Peru, with records in all three types is some controversy about a defi nitive international common name of water that occur in this region. Several rivers contain impassable for S. guianensis in English. Various names have been used in the lit- falls, rapids, and shallow waters. On the tributaries of the right side erature, most frequently marine tucuxi, gray dolphin, estuarine dol- of the Amazon basin, the Teotônio and Santo Antônio Falls on the phin, and recently costero. We avoid the controversy here by using Madeira River, the Santa Isabel Falls on the R. Xingú, and S. Luis “Guiana dolphin,” based on the Scientifi c name. Falls on the Tapajós river are impassable barriers, whereas on the The two Sotalia
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