DOCSLIB.ORG

Gümüşhane Ve Çevresinde Pontus Rum Faaliyetleri”, Karadeniz Araştırma- Ları Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5/8, Ss.143-152

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Gümüşhane Ve Çevresinde Pontus Rum Faaliyetleri”, Karadeniz Araştırma- Ları Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5/8, Ss.143-152 KARADENİZ ARAŞTIRMALARI ENSTİTÜSÜ DERGİSİ THE JOURNAL OF INSTITUTE OF BLACK SEA STUDIES 2019 5 / 8 (143-152) Çelik, Kemal, “Gümüşhane ve Çevresinde Pontus Rum Faaliyetleri”, Karadeniz Araştırma- ları Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5/8, ss.143-152. DOI: 10.31765/karen.668103 GÜMÜŞHANE VE ÇEVRESİNDE PONTUS RUM FAALİYETLERİ* Kemal ÇELİK * Araştırma makalesidir. Öz: Birinci Dünya Savaşı yıllarında, Rumların çoğu, Os- Bu makale, Pof. Dr. Kemal Çelik, manlı Devleti’nin yanında yer almamış, bölgeyi işgale gi- (2018), “Gümüşhane ve Çevresinde rişen Çarlık Rusya kuvvetiyle işbirliği yapan Pontus Rum Pontus Rum Faaliyetleri”, Pontus Me- çeteleri, bağımsızlık için silahlanmışlardır. 18 Nisan selesi ve Türkiye Karadeniz Rumeli 1916’da Trabzon’a giren Ruslar, başlarında metropolit ve Dernekleri Federasyonu, 1. Baskı, papazları olan Rum ve Ermeniler tarafından sevinçle kar- (Editör: Prof. Dr. Bünyamin KOCA- şılanmışlardır. Bu işgalle birlikte Pontusçu Rum çeteleri OĞLU), Samsun, s. 129-136’da kitap bölümü olarak yayınlanmış olup, ye- ve Ermenilerin Trabzon ve çevresindeki mezalimleri baş- niden gözden geçirilmiş, eklentiler lamıştır. Gümüşhane halkı bu dönemde katliama tabi tu- yapılarak yeni bilgiler ve yeni kaynak- tulmuş, zulme uğramış, bölgenin Batısındaki şehirlere göç larla genişletilmiştir. etmiş, ekonomik yönden güçsüz ve fakir hale düşmüştür. Mondros Mütarekesi’ni takiben, Rum Pontus çalışmaları ** Prof. Dr. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi canlandırılmıştır. İtilaf devletlerinin Doğu Karadeniz böl- Edebiyat Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü gesine gönderdikleri subayları ve Yunanlılar, yöre Rumla- E-Posta: [email protected] rını desteklemişlerdir. Orta ve Doğu Karadeniz kıyıları ORC ID: 0000-0002-5259-9911 Rusya’dan gelen silahlı Rum göçmenlerle dolmuştur. Ge- nel Af ile hapisten tahliye edilen ve dağdan inen Pontus çetecileri, İngiliz subaylarının izniyle silahla dolaşmış, Anahtar Kelimeler: Gümüşhane, Müslüman halka karşı baskın, soygun, zulüm ve cinayet- Doğu Karadeniz, Pontus Rum, Yuna- lerini arttırmışlardır. Cumhuriyetin ilanından günümüze nistan, Türkiye. kadarki yakın dönemde, Yunanistan ve Rumlar, Ermeni Keywords: Gumushane, Eastern soykırım iddiası ile yakın dönemdeki Kürt Sorunu öne çı- Black Sea, Pontus Greek, Greece, Tur- karıp bağlantı kurarak, soykırımı tanıması ve tazminat key. ödemesini talep ettikleri Türkiye’nin, bu soykırımı tanı- maması halinde AB’ye kabul edilmemesi yönünde, Avrupa Parlamentosu, İngiltere, Almanya, Moskova’da sergiler düzenlemiş ve Avrupa ülkelerinde propagandalar yapmış- lardır. Doğu Karadeniz’de Rum nüfus sayısı çok abartıl- mıştır. Avrupa ve Amerika’daki sürekli Türkiye’yi suçla- yan Pontusçu çalışmalar yanında; asıl önemlisi ve dikkati çeken nokta Doğu Karadeniz’deki çocuk ve genç nüfus Gönderim Tarihi: 29.07.2019 başta olmak Türkiye’deki Türkleri kendilerinden şüpheye Kabul Tarihi: 25.12.2019 düşürecek ölçüde, aslında Rum oldukları yalanına inan- Kemal ÇELİK KAREN 2019 / 5 / 8 144 dırmak yönündeki Pontus Rum faaliyetleridir. 1. Pontus Adı PONTUS RUM ACTIVITIES IN GUMUSHANE Günümüzde Yunanistan’ın siyasi bir sorun Abstract: During the First World War, most of haline getirmeye çalıştığı Pontus adı, İlk- the Greek Cypriots did not stand by the Ottoman çağda Grekler tarafından “deniz” anla- Empire, but the Pontus Greek gangs, which co- mında da kullanılan ve Doğu Karadeniz’i operated with the Tsarist Russian forces that in- kapsayan Güney sahiline de verilmiş, bölge vaded the region, were armed for independ- sakinlerine de “Pontuslu” denilmiştir. Pon- ence. The Russians entered Trabzon on April 18, tus adı genelde coğrafi bir terim olarak Ka- 1916 and were greeted with joy by the Greeks radeniz ve kıyıları için kullanılmıştır. Sam- and Armenians, who had metropolitan and pas- sun’dan Artvin’e kadar uzanan ve Güney tors at the beginning. With this occupation, the Pontusian Greek gangs and the atrocities of the kesimde Gümüşhane ve Bayburt’u da içine Armenians in and around Trabzon started. The alan bölge, Tarih Öncesi dönemden itiba- people of Gumushane were massacred, perse- ren insanların yerleşim alanı olmuştur. Bu cuted, migrated to the cities in the West of the nedenle, bölgede yaşamış olan bir etnik region and became economically weak and grubu belirtmez Pers Satrapı’nın oğlu I. poor. Mithridates’in M.Ö. 301’de kurduğu “Pon- Following the Armistice of Mudros, Greek Pon- tus Krallığı”, son Kral VI. Mithridates Ev- tus works were revived. The officers sent to the pator’un yayılmacı siyaseti sonucu Ege Eastern Black Sea region by the entente states adalarına kadar uzanmış, en geniş sınırla- and the Greeks of the region. Central and East- rına ulaşmıştır. M.Ö. 66’da General Pompe- ern Black Sea coasts are filled with armed Greek ius komutasındaki Roma ordusu, Pontus immigrants from Russia. Pontus gangs, who kuvvetlerini bozguna uğratarak bu devlete prison with Amnesty and descended from the son vermiştir. Pontusluların, Yunanlılık mountains, went with guns with the permission of British officers and increased their raids, veya Hellenlikle ilgileri olmamakla bir- robberies, cruelty and murders against the Mus- likte, sayıca çoğu Ortodoks Hrıstiyan ol- lim people. duklarından kilise ile burjuvazinin yürüt- tüğü çabanın etkisi altına girdikleri, köken- So that in the near future to present the procla- leri ne olursa olsun Anadolu’da yaşayan mation of the Republic, Greece and Greeks, es- tablishing Armenian genocide allegations with Türkçe veya Rumca konuşan bütün Orto- close removing lead the Kurdish Question in the doks Hrıstiyanlar gibi, Rumluk duygusunu period connections, to recognize the genocide benimsedikleri düşü-nülmektedir. Pontus and Turkey, where they demanded the payment Meselesi Tanzimat’ın Gayrı Müslimlerle il- of compensation, this genocide towards the gili hükümlerine dayanılarak ortaya atıl- adoption of the EU in case of non-recognition, mıştır. 19. Yüzyıl sonlarında İngiltere, the Europe Parliament, England Organized ex- Fransa, Rusya ve ABD’nin destek verdiği hibitions in Germany, Moscow and made prop- Yunan Megali İdeasının, Doğu Karadeniz aganda in European countries. The number of kıyısında kurulması planlanan bir Pontus Greek populations in the Eastern Black Sea re- gion has been exaggerated. Besides constantly Devleti’nin oluşmasını sağlamak için güt- accusing Turkey Pontists studies in Europe and tükleri siyasi, askeri, dini, kültürel ve etnik America; The important point worthy of atten- faaliyetler olarak tanımlanabilir. Pontus tion and especially children and young people in Meselesi, Yunanlılar ve Batılılar için farklı the eastern Black Sea region of Turkey to the anlamlar taşımış, Yunanlıların verdiği an- extent that discredit themselves in Turkey, the lam dışında, Batılılar için Türkleri siyasi fact that they lie on the Pontic Greeks are alanda sıkıştırmak, dünya kamuoyuna Greeks activities to make believe. karşı zor durumda bırakmak, Yunanlıları oyunlarına alet etmek yönünde kullandık- ları bir koz olarak kullanılmıştır.1 -------------------------------------------------------- 1 Kurt, 1995: 60-62; Pehlivanlı, 1999: 79-81; Okur, 2011; Öztürk, 2011: 890; Çapa-Usta, 2017: 4, 5-16; 2007: (14): 1-3; Özgören, 2006: 1-3; Fallmerayer, Üçüncü, 2017: (23) 108. 145 Gümüşhane ve Çevresinde Pontus Rum Faaliyetleri 2. Birinci Dünya Savaşı Öncesi ve Sıra- Maçka’dan Aşağıdere’ye kadarki bölgede sında Gümüşhane Pontusçu faaliyetler yoğun olarak kendini göstermiştir. O dönemde Trabzon’un bir İkinci Meşrutiyetin ilanıyla özgürlük ha- Sancağı durumundaki Gümüşhane’nin iş- vası içindeki Pontusçular, çalışmalarını gale uğradığı 19 Temmuz 1916’dan 15 Şubat gizlemek gereğini duymamışlardır. 1918’e kadarki dönemde Gümüşhane ve 1904’te, Merzifon Amerikan Koleji’nde giz- bağlı yerlerinde de halkın önemli bir kısmı lice kurulmuş olan Pontus Rum Cemiyeti Rum ve Ermeni komitacıların katliam ve zamanla faaliyetlerini arttırmıştır. Bu ce- zulümlerinden kurtulmak için işgale uğra- miyetin 1908’de Samsun’da kurulan “Rum mayan Batı kesimine göç etmiştir. Gümüş- Teceddüd ve İhya Cemiyeti’ne gönderdiği hane ve çevresindeki ortaya çıkan Pontus- kutlama yazısı niyetini ortaya koymakta- çuluk faaliyetleri Çarlık Rusya kuvvetleri- dır. Cemiyet 1910’da Pontus adlı bir dergi nin Bolşevik İhtilali nedeniyle geriye çekil- yayınlayarak çalışmalarına ilmi bir gö- mek zorunda kalmaları ve bölgede Türk rüntü katmıştır. Pontus Cemiyeti’nin bay- egemenliğinin yeniden sağlanması üze- rağı ile üzerindeki semboller, Yunan bay- rine, Pontusçu Rumlarla Ermeniler çalış- rağı sembollerine benzetilmiştir. Kurula- malarını gizli yapmaya başlamışlardır. Gü- cak olan Rum Pontus devletinin merkezi müşhane, Türk ordusu tarafından kurtarıl- olarak düşünülen Samsun ve Doğu Karade- dığında harabe bir şehir görünümündedir. niz kesiminde Pontusçuluk faaliyetleri art- Ekonomik bakımdan halk güçsüz ve fakir tırılmış, Müslümanları Hristiyanlaştırma hale gelmiştir. Kazım Karabekir Paşa, To- ve Rumlaştırma girişimleri başlatılmıştır. rul üzerinden Gümüşhane, Bayburt ve Er- Birinci Dünya Savaşı öncesinde, Gümüş- zurum’a giderken geçtiği bölgelerdeki hal- hane’de Türk nüfus Rumlara göre farklı şe- kın çektiği açlığı görmekten büyük üzüntü kilde çoğunlukta idi. Ermeni nüfus ise Türk duyduğunu, Gümüşhane’de Daltaban’dan ve Rumlara oranla daha az bir sayıda idiler. geçerken ekmek diye bağrışan kadınları 1914 yılı sayımında Gümüşhane nüfusu görünce bunlara yiyecek verilmesini em- 40.635, Torul nüfusu 60.257 olarak belir- rettiğini anlatmıştır.2 lenmiştir. Birinci Dünya Savaşı yıllarında, Rumların çoğu, Osmanlı Devleti’nin ya- 3. Mondros Mütarekesi ve Milli
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Royal Power, Law and Justice in Ancient Macedonia Joseph Roisman
    Royal Power, Law and Justice in Ancient Macedonia Joseph Roisman In his speech On the Crown Demosthenes often lionizes himself by suggesting that his actions and policy required him to overcome insurmountable obstacles. Thus he contrasts Athens’ weakness around 346 B.C.E. with Macedonia’s strength, and Philip’s II unlimited power with the more constrained and cumbersome decision-making process at home, before asserting that in spite of these difficulties he succeeded in forging later a large Greek coalition to confront Philip in the battle of Chaeronea (Dem.18.234–37). [F]irst, he (Philip) ruled in his own person as full sovereign over subservient people, which is the most important factor of all in waging war . he was flush with money, and he did whatever he wished. He did not announce his intentions in official decrees, did not deliberate in public, was not hauled into the courts by sycophants, was not prosecuted for moving illegal proposals, was not accountable to anyone. In short, he was ruler, commander, in control of everything.1 For his depiction of Philip’s authority Demosthenes looks less to Macedonia than to Athens, because what makes the king powerful in his speech is his freedom from democratic checks. Nevertheless, his observations on the Macedonian royal power is more informative and helpful than Aristotle’s references to it in his Politics, though modern historians tend to privilege the philosopher for what he says or even does not say on the subject. Aristotle’s seldom mentions Macedonian kings, and when he does it is for limited, exemplary purposes, lumping them with other kings who came to power through benefaction and public service, or who were assassinated by men they had insulted.2 Moreover, according to Aristotle, the extreme of tyranny is distinguished from ideal kingship (pambasilea) by the fact that tyranny is a government that is not called to account.
    [Show full text]
  • The Greek Genocide in American Naval War Diaries: Naval Commanders Report and Protest Death Marches and Massacres in Turkey’S Pontus Region, 1921–1922
    Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal Volume 14 Issue 2 Denial Article 14 9-4-2020 Book Review: The Greek Genocide in American Naval War Diaries: Naval Commanders Report and Protest Death Marches and Massacres in Turkey’s Pontus Region, 1921–1922 Thomas Blake Earle Texas A&M University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp Recommended Citation Earle, Thomas Blake (2020) "Book Review: The Greek Genocide in American Naval War Diaries: Naval Commanders Report and Protest Death Marches and Massacres in Turkey’s Pontus Region, 1921–1922," Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal: Vol. 14: Iss. 2: 179-181. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5038/1911-9933.14.2.1778 Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol14/iss2/14 This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Access Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Book Review: The Greek Genocide in American Naval War Diaries: Naval Commanders Report and Protest Death Marches and Massacres in Turkey’s Pontus Region, 1921–1922 Thomas Blake Earle Texas A&M University Galveston, Texas, USA The Greek Genocide in American Naval War Diaries: Naval Commanders Report and Protest Death Marches and Massacres in Turkey’s Pontus Region, 1921–1922 Robert Shenk and Sam Koktzoglou, editors New Orleans, University of New Orleans Press, 2020 404 Pages; Price: $24.95 Paperback Reviewed by Thomas Blake Earle Texas A&M University at Galveston Coming on the heels of the more well-known Armenian Genocide, the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Greeks in the Pontus region of Asia Minor in 1921 and 1922 has received comparatively less attention.
    [Show full text]
  • Ammianus Marcellinus on the Geography of the Pontus Euxinus
    Histos () – AMMIANUS MARCELLINUS ON THE GEOGRAPHYOF THE PONTUS EUXINUS “Das eitle Bemühen um Allwissenheit, wie es der Fluch aller encyclo- pädischen Bildung ist, und vor allem der Fluch jener unseligen, auch auf dem geistigen Gebiet, in der Trümmerwelt einer grössern Vergang- enheit kümmerlich hausenden Generationen war, zeigt sich bei Ammian … auf diesem Gebiet …” This quotation of more than a century ago by Theodor Mommsen expresses a harsh verdict on Ammianus Marcellinus’ acquaintance with the geogra- phy of the world as it was known in his days (it is geographical knowledge which is meant by “diesem Gebiet”). In this field Ammianus had a “schein- haftes Bescheidwissen” and empty words had to conceal his “Unkenntniss”, according to the same Mommsen. Mommsen’s article, written in reaction to V. Gardthausen’s Die geographischen Quellen Ammians , which expressed a more positive opinion, had a great impact. Soon Mommsen’s unfavourable view of Ammianus’ knowledge of geography was widely accepted and has for a long time not been seriously disputed. The Res Gestae of the fourth-century historian Ammianus Marcellinus started where Tacitus had left off, that is in the year C.E. with the reign of Nerva, and ended at the year . The work originally consisted of books, but the first books have unfortunately been lost. The extant books cover only some twenty-five years of Roman history, namely the years from to . Thus Ammianus wrote the history of his own time, of which he himself was not only a part but also an eyewitness, since he was present at several important events of this period.
    [Show full text]
  • "The Greeks in the History of the Black Sea" Report
    DGIV/EDU/HIST (2000) 01 Activities for the Development and Consolidation of Democratic Stability (ADACS) Meeting of Experts on "The Greeks in the History of the Black Sea" Thessaloniki, Greece, 2-4December 1999 Report Strasbourg Meeting of Experts on "The Greeks in the History of the Black Sea" Thessaloniki, Greece, 2-4December 1999 Report The opinions expressed in this work are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the Council of Europe. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................... 5 Introductory remarks by James WIMBERLEY, Head of the Technical Cooperation and Assistance Section, Directorate of Education and Higher Education.................................................................................................................... 6 PRESENTATIONS -Dr Zofia Halina ARCHIBALD........................................................................11 -Dr Emmanuele CURTI ....................................................................................14 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Dr Constantinos CHATZOPOULOS..........................................................................17 APPENDIX I LIST OF PARTICIPANTS.........................................................................................21 APPENDIX II PROGRAMME OF THE SEMINAR.........................................................................26 APPENDIX III INTRODUCTORY PRESENTATION BY PROFESSOR ARTEMIS XANTHOPOULOU-KYRIAKOU.............................................................................30
    [Show full text]
  • The Successors: Alexander's Legacy
    The Successors: Alexander’s Legacy November 20-22, 2015 Committee Background Guide The Successors: Alexander’s Legacy 1 Table of Contents Committee Director Welcome Letter ...........................................................................................2 Summons to the Babylon Council ................................................................................................3 The History of Macedon and Alexander ......................................................................................4 The Rise of Macedon and the Reign of Philip II ..........................................................................4 The Persian Empire ......................................................................................................................5 The Wars of Alexander ................................................................................................................5 Alexander’s Plans and Death .......................................................................................................7 Key Topics ......................................................................................................................................8 Succession of the Throne .............................................................................................................8 Partition of the Satrapies ............................................................................................................10 Continuity and Governance ........................................................................................................11
    [Show full text]
  • 'Temple States' of Pontus: Comana Pontica and Zela A
    ‘TEMPLE STATES’ OF PONTUS: COMANA PONTICA AND ZELA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY EM İNE SÖKMEN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN SETTLEMENT ARCHAEOLOGY APRIL 2005 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Sencer Ayata Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Prof. Numan Tuna Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Asist. Prof. Dr .Deniz Burcu Erciyas Supervisor Examining Committee Members (first name belongs to the chairperson of the jury and the second name belongs to supervisor) Prof. Dr. Suna Güven (METU,AH) Asist. Prof. Dr. Deniz Burcu Erciyas (METU, SA) Asist. Prof. Dr. Jan Krzysztof Bertram (METU, SA) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Emine Sökmen Signature : iii ABSTRACT ‘TEMPLE STATES’ OF PONTUS: COMANA PONTICA AND ZELA Sökmen, Emine M.S., Department of Settlement Archaeology Supervisor : Asist. Prof. Dr. Deniz Burcu Erciyas April 2005, 68 pages Before the Roman rule in Asia Minor, under the Hellenistic kings, small communities lived independently within areas surrounding temples with local powers.
    [Show full text]
  • Andrea F. Gatzke, Mithridates VI Eupator and Persian Kingship
    The Ancient History Bulletin VOLUME THIRTY-THREE: 2019 NUMBERS 1-2 Edited by: Edward Anson ò Michael Fronda òDavid Hollander Timothy Howe ò John Vanderspoel Pat Wheatley ò Sabine Müller òAlex McAuley Catalina Balmacedaò Charlotte Dunn ISSN 0835-3638 ANCIENT HISTORY BULLETIN Volume 33 (2019) Numbers 1-2 Edited by: Edward Anson, Catalina Balmaceda, Michael Fronda, David Hollander, Alex McAuley, Sabine Müller, John Vanderspoel, Pat Wheatley Senior Editor: Timothy Howe Assistant Editor: Charlotte Dunn Editorial correspondents Elizabeth Baynham, Hugh Bowden, Franca Landucci Gattinoni, Alexander Meeus, Kurt Raaflaub, P.J. Rhodes, Robert Rollinger, Victor Alonso Troncoso Contents of volume thirty-three Numbers 1-2 1 Kathryn Waterfield, Penteconters and the Fleet of Polycrates 19 John Hyland, The Aftermath of Aigospotamoi and the Decline of Spartan Naval Power 42 W. P. Richardson, Dual Leadership in the League of Corinth and Antipater’s Phantom Hegemony 60 Andrea F. Gatzke, Mithridates VI Eupator and Persian Kingship NOTES TO CONTRIBUTORS AND SUBSCRIBERS The Ancient History Bulletin was founded in 1987 by Waldemar Heckel, Brian Lavelle, and John Vanderspoel. The board of editorial correspondents consists of Elizabeth Baynham (University of Newcastle), Hugh Bowden (Kings College, London), Franca Landucci Gattinoni (Università Cattolica, Milan), Alexander Meeus (University of Mannhiem), Kurt Raaflaub (Brown University), P.J. Rhodes (Durham University), Robert Rollinger (Universität Innsbruck), Victor Alonso Troncoso (Universidade da Coruña) AHB is currently edited by: Timothy Howe (Senior Editor: [email protected]), Edward Anson, Catalina Balmaceda, Michael Fronda, David Hollander, Alex McAuley, Sabine Müller, John Vanderspoel, Pat Wheatley and Charlotte Dunn. AHB promotes scholarly discussion in Ancient History and ancillary fields (such as epigraphy, papyrology, and numismatics) by publishing articles and notes on any aspect of the ancient world from the Near East to Late Antiquity.
    [Show full text]
  • Milli Mücadele Döneminde “Pontus Cumhuriyeti” Kurma Çabalari Sayfa: 421-434
    AŞT I AR IRM AS A Y LA N R Ü I D 2020 / K MART - NİSAN T TUĞBA ERAY BİBER R D Ü CİLT: 124 SAYI: 245 A T MİLLİ MÜCADELE DÖNEMİNDE “PONTUS CUMHURİYETİ” KURMA ÇABALARI SAYFA: 421-434 Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Mart - Nisan 2020 TDA Cilt: 124 Sayı: 245 Sayfa: 421-434 Makale Türü: Araştırma Geliş Tarihi: 15.02.2020 Kabul Tarihi: 28.02.2020 MİLLİ MÜCADELE DÖNEMİNDE “PONTUS CUMHURİYETİ” KURMA ÇALIŞMALARI* Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Tuğba ERAY BİBER** Öz I. Dünya Savaşı yıllarında Karadeniz Bölgesi’nde yaşayan Rumlar çete- cilik faaliyetlerinin yanı sıra kurdukları cemiyetler vasıtasıyla da örgütlenme- lerine hız verdi. Rusların 1916 yılında Trabzon’u işgali ile iki yıla yakın şehir, Rumlardan oluşan bir meclis tarafından yönetildi. I. Dünya Savaşı sonrası imzalanan Mondros Mütarekesi ile bölgede yaşayan Rum din adamları ve ay- dınları bir devlet kurulması için uygun zeminin oluştuğunu düşünüyordu. Aynı dönemde Mustafa Kemal Paşa 9. Ordu Müfettişi olarak Samsun’a gittiğinde Pontus Cemiyeti teşkilatlanmış durumdaydı. Karadeniz Bölgesi’nden gelen is- tihbarat raporlarında, Rumların Pont(us) Cumhuriyeti adıyla bir oluşum içinde oldukları bilgisi geliyordu. Osmanlı Hükümeti, gelen istihbaratlar doğrultusun- da takipte kalıp durumu kontrol altına almaya çalıştı. Mustafa Kemal Paşa, müfettiş olarak Osmanlı Hükümeti’ne yazdığı raporlarda Rum çetelerinin faa- liyetlerinden, Pontus iddialarından da bahsediyordu. Pontus faaliyetlerinin etkin isimlerinin başında Amasya Metropoliti Germa- nos ve Trabzon Metropoliti Hrisantos geliyordu. Germanos silahlı mücadeleyi desteklerken Hrisantos, siyasî anlamda yurt dışında, Karadeniz Rumlarının mücadelesini verdi. Atina, Marsilya, Bakü ve Batum’da Pontus toplantıları, kongreleri düzenlendi. Karadeniz Rumlarını örgütlemek ve Pontus Devleti’ni kurmak için çalışmalar yapan Hrisantos ve Marsilya’da tüccar olan Konstan- tin Konstantinides yurt dışında faaliyetler gösterip diplomatik temaslarda bu- lundu.
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief History of the Ottoman Greek Genocide (1914-1923)
    A Brief History of the Ottoman Greek Genocide (1914-1923) Asia Minor, also called Anatolia (from the Greek for “sunrise”), is a geographic Contemporary Eyewitness Accounts and historical term for the westernmost part of Asia. From the 9th century BC to the 15th century AD, Asia Minor played a major role in the development of From The Blight of Asia, by George Horton, U.S. Consul-General in the western civilization. Since 1923, Asia Minor has comprised the majority of the Near East, 1926: Republic of Turkey. “In January, 1916, the Greek deportations from the Black Sea began. These Greeks came through the city of Marsovan by thousands, walking for the Greek settlements in Asia Minor date as far back as the 11th century BC when most part the three days’ journey through the snow and mud and slush of Greeks emigrated from mainland Greece. They founded cities such as Miletus, the winter weather. Thousands fell by the wayside from exhaustion and Ephesus, Smyrna, Sinope, Trapezus, and Byzantium (later known as Constantinople, others came into the city of Marsovan in groups of fifty, one hundred and five the capital of the Byzantine Empire). These cities flourished culturally and hundred, always under escort of Turkish gendarmes. Next morning these poor economically. Miletus was the birthplace of pre-Socratic Western philosophy refugees were started on the road and destruction by this treatment was even and of the first great thinkers of antiquity, such as Thales, Anaximander, and more radical than a straight massacre such as the Armenians suffered before.” (p. 194) Anaximenes.
    [Show full text]
  • Apoikia in the Black Sea: the History of Heraclea Pontica, Sinope, and Tios in the Archaic and Classical Periods
    University of Central Florida STARS Honors Undergraduate Theses UCF Theses and Dissertations 2018 Apoikia in the Black Sea: The History of Heraclea Pontica, Sinope, and Tios in the Archaic and Classical Periods Austin M. Wojkiewicz University of Central Florida Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, and the European History Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the UCF Theses and Dissertations at STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Undergraduate Theses by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Wojkiewicz, Austin M., "Apoikia in the Black Sea: The History of Heraclea Pontica, Sinope, and Tios in the Archaic and Classical Periods" (2018). Honors Undergraduate Theses. 324. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses/324 APOIKIA IN THE BLACK SEA: THE HISTORY OF HERACLEA PONTICA, SINOPE, AND TIOS IN THE ARCHAIC AND CLASSICAL PERIODS by AUSTIN M. WOJKIEWICZ A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Honors in the Major Program in History in the College of Arts & Humanities and in The Burnett Honors College at the University of Central Florida Orlando, FL Spring Term, 2018 Thesis Chair: Edward Dandrow ABSTRACT This study examines the influence of local and dominant Network Systems on the socio- economic development of the southern Black Sea colonies: Heraclea Pontica, Sinope, and Tios during the Archaic and Classical Period. I argue that archeological and literary evidence indicate that local (populations such as the Mariandynoi, Syrians, Caucones, Paphlagonians, and Tibarenians) and dominant external (including: Miletus, Megara/Boeotia, Athens, and Persia) socio-economic Network systems developed and shaped these three colonies, and helped explain their role in the overarching Black Sea Network.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mysterious Expedition of Thrasybulus of Miletus
    Studia Antiqua et Archaeologica 23(2): 249–255 The mysterious expedition of Thrasybulus of Miletus Sergey M. ZHESTOKANOV1 Abstract. A cursory mention of a mysterious expedition against Sicyon, mounted by Thrasybulus, the tyrant of Miletus, can be found in Frontinus’ “Strategemata”. The author of the present article is of the opinion that in this way Thrasybulus was helping his ally Periander, the tyrant of Corinth. The probable aim of Periander’s military campaign was to reinstate the exiled Isodemus as tyrant of Sicyon and to include the Sicyonians’ territory in Corinth’ sphere of influence. Rezumat. O mențiune superficială a expediției misterioase împotriva cetății Sicyon, dusă de Thrasybulus, tiranul Miletului, este întâlnită în „Strategemata” lui Frontinus. Autorul acestui articol este de părere că în acest mod Thrasybulus îl ajuta pe aliatul său Periander, tiranul Corintului. Scopul probabil al campaniei militare a lui Periander era acela de a-l reinstala pe exilatul Isodemos ca tiran al Sicyon-ului și de a include cetatea în sfera de influență a Corintului. Keywords: Greece, Corinth, Sicyon, Archaic age, tyranny. In his treatise “Strategemata”, Sextus Julius Frontinus makes a reference to a rather mysterious expedition against Sicyon, led by Thrasybulus, the tyrant of Miletus in the 7th century BC: Thrasybulus, dux Milesiorum, ut portum Sicyoniorum occuparet, a terra subinde oppidanos temptavit et illo, quo lacessebantur, conversis hostibus classe in /ex/ spectata portum cepit. (Thrasybulus, leader of the Milesians, in his efforts to seize the harbour of the Sicyonians, made repeated attacks upon the inhabitants from the land side. Then, when the enemy directed their attention to the point where they were attacked, he suddenly seized the harbour with his fleet) (III, 9, 7).
    [Show full text]
  • The Fiscal Politics of Pergamon, 188-133 B.C.E
    “The Skeleton of the State:” The Fiscal Politics of Pergamon, 188-133 B.C.E. By Noah Kaye A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Ancient History and Mediterranean Archaeology University of California-Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Emily Mackil Professor Erich Gruen Professor Nikolaos Papazarkadas Professor Andrew Stewart Professor Dylan Sailor Fall 2012 Abstract “The Skeleton of the State:” the Fiscal Politics of Pergamon, 188-133, B.C.E. by Noah Kaye Doctor of Philosophy in Ancient History and Mediterranean Archaeology University of California, Berkeley Professor Emily Mackil, Chair In 188 B.C.E., a Roman commission awarded most of Anatolia (Asia Minor) to the Attalid dynasty, a modest fiefdom based in the city of Pergamon. Immediately, the Roman commissioners evacuated along with their force of arms. Enforcement of the settlement, known as the Treaty of Apameia, was left to local beneficiaries, chiefly the Attalids, but also the island republic of Rhodes. The extraction of revenues and the judicious redistribution of resources were both key to the extension of Attalid control over the new territory and the maintenance of the empire. This dissertation is a study of the forms of taxation and public benefaction that characterized the late Attalid kingdom, a multiscalar state comprised of many small communities, most prominent among them, ancient cities on the Greek model of the polis. It argues that the dynasty’s idiosyncratic choices about taxation and euergetism help explain the success of the Attalid imperial project. They aligned interests and created new collectivities.
    [Show full text]