Appendix: Al-Jabri's Biographical Sketch

Appendix: Al-Jabri’s Biographical Sketch

• 27 December 1935: the birth of Mohammed Abed al-Jabri in the city of Figuig, east of Morocco, where he completed his elementary schooling. • June 1965: acquiring a Baccalaureate Degree, and frst contact with the Moroccan Leftist Mahdi ben Barka. • June 1958: spends his frst year of the university in Damascus; acquires “General Knowledge” certifcate. • October 1958: studies in the Philosophy Department (School of Arts and Social Sciences in Rabat), from which he receives B.A. degree in June, 1961. • 16 July 1963: arrested with the rest of his comrades in the Socialist Union Party, where he remained in detention for 2 months. • March 1964: contributed to the publications of “aqlām” magazine, which played an important cultural role in Morocco during 20 years of continuous publications. • March 1965: arrested another time with a group of teachers and then released. • November 1966: published the highly accredited philosophy school book in Morocco, “Courses in Philosophy”, jointly with Professor Ahmad Al Satati and Professor Mustafa Al Omari. The book played a pioneering role in spreading philosophical awareness among stu- dents in Morocco.

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 303 Z. Eyadat et al. (eds.), Islam, State, and Modernity, Middle East Today, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-59760-1 304 Appendix: Al-Jabri’s Biographical Sketch

• 1970: acquired the frst PhD in philosophy in modern Morocco, on Ibn Khaldun; the defence committee comprised two French Orientalists and researchers, Henry Laust and Roger Arnaldez, and Arab researchers Najeed Baladi, Amjad Tarablusi and Ibrahim Boutaleb. • October 1971: promoted as a higher education professor, after hav- ing been as assistant professor since 1967. • 1971: the publication of his frst book, which is originally his PhD thesis: al-‘asabiyya wa dawla: ma‘alem nakhariyya khalduniyya fī attārikh al-islāmi [Group Feeling and the State: Manifestations of a Khaldunian Theory of History of Arab-Islamic Societie]. • 1973: the publication of al-Jabri’s second book aḍwāʼ ʻalā mushkil attaʻlīm bi-l-maghrib [Problems of Education in Morocco]. • Fall of 1974: was elected as a member of the political offce of the Socialist Union party. • 1976: publication of the book “An Introduction to the Philosophy of Sciences” in two parts. It is the book that gave rise to epistemological studies in Morocco. • 1977: publication of his book “Towards a Progressive Vision of Some of Our Intellectual and Educational Issues”, which outlined al- Jabri’s project of reading the tradition. • 1980: publications of his book “naḥnu wa-al-turāth” [Us and the Tradition], which is considered in the east as the true beginning to al-Jabri’s examination of the tradition (translated in Spanish). • 5 April 1981: resigned from the political offce of the Socialist Union. It was the third and fnal resignation after he frst resigned in 8 October 1978 and then in 6 October 1980, both of which were rejected. This resignation marked his complete departure (except for keeping good relations with the party’s leadership, and keeping in writing with its gazette) towards intellectual and aca- demic work. • 1982: the publication of the book al-khitāb al-‘arabī al-mu‘āṣir [Contemporary Arab Discourse]. • 1984: publication of the frst volume of his project Critique of Arab Reason takwīn al-‘aql al-‘arabī [Formation of Arab Reason], translated into Turkish fully, and to Farsi partially. • 1986: Publication of the second volume of Critique of Arab Reason, binyat al-‘aql al-’arabī [Structure of Arab Reason]. Appendix: Al-Jabri’s Biographical Sketch 305

• 1988: the publication of ishkāliyyāt al-fkr al-’arabī al-mu‘āṣir [Problems of Arab Contemporary Thought] (partially translated to English). • June 1988: received the Baghdad Award for Culture from UNESCO; in the late 1980s, he apologized for not accepting Saddam Hussein Award, which amounts to 100 thousand dollars. • 1990: publications of the third volume of Critique of Arab Reason, al-‘aql al-siyyāsī al-‘arabī [Arab Political Reason]; engaged in a notable dialogue with the Arab-Egyptian philosopher Hassan Hanaf on the pages of “al yawm as-sābi’” magazine. • 1991: the publication of al-turāth wal-ḥadātha: dirāsāt wa munāqashāt [Tradition and Modernity: Studies and Discussions]. • The publication of a collection of essays and chapters in French titled An Introduction to Critique of Arab Reason (translated to Italian, English, Portuguese, Spanish, Japanese and Indonesian). • 1994: publication of al-mas‘ala athaqāfyya [The Question of Culture]. • 1995: publication of two books, al-muṭaqqafūn fl ḥadāra al- ‘arabiyya [The Intellectuals in Arab Civilization] and mas’alat al- hawiyya [The Question of Identity]. • 1996: the publication of addīn wa ddawla wa taṭbīq asharī‘a [Religion, the state and the Application of Shari’a] and al-mashrū‘ annahḍawī al-‘arabī [Arabic Renaissance Project]. • September 1997: publication of fkr wa naqd [Thought and Critique] magazine (with Mohammad Ibrahim Bou’lou and Abdessalam ben Abdel Ali) and in the same year, he published addīmuqratiyya wa ḥuqūq al-insān [Democracy and Human Rights], qadāya fī al-fkr al-mu‘āṣir [Issues in Contemporary Thought], attanmiyya al-bashariyya wa al-ḥuṣuṣiyya asūsyū- thaqāfyya [Human Development and Socio-Cultural Specifcity] (published by UN-ESCWA, and translated to English), [A Point of View: Towards Rebuilding Contemporary Arab Thought]; he also published the frst part of his autobiography: ḥafriyyāt fī a-ḏākira min ba‘īd [Excavations in Memory from Distance], followed later by a trilogy entitled fī ghimār assiyyāsa [Amidst Politics] about Morocco modern history and politics and his involvement in it. • 1997–1998: supervised the republication of Ibn Rushd original works (faṣl al-maqāl, al-kashf ‘an manāhij al-adilla, tahāfut al-tahāfut, al-kuliyyāt fī-aṭib; aḍarūrī fī assiyyāsa) as well as the 306 Appendix: Al-Jabri’s Biographical Sketch

publication of the book Ibn Rushd: sīra wa fqr [Averroes: Life and Thought]. • May 1999: earned the Magharibiyya Cultural Award (Tunisia). • 2001: the publication of the fourth volume of Critique of Arab Reason, al-‘aql al-akhlāqī al-‘arabī [Arabic Ethical Reason]. • October 2002: retirement after a career that extended over 45 years in education, in which he moved from teach to professor; in this year, he apologizes for not accepting Al-Gaddaf Award for Human Rights, which amounts to 25 thousand dollars. • First of March 2002: publishing a series of Position Papers, mawāqif, including a collection of al-Jabri’s articles and dialogues, amounting to 79 handbooks. • 2005: received two awards, the Award for Intellectual Studies in the Arab World (November) and the Pioneer’s Award by the Institute of Arab Thought (December). • 2006: received UNESCO’s medal on the occasion of World Philosophy day (November). • September 2005: publication of fī al-hāja ilā naqd al-iṣlāḥ [Criticizing the Need for Reform]. • September 2006: Publication of madkhal ilā al-qur’ān al-karīm [An Introduction to the Qur’ān]; October 2008, received the Averroes Award for Free Thought; the publication of fahm al-qur’ān al-ḥakīm: attafsīr al-wādiḥ ḥasaba tartīb annuzūl [Understanding the Judicious Qur’ān: A Clear Exegesis According to the Sequence of Revelation], in three volumes; until 2013, this work has been re- published every year except for 2011. • 3 May 2010: al-Jabri passes away in Casablanca. Index

A Achmad Siddiq, 151 Abbasid, 28, 35, 92, 94, 157, 175, Affaya, 194 177, 206, 210, 235, 238, 239, Afaq, 275, 276, 294 255, 260 Ahkām, 179, 180 Abdallah Laroui. See Laroui Ahl al-kitāb, 116 Abd al-Hamid Ibn Badis, 209 Ahl al-sunna, 149–151, 157 Abd al-Malik, 29 Ahl al-sunna wal-jamāʿa, 151 Abd al-Rahmane al-Kawakibi, 275 Ahlussunah wal Jama’ah throughout Abd al-Salam ibn ‘Abd al-‘Ali, 18, 190 History, 152 Abdelilah Belkeziz, 277, 278 Ahmad Ali Riyadi, 156 Abdelilah Belqeziz, 18, 190 Ahmad Baso, 153–159 Abdelkader Al Ghouz, 190 Ahmad ibn Hanbal, 157 Abdel Karim Lahlou, 130 Ahmad Riyadi, 157 Abdellilah Benkirane, 190 Ahmed Mahfoud, 6, 141 Abdel-Nour, 198 Al-‘adl, 275 Abdelwahab al-Massiri, 276 Al-ʿalam newspaper, 83 Abdolkarim Sorouch, 171 Al-Andalus, 10, 48, 212 Abdou Filali-Ansari, 176 Al-‘aql al-akhlāqī al-‘arabī. See Abdullah. See Amin Abdullah Critique of Arab Reason, and Abdullahi an-Na’im, 160 Critique Abdullah R. Lux, 18, 183, 190 Al-bayān, 9, 67, 68, 239 Abdulrahman Badawi, 98 Albert Hourani, 3, 273 Abdurrahman Wahid, 151, 152, 158, Al-burhān, 9, 67, 211 159 Al-Dhahabi, 44 Abu Hanifa, 57 ALESCO, 84 Abyssinia, 116 À l’Européenne, 271

Al-Farabi, 49, 86, 212, 261, 289 Al-Samraʾi, 87 Al-Fassi, 83 Al-Sayyid Abul A‘la Maududi, 209 Al-Ghazali, 10, 12, 35, 49, 58, 92, 94, Al-Shaf‘ī, 151 112, 135, 151, 154, 157, 207, Al-Shahrastani, 45 232, 235, 236, 263 Al-Shatibi, 11, 49, 150, 156, 283 Al Ghouz, 190 Al-shūrā, 177, 214, 287 Al-Hadith, 47, 92 Al-Sisi, 209 Al-Hallaj, 42 Al-Tahtawi, 19, 274 Al-Harith Ibn Usaid al-Muhasibi, 235 Althusserian, 254 Al-Husri, 276 Al-tajdid, 25, 37, 93, 145 Ali Abdel-Raziq, 138 Al-tajriba al-rūḥiyya, 117 Ali Abderrazeq, 275, 277 Al-tawassuṭ wa ‘l-i‘tidāl, 152 Ali Harb, 7, 12, 85, 86 Althusser, 154, 223, 253, 254, 256 Ali Ibn Abi Talib, 177, 226 Al-waḥda al-wataniyya wa-l-qawmiyya, Ali Khalifah al-Kuwari, 194 196 Al-ʿiqd al-farīd, 233 Al-yawm al-sābiʿ, 95 Al-‘irfān, 67, 211 Al-ẓaḥira al-‘arabiyya, 118 Al-Isfahani, 235, 236 Al-ẓāhira al-qur’āniyya, 117 Al-Iz Ibn Abd Assalam, 236, 239, Amidst Politics, 15, 305 263, 283 Amin Abdullah. See Abdullah Al-Jabri fve value systems, 10 Anak muda NY, 152, 153, 156, 164 Al-Junayd al-Baghdadi, 151 Andalusian, 94, 112, 135, 156, 188, Al-Kawakibi, 275 215 Al-khitāb al-ʿarabī al-muʿāṣir, 86, 304 Anderson, 144 Al-kutla at-tārīkhiyya. See historical Anna Lindh foundation, 137 block An-nukhba al-ʿaṣriyya, 196 Allal al-Fassi, 83 An-nukhba at-taqlīdiyya, 196 Al-maghrib. See Maghreb Aqīda, 33, 34 Al-manzila bayna al-manzilatayn, 227 ʿaql, 43. See also reason Al-mashriq. See Mashreq Aql (reason, ʻaql), 46, 152, 211, 257 Al-maslaḥa al-‘āma, 10, 282 Aqlām journal, 83 Al-Mawardi, 34, 235, 263 Arab awakenings, 2 Al-Muhasibi, 57, 58, 235 Arab bayān, 110 Al-mustaqbal al-ʿarabī, 196 Arab Cursor, 278 Al-muthaqafūn al-ʿarab wa al-turāth, Arab Ethical Reason, 6, 10, 11, 18, 89 19, 115, 220, 221, 224, 225, Al-nabī al-ummī, 116 237–240, 249, 250, 258–260, Al-nubuwwa, 117 264, 265, 281, 282 Al-Qaeda, 2 Arabhood, 14 Al-Qaradawi, 277 Arabian Peninsula, 115 Al-Rashid, 28 Arabic-Islamic culture, 66 Index 309

Arab infuence, 282 Arab revivalists, 3, 220 Arab intellectuals and cultural herit- The Arab Right to Philosophical age: Psychoanalysis of a collective Difference, 9 neurosis, 89 Arab Spring, 2, 6, 7, 18, 19, 100, 186, Arab intelligentsia, 80 189–192, 194–197, 199, 271, Arab liberalism, 96, 100, 119 272, 274, 277–280, 291 Arab-Islamic civilization, 41–43, 47, Arab Unity, 10, 13, 92, 95, 133, 190, 49, 50, 54, 56, 57, 112, 172, 264 196, 273, 275, 276, 284, 287, Arab-Islamic culture, 25, 47, 66, 68, 290 69, 109, 116, 117, 224, 225, Arab value systems, 10 232, 234, 237, 240, 255, 257, Arab world, 2, 3, 5–8, 10–16, 18, 19, 258, 260, 261 25, 80–84, 88, 92, 94–96, 99, Arab-Islamic philosophy, 42, 50, 100, 109, 111, 120, 127–129, 54–57, 112 131–134, 137–139, 142, 171, Arab-Islamic reason, 57, 58, 112, 236, 175, 187, 189, 192, 193, 195, 258 196, 198, 199, 205, 210, 211, Arab-Islamic sciences, 110 219, 249, 250, 252, 253, 256, Arab-Islamic theory of ethics, 240 265, 272–274, 276, 278–280, Arabization, 14, 83, 191 288, 290, 291, 306 Arab Mind. See Arab reason Ardashir, 237, 240, 260, 261, 264. See Arab modernity, 13, 97, 98, 132, 256, also Chosroes 286 Aristocracy, 233 Arab Nahḍa, 3, 96 Aristotelianism, 156, 188 Arab Naksa, 87 Aristotelian philosophy, 94 Arab nationalism, 133, 275 Aristotle, 26, 45, 47, 51, 53–56, 188, Arab nationalists or unionists 230, 261, 284 (al-qawmiyyūn al-ʻarab), 287 Armando Salvatore, 90, 92 Arabophone, 83 Aṣabiyya, 105 Arab phenomenon, 118 Asbāb al-nuzūl, 180 Arab Political Reason, 6, 9, 173, 281, Asef Bayat, 7 286 Ashā’iriyya, 33 Arab Reader, 16, 69–72, 119 Ash‘ari, 114, 151, 157, 158 Arab Reason, 5, 6, 9, 11–13, 16, Ash‘arism, 158 17, 19, 25, 35, 42, 43, 48, 53, Aṣl, 115 54, 58, 66–69, 71, 82, 86–88, Aṣr al-tadwīn, 154, 157 94, 109, 110, 127, 133, 134, Assef Bayat, 4 139–141, 149, 152–155, 173, Aswaja, 151, 152, 155, 156, 158, 159, 184, 187, 220–223, 225, 249, 164 252–258, 263, 264, 272, 281– Aufklärer, 185 283, 286, 288–291, 304–306 Averroes, 10, 25, 127, 134, 135, 156, Arab renaissance, 80, 81, 83, 87, 91, 179, 188, 211, 212, 256, 257, 94, 205, 273, 274. See also nahḍa 261, 286, 306. See also Ibn Rushd 310 Index

Averroest, 10, 284, 289 Casanova, 145 Averroistic, 25, 36 Castoriadis, 156 Avicenna, 10, 26, 135, 155, 212, 259. Cautious optimism, 277 See also Ibn Sina Center for Arab Unity Studies, 10, 59, Aziz al-Azmeh, 153, 194 60, 61, 190, 290 Azmi Bishara, 277, 280 Center/periphery, 136 Central value (qīma markaziyya), 260 Charisma of Muhammad, 284 B Chosroes, 230, 231. See also Ardashir Bachelard, 112, 173, 223, 254, 272 Christian Philosophy, 55–57 Badawi, 26, 31, 33, 98 Christians, 56, 116, 120 Balāgha, 68, 110 Clash of civilizations, 289, 291 Barghouti, 16, 211 Classical Arabic, 129–131, 210 Barlamane, 192, 193 Classical Arab political thought and Barthes, Roland, 154 practices, 281 Bashar al-Assad, 190 Clear Arabic language, 118 Bashir al-Dauq, 88 Cold War, 4, 13 Bāṭin, 114 Companions, 58, 174, 176, 227, 275, Bayānī, 93, 155, 156, 158, 160, 162, 282 256, 263 Comprehending the Judicious Qur’ān, Belqeziz, 18, 190, 191, 194, 198 11 Ben Ali, 190, 195 Comprehension of the World, 66 Benbarka, 82, 131 Comprehensive secularism, 276 Berber, 12, 14, 129, 130, 210, 212 Conduct (sulūk) and ethics (akhlāq), Booty (ġanīma), 33, 173 258 Bourdieu, Pierre, 81, 101, 128, 129, Congress of the MB, 275 143, 153, 156 Conservative, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 19, Boyd, 144 83, 90, 91, 93, 94, 205, 207, Braudel, 145 209–211, 213, 252 Brisson, 146 Constituent power, 26, 30–32, 36 Burhān, 110, 112, 256, 265 Contemporary Arab-Islamic thought, Burhan Ghalioun, 194, 279, 280 4, 12 Burhānī, 155, 158, 160, 162, 164 Contemporary Arab Thought, 5, 7, 69, 92, 119, 136, 184, 250 Cordoba, 42, 51 C Corm, Georges, 85 Caliph, 28, 175, 177, 206, 229, 255, Costantin Zureiq, 275 264, 282, 283 Coup d’états, 7 Caliph al-Mansur, 255 Coup in values, 226 Caliph al-Mutawakkil, 206 A Critic of Arab Reason, 5 Caliphate, 4, 27–29, 32–35, 157, 172, Critique of Arab Political Reason, 173 173, 177, 190, 206, 207, 209, Critique of Arab Reason, 6, 12, 16, 226, 271, 275 17, 19, 25, 35, 42, 43, 53, 82, Caliph Omar, 283 86–88, 127, 133, 139 Index 311

Critique of European reason, 286, 288 E Critique of Religious Thought, 84 East/West binary of Islamic scholar- Critique of the Critique of Arab ship, 240 Reason, 12, 42, 43, 53, 63 Einstein, 97 Cultural implantation, 276 Ella Habiba, 5 Culture of perception, 194 Emerging reason, 241 Cultural penetration, 191 Enlightenment philosophers, 54, 135 Episteme, 57, 155, 158, 160, 282 Epistemological break, 284 D Epistemological categories, 239 Dāʻish, 279 Epistemological critique, 100, 109, Dar al-ṭalīʿa, 85, 88 223, 250 Darwinism, 276 Epistemological rupture, 49, 92, 94, Darwinist-materialist, 276 100, 173, 254 Da‘wa, 34, 116 Epistemological structures, 9 Da‘wa muhammadiyya, 34 Established orthodoxy, 241 Dawla, 9, 13, 15, 33, 34, 114, 172, Eternal dimension, 118, 120 179 Ethical genealogyof Arab-Islamic Deconstruction, 9, 53, 156, 157, 175, Tradition, 224 239, 240 Ethics to Nicomachean, 52 Deductive reasoning, 10, 67 Etika Tauhidik, 163 Democracy, 6, 10, 13, 35, 36, 98, Eurocentric, 9, 11, 265 134, 172, 173, 185, 187, European Age of Enlightenment, 134 192–194, 213, 214, 257, 277, European colonialism, 287 278, 280, 286, 288, 289, 305 European enlightenment, 139 Democracy, Human Rights, and Law European renaissance, 10, 54 in Islamic Thought, 6 Excavations in Memory from Distance, Demonstrative reason, 9, 46, 47, 50, 12, 305 55, 112, 162 Exceptionalism, 273, 278, 291 Derrida, 153, 154 Exceptionalism of the Middle East, 6 Despotic East, 6 The explicative system (al-bayān), 255 Dialogue between the Mashreq and Maghreb, 13 Ḏikr, 116 F Dīn, dawla and dunyā, 114 Fabula, 67, 73–75 Dirāsāt ʿArabiyya, 82, 85–88 Fahm al-Qur’ān al-ḥakīm: al-tafsīr al- Disjunctive-conjunctive, 119 wāḍiḥ ḥasab tartīb al-nuzūl, 122 Doctrine/belief (‘aqīda), 33 Fahmi Huweidi, 277 Dogmatic theology, 68 Failure of political Islam, 2 Double critique, 5, 286 Fanā’, 231, 282 Drisse Jandari, 18, 183, 195 Farah Antun, 275 Dualisms of West and East, 250 Farid Abdel-Nour, 18, 183, 198, 199 312 Index

Fatima al-Fihri, 207 Globalization, 10, 14, 142, 289 Fatima Mernissi, 153, 186, 187, 238 Global Justice, 1 Fazlur Rahman, 162 Global mufti, 276 Fī naqd al- ḥāǧa ilā al-islāh, 286 Gnosticism, 10, 67, 110, 111, 284 Fiqh, 44, 57, 68, 110, 158, 159, 164, Gnosticism and Demonstration, 67 175, 206, 237, 239, 285 The gnostic system (al-ʿirfān), 255 Fitna, 34, 156, 175, 176, 225, 226, Good deeds, 236, 239 238, 264 Gospel, 113, 115–117 Fondation du Roi Abdel Aziz, 186 Gramsci, Antonio, 13, 15, 32, 33, 35, The Formation of Arab Reason, 5, 6, 36, 173, 196, 213, 288 110 The Great sedition, 175 Fouad Zakarya, 138 Greek heritage, 224, 236, 255, 261 Foucault, Michel, 112, 154 Greek infuence, 212, 230, 282 The four rashidun, 226 Group feeling, 9, 15, 26, 27, 29, Francois Burgat, 2 31–33, 83, 172, 281, 304 Frankfurt School, 153 French Cultural Mission, 138 French Revolution, 95 H Freud, 90 Haḍārat al-falsafa, 160 Furqān, 116 Haḍārat al-fqh, 159, 160 Future of the Left in Morocco, 196 Ḥaḍārat al-ʽilm, 160 Ḥaḍārat al-naṣ, 160 Ḥaḍari, 26, 27 G Hadd, 120 Gabriel, 114, 118 Ḥadīth, 47, 57, 92, 116, 174, 176, Galinos, 230 206, 212, 225, 237–240, 263 Gamal Abdel Nasser, 132, 190 Hadj Mohamad Faraj, 130 Gaston Bachelard, 112, 173, 223, 272 Hafez al-Assad, 209 Genealogy, 6, 224, 249, 259, 260 Hallaq, 279 Genealogy of Morals, 259 Hanaf, 5, 8, 12, 13, 15, 17, 42, 82, Generation, 5, 7, 32, 83, 85, 90, 99, 91, 95–99, 150, 171, 238, 251, 115, 152, 153, 158, 176–178, 265 180, 189, 209, 215, 221, 252, Hani Fahs, 280 281, 284 Harb, 85, 86 Genesis, 115–117, 135, 249 Harṭaqāt, 8 The Genesis of Arab Thought, 135 Hassan al-Banna, 209, 275 Geoffroy, Marc, 6, 141 Hassan Hanaf, 42, 150, 276, 290, Geuss, Raymond, 259 305 Ghali Shukri, 85 Ḥatmiyyāt, 33 Ghassan Finianos, 7 Hegel, 97 Ghazalian, 158, 164 Heilbron, 146 Global injustice, 1 Hellenistic, 56, 89, 112 Index 313

Hellenistic Islamic heritage, 89 Ibn Rushd, 10, 11, 15, 25, 26, 42, "Heritage and the Challenge 49–52, 54, 58, 94, 97, 113, 139, of the Age in the Arab 150, 156, 179, 188, 211, 239, Homeland: Authenticity and 275, 284, 305 Contemporaneity", 134 Ibn Rushd: Biography and Thought, 36, Hermeneutical, 32, 33, 90, 152, 159, 181, 284, 295 160, 162, 197 Ibn Sina, 10, 49, 50, 89, 92, 97, 112, Hichem Djaït, 85, 153 241 Hijra, 226, 228 Ibn Sinna, 12, 15 Hirschkind, Charles, 265 Ibrahim Abu Rabi, 5, 80 Historical bloc, 13, 19, 97, 196, 197, Ideational-cognitive behavior, 222 273, 287, 288, 290. See also Ijmā‘, 157 Al-kutla at-tārīkhiyya Ijtihād, 120, 152, 179, 180, 208, 284, Historical genesis (taḥlīl takwīnī), 249 285 Historical materialists, 95 Ikhtilāf al-umma raḥma, 152 Historical phenomenon, 286 Illiterate Prophet, 116 Ḥiwār al-mashriq wal maghrib, 13 Illumination, 110, 111 Hodgson, Marshall, 189 Ilm al-kalām, 110, 121 Holocaust, 3 Imaginaire social, 153 Ḥudūd, 120, 174, 237 Imagined community, 131 Humanistic education, 215 Imān, 115 Ḥunafā, 116 Immanuel Kant, 8 Husayn Muruwwa, 90 The Impossible State: Islam, Politics Hussain Muruwwa, 85 and Modernity’s Predicament. See Hussein Amin, 138 Hallaq Imre Lakatos, 161 Include The Deconstruction of I Tradition, 156 Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih, 233 Independent Arab Self, 288 Ibn Abi Usaybi’a, 45 Indonesian Muslims, 150, 155, 166 Ibn al-Muqaffa, 212, 260, 261 Inferential walks, 74, 75 Ibn Baja, 51 Informer, 279 Ibn Bajja, 256, 261 International Union of Muslim Ibn Hanbal, 157, 206 Scholars, 276 Ibn Hazm, 49, 112, 150, 156, 212, Intertextual frames, 74 256 Intracultural, 116, 139 Ibn Khaldun, 9, 15, 17, 25–33, 35, Introduction à la critique de la raison 36, 54, 83, 86, 150, 154, 171– arabe, 6, 185 173, 213, 281, 282, 288, 304 Introduction to the Critique of Arab Ibn Qutaiba, 233 Reason, 140 Ibn Qutayba, 212, 260, 261 An Introduction to the Qur’ān, 11 314 Index

An Introduction to the Philosophy of J Science-, 15 Jacquemond, 138 I/Other binaries, 239 Jāhiliyya, 110, 233 Irfān, 9, 110–112, 155, 211, 255, Jalan tengah, 152 256, 262–264 Jaloul Faysal, 95 Irfānī, 155, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164 Jaringan Intelektual Muhammadiyah ISIS, 2, 6, 279 Muda, 164 Islam and the Foundations of Jawhar, 207 Governance, 275 Jesus Christ, 117 Islam between Science and Civility, Jewish philosophy, 57 274 Jews, 56, 116, 120 Islam et société, 138 Jurij Michajlovič Lotman, 66 Islamic Awakening, 208 Jurisprudential civilization, 46, 47, Islamic empire, 28, 229 49, 50 Islamic fundamentalism, 165 Jurisprudential reason, 44, 47 Islamic infuence, 282 Islamic jurisprudence, 206 Islamic left, 97, 276 K Islamic Left Magazine, 276 Kalām, 68, 158, 261 Islamic nuẓum, 36 Kalīla wa dimna, 233, 261 Islamico-traditionalist, 276 Kant, 185 Islamic philosophy, 8, 36, 51 Kassab, 92 Islamic Philosophy I, II, III, 8 Kawn, 115 Islamic Post-Traditionalism, 153, Kemal Ataturk, 172 156–159 Kepel, Gilles, 2 Islamic secularism, 276, 277 Khalil Ahmad Khalil, 85 Islamic spirit’ (rūḥ Islāmiyya), 262 Kharijites, 156, 157 Islamic state, 2, 4, 26–29, 32, 34, 35, Khawarij, 238 172 Khittah 1926, 151 The Islamic State in Syria and Iraq, Khoury, 99, 100 279 King of the cosmic city, 33 Islamism, 133 King of the human city, 33 Islamists, 7, 11, 90, 186, 209, 290 Kugelgen, 144 The Islamists, the Apologetics, and the Kuhn, Thomas, 161 Intellectuals, 7 Kuntowijoyo, 163 Islamists, apologists and free thinkers, 7 Islamization of radicalism, 2 L Islamophobic, 2 Lacan, Jacques, 154 Israel, 3, 4, 13, 90 La Découverte, 138 Isrā’īliyyāt, 118 Lahoud, Nelly, 7, 289 Istiqlal party, 83 Laïc à la France, 271 I‘tiqād, 34 Lakatos, 161, 163 Index 315

Laroui, 33, 85, 153, 194, 238, 251, Marx, Karl, 11, 90, 97, 154, 173 253, 280, 281 Mashreq, 10, 16, 49, 50, 54, 55, 82, La Semiosfera, 66 86, 87, 92, 95–97, 112, 212 Lector in Fabula, (Umberto Eco), 66 Maṣlaḥa mawdūʿiyya, 196 Lenin, 191 The Massacre of Heritage in Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 154 Contemporary Arab Culture, 53, Lewis, Bernard, 291 89 Liberal, 9, 98, 130, 190, 196, 197, The Massacre of Heritage in Modern 253, 256, 265, 277, 290 Arab Culture, 53 Linguistic analysis, 9, 67 Massad, 144 Lisān al-‘arab, 44 Maturidi, 151 Lockman, 146 Mazdaism, 110 Logic of narration, 233 Meccan Emigrants, 27 Medina school of thought, 206 Medinan Helpers, 27 M Medinese community, 34 Machiavelli, 30, 32 Mehdi Ben Barka, 14 Madhbaḥat al-turāth fī al-thaqqāfa Michel Afaq, 275 al-ʿarabiyya al-muʿāṣira, 89 Mobile injustice, 2 Madkhal ilā al-Qur’ān al-karīm, 11 Modern Arab thought, 86 Madkhal ilā al-qur’ān al-karīm I: taʻrīf Modern elite, 196 al-qur’ān, 11 Modernity, 8, 13, 15, 17, 26, 33, 36, Maghreb, 10, 11, 14, 16, 42, 50, 51, 55, 56, 80, 81, 92, 93, 99, 100, 54, 80, 82, 85–87, 95, 96, 99, 113, 114, 133, 139, 180, 185, 112, 132, 156, 212, 239, 253, 187, 188, 208, 210, 211, 220, 256 221, 223, 225, 241, 250, 284, Magnanimity, 10, 213, 233, 234, 282, 286 283 Modernization, 91, 185, 192, 211, Mahdi ʿAmil, 84 250, 252, 257, 265 Maliki, 172 Mohamed Bouazizi, 2 Manhaj, 150, 152 Mohammed Abed al-Jabri, 5, 17, 25, Manhaj al-fkr, 159 79, 127, 150, 160, 171, 185, Manichaeism, 110 189, 194, 195, 272. See also Manifesto for Democracy, 280 Al-Jabri Mannheim, Karl, 163 Mohammed Al-Amrani Alaoui, 18, Mao, 191 183, 192 Markaz dirāsāt al-waḥda al-ʿarabiyya, Mohammed Arkoun, 5, 85, 150, 160, 190 162, 171, 207 Marwān (Caliph), 29 Mohammed Aziz Lahbabi, 12 Marxist, 9, 85, 89, 90, 93, 96, 97, 99, Mohammed Hashas, 8, 19 133, 134, 173, 196, 210, 254, Mohammed Mahmoud Taha, 5 256 Mohammed Mursi, 190 316 Index

Mohammed Mzali, 84 Naqd al-‘aql al-‘arabī, 12, 60, 61, 86, Mohammed Noureddine Affaya, 18, 140, 184, 201, 223, 245, 266, 183, 194 267, 281, 286, 295, 296, 306 Mohammed V University in Rabat, Naql, 152 14, 194 Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd, 5, 114, 150, Monotheism, 111, 231 160, 211 Moroccan Socialist Party, 14, 82, 98, Nasser, 133, 191, 209 283 Nasserism, 13, 95, 96 Mosque of al-Qarawiyyin, 207 Nazi, 3 Motaz Alkhatib, 280 Neo-colonialism, 199 Mu‘āwiya, 28 Neo-Platonic, 155, 188, 262 Mu‘awiyya Ibn Abi Sufyan, 177 Network of Young Muhammadiyah Mubarak, 190, 195, 290 Intellectuals, 163 Muhammad Abduh, 208, 214, 274 Newton, 97 Muhammad Amara, 277 New ulama, 164 Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, 4, Nietzsche, 259 208 Nietzsches deconstruction of Christian Muhammadiyaa School, 130 morality, 265 Muhammadiyah, 150, 159, 163 Nizamiyyah, 207 Muhammadiyah intellectuals, 163 Niẓām al-Mulk, 207 Muhammad Shahrur, 160 Nobel Peace Prize, 278 Muʿin Sirry, 158 NU’s raison d’être, 158 Mulk, 28, 34, 35 NU Studies, 156 Muṣḥaf, 117 Muslim Brotherhood, 275, 277 Muslim Brothers, 209 O Muslim intelligentsia, 150 Obedience, 212, 214, 224, 228–230, Mutakallimūn’, 110 238, 240, 264 Mu‘tazila, 18, 157, 205 Obedience (ṭā‘a), 260 Muʿtazilites, 49, 57, 158 Occidental, 296 The Muqqadima, 172 The Old Regime and the Revolution, 202 Olivier Carré, 84 N Olivier Roy, 2 Naguib Mahfoud, 138 Omar Ibn al-Khattab, 233 Nahḍa, 96, 205, 208, 251, 253 On Being Arab in Present Day, 280 Nahdlatul Ulama, 150 Oneness of God, 284 Naḥnu wa al-Turāth, 6, 9, 85, 119 Ontology of modernity, 26 Naḥw, 68, 110 Oriental Studies, 117 Naji Allush, 85 Orientalist, 11, 117, 138, 139, 154, Naksa, 90, 252 173, 258, 265, 273 Napoleonic campaign, 272 Original thinker, 272 Index 317

Othman Ibn ‘Affan, 177 Postmodern philosophy, 150, 153 Ottoman, 4, 207, 209, 275 Post-Tradisionalisme Islam, 153 Ottoman Empire, 207, 208 Pragmatic devices, 71 Pre-Islamic Arabs, 41, 43, 45, 49 Pre-Islamic era, 110, 232 P Problematique of authenticity, 198 Palajaran, 160 Process of orthodoxy, 158 Pan-Arab, 82, 85, 86, 132, 189, 196, Prologues, 186 234 Prophetic mission, 117 The Parliament, 192 Provincialization, 80 Partial secularism, 276 Pure Arab heritage, 262 Partner, 97, 111 Pure Islamic heritage, 263 Pendidikan, 160 Peradaban falsafa, 160 Peradaban ilmuan, 160 Q Peradaban teks, 160 Qabīla, 33, 34, 213 Persian authoritarian kingship, 10 Qadhaf, 190, 191, 195 Persian heritage, 224, 228, 233, Qatīʿa doctrine, 221, 237 261–263 Qatīʿa with turāth (heritage), 221 Persian infuence, 261, 262, 282 Qiṣaṣ, 115, 118 Persian literature, 228 The Question of Identity: Arabhood, Pesantren, 151 Islam and the West, 13 Philosophical tendency (an-nazʿa al- Qur’ān, 11, 16, 17, 47, 56, 58, falsafyya), 261 109–111, 113–120, 130, 155, Piaget, Jean, 154 157, 176, 179, 180, 184, 186, Plato, 230, 261, 284 187, 206, 211–214, 234–238, Platonic, 10 241, 262, 263, 283, 285, 288 Plato’s Republic, 51, 261 Qur’ānic exegesis, 113 Politeia, 34 Qur’ānic phenomenon, 118 Political Islam, 190, 279, 287 Qur’ānic punishments, 120 The politics, 45, 51, 173 Polytheism, 111 Popper, Karl, 161 R Positions (mawāqif), 15 Rachid al-Ghannouchi, 279 Possible worlds structures, 74 Rachid Rida, 275 Post-anti-colonial critique, 5 Radicalization, 2 Post-Aristotelian, 284 Rashidun Caliphate, 177 Post-colonial, 3, 5, 184, 189, 191, Rationalist premise, 253, 256, 258 274 Read-object, 70, 73 Postcolonial theory, 150, 153 Reasoning with the text, 68 Post-Islamic rational activity, 49 Reform, 3, 97, 164, 175, 180, 207, Post-post-colonial, 18, 189 208, 232, 254 318 Index

Reformists, 5, 291 Ṣawt al-‘arab, 132 Religion, State, and the Application of Scheler, Max, 163 Sharia, 13 Science of ethics, 52 Religion, State and the The science of law/canon law, 68 Implementation of Shari‘a, 173 Scientifc education, 214 Religion, State and World, 114 Sectarianism and the Problem of Renaissance, 3, 36, 55, 90, 185, 276 Minorities, 280 Renan, Ernest, 274 Semitic, 115 Rentier state, 10, 282 Shāf‛ī School of Law, 155 Revelation, 113, 115, 116, 118, 120, Shahab Ahmed, 4 174–176, 180, 262, 275, 285, Shakir Mustafa, 84 288, 306 Sharī‘a, 174, 175 Revival, 3, 5, 11, 154, 220 Sharī‘a corpus, 174, 175 Rhetoric, 9, 67, 68, 93, 109, 110, Shaykh al-Tahtawi, 208 213, 255 Shi‘ite, 135, 156, 158, 238 Ridwan al-Sayyid, 12, 280 Shirk, 111 Rifaa al-Tahtawi, 274 Sīra, 113 Right wing populism, 2 Siradj, 151, 152 Righteous Caliphate, 176 Six Days War, 5, 133, 221, 251, 253, Risāla, 117 281 The Role of the Reader, 66 Slogans of enlightenment, 188 Royal Moroccan Academy, 185 Social conduct (as-sulūk al-ijtimāʿī), Rūḥ rushdīya, 156 260 Rumadi, 158, 159 Socio-genesis, 172 Rusul, 118 Socio-religious dimension, 118 Sorbonne, 98 Spiritual dimension, 118 S Spiritual experience, 117 Saad Eddine El-Othmani, 280 The Spring of Fools (rabī‘al- Sadiq Jalal al-Azm, 84 mughaffalīn, 2014), 278 Sa’id al-‘Alawi, 190 Standard Arabic, 130 Said al-Ashmawy, 138 Stanley, 143 Said Aqil Siradj, 151, 159 State Predicament, 280 Said, Edward, 90 State of trust, 291 Salaf, 11, 13, 17, 83, 91, 154, 164, The station between two stations, 227 207, 209 Structural analysis (taḥlīl binyawī), Salamé, Ghassan, 194 249, 255 Santini, 145 Structuralism, 9, 253 Sartre, 90 The structure of Arab reason, 10, 65, Sassanid Empire, 240 67, 110, 281 Sati‘al-Husri, 275 A Study in Intellectual Boundaries, 7, Saḥāba, 176 297 Saussure, Ferdinand, 154 Subject-reader, 73 Index 319

Successor of God, 229 Tartīb al-muṣḥaf, 113 Suf, 10, 112, 135, 207, 211, 225, Tartīb al-nuzūl, 113, 122 231, 232, 240, 241, 249, 256, Tartīb al-tilāwa, 113 261–263, 265, 282 Tashwirul Afkar, 152, 153 Suf ethics, 232 Tasāmuḥ, 152 Suf heritage, 224, 262, 263 Tawāzun, 152 Suf/Mystic infuence, 282 Taṣawwuf, 158 Suf sheikhs, 231 Tawḥīd, 111 Sufsm, 12, 112, 120, 151, 154, 158, Tayyeb Baiti, 278 164, 231, 235 Tayyeb Tizini, 278, 289 Suhayl Idriss, 88 Tayyib Tizini, 90, 265 Sulaṭ mutasalliṭa, 273, 287 Textualized culture, 66 Sultanic political thought, 273, 274 Textualizing, 67 Sulṭanate heritage, 174 Thawiza Association, 278 Sunna, 17, 110, 157, 174, 179, 180, Threefold predicament, 273 186, 234, 285 Tipologia della cultura, 66 Sunni, 28, 35, 56, 114, 172, 173, Torah, 113, 115–117 175, 177, 262, 265, 282 Toshihiko, 45 Suzane Kassab, Elizabeth, 5 Total epistemological break with the Syria, 2, 14, 90, 96, 131, 133, 177, tradition, 281 191, 195, 208, 209, 219, 271, Towards a Contemporary reading of 280, 290, 291 Our Philosophical Heritage, 6 Syrian National Council, 280 Towards Rebuilding Arab Nationhood Systems of knowledge, 155, 221, 223 Intellect, 13 The tradition, 3, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 15–19, 47, 65, 69, 70, 72, 73, T 75, 86, 91, 112, 119, 134, 151, Tadwīn age, 44 152, 154, 157, 206, 207, 210, Taha Abderrahmane, 8, 12, 238, 240, 230, 232, 272, 274, 279, 281, 265, 289 283, 286, 291, 304 Taha Hussein, 132 Traditional elite, 196, 197 Tahrir Square, 201 Traditional Islamic religious sciences, Takwīn, 115 162 Tarabishi, George, 7, 8, 12, 16, 17, The Tradition and Modernity, 6, 276 41, 42–45, 53–62, 87–91, 95, 99, The Tradition and Us: Contemporary 103, 144, 145, 223, 238, 239, Readings of Our Philosophical 245, 247, 265, 272, 276, 289, Tradition, 75, 281 291, 292 Tribe (qabīla), 33, 213 Tariq al-Bishri, 12, 280 True Spirit, 118 Taqlīd, 93, 152, 157, 205, 206, 208 Trump, Donald, 2 Taqlīd manhaj, 152 320 Index

Tunisia National Dialogue Quartet, Verbal trappings, 229 278 Voice of the Arabs, 132 Turāth, 25, 81, 82, 84–87, 90–92, 99, 109, 113, 118, 154, 155, 188, 191, 220, 250–254, 261 W Turāth sultānī, 174 Wael Hallaq, 279 Waḥy, 118 Wallerstein, 145 U Wasil Ibn Ata, 227 Ulamā, 118, 151, 152, 164, 175, 196 Weltanschauung, 30, 36 Ulūm al-awā’il, 155 Western Enlightenment, 135 Ulūm al-dīn, 162 Western hegemony, 13, 19, 288 Ulūm al-Qur’ān, 118, 121, 216 What is Enlightenment, 8 Umayyad, 28, 34, 35, 156, 157, 175, What Went Wrong: Western Impact 177, 212, 227, 233, 238, 239, and Middle Eastern Response, 260, 264, 283 291, 297 Umberto Eco, 16, 66, 71 Where is the Arab World Heading? Umma, 116, 151, 174, 179, 274 Views of Thirty Arab Thinkers Umm al-Qura University, 151 on the Future of the Arab Ummayyads, 226–229, 231, 233, 282 Revolutions, 278 Ummiyūn, 116 Ummiyya, 116 Umrans, 31 X Understanding the Judicious Qur’ān, Xenophobic, 2 113 UNESCO, 15, 305, 306 Union Nationale des Forces Y Populaires, 184 Yogyakarta’s State Institute of Islamic The Unique Necklace, 233 Studies, 159 United Arab Republic, 14, 90, 133 Yusuf al-Qaradawi, 276 Unity by way of a historical bloc, 196 Yves Lacoste, 154 University of Damascus, 132 University of Rabat, 127, 141 Us and the Tradition, 9, 47, 50, 60, Z 65, 85, 119, 184, 281, 295, 304 Ẓāhir, 114 Us, Tradition and Modernity, 6, 65 Zaki Najib Mahmud, 84 Uyūn al-akhbār, 233, 261 Zetkin, 191 Zureiq, 276

V Value crisis, 221, 224, 225, 227, 232, 228, 238