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Effect of Argatroban on Microthrombi Formation and Brain Damage in the Rat Middle Cerebral Artery Thrombosis Model

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Effect of Argatroban on Microthrombi Formation and Brain Damage in the Rat Middle Cerebral Artery Thrombosis Model Effect of Argatroban on Microthrombi Formation and Brain Damage in the Rat Middle Cerebral Artery Thrombosis Model Hiroshi Kawai#, Kazuo Umemura and Mitsuyoshi Nakashima Department of Pharmacology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 3600 Handa-cho, Hamamatsu 431-31, Japan Received May 19, 1995 Accepted July 26, 1995 ABSTRACT-Ischemic cerebral infarcts induce hypercoagulation and microthrombosis in the surrounding region, thus leading to vascular occlusion. We determined whether microthrombi contribute to the spread- ing of ischemic lesions following thrombotic middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion and also determined whether argatroban, a selective thrombin inhibitor, reduces the formation of the microthrombi and the area of the ischemic lesions. The rat left MCA was occluded by a platelet-rich thrombus formed following the photochemical reaction between rose bengal and green light. Microthrombi were histologically identified in the left hemisphere. The extent of ischemic lesions and microthrombi containing fibrin increased in a time- dependent manner after MCA occlusion. Argatroban inhibited the formation of microthrombi up to 3 hr after MCA occlusion; beyond 3 hr, it was ineffective. Argatroban also significantly (P<0.01) reduced the size of ischemic cerebral lesions at 6 hr after MCA occlusion. It is concluded that the formation of microthrombi contributes to the progression of ischemic lesions in the early stage. It is likely that thrombin generated following thrombotic MCA occlusion contributes to the progression of ischemic lesions by promoting the formation of microthrombi. Argatroban can reduce the formation of microthrombi and ischemic lesions in the early stage. Keywords: Thrombin, Argatroban, Microthrombosis, Thrombotic middle cerebral artery occlusion The progression of focal cerebral infarction is depend- in the ischemic areas and might contribute to micro- ent on numerous factors (1, 2). Using an autoradio- circulatory impairment during ischemia (8-10). The graphic technique with iodoantipyrine in an experimental presence of fibrin in these thrombi demonstrates that middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion model in rats, thrombin was produced after MCA occlusion. Nagasawa and Kogure (3) have reported that the ischemic Thrombin is well-known to be a key factor in the lesions extend from the ischemic core to the surrounding hemostatic process, converting fibrinogen to fibrin and tissues and regional cerebral blood flow decreased in a inducing platelet activation. It is therefore suggested that time-dependent manner. In another study, Garcia et al. impaired microvascular perfusion due to thrombin-in- (4) have shown progression of ischemic lesions between duced microthrombi in the area surrounding the ischemic 30 min and 6 hr after MCA occlusion in rats. core contributes to the progression of ischemic lesions. In humans, two factors thought to be involved in the Argatroban, a synthetic thrombin inhibitor (11, 12), has progression of stroke are hypercoagulation and micro- been shown to prevent platelet-rich arterial thrombosis thrombi formation, which lead to microvascular occlu- (13-18). sion and reduction of local blood flow that causes In view of the above-described observations, we cerebral infarction. Hypercoagulability of blood has been became interested in investigating the change in the reported in patients during the acute phase of ischemic microvascular perfusion from the initial ischemic event stroke (5 - 7). In ischemic brains of humans and those of to the development of an infarction using the rat MCA experimental animals, microthrombi have been observed thrombosis model. We also investigated the effect of argatroban on the microcirculatory disturbance and the 4Present address: Pharmaceuticals Laboratory 2, Yokohama Re- ischemic lesions of this model. Our findings suggest that search Center, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida, in this model, thrombin generated subsequent to throm- Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227, Japan botic occlusion of the MCA promotes microthrombus formation, thus contributing to the progression of identical conditions during this study. cerebral infarction. Histological procedures MATERIALS AND METHODS Just after and 1, 3, 6 and 24 hr after thrombotic MCA occlusion, the rats were perfused transcardially for 1 min Animal preparation with saline followed by 10% formaldehyde solution for Wistar male rats (SLC, Hamamatsu) weighing histological observations. The brain was immediately re- 240-260g were used. The body temperature of the moved and fixed in 10% formaldehyde and processed animals was maintained at 37.51C with a heating-pad (K- with paraffin. Brain sections were cut into 1-mm-thick module Model K-20; American Pharmaseal Company, consecutive slices from 2.5 mm anterior to bregma. Each Valencia, CA, USA) during the operation. The MCA section was then stained with phosphotungstic acid- thrombosis model in the rat has been described previously hematoxylin, which can stain fibrin, and with hematoxy- (19). In brief, under pentobarbital anesthesia and spon- lin and eosin for a light microscope study. For immuno- taneous respiration, a catheter for the administration of histochemical analysis, each section was incubated with rose bengal was placed in the femoral vein. The scalp and 100 pl of goat anti-rat fibrinogen antibody (Organon- temporalis muscle were folded over, and a subtemporal Teknika N.V., Turnhout, Belgium; 54.5 pg/ml) for 60 craniotomy was performed using a dental drill under an min at room temperature in a humidified chamber. Fol- operating microscope to open a 3-mm diameter circular lowing three phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) washes, bone window. sections were incubated with peroxidase-conjugated rab- bit anti-goat immunoglobulins (DAKO, Kyoto) for 30 Photo-irradiation min at room temperature. Following three PBS washes, The 3-mm diameter circular window was irradiated antibody-bound peroxidase was detected with 10 mg/ml with green light, and the entire irradiated segment in- dimethlaminoazobenzene containing 0.005% hydrogen cluding the proximal end of the lenticulostriate branch peroxide. The sections were washed in tap water for 3 min became thrombotically occluded. Photo-irradiation with and counterstained with Mayer's hematoxylin for 3 min. green light (wavelength: 540 nm) was achieved by using The following immunohistochemical controls were rou- a xenon lamp (L4887; Hamamatsu Photonics, tinely performed: 1) deletion of the primary antibody, Hamamatsu) with a heat absorbing filter and a green 2) deletion of the secondary antibody, 3) alteration of filter. The irradiation was directed by a 3-mm diameter the primary antibody to goat immunoglobulin. After optic fiber mounted on a micromanipulator. The head of hematoxylin counter-staining, the sections were examined the optic fiber was placed on the window in the skull base by light microscopy for the presence of peroxidase reac- at a distance of 2 mm above the vessel, providing an tion products. The number of microthrombi was counted irradiation dose of 0.62 W/cm2. Rose bengal (Wako, at 0.5 and 1 mm posterior from the bregma. The ischemic Osaka; 20 mg/kg) was injected intravenously. Photo-irra- lesions were identified in 4-pm-thick sections stained with diation was continued for a further 10 min. The photo- hematoxylin and eosin. Areas of the ischemic lesions were chemical reaction between Rose bengal and green light examined for histological features such as vacuolation causes endothelial cell injury followed by platelet adhesion (sponginess) of the neuropil, diffuse pallor of the eosino- and the formation of a platelet-rich thrombus. philic background, altered shape and stainability of both neuronal cells and astrocytes. The sizes of ischemic Physiological parameters lesions at 0.5 and 1 mm posterior from the bregma were In separate preliminary experiments, the physiological measured using a computerized image analysis system, parameters were measured just before and 15 min after and the ratio of the size of the lesion to the size of the the MCA occlusion. No significant intergroup differences whole cerebral area was calculated. were noted (Table 1). All rats were operated on under Table 1. Physiological parameters before and 15 min after thrombotic MCA occlusion in the rats Fig. 1. Typical photograph of microthrombi of 10 animals on the occluded hemisphere 3 hr after MCA occlusion The bar indicates 50 ,um a Fibrin-rich microthrombi PTAH stain b Fibrinogen and fibrin detected by anti-rat fibrinogen antibody Administration of argatroban tic acid hematoxylin-positive thrombi was immunoreac- For the group of animals whose brains were removed tive with anti-rat fibrinogen antibody which can react within 6 hr after thrombotic MCA occlusion, argatroban with rat fibrinogen and fibrin (Fig. lb). The thrombi were (40 mg/kg) was administered twice subcutaneously just only found in the left hemisphere, in the side supplied by after and 3 hr after thrombotic MCA occlusion to main- the occluded MCA (Fig. 2). Just after thrombotic MCA tain anticoagulant activity in the plasma up to 6 hr. One occlusion, microthrombi appeared on the surface of the group of animals was injected with saline subcutaneously brain and then extended to the cortex, the caudoputamen in the same way as the argatroban administration group (Fig. 2). In the group without MCA occlusion and photo- to use as controls. For the group of animals whose brains irradiation, the animals were checked for MCA, but no were removed 24 hr after thrombotic MCA
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