Redalyc. Bite Force, Cranial Morphometrics and Size in The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Redalyc. Bite Force, Cranial Morphometrics and Size in The

Revista de Biología Tropical ISSN: 0034-7744 [email protected] Universidad de Costa Rica Costa Rica Ospina-Garcés, Sandra M.; De Luna, Efraín; Herrera M., L. Gerardo; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquín; Flores-Martínez, José Juan Bite force, cranial morphometrics and size in the fishing bat Myotis vivesi (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) Revista de Biología Tropical, vol. 66, núm. 4, diciembre, 2018, pp. 1614-1628 Universidad de Costa Rica San Pedro de Montes de Oca, Costa Rica Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=44959684023 Abstract Fish-eating in bats evolved independently in Myotis vivesi (Vespertillionidae) and Noctilio leporinus (Noctilionidae). We compared cranial morphological characters and bite force between these species to test the existence of evolutionary parallelism in piscivory. We collected cranial distances of M. vivesi, two related insectivorous bats (M. velifer and M. keaysi), two facultatively piscivorous bats (M. daubentonii and M. capaccinii), and N. leporinus. We analyzed morphometric data applying multivariate methods to test for differences among the six species. We also measured bite force in M. vivesi and evaluated if this value was well predicted by its cranial size. Both piscivorous species were morphologically different from the facultatively piscivorous and insectivorous species, and skull size had a significant contribution to this difference. However, we did not find morphological and functional similarities that could be interpreted as parallelisms between M. vivesi and N. leporinus. These two piscivorous species differed significantly in cranial measurements and in bite force. Bite force measured for M. vivesi was well predicted by skull size. Piscivory in M. vivesi might be associated to the existence of a vertically displaced temporal muscle and an increase in gape angle that allows a moderate bite force to process food. Keywords Fuerza de mordida, morfología craneal, Myotis, Noctilio, piscivoría, tamaño, ángulo de apertura mandibular. How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative.

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Conflicting Evolutionary Histories of the Mitochondrial and Nuclear
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Digital Commons @ ACU Abilene Christian University Digital Commons @ ACU Biology College of Arts and Sciences 8-26-2017 Conflicting vE olutionary Histories of the Mitochondrial and Nuclear Genomes in New World Myotis Bats Thomas Lee Jr. Abilene Christian University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.acu.edu/biology Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Lee, Thomas Jr., "Conflicting vE olutionary Histories of the Mitochondrial and Nuclear Genomes in New World Myotis Bats" (2017). Biology. 2. https://digitalcommons.acu.edu/biology/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Arts and Sciences at Digital Commons @ ACU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biology by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ ACU. Syst. Biol. 67(2):236–249, 2018 © The Author(s) 2017. Published by Oxford University Press, on behalf of the Society of Systematic Biologists. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For Permissions, please email: [email protected] DOI:10.1093/sysbio/syx070 Advance Access publication August 26, 2017 Conﬂicting Evolutionary Histories of the Mitochondrial and Nuclear Genomes in New World Myotis Bats ROY N. PLATT II1,BRANT C. FAIRCLOTH2,KEVIN A. M. SULLIVAN1,TROY J. KIERAN3,TRAVIS C. GLENN3,MICHAEL W. ,∗ VANDEWEGE1,THOMAS E.
[Show full text]
Bite Force, Cranial Morphometrics and Size in the Fishing Bat Myotis Vivesi (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)
Bite force, cranial morphometrics and size in the fishing bat Myotis vivesi (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) Sandra M. Ospina-Garcés1,2, Efraín De Luna3, L. Gerardo Herrera M.4, Joaquín Arroyo-Cabrales5, & José Juan Flores-Martínez6 1. Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-153, 04510 México, Distrito Federal; [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0950-4390 2. Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa, 91070, México, [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0950-4390 3. Instituto de Ecología A.C. Biodiversidad y Sistemática, Xalapa, Veracruz, 91070; [email protected], https:// orcid.org/0000-0002-6198-3501 4. Estación de Biología de Chamela, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 21, San Patricio, Jalisco, 48980, México; [email protected] 5. Laboratorio de Arqueozoología, ‘M. en C. Ticul Álvarez Solórzano’ INAH, Moneda # 16 Col. Centro, 06060 México, Distrito Federal; [email protected] 6. Laboratorio de Sistemas de Información Geográfica, Departamento de Zoología. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Edificio Nuevo, Módulo C, Apartado Postal 70-153, 04510 México, Distrito Federal; [email protected] * Correspondence Received 06-IV-2018. Corrected 31-VII-2018. Accepted 18-IX-2018. Abstract: Fish-eating in bats evolved independently in Myotis vivesi (Vespertillionidae) and Noctilio leporinus (Noctilionidae). We compared cranial morphological characters and bite force between these species to test the existence of evolutionary parallelism in piscivory. We collected cranial distances of M. vivesi, two related insectivorous bats (M. velifer and M.
[Show full text]
Chiropterology Division BC Arizona Trial Event 1 1. DESCRIPTION: Participants Will Be Assessed on Their Knowledge of Bats, With
Chiropterology Division BC Arizona Trial Event 1. DESCRIPTION: Participants will be assessed on their knowledge of bats, with an emphasis on North American Bats, South American Microbats, and African MegaBats. A TEAM OF UP TO: 2 APPROXIMATE TIME: 50 minutes 2. EVENT PARAMETERS: a. Each team may bring one 2” or smaller three-ring binder, as measured by the interior diameter of the rings, containing information in any form and from any source. Sheet protectors, lamination, tabs and labels are permitted in the binder. b. If the event features a rotation through a series of stations where the participants interact with samples, specimens or displays; no material may be removed from the binder throughout the event. c. In addition to the binder, each team may bring one unmodified and unannotated copy of either the National Bat List or an Official State Bat list which does not have to be secured in the binder. 3. THE COMPETITION: a. The competition may be run as timed stations and/or as timed slides/PowerPoint presentation. b. Specimens/Pictures will be lettered or numbered at each station. The event may include preserved specimens, skeletal material, and slides or pictures of specimens. c. Each team will be given an answer sheet on which they will record answers to each question. d. No more than 50% of the competition will require giving common or scientific names. e. Participants should be able to do a basic identification to the level indicated on the Official List. States may have a modified or regional list. See your state website.
[Show full text]
Echolocation and Foraging Behavior of the Lesser Bulldog Bat, Noctilio Albiventris : Preadaptations for Piscivory?
Behav Ecol Sociobiol (1998) 42: 305±319 Ó Springer-Verlag 1998 Elisabeth K. V. Kalko á Hans-Ulrich Schnitzler Ingrid Kaipf á Alan D. Grinnell Echolocation and foraging behavior of the lesser bulldog bat, Noctilio albiventris : preadaptations for piscivory? Received: 21 April 1997 / Accepted after revision: 12 January 1998 Abstract We studied variability in foraging behavior of can be interpreted as preadaptations favoring the evo- Noctilio albiventris (Chiroptera: Noctilionidae) in Costa lution of piscivory as seen in N. leporinus. Prominent Rica and PanamaÂ and related it to properties of its among these specializations are the CF components of echolocation behavior. N. albiventris searches for prey in the echolocation signals which allow detection and high (>20 cm) or low (<20 cm) search ¯ight, mostly evaluation of ¯uttering prey amidst clutter-echoes, high over water. It captures insects in mid-air (aerial cap- variability in foraging strategy and the associated tures) and from the water surface (pointed dip). We once echolocation behavior, as well as morphological spe- observed an individual dragging its feet through the cializations such as enlarged feet for capturing prey from water (directed random rake). In search ¯ight, N. al- the water surface. biventris emits groups of echolocation signals (duration 10±11 ms) containing mixed signals with constant-fre- Key words Bats á Echolocation á Foraging á quency (CF) and frequency-modulated (FM) compo- Evolution á Piscivory nents, or pure CF signals. Sometimes, mostly over land, it produces long FM signals (duration 15±21 ms). When N. albiventris approaches prey in a pointed dip or in aerial captures, pulse duration and pulse interval are Introduction reduced, the CF component is eliminated, and a termi- nal phase with short FM signals (duration 2 ms) at high The development of ¯ight and echolocation give bats repetition rates (150±170 Hz) is emitted.
[Show full text]
The Evolution of Echolocation in Bats: a Comparative Approach
The evolution of echolocation in bats: a comparative approach Alanna Collen A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London. November 2012 Declaration Declaration I, Alanna Collen (née Maltby), confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, this is indicated in the thesis, and below: Chapter 1 This chapter is published in the Handbook of Mammalian Vocalisations (Maltby, Jones, & Jones) as a first authored book chapter with Gareth Jones and Kate Jones. Gareth Jones provided the research for the genetics section, and both Kate Jones and Gareth Jones providing comments and edits. Chapter 2 The raw echolocation call recordings in EchoBank were largely made and contributed by members of the ‘Echolocation Call Consortium’ (see full list in Chapter 2). The R code for the diversity maps was provided by Kamran Safi. Custom adjustments were made to the computer program SonoBat by developer Joe Szewczak, Humboldt State University, in order to select echolocation calls for measurement. Chapter 3 The supertree construction process was carried out using Perl scripts developed and provided by Olaf Bininda-Emonds, University of Oldenburg, and the supertree was run and dated by Olaf Bininda-Emonds. The source trees for the Pteropodidae were collected by Imperial College London MSc student Christina Ravinet. Chapter 4 Rob Freckleton, University of Sheffield, and Luke Harmon, University of Idaho, helped with R code implementation. 2 Declaration Chapter 5 Luke Harmon, University of Idaho, helped with R code implementation. Chapter 6 Joseph W.
[Show full text]
Patterns of Island Occupancy in Bats: Influences of Area and Isolation On
Global Ecology and Biogeography, (Global Ecol. Biogeogr.) (2008) 17, 622–632 Blackwell Publishing Ltd RESEARCH Patterns of island occupancy in bats: PAPER influences of area and isolation on insular incidence of volant mammals Winifred F. Frick1*†, John P. Hayes1‡ and Paul A. Heady III2 1Department of Forest Science, 321 Richardson ABSTRACT Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR Aim The influence of landscape structure on the distribution patterns of bats 97331 USA, 2Central Coast Bat Research Group, PO Box 1352, Aptos, CA 95001-1352 USA remains poorly understood for many species. This study investigates the relationship between area and isolation of islands and the probability of occurrence of six bat species to determine whether persistence and immigration abilities vary among bat species and foraging guilds. Location Thirty-two islands in the Gulf of California near the Baja California peninsula in north-west Mexico. Methods Using logistic regression and Akaike information criterion (AIC) model selection, we compared five a priori models for each of six bat species to explain patterns of island occupancy, including random patterns, minimum area effects, maximum isolation effects, additive area and isolation effects and compensatory area and isolation effects. Results Five species of insectivorous bats (Pipistrellus hesperus, Myotis californicus, Macrotus californicus, Antrozous pallidus and Mormoops megalophylla) displayed minimum area thresholds on incidence. The probability of occurrence tended to decrease at moderate distances of isolation (c. 10–15 km) for these species (excepting A. pallidus). The distributions of two non-insectivorous species (Leptonycteris cura- soae and Myotis vivesi) were not influenced by island size and isolation. Main conclusions Minimum area thresholds on incidence suggest that island *Correspondence: Winifred F.
[Show full text]
Sleeping in the Leaves
BANISHING VAMPIRES DUELING IN THE DARK WIND ENERGY in the jungle a new threat to bats WWW.BATCON.ORG SUMMER 2004 BATSBAT CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL SleepingSleeping inin thethe LeavesLeaves R ED B ATS’ WINTER S ECRET Vo lume 22, No. 2, Summer 2004 BATS P.O. Box 162603, Austin, Texas 78716 (512) 327-9721 • Fax (512) 327-9724 Publications Staff D i rector of Publications: Robert Locke Photo Editor: Kristin Hay FEATURES Copyeditors: Angela England, Valerie Locke B AT S welcomes queries from writers. Send your article proposal with a brief outline and a description of any photos to the address 1 Banishing the Vampires of the Jungle above or via e-mail to: [email protected]. A remote village finds a new appreciation for bats M e m b e r s : Please send changes of address and all correspondence by Sandra Peters to the address above or via e-mail to [email protected]. Please include your label, if possible, and allow six weeks for the change 4 Wind Energy & the Threat to Bats of address. BCI, industry and government join to resolve a new danger facing Founder & Pre s i d e n t : Dr. Merlin D. Tuttle Associate Executive Director: Elaine Acker A m e r i c a ’s bats B o a rd of Tru s t e e s : Andrew Sansom, Chair by Merlin D. Tuttle John D. Mitchell, Vice Chair Verne R. Read, Chairman Emeritus 6 Hibernation: Red Bats do it in the Dirt Peggy Phillips, Secretary Elizabeth Ames Jones, Treasurer by Brad Mormann, Miranda Milam and Lynn Robbins Jeff Acopian; Mark A.
[Show full text]
Diversity and Diversification Across the Global Radiation of Extant Bats
Diversity and Diversification Across the Global Radiation of Extant Bats by Jeff J. Shi A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ecology and Evolutionary Biology) in the University of Michigan 2018 Doctoral Committee: Professor Catherine Badgley, co-chair Assistant Professor and Assistant Curator Daniel Rabosky, co-chair Associate Professor Geoffrey Gerstner Associate Research Scientist Miriam Zelditch Kalong (Malay, traditional) Pteropus vampyrus (Linnaeus, 1758) Illustration by Gustav Mützel (Brehms Tierleben), 19271 1 Reproduced as a work in the public domain of the United States of America; accessible via the Wikimedia Commons repository. EPIGRAPHS “...one had to know the initial and final states to meet that goal; one needed knowledge of the effects before the causes could be initiated.” Ted Chiang; Story of Your Life (1998) “Dr. Eleven: What was it like for you, at the end? Captain Lonagan: It was exactly like waking up from a dream.” Emily St. John Mandel; Station Eleven (2014) Bill Watterson; Calvin & Hobbes (October 27, 1989)2 2 Reproduced according to the educational usage policies of, and direct correspondence with Andrews McMeel Syndication. © Jeff J. Shi 2018 [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0002-8529-7100 DEDICATION To the memory and life of Samantha Jade Wang. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS All of the research presented here was supported by a National Science Foundation (NSF) Graduate Research Fellowship, an Edwin H. Edwards Scholarship in Biology, and awards from the University of Michigan’s Rackham Graduate School and the Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology (EEB). A significant amount of computational work was funded by a Michigan Institute for Computational Discovery and Engineering fellowship; specimen scanning, loans, and research assistants were funded by the Museum of Zoology’s Hinsdale & Walker fund and an NSF Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant.
[Show full text]
Saving Malaysia's Fruit Bats Research Group Led by Former BCI Student Scholar Promotes Education and Coexistence
JOIN US FOR OCTOBER 24-31, 2020 ISSUE 3 • 2020 BAT CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL BATCON.ORG Saving Malaysia's Fruit Bats Research group led by former BCI student scholar promotes education and coexistence INSIDE 06 Fish-eating Myotis 14 Leaps in Bat Genomics 25 Backyard "Bativists" Are you a bat photographer? Bat Conservation International is working to collect images of bats from all over the world and we would love to include your photo in our next issue of Bats Magazine. You keep the rights and photo credit. We help archive and share your work. Please submit high-resolution images (at least 300 DPI or 2K resolution) along with specific species information and the photographer's name for photo credit. To submit your photos, please email submissions@ batcon.org. PHOTO: MICHAEL DURHAM / MINDEN PICTURES ISSUE 3 • 2020 Inside this Issue 14 FEATURES 08 SAVING MALAYSIA'S FRUIT BATS Research group led by former BCI student scholar promotes education and coexistence 14 OUT OF THE DARKNESS Big leaps in genomics illuminate the animals' most closely held biological secrets DEPARTMENTS 02 OFF THE BAT Mike Daulton, BCI executive director, explains why the future needs us all 06 SPECIES STUDY A look at the Myotis vivesi 24 BAT CHAT Dr. Liliana Dávalos 25 BAT SQUAD Backyard "bativists" Read back issues of Pale spear-nosed bat Bats Magazine at batcon.org/ (Phyllostomus discolor) batsmag. Photo: Jose Gabriel Martinez Fonseca 03 BAT SIGNALS 18 FIELD NOTES BCI news and Research news from conservation updates around the globe > Apply for a BCI student > Ultrasonic recorders research scholarship help researchers > BCI named Evidence detect bats remotely UPDATES Champion Photos from our & > > Virtual Bat Week bat-loving readers > North American Society ON THE COVER for Bat Research turns 50 Protecting Malaysia's bats by providing education to NEWS 04 farmers and tourists.
[Show full text]
Molecular Phylogeny of New World Myotis (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) Inferred from Mitochondrial and Nuclear DNA Genes
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 43 (2007) 32–48 www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Molecular phylogeny of New World Myotis (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA genes a,b c d a, B. Stadelmann , L.-K. Lin , T.H. Kunz , M. Ruedi ¤ a Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology, Natural History Museum, P.O. Box 6434, 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland b Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, Molecular Systematics Group, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland c Laboratory of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Biology, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan, ROC d Center for Ecology and Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA Received 20 February 2006; revised 26 May 2006; accepted 20 June 2006 Available online 14 July 2006 Abstract Recent studies have shown that species in the genus Myotis have evolved a number of convergent morphological traits, many of which are more related to their mode of food procurement than to their phylogeny. Surprisingly, the biogeographic origins of these species are a much better predictor of phylogenetic relationships, than their morphology. In particular, a monophyletic clade that includes all New World species was apparent, but only a third of the 38 species have been analysed. In order to better understand the evolution of this clade, we present phylogenetic reconstructions of 17 Nearctic and 13 Neotropical species of Myotis compared to a number of Old World congeners. These reconstructions are based on mitochondrial cytochrome b (1140 bp), and nuclear Rag 2 genes (1148 bp). Monophyly of the New World clade is strongly supported in all analyses.
[Show full text]
List of Taxa for Which MIL Has Images
LIST OF 27 ORDERS, 163 FAMILIES, 887 GENERA, AND 2064 SPECIES IN MAMMAL IMAGES LIBRARY 31 JULY 2021 AFROSORICIDA (9 genera, 12 species) CHRYSOCHLORIDAE - golden moles 1. Amblysomus hottentotus - Hottentot Golden Mole 2. Chrysospalax villosus - Rough-haired Golden Mole 3. Eremitalpa granti - Grant’s Golden Mole TENRECIDAE - tenrecs 1. Echinops telfairi - Lesser Hedgehog Tenrec 2. Hemicentetes semispinosus - Lowland Streaked Tenrec 3. Microgale cf. longicaudata - Lesser Long-tailed Shrew Tenrec 4. Microgale cowani - Cowan’s Shrew Tenrec 5. Microgale mergulus - Web-footed Tenrec 6. Nesogale cf. talazaci - Talazac’s Shrew Tenrec 7. Nesogale dobsoni - Dobson’s Shrew Tenrec 8. Setifer setosus - Greater Hedgehog Tenrec 9. Tenrec ecaudatus - Tailless Tenrec ARTIODACTYLA (127 genera, 308 species) ANTILOCAPRIDAE - pronghorns Antilocapra americana - Pronghorn BALAENIDAE - bowheads and right whales 1. Balaena mysticetus – Bowhead Whale 2. Eubalaena australis - Southern Right Whale 3. Eubalaena glacialis – North Atlantic Right Whale 4. Eubalaena japonica - North Pacific Right Whale BALAENOPTERIDAE -rorqual whales 1. Balaenoptera acutorostrata – Common Minke Whale 2. Balaenoptera borealis - Sei Whale 3. Balaenoptera brydei – Bryde’s Whale 4. Balaenoptera musculus - Blue Whale 5. Balaenoptera physalus - Fin Whale 6. Balaenoptera ricei - Rice’s Whale 7. Eschrichtius robustus - Gray Whale 8. Megaptera novaeangliae - Humpback Whale BOVIDAE (54 genera) - cattle, sheep, goats, and antelopes 1. Addax nasomaculatus - Addax 2. Aepyceros melampus - Common Impala 3. Aepyceros petersi - Black-faced Impala 4. Alcelaphus caama - Red Hartebeest 5. Alcelaphus cokii - Kongoni (Coke’s Hartebeest) 6. Alcelaphus lelwel - Lelwel Hartebeest 7. Alcelaphus swaynei - Swayne’s Hartebeest 8. Ammelaphus australis - Southern Lesser Kudu 9. Ammelaphus imberbis - Northern Lesser Kudu 10. Ammodorcas clarkei - Dibatag 11. Ammotragus lervia - Aoudad (Barbary Sheep) 12.
[Show full text]
(PIZONYX) VIVESI Downloaded from by Serials Records Section User on 14 November 2019 B
Journal of Mammalogy, 85(1):133–139, 2004 MOLECULAR SYSTEMATICS OF THE FISHING BAT MYOTIS (PIZONYX) VIVESI Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jmammal/article-abstract/85/1/133/2373064 by Serials Records Section user on 14 November 2019 B. STADELMANN,* L. G. HERRERA,J.ARROYO-CABRALES,J.J.FLORES-MARTIŃEZ, B. P. MAY, AND M. RUEDI Natural History Museum, P.O. Box 6434, 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland (BS, MR) Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, Molecular Systematics Group, University of Geneva, 154 rte de Malagnou, 1224 Cheˆne-Bougeries, Switzerland (BS) Instituto de Biologıá, UNAM, Departamento de Zoologıá, Apartado Postal 70-153, 04510 Mexico, Distrito Federal, Mexico (LGH, JJF-M) Genomic Variation Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Meyer Hall, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA (BPM) Laboratorio de Arqueozoologia, ‘‘M. en C. Ticul Alvarez Solo´rzano,’’ INAH, Moneda # 16, Col. Centro, 06060 Me´xico, Distrito Federal, Mexico (JA-C) Phylogenetic reconstructions based on molecular data have shown recurrent morphological convergence during evolution of the species-rich genus Myotis. Species or groups of species with similar feeding strategies have evolved independently several times to produce remarkable similarities in external morphology. In this context, we investigated the contentious phylogenetic position of 1 of the 2 piscivorous bat species, Myotis vivesi, which was not included in previous molecular studies. This bat, endemic to the coasts and islands of the Gulf of California, Mexico, was long classified in its own genus, Pizonyx, because of its distinctive morphology. To reconstruct its phylogenetic origins relative to other Myotis, we sequenced the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene of 2 M.
[Show full text]