ECHIDNA E I SUOI DISCENDENTI Studio Sul Carattere Ibrido E Mostruoso Nella Stirpe Di Pontos

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ECHIDNA E I SUOI DISCENDENTI Studio Sul Carattere Ibrido E Mostruoso Nella Stirpe Di Pontos View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Archivio della ricerca- Università di Roma La Sapienza IGOR BAGLIONI ECHIDNA E I SUOI DISCENDENTI Studio sul carattere ibrido e mostruoso nella stirpe di Pontos Dottorato di Ricerca in Storia Religiosa XXIV ciclo Roma 2012 1 SOMMARIO ELENCO DELLE ABBREVIAZIONI ………………………………... 4 INTRODUZIONE ……………………………………………………... 6 NOTE ALLA TERMINOLOGIA E AL CONCETTO DI “MOSTRUOSO” NELL’ANTICA GRECIA ………………………..... 8 La terminologia del “mostruoso” …………………………………… 8 Il “mostruoso” come categoria …..………………………………… 15 La tipologia del mostro femminile tra Gender Studies e psicologia.. 24 Tevra~ come equivalente di monstrum ……………………………... 56 Tipologie del “mostruoso” nell’antica Grecia ……………………... 59 LE CARATTERISTICHE DI ECHIDNA IN ESIODO ……………... 65 Echidna come entità ofiomorfa ……………………………………. 66 Echidna come entità primordiale …………………………………... 83 Echidna come entità femminile ……………………………………. 89 L’ASPETTO ACOSMICO E PRIMORDIALE DI TYPHON NELLA TEOGONIA …………………………………………………………... 93 LA DISCENDENZA DI ECHIDNA ……………………………….. 111 Premessa ………………………………………………………….. 112 Orthos …………………………………………………………….. 113 Kerberos ………………………………………………………….. 119 2 Hydra ……………………………………………………………... 135 Chimaira ………………………………………………………….. 157 Sphinx …………………………………………………………….. 179 Il leone di Nemea ………………………………………………… 201 CONCLUSIONI ……………………………………………………. 220 BIBLIOGRAFIA …………………………………………………… 233 3 ELENCO DELLE ABBREVIAZIONI AAt = Atti della Accademia delle Scienze di Torino. Classe di Scienze Morali, Storiche e Filologiche. AJA = American Journal of Archaeology. AION = Annali dell’Istituto universitario orientale di Napoli. ARW = Archiv für Religionswissenschaft. BABesch = Bulletin Antieke Beschaving. CFC = Cuadernos de Filologia Clásica. CPh = Classical philology. CRAI = Comptes rendus de L’Académie des des Inscriptions et Belles- Lettres. Diss. = Dissertazione. D.S. = Ch. Daremberg - E. Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines, Paris 1877-1912. EDT = L’Écrit du Temps. FuF: Forschungen und Fortschritte. IF = Indogermanische Forschungen. JANES = Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Societies. JCS = Journal of Classical Studies. JDAI = Jarhrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts. 4 JHS = Journal of Hellenic Studies. JS = Journal des Savants. LIMC = Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae, Zürich- München 1981-1986. MD = Materiali e Discussioni per l’analisi dei testi classici. MJSS = Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. PdP = La Parola del Passato. QUCC = Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica. RdA = Rivista di archeologia. RE = A. Pauly - G. Wissowa, Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, Stuttgart 1893-1980. REL = Revue des Études Latines. RHR = Revue d’Histoire des Religions. RIL = Rendiconti dell’Istituto Lombardo, Classe di Lettere, Scienze Morali e Storiche. Rosch. Lex. = W. H. Roscher, Ausführliches Lexicon der Griechischen und Römischen Mythologie, Leipzig 1884-1937. SMEA = Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici. SMSR = Studi e Materiali di Storia delle Religioni. StudClas = Studii Clasice. WJA = Würzburger Jahrbücher für die Altertumswissenschaft. 5 Introduzione Questa ricerca intende fornire un contributo allo studio di un tema, quello del “mostruoso”, di notevole rilevanza nell’ambito della storia della cultura occidentale. Tramite la categoria del “mostruoso” la civiltà occidentale, nel corso della sua storia, ha dialetticamente fondato la propria identità, proiettando, oppure associando strettamente, in maniera coerentemente determinata e storicamente condizionata, gli aspetti negativi della realtà (ideologicamente intesa), o ciò che di negativo vi era nei suoi fondamenti, in specifiche entità, lo studio delle quali può contribuire a comprendere il contesto storico in cui si sono formate o modificate. Si intende, pertanto, studiare questi meccanismi, analizzando specificamente, in relazione ai tratti salienti e fondamentali della cultura greca antica, le caratteristiche di alcune entità appartenenti alla stirpe di Pontos, la quale si distingue nel suo insieme per il carattere mostruoso e negativo di molti esseri extraumani in essa presenti. Questa scelta è stata motivata dal fatto che, pur essendo numerosi gli studi specialistici sulle singole entità appartenenti alla stirpe, manca, dopo il lavoro di Carla Costa, apparso nel numero 62 della rivista “Studi e Materiali di Storia delle Religioni” del 1968 (pp. 61-100), una rilettura di insieme sui caratteri di questa discendenza, che tenga conto tanto della totalità del materiale documentario come degli studi moderni. Questa ricerca, pertanto, si orienta a riprendere in esame il materiale per tentarne uno studio organico, ponendo la propria attenzione specificamente su un ramo determinato della stirpe pontica: quello rappresentato da Echidna e dalle entità da lei generate. Questo, sia per la cospicua documentazione presente e l’ampia bibliografia di riferimento, che permettono un’analisi 6 approfondita e meditata, sia perché la generazione da parte di Echidna di esseri mostruosi, quali Orthos, Kerberos, Hydra, Chimaira, Sphinx e il leone di Nemea, in unione a Typhon, permette di individuare i tratti propriamente “pontici” di questa stirpe, separandoli da quelli più genericamente acosmici derivati da Typhon, consentendo così uno studio adeguato dei meccanismi mitopoietici sottesi alla “costruzione” di queste entità, così come degli aspetti peculiari del pensiero greco ad esse associato, che si riflettono simbolicamente nella struttura corporea di questi esseri e nel loro comportamento. Si presterà, quindi, particolare attenzione alle tradizioni mitiche riguardanti le singole entità, privilegiando come asse centrale di confronto i versi ad esse relativi nella Teogonia di Esiodo, dove le entità oggetto d’analisi sono presenti in modalità rilevante e strutturalmente collegata. 7 Note alla terminologia e al concetto di “mostruoso” nell’antica Grecia 1. La terminologia del “mostruoso” Prevalentemente, in riferimento alla cultura greca, vengono associati alle entità a carattere ibrido e, più in generale, a quella sfera che noi in base alle nostre categorie definiamo del “mostruoso” i seguenti termini: tevra~, kh'to~, qhvr e pevlwr. Ovviamente non si tratta di un elenco esaustivo in quanto, come si vedrà più avanti, nessuno di questi termini è pienamente assimilabile al nostro concetto di “mostruoso”, così come non esiste un termine che corrisponda ad esso precisamente. Di fatto, genericamente si tende a tradurre con “mostro” o “mostruoso” dei termini che, in base al proprio condizionamento culturale e alla propria sensibilità, possono essere così interpretati, per via di uno specifico aspetto del concetto che esprimono, nel presupposto implicito che si possa astrarre dalla cultura greca una sfera del “mostruoso” definita e compatta, ma soprattutto analoga a quella che è venuta a formarsi nell’ambito dell’Occidente contemporaneo. Pertanto, si è scelto di tralasciare quei termini che episodicamente siano stati così interpretati per concentrare l’analisi su quelli che costantemente a questo ambito vengono associati. Ora, per quanto riguarda tevra~1, il termine è utilizzato all’interno dei poemi omerici2 per indicare fenomeni che appaiono svolgersi in maniera 1 Su tevra~ si veda: G. Nenci, La concezione del miracoloso nei poemi omerici, AAT 92, 1957-1958, pp. 287 sgg.; K. H. Rengstorf, tevra~, in Grande Lessico del Nuovo Testamento, vol. XIII, Brescia 1981, pp. 1126-1158; U. Pizzani, I monstra nella cultura classica, in I monstra nell’Inferno dantesco: tradizione e simbologie, Spoleto 1997, pp. 1-26; Id., Qualche osservazione sulla terminologia «teratologica» in Omero, in M. Cannatà Fera-S. Grandolini (a cura di), Poesia e religione in Grecia: studi in onore di G. Aurelio Privitera, Napoli 2000, pp. 527 sgg.; F. Boudin, Monstres sans image, images dem monstres: représentations et non represéntations des monstres sur les vases, in S. 8 impossibile o contraria rispetto all’ordine della natura, al kosmos definito dall’opera di Zeus3, come quando nell’Odissea le carni delle vacche di Helios, uccise dai compagni di Odysseus, improvvisamente prendono a muggire sugli spiedi, mentre le loro pelli inspiegabilmente si muovono4, oppure può indicare degli avvenimenti che, per essere eccezionali o inconsueti, possono apparire straordinari, come improvvisi ed inaspettati fenomeni atmosferici5. Ed evidentemente il termine ricorre ancora in questa chiave, quella dell’eccezionalità rispetto alla norma, quando appare connesso ad un’entità ibrida: Medusa6. In tutti questi casi ciò che appare come tevra~ si manifesta per iniziativa degli dei, i quali possono utilizzare l’avvenimento straordinario per trasmettere un messaggio ai mortali, un messaggio che, una volta interpretato, potrà rivelarsi positivo o negativo7. Per quanto riguarda, invece, le fonti posteriori, anche se si riscontra un utilizzo di tevra~ ad indicare fenomeni che presentano le medesime valenze nel rapporto con la sfera extra-umana rispetto ai poemi omerici8, si nota una progressiva affermazione del termine quale indice di una eccezionalità in confronto al kosmos conosciuto dall’uomo, ma senza che sia presente più l’aspetto di trasmissione di un messaggio da parte degli dèi9. Così vediamo designati con tevra~ luoghi come il Tartaro10, alieni Crogiez-Pétrequin (ed.), Dieu(x) et Hommes: histoire et iconographie des sociétés païennes et chrétiennes de l'Antiquité à nos jours: Mélange en l'honneur de Françoise Thelamon, Rouen 2005, p. 543. 2 Hom.
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