Chlorophyll Content in the Leaves of Soybean Plants in Various Phases of Their Development

Journal of Critical Reviews

ISSN- 2394-5125 Vol 7, Issue 13, 2020

CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT IN THE LEAVES OF SOYBEAN PLANTS IN VARIOUS PHASES OF THEIR DEVELOPMENT

1Z.L.Abdurazakova, 1I.D. Kurbanbayev, 1Sh. Yunuskhanov, 1S.Abdushukurovа, 1A.A. Narimanov, 1A.Azimov

1Institute of Genetics and Plants Experimental Biology, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Region, Kibray district, Yukori-Yuz 111226, Uzbekistan *Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected]

Received: 08.04.2020 Revised: 09.05.2020 Accepted: 05.06.2020

Abstract Results of research of chlorophyll amount in leaves from Gene-1 to Gene-20 samples of soybean genetic collection created at Genetics and Experimental Biology Institute of Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan are presented in the article. For identification the dynamics of alterations in the chlorophyll content, the selection was carried out in three periods - the period before flowering, during the mass flowering phase and in the fruiting phase. Results showed that the total chlorophyll content in soy leaves is high during the flowering and fruiting phases, and then decreases in the ripening phase.

Keywords: soybean, genetic collection, line, flowering, fruiting, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b

INTRODUCTION A decrease in photosynthesis is associated with the main At the present time, soybean Glycine max (L.) Merrill is one of the components of the chloroplast, which directly limit the most common crops in the world. According to American photosynthetic potential of the plant[7]. researchers, soybean seeds, on average, contain 40% protein, 35% starch, 20% fat and 5% ash [5, 11]. In this connection, the goal of our research was a comparative assessment of the chlorophyll content in the leaves of plants of Soy is an important leguminous crop in the world, the constant the created genetic collection of soy. increase of its importance in the economy is due to a set of valuable properties and all-purpose use [18]. Owing to its rich MATERIAL AND METHODS and diverse chemical composition, soy is widely used as a food, The leaves of soy plants under the names Gene-1 to Gene-20 feed and industrial crop. were selected as objects of study [1]. The experiments were put in the field of the Institute in Durmanvillage, Qibray district. Soy is the most common, leguminous and oilseed crop The analysis was performed on 03.06.19 (before flowering), cultivated in more than 60 countries on five continents in the 02.07.19 (in the phase of mass flowering), 29.07.19 (in the temperate, subtropical and tropical zones. The main world phase of fruiting). For analysis, leaves were taken from the production is carried out by the USA, Brazil, Argentina, and third tier. The leaves were finely chopped; chlorophylls were China. The genetic center of the origin of culture is Northeast extracted with ethanol. The content of chlorophylls in the China. However, the width of its adaptation led to three centers alcohol extract was determined spectrophotometrically of morphogenesis: East African, Australian and South East according to A. A. Shlyk [16] on an Agilent Cary 60 Asian [9].Together with the main limiting indicators spectrophotometer. Repetition of experiment three times. determining the productivity of a variety, such as the number of beans per plant, the mass of grain per plant, the mass of RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 1000 grains, the number of plants per unit area, the breeders’ The content of chlorophylls “a” and “b”, as well as their total attention is focused on studying the photosynthetic function of content in the leaves of the studied soybean lines in early June plants [2,4,13]. It is well known that for the timely passage of a (before flowering) is from 2.40 to 3.84 mg/g of raw tissue for plant from one phase of onto gene sis to another, the chlorophyll “a” and from 1.28 to 2.84 mg/g, for chlorophyll “b” availability of nitrogen and carbon is important [15]. For many from 0.66 to 1.08 mg/g of crude tissue (Fig. 1) cultures, it was found that the transition to flowering is initiated with a high ratio of far red light to red in the spectrum [14]. The most important factors that regulate flowering are daylight hours and temperature [6]: during a specific exposure to low temperatures (vernalization), the cold path is stimulated, and for a certain daylight hours, the photoperiodic [8].

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CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT IN THE LEAVES OF SOYBEAN PLANTS IN VARIOUS PHASES OF THEIR DEVELOPMENT

4 3.5 3 2.5 2 chl "а" 1.5 1 chl"b" 0.5 chl."а"+"b "

Gene-1 Gene-2 Gene-3 Gene-4 Gene-5 Gene-6 Gene-7

Gene -8 Gene -9 Gene Gene-10 Gene-14 Gene-17 Gene-19

Gene -11 Gene -12 Gene -13 Gene -15 Gene -16 Gene -18 Gene Gene - - 20 Gene

Fig. 1 : The chlorophylls “a” and “content in the leaves of some soybean lines in the phases before flowering (03.06.19 expressed in mg per g wet weight).

As it can be seen from Fig. 1, in the phases before flowering, the thylakoid membranes and chloroplast stroma due to the content of chlorophyll “b” is on average 0.78 mg/g of raw tissue. photodynamic effect of chlorophyll “b” and serves as an auxiliary According to the authors [3,12] chlorophyll in plants are found light-collecting pigment, capturing and transmitting light energy only in pigment-protein complexes, since in their free form, being to the reaction centers of photosystems. It accounts for the strongest photosensitizers, they can cause destruction of the approximately 15-25% of the total chlorophyll content .

4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 chl "а" 2 1.5 chl"b" 1 chl."а"+"b " 0.5

Gene-1 Gene-2 Gene-3 Gene-4 Gene-5 Gene-6 Gene-7

Gene -8 Gene -9 Gene Gene-10 Gene-14 Gene-17 Gene-19

Gene -11 Gene -12 Gene -13 Gene -15 Gene -16 Gene -18 Gene Gene - - 20 Gene

Fig.2: Chlorophylls“a” and “b” content in the leaves of some soybean lines in the mass flowering phase (02.07.19 expressed in mg per g wet weight).

By early July, during the mass flowering phase (Fig. 2), the with intense light flux it helps to dissipate excess light that is content of chlorophyll “b” is from 0.64 to 1.80 mg/g of raw tissue potentially dangerous for the plant (non-photochemical that is twice as much as in the phase before flowering. The quenching)[17]. content of chlorophyll “a” increases markedly in linesGene-1, Maximal amount of chlorophylls “a” was observed in the Gene-7, Gen-8, Gen-9, Gen-10, Gen-12, Gen-13, Gen-14, Gen-15, flowering phase, its amount was 1.66-2.97 mg/g wet weight of Gen-16. In some lines (Gene-2, Gene-3, Gene-17, Gene-20), it the leaves. In subsequent phases of development, a gradual decreases, and the total chlorophyll content is from 2.3 to 4.38 decrease was noted in the chlorophyll content in soybean leaves mg/g wet weight (Fig. 2). Of considerable interest is the indicator (Fig.-3). The maximum content of chlorophyll “a” was in the of chlorophyll “b”, as many researchers believe, it is responsible flowering phase. By the fruiting phase, a marked decrease was for the adaptability of plants. Chlorophyll “b” has unique observed in the content of chlorophyll “a”. The total amount of physicochemical properties to absorb shortwave light, which green pigments increased from the beginning of development to weakly absorbs chlorophyll “a”, in addition, chlorophyll “b” flowering, and decreased by the end of the growing season. significantly increases light collection in low light conditions, and

Journal of critical reviews 174

CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT IN THE LEAVES OF SOYBEAN PLANTS IN VARIOUS PHASES OF THEIR DEVELOPMENT

4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 chl "а" 2 1.5 chl"b" 1 chl."а"+"b " 0.5

Gene-1 Gene-2 Gene-3 Gene-4 Gene-5 Gene-6 Gene-7

Gene -8 Gene -9 Gene Gene-10 Gene-14 Gene-17 Gene-19

Gene -11 Gene -12 Gene -13 Gene -15 Gene -16 Gene -18 Gene Gene - - 20 Gene

Fig. 3: The chlorophylls “a” and “b” content in the leaves of some soybean lines during the fruiting phase (29.07. 19 expressed in mg per g wet weight).

In the fruiting phase (29.07.19), the content of total chlorophyll Matniyazova., KHushnud Nurmetov. Correlation in all studied lines shows a relative decrease in the content of coefficients between physiology, biochemistry, common both chlorophyll “a” and chlorophyll “b”. At the end of July, the economic traits and yield of cotton cultivars under full and content of chlorophyll “a” was 0.98-2.58 mg/g wet weight of the deficit irrigated conditions. Journal of Critical Reviews. Vol leaves, and the content of chlorophyll “b” was 0.55-1.42 mg/g. 7,Issue4,2020.131136p.http://dx.doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07. 04.23 CONCLUSION 8. Kardailsky I., Shukla V.K., Ahn J.H., Dagenais N., Christensen Thus, based on the data, it can be concluded that the content of S.K., Nguyen J.T., Chory J., Harrison M.J., Detlef W. chlorophyll in soybean leaves increases towards the flowering Activation tagging of the floral inducer FT. Science, 1999, and fruiting phase and gradually decreases towards the ripening 286: 1962-1865 (doi: 10.1126/science.286.5446.1962). phase. 9. Kobyzeva L.N., Bezuglaya O.N. Species diversity of legumes in the national center of plant genetic resources of Ukraine ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS and its significance for breeding practice // Genetic Authors are grateful to the Institute of Bioorganic chemistry, resources of roslin. - 2009. - No. 7. - S. 9-21. Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan for providing space and 10. Lakin G.F. Biometry.-M.: Higher School 1990.-352 p. resources to carry out this work. 11. Liu K. Soybeans: chemistry, technology and utilization. Aspen publishers, Gaithersburg, Maryland. 1997. 532 p. REFERENCES 12. Nakagawara E., Sakuraba Y., Yamasato A., Tanaka R., 1. Abzalov M.F., Kilicheva O.B. Genetic collection of soybean Tanaka A. Clp protease controls chlorophyll b synthesis by plants of the Institute of Genetics and Experimental Plant regulating the level of chlorophyllide a oxygenase. PlantJ., Biology. Academy of Sciences of the Republic of 2007,49:800-809(doi:10.1111/j.1365313X.2006.02996.x). Uzbekistan. // Dokl. AN RUZ.-2008.- No. 2.-p. 77-80 13. Novikova N.E. Zotikov V.I., Fenin D.M. Mechanisms of 2. Amelin A.V. Increasing the activity and efficiency of plants antioxidant protection during the adaptation of pea using selection // Legumes and cereals. - 2016. - No. 2 genotypes (Pisum sativum L.) to unfavorable abiotic (18). - S. 89-94. environmental factors. Bulletin of Orel State Agrarian 3. Beale S.I. Enzymes of chlorophyll biosynthesis. University. - 2011. - No. 2 (11). - S. 5-8 Photosynthesis Research, 1999, 60: 43-73 (doi: 14. Putte rill J., Robson F., Lee K., Simon R., Co up land G. The 10.1023/A:1006297731456). CONSTANS gene of Arabidopsis promotes flowering and 4. Chekalin E.I., Amelin A.V., Kondykov I.V. The content of encodes a protein showing similarities to zinc finger pigments in leaves and stipules in varieties of cultivar peas transcription factors. Cell, 1995, 80: 847-857 (doi: of various varieties according to the degree of cultivation 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90288-0). .Journal of Orel GAU. - 2010.– No. 3 (24). - S. 2- 15. Schulze W., Schulze E.-D., Stadler J., Heilmeier H., Stitt M., 5. Cruz-Suarez L.E. Tapia-Salazar M., Villarreal-Cavazos D., Mooney H.A. Growth and reproduction of Arabidopsis Beltran-Rocha J., Nieto-Lopez M., Lemme A., Ricque-Marie thaliana in relation to storage of starch and nitrate in the D. Apparent dry matter, energy, protein and amino acid wild-type and in starch-deficient and nitrate-uptake- digestibility of four soybean ingredients in white shrimp deficient mutants. Plant, Cell & Environment, 1994, 17(7): Litopenaeus vannamei / Aquaculture. -2009. doi: 795-809 (doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.1994.tb00174.x). 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.03.026 16. Shlyk A.A. Determination of chlorophylls and carotenoids 6. Jaeger K.E., Wigge P.A. FT protein acts as a long-range in green leaf extracts. // Biochemical methods in plant signal in Arabidopsis. Current Biology, 2007, 17: 1050- physiology. M., "Science", - 1971.-p. 154-170. 1054 (doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2007.05.008). 17. Tyutereva E.V. Dmitrieva V.A., Wojciechowska O.V. 7. Jaloliddin SHavkiev., Saidgani Nabiev ., Abdulahad Azimov., Chlorophyll b as a source of signals regulating the SHukhrat KHamdullaev ., Bakhtiyor Amanov., Hilola

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