Artdroid: a Virtual-Method Hooking Framework on Android ART Runtime
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The Architecture of Decentvm
The Architecture of the DecentVM Towards a Decentralized Virtual Machine for Many-Core Computing Annette Bieniusa Johannes Eickhold Thomas Fuhrmann University of Freiburg, Germany Technische Universitat¨ Munchen,¨ Germany [email protected] fjeick,[email protected] Abstract We have accomplished these goals by combining an off-line Fully decentralized systems avoid bottlenecks and single points transcoder with a virtual machine that executes modified bytecode. of failure. Thus, they can provide excellent scalability and very The transcoder performs the verification and statically links the robust operation. The DecentVM is a fully decentralized, distributed required classes of an application or library. Thereby, the resulting virtual machine. Its simplified instruction set allows for a small binary – a so-called blob – is significantly smaller than the original VM code footprint. Its partitioned global address space (PGAS) class files, and its execution requires a significantly less complex memory model helps to easily create a single system image (SSI) virtual machine. Both these effects result in the low memory across many processors and processor cores. Originally, the VM was footprint of DecentVM. designed for networks of embedded 8-bit processors. Meanwhile, All libraries that are required by an application are identified via it also aims at clusters of many core processors. This paper gives a cryptographic hashes. Thus, an application’s code can be deployed brief overview of the DecentVM architecture. as if it was a statically linked executable. The software vendor can thus test the executable as it runs on the customer site without Categories and Subject Descriptors C.1.4 [Processor Architec- interference from different library versions. -
Android (Operating System) 1 Android (Operating System)
Android (operating system) 1 Android (operating system) Android Home screen displayed by Samsung Nexus S with Google running Android 2.3 "Gingerbread" Company / developer Google Inc., Open Handset Alliance [1] Programmed in C (core), C++ (some third-party libraries), Java (UI) Working state Current [2] Source model Free and open source software (3.0 is currently in closed development) Initial release 21 October 2008 Latest stable release Tablets: [3] 3.0.1 (Honeycomb) Phones: [3] 2.3.3 (Gingerbread) / 24 February 2011 [4] Supported platforms ARM, MIPS, Power, x86 Kernel type Monolithic, modified Linux kernel Default user interface Graphical [5] License Apache 2.0, Linux kernel patches are under GPL v2 Official website [www.android.com www.android.com] Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications.[6] [7] Google Inc. purchased the initial developer of the software, Android Inc., in 2005.[8] Android's mobile operating system is based on a modified version of the Linux kernel. Google and other members of the Open Handset Alliance collaborated on Android's development and release.[9] [10] The Android Open Source Project (AOSP) is tasked with the maintenance and further development of Android.[11] The Android operating system is the world's best-selling Smartphone platform.[12] [13] Android has a large community of developers writing applications ("apps") that extend the functionality of the devices. There are currently over 150,000 apps available for Android.[14] [15] Android Market is the online app store run by Google, though apps can also be downloaded from third-party sites. -
Dynamically Loaded Classes As Shared Libraries: an Approach to Improving Virtual Machine Scalability
Dynamically Loaded Classes as Shared Libraries: an Approach to Improving Virtual Machine Scalability Bernard Wong Grzegorz Czajkowski Laurent Daynès University of Waterloo Sun Microsystems Laboratories 200 University Avenue W. 2600 Casey Avenue Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada Mountain View, CA 94043, USA [email protected] {grzegorz.czajkowski, laurent.daynes}@sun.com Abstract machines sold today have sufficient amount of memory to hold a few instances of the Java virtual machine (JVMTM) Sharing selected data structures among virtual [2]. However, on servers hosting many applications, it is machines of a safe language can improve resource common to have many instances of the JVM running utilization of each participating run-time system. The simultaneously, often for lengthy periods of time. challenge is to determine what to share and how to share Aggregate memory requirement can therefore be large, it in order to decrease start-up time and lower memory and meeting it by adding more memory is not always an footprint without compromising the robustness of the option. In these settings, overall memory footprint must be system. Furthermore, the engineering effort required to kept to a minimum. For personal computer users, the main implement the system must not be prohibitive. This paper irritation is due to long start-up time, as they expect good demonstrates an approach that addresses these concerns TM responsiveness from interactive applications, which in in the context of the Java virtual machine. Our system contrast is of little importance in enterprise computing. transforms packages into shared libraries containing C/C++ programs typically do not suffer from excessive classes in a format matching the internal representation memory footprint or lengthy start-up time. -
Proceedings of the Third Virtual Machine Research and Technology Symposium
USENIX Association Proceedings of the Third Virtual Machine Research and Technology Symposium San Jose, CA, USA May 6–7, 2004 © 2004 by The USENIX Association All Rights Reserved For more information about the USENIX Association: Phone: 1 510 528 8649 FAX: 1 510 548 5738 Email: [email protected] WWW: http://www.usenix.org Rights to individual papers remain with the author or the author's employer. Permission is granted for noncommercial reproduction of the work for educational or research purposes. This copyright notice must be included in the reproduced paper. USENIX acknowledges all trademarks herein. MCI-Java: A Modified Java Virtual Machine Approach to Multiple Code Inheritance Maria Cutumisu, Calvin Chan, Paul Lu and Duane Szafron Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta {meric, calvinc, paullu, duane}@cs.ualberta.ca Abstract Java has multiple inheritance of interfaces, but only single inheritance of code via classes. This situation results in duplicated code in Java library classes and application code. We describe a generalization to the Java language syntax and the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) to support multiple inheritance of code, called MCI-Java. Our approach places multiply-inherited code in a new language construct called an implementation, which lies between an interface and a class in the inheritance hierarchy. MCI-Java does not support multiply-inherited data, which can cause modeling and performance problems. The MCI-Java extension is implemented by making minimal changes to the Java syntax, small changes to a compiler (IBM Jikes), and modest localized changes to a JVM (SUN JDK 1.2.2). The JVM changes result in no measurable performance overhead in real applications. -
Android Operating System
Software Engineering ISSN: 2229-4007 & ISSN: 2229-4015, Volume 3, Issue 1, 2012, pp.-10-13. Available online at http://www.bioinfo.in/contents.php?id=76 ANDROID OPERATING SYSTEM NIMODIA C. AND DESHMUKH H.R. Babasaheb Naik College of Engineering, Pusad, MS, India. *Corresponding Author: Email- [email protected], [email protected] Received: February 21, 2012; Accepted: March 15, 2012 Abstract- Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications. Android, an open source mobile device platform based on the Linux operating system. It has application Framework,enhanced graphics, integrated web browser, relational database, media support, LibWebCore web browser, wide variety of connectivity and much more applications. Android relies on Linux version 2.6 for core system services such as security, memory management, process management, network stack, and driver model. Architecture of Android consist of Applications. Linux kernel, libraries, application framework, Android Runtime. All applications are written using the Java programming language. Android mobile phone platform is going to be more secure than Apple’s iPhone or any other device in the long run. Keywords- 3G, Dalvik Virtual Machine, EGPRS, LiMo, Open Handset Alliance, SQLite, WCDMA/HSUPA Citation: Nimodia C. and Deshmukh H.R. (2012) Android Operating System. Software Engineering, ISSN: 2229-4007 & ISSN: 2229-4015, Volume 3, Issue 1, pp.-10-13. Copyright: Copyright©2012 Nimodia C. and Deshmukh H.R. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. -
Design and Implementation of a Scala Compiler Backend Targeting the Low Level Virtual Machine Geoffrey Reedy
University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Computer Science ETDs Engineering ETDs 5-1-2014 Design and Implementation of a Scala Compiler Backend Targeting the Low Level Virtual Machine Geoffrey Reedy Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cs_etds Recommended Citation Reedy, Geoffrey. "Design and Implementation of a Scala Compiler Backend Targeting the Low Level Virtual Machine." (2014). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cs_etds/67 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Engineering ETDs at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Computer Science ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Geoffrey Reedy Candidate Computer Science Department This thesis is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Thesis Committee: Darko Stefanovic , Chairperson Jed Crandall Matthew Lakin Design and Implementation of a Scala Compiler Backend Targeting the Low Level Virtual Machine by Geoffrey Reedy B.S., Computer Science, University of Missouri — Rolla, 2004 THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Computer Science The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico May, 2014 ©2014, Geoffrey Reedy iii Design and Implementation of a Scala Compiler Backend Targeting the Low Level Virtual Machine by Geoffrey Reedy B.S., Computer Science, University of Missouri — Rolla, 2004 M.S., Computer Science, University of New Mexico, 2014 Abstract The Scala programming language successfully blends object-oriented and functional programming. The current implementation of Scala is tied to the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) which constrains the implementation and deployment targets. -
Java and C CSE351, Summer 2018
L23: Java and C CSE351, Summer 2018 Java and C CSE 351 Summer 2018 Instructor: Justin Hsia Teaching Assistants: Josie Lee Natalie Andreeva Teagan Horkan https://xkcd.com/801/ L23: Java and C CSE351, Summer 2018 Administrivia Lab 5 due Friday (8/17) at 11:59 pm . Hard deadline Course evaluations now open . See Piazza post @120 for links Final Exam: Friday in lecture . Review Session: Wed, 8/15, 5‐6:30 pm in EEB 045 . You get ONE double‐sided handwritten 8.5 11” cheat sheet 2 L23: Java and C CSE351, Summer 2018 Roadmap C: Java: Memory & data car *c = malloc(sizeof(car)); Car c = new Car(); Integers & floats c->miles = 100; c.setMiles(100); x86 assembly c->gals = 17; c.setGals(17); Procedures & stacks float mpg = get_mpg(c); float mpg = Executables free(c); c.getMPG(); Arrays & structs Memory & caches Assembly get_mpg: Processes language: pushq %rbp movq %rsp, %rbp Virtual memory ... Memory allocation popq %rbp Java vs. C ret OS: Machine 0111010000011000 100011010000010000000010 code: 1000100111000010 110000011111101000011111 Computer system: 3 L23: Java and C CSE351, Summer 2018 Java vs. C Reconnecting to Java (hello CSE143!) . But now you know a lot more about what really happens when we execute programs We’ve learned about the following items in C; now we’ll see what they look like for Java: . Representation of data . Pointers / references . Casting . Function / method calls including dynamic dispatch 4 L23: Java and C CSE351, Summer 2018 Worlds Colliding CSE351 has given you a “really different feeling” about what computers do and how programs execute We have occasionally contrasted to Java, but CSE143 may still feel like “a different world” . -
G22.2110-003 Programming Languages - Fall 2012 Lecture 12
G22.2110-003 Programming Languages - Fall 2012 Lecture 12 Thomas Wies New York University Review Last lecture I Modules Outline I Classes I Encapsulation and Inheritance I Initialization and Finalization I Dynamic Method Binding I Abstract Classes I Simulating First-Class Functions Sources: I PLP, ch. 9 I PLP, ch. 3.6.3 What is OOP? (part I) The object idea: I bundling of data (data members) and operations (methods) on that data I restricting access to the data An object contains: I data members: arranged as a set of named fields I methods: routines which take the object they are associated with as an argument (known as member functions in C++) A class is a construct which defines the data and methods associated with all of its instances (objects). What is OOP? (part II) The inheritance and dynamic binding ideas: I inheritance: classes can be extended: I by adding new fields I by adding new methods I by overriding existing methods (changing behavior) If class B extends class A, we say that B is a subclass (or a derived or child class) of A, and A is a superclass (or a base or a parent class) of B. I dynamic binding: wherever an instance of a class is required, we can also use an instance of any of its subclasses; when we call one of its methods, the overridden versions are used. Information Hiding in Classes Like modules, classes can restrict access to their data and methods. Unlike modules, classes must take inheritance into account in their access control. -
History and Evolution of the Android OS
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Springer - Publisher Connector CHAPTER 1 History and Evolution of the Android OS I’m going to destroy Android, because it’s a stolen product. I’m willing to go thermonuclear war on this. —Steve Jobs, Apple Inc. Android, Inc. started with a clear mission by its creators. According to Andy Rubin, one of Android’s founders, Android Inc. was to develop “smarter mobile devices that are more aware of its owner’s location and preferences.” Rubin further stated, “If people are smart, that information starts getting aggregated into consumer products.” The year was 2003 and the location was Palo Alto, California. This was the year Android was born. While Android, Inc. started operations secretly, today the entire world knows about Android. It is no secret that Android is an operating system (OS) for modern day smartphones, tablets, and soon-to-be laptops, but what exactly does that mean? What did Android used to look like? How has it gotten where it is today? All of these questions and more will be answered in this brief chapter. Origins Android first appeared on the technology radar in 2005 when Google, the multibillion- dollar technology company, purchased Android, Inc. At the time, not much was known about Android and what Google intended on doing with it. Information was sparse until 2007, when Google announced the world’s first truly open platform for mobile devices. The First Distribution of Android On November 5, 2007, a press release from the Open Handset Alliance set the stage for the future of the Android platform. -
Tutorial: Setup for Android Development
Tutorial: Setup for Android Development Adam C. Champion, Ph.D. CSE 5236: Mobile Application Development Autumn 2019 Based on material from C. Horstmann [1], J. Bloch [2], C. Collins et al. [4], M.L. Sichitiu (NCSU), V. Janjic (Imperial College London), CSE 2221 (OSU), and other sources 1 Outline • Getting Started • Android Programming 2 Getting Started (1) • Need to install Java Development Kit (JDK) (not Java Runtime Environment (JRE)) to write Android programs • Download JDK for your OS: https://adoptopenjdk.net/ * • Alternatively, for OS X, Linux: – OS X: Install Homebrew (http://brew.sh) via Terminal, – Linux: • Debian/Ubuntu: sudo apt install openjdk-8-jdk • Fedora/CentOS: yum install java-1.8.0-openjdk-devel * Why OpenJDK 8? Oracle changed Java licensing (commercial use costs $$$); Android SDK tools require version 8. 3 Getting Started (2) • After installing JDK, download Android SDK from http://developer.android.com • Simplest: download and install Android Studio bundle (including Android SDK) for your OS • Alternative: brew cask install android- studio (Mac/Homebrew) • We’ll use Android Studio with SDK included (easiest) 4 Install! 5 Getting Started (3) • Install Android Studio directly (Windows, Mac); unzip to directory android-studio, then run ./android-studio/bin/studio64.sh (Linux) 6 Getting Started (4) • Strongly recommend testing Android Studio menu → Preferences… or with real Android device File → Settings… – Android emulator: slow – Faster emulator: Genymotion [14], [15] – Install USB drivers for your Android device! • Bring up Android SDK Manager – Install Android 5.x–8.x APIs, Google support repository, Google Play services – Don’t worry about non-x86 Now you’re ready for Android development! system images 7 Outline • Getting Started • Android Programming 8 Introduction to Android • Popular mobile device Mobile OS Market Share OS: 73% of worldwide Worldwide (Jul. -
Strict Protection for Virtual Function Calls in COTS C++ Binaries
vfGuard: Strict Protection for Virtual Function Calls in COTS C++ Binaries Aravind Prakash Xunchao Hu Heng Yin Department of EECS Department of EECS Department of EECS Syracuse University Syracuse University Syracuse University [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—Control-Flow Integrity (CFI) is an important se- these binary-only solutions are unfortunately coarse-grained curity property that needs to be enforced to prevent control- and permissive. flow hijacking attacks. Recent attacks have demonstrated that existing CFI protections for COTS binaries are too permissive, While coarse-grained CFI solutions have significantly re- and vulnerable to sophisticated code reusing attacks. Accounting duced the attack surface, recent efforts by Goktas¸¨ et al. [9] for control flow restrictions imposed at higher levels of semantics and Carlini [10] have demonstrated that coarse-grained CFI is key to increasing CFI precision. In this paper, we aim to provide solutions are too permissive, and can be bypassed by reusing more stringent protection for virtual function calls in COTS large gadgets whose starting addresses are allowed by these C++ binaries by recovering C++ level semantics. To achieve this solutions. The primary reason for such permissiveness is the goal, we recover C++ semantics, including VTables and virtual lack of higher level program semantics that introduce certain callsites. With the extracted C++ semantics, we construct a sound mandates on the control flow. For example, given a class CFI policy and further improve the policy precision by devising two filters, namely “Nested Call Filter” and “Calling Convention inheritance, target of a virtual function dispatch in C++ must Filter”. -
Tackling Runtime-Based Obfuscation in Android with TIRO
Tackling runtime-based obfuscation in Android with TIRO Michelle Y. Wong and David Lie University of Toronto Abstract analysis as well for efficiency and greater code cover- age [1,2, 12]. As a result, malware authors have increas- Obfuscation is used in malware to hide malicious activ- ingly turned to obfuscation to hide their actions and con- ity from manual or automatic program analysis. On the fuse both static and dynamic analysis tools. The presence Android platform, malware has had a history of using ob- of obfuscation does not indicate malicious intent in and fuscation techniques such as Java reflection, code pack- of itself, as many legitimate applications employ code ing and value encryption. However, more recent mal- obfuscation to protect intellectual property. However, be- ware has turned to employing obfuscation that subverts cause of its prevalence among malware, it is crucial that the integrity of the Android runtime (ART or Dalvik), a malware analyzers have the ability to deobfuscate An- technique we call runtime-based obfuscation. Once sub- droid applications in order to determine if an application verted, the runtime no longer follows the normally ex- is indeed malicious or not. pected rules of code execution and method invocation, There exist a variety of obfuscation techniques on the raising the difficulty of deobfuscating and analyzing mal- Android platform. Many common techniques, such as ware that use these techniques. Java reflection, value encryption, dynamically decrypt- In this work, we propose TIRO, a deobfuscation ing and loading code, and calling native methods have framework for Android using an approach of Target- been identified and discussed in the literature [11,22,26].